Cucurbitales

Acalbir Datisca cannabina, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Fabidae.
Contains: Coriaria, Begoniaceae, Cucurbiteae.

The Cucurbitales is a clade of morphologically somewhat divergent taxa supported by molecular analyses. The clade is most diverse in tropical regions, though there are also numerous temperate species. The Cucurbitaceae, the squash and gourd family, is a group mostly comprised of annual vines, many species of which are cultivated for their fruit. Species of Datisca, a genus of herbaceous plants with pinnate leaves found in western and central Asia and western North America, host nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots. The Anisophylleaceae are a pantropical group of trees and shrubs with leathery, palmate-veined, entire-margined leaves.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Storied fusiform cambial initials; perforation plates not or minimally bordered; rays wide, multiseriate; cuticle wax crystalloids absent; leaves spiral, secondary veins palmate; corolla or perianth valvate, stomata raised, the two whorls rather similar in texture; ovule with bistomal micropyle.

Cucurbitales [Begoniineae, Cucurbitineae]
    |  i. s.: Apodanthaceae [Apodanthoideae] APG16
    |           |--Apodanthes T00
    |           `--Pilostyles thurberi T00, H93
    |         Corynocarpus Forster & Forster 1776 A61 [Corynocarpaceae APG16]
    |           |--C. cribbianus (Bailey) Smith 1956 (see below for synonymy) F78
    |           `--C. laevigatus Forster & Forster 1776 A61
    |         Tetramelaceae [Tetrameleae, Tetrameloideae] APG16
    |           |--Octomeles sumatrana Miq. 1861 T00, C78 [incl. O. moluccana Teysm. & Binn. ex Hassk. 1866 C78]
    |           `--Tetrameles nudiflora Brown in Benn. 1838 (see below for synonymy) C78
    |--Anisophylleaceae WM09
    |    |--Anisophyllea fallax WM09
    |    |--Combretocarpus T00
    |    |--Poga T00
    |    `--Polygonanthus T00
    `--+--Coriaria WM09
       `--+--+--Begoniaceae WM09
          |  `--Datiscaceae [Datiscoideae] CBH93
          |       |--Tetrameleoxylon prenudiflora Lakhanpal & Verma 1966 CBH93
          |       `--Datisca WM09
          |            |--D. cannabina WM09
          |            `--D. glomerata H93
          `--Cucurbitaceae WM09
               |  i. s.: Sechium edule Z02
               |         Trichosanthes LK14
               |           |--T. bracteata P03
               |           |--T. cucumerina LK14
               |           |--T. dioica SDK05
               |           |--T. lepiniana D07
               |           |--T. ovigera LK14
               |           |--T. radix WN00
               |           `--T. subvelutina H90
               |         Marah H03
               |           |--M. fabaceus [incl. M. fabaceus var. agrestis] H93
               |           |--M. horridus H93
               |           |--M. macrocarpus H93
               |           |    |--M. m. var. macrocarpus H93
               |           |    `--M. m. var. major H93
               |           |--M. oreganus H93
               |           `--M. watsonii H93
               |         Actinostemma YY22
               |         Benincasa hispida YY22, W92
               |         Blastania YY22
               |         Brandegea bigelovii H93
               |         Bryonopsis YY22
               |         Calycophysum YY22
               |         Cerasiocarpum bennettii SR07
               |         Cionosicyos YY22
               |         Corallocarpus PP07
               |           |--C. conocarpus PP07
               |           `--C. epigaeus PP07
               |         Cucumeropsis YY22
               |         Cyclanthera YY22
               |         Cyclantheropsis YY22
               |         Dactyliandra welwitschii PP07
               |         Delognaea YY22
               |         Dendrosicyos YY22
               |         Dicaelosperma YY22
               |         Elateriopsis YY22
               |         Frantzia YY22
               |         Gomophogyne YY22
               |         Guraniopsis YY22
               |         Gymnopetalum YY22
               |         Hanburia YY22
               |         Lagenaria BR65
               |           |--L. siceraria BR65
               |           `--L. vulgaris A27 [incl. Cucurbita lagenaria C55]
               |         Luffa BR65
               |           |--L. acutangula KJ05
               |           |--L. aegyptiaca LK14
               |           |    |--L. a. var. aegyptiaca LK14
               |           |    `--L. a. var. leiocarpa LK14
               |           |--L. cylindrica BR65
               |           `--L. graveolens LK14
               |         Melancium YY22
               |         Melothria [Melothrieae] BR65
               |           |--M. domingensis J87
               |           `--M. maderaspatana (Linnaeus) Cogniaux 1881 (see below for synonymy) BR65
               |         Microsechium YY22
               |         Muellerargia timorensis LK14
               |         Oreosyce YY22
               |         Peponium YY22
               |         Pisosperma YY22
               |         Pittiera YY22
               |         Polakowskia YY22
               |         Posadea YY22
               |         Pteropepon YY22
               |         Raphanocarpus YY22
               |         Roseanthus YY22
               |         Sechiopsis YY22
               |         Selysia YY22
               |         Schizocarpum YY22
               |         Sicana YY22
               |         Sicyos Linnaeus 1753 A61
               |           |--S. angulata Linnaeus 1753 [incl. S. fretensis Hook. f. 1847] A61
               |           |--S. australis Endl. 1833 H90, A61
               |           `--S. laciniatus J87
               |         Sicyosperma YY22
               |         Toxanthera YY22
               |         Tumamoca YY22
               |         Vaseyanthus YY22
               |         Homenosicyos YY22
               |         Abobra YY22
               |         Acanthosicyos YY22
               |           |--A. horridus CV06
               |           `--A. nandianus BP87
               |         Adenopus YY22
               |         Alsomitra YY22
               |         Ampelosicyos YY22
               |         Anguriopsis YY22
               |         Anisosperma YY22
               |         Biswarea YY22
               |         Coccinia grandis PP07
               |         Cogniauxia YY22
               |         Dieudonnaea YY22
               |         Dimorphochlamys YY22
               |         Eulenburgia YY22
               |         Eureiandra YY22
               |         Fevillea YY22 [Fevilleae BR65]
               |         Gerrardanthus YY22
               |         Gurania spinulosa K06
               |         Gynostemma YY22
               |         Helmontia YY22
               |         Hemsleya YY22
               |         Herpetospermum YY22
               |         Hodgsonia YY22
               |         Macrozanonia YY22
               |         Maximowiczia YY22
               |         Peponopsis YY22
               |         Phialocarpus YY22
               |         Physedra YY22
               |         Siolmatra YY22
               |         Sphaerosicyos YY22
               |         Telfairia YY22
               |         Thladiantha YY22
               |         Trochomeria YY22
               |         Trochomeriopsis YY22
               |         Apodanthera YY22
               |         Cayaponia americana J87
               |         Cerathosanthes YY22
               |         Kedrostis YY22
               |         Raphanistrocarpus YY22
               |         Wilbrandia YY22
               |         Cucumella clavipetiolata CV06
               |         Cephalandra indica P03
               |         Sicyon nihoaensis O94
               |         Diplocyclos palmatus LK14
               |         Zehneria H90
               |           |--Z. cunninghamii [=Melothria cunninghamii] H90
               |           |--Z. micrantha H90 (see below for synonymy)
               |           `--Z. mucronata LK14
               |         Bryonia dioica H93
               |         Cucumites CBH93
               |         Cucurbitospermum CBH93
               |         Hexacolpites echinatus Salard-Cheboldaeff 1978 CBH93
               |         Mukia maderaspatana H90
               |         Solena Lour. 1790 KC01
               |--Nhandiroboideae T00
               `--Cucurbiteae T00

Corynocarpus cribbianus (Bailey) Smith 1956 [=Cyanocarpus cribbiana Bailey 1897, Helicia cribbiana (Bailey) Bailey 1901; incl. Corynocarpus australasica White 1933] F78

Melothria maderaspatana (Linnaeus) Cogniaux 1881 [=Cucumis maderaspatanus Linnaeus 1753; incl. Bryonia scabrella Linnaeus 1781, Mukia scabrella (Linnaeus) Arnott 1841] BR65

Tetrameles nudiflora Brown in Benn. 1838 [incl. T. grahamiana Wight 1853, T. horsfieldii Steud. 1841] C78

Zehneria micrantha H90 [=Cucurbita micrantha Mueller 1855 BR65, Melothria micrantha Mueller ex Cogniaux 1881 H90, BR65, Mukia micrantha H90; incl. Cucumis muelleri Naudin 1859 BR65, Melothria muelleri Bentham 1866 BR65]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[C78] Croft, J. R. 1978. Datiscaceae. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 114–122. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 79–88.

[F78] Foreman, D. B. 1978. Corynocarpaceae. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 111–113. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1–11.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SDK05] Sharma, L. K., N. K. Dadhich & A. Kumar. 2005. Plant based veterinary medicine from traditional knowledge of India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 43–52.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[WN00] Wang H., T. B. Ng, V. E. C. Ooi & W. K. Liu. 2000. Effects of lectins with different carbohydrate-binding specificities on hepatoma, choriocarcinoma, melanoma and osteosarcoma cell lines. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 32: 365–372.

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[Z02] Zhang, Z.-Q. 2002. Taxonomy of Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) in New Zealand and its ecology on Sechium edule. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 27–34.

Last updated: 5 September 2020.

Salicaceae

Casearia sylvestris, photographed by Hugh Wilson.

Belongs within: Violineae.
Contains: Salix.

The Salicaceae as used in recent references combines the restricted Salicaceae of older references (Salix, willows, and Populus, poplars) with the paraphyletic 'Flacourtiaceae'. Though the wind-pollinated, northern temperate Salicaceae sensu stricto are distinct from other, mostly tropical, members of the family, phylogenetic analyses have nested them deep within the 'Flacourtiaceae', and the name Salicaceae takes precedence for a combined family. Salicaceae are united by leaves with a 'salicoid tooth', an apical tooth with a small vein entering and expanding within the tooth, and a terminal gland or stout hair (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website). Species of Salicaceae used as commercial sources for wood include poplars and malas, Homalium foetida, of south-east Asia and New Guinea. Populus species have leaves as wide as or wider than long, and pendent catkins (Hickman 1993). Homalium is a pantropical genus of trees and shrubs characterised by flowers with a calyx tube bearing free sepal lobes and petals spreading from the rim.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Evergreen (occasionally deciduous) trees; cocarcinogen, tanniniferous; vessel elements with simple or scalariform perforation plates; petiole bundle arcuate or annular with flange bundles; leaves spiral or two-ranked, occasionally opposite, supervolute-curved or involute, teeth salicoid [with small vein proceeding into tooth and expanding, apex of tooth a spherical gland or stout hair]; inflorescence various; flowers 3-6-merous, calyx with (0-)3-8(-15) sepals, often valvate (occasionally connate), corolla absent or with same number of petals as sepals (rarely with more petals than sepals), disc often with glands or lobes; anthers 1 to many, centrifugal (occasionally simultaneous) initiation; styles separate or fused; ovules straight (occasionally anatropous), micropyle bistomal/zig-zag (occasionally exostomal or endostomal), embryo sac elongated, more or less protruding into the micropyle; fruit a berry or drupe; seeds arillate or with hairs of arillate origin; testa also multiplicative and more or less fleshy.

<==Salicaceae [Flacourtiaceae]
    |--+--Hasseltia DL07
    |  `--Flacourtioideae T00
    |       |--+--Abatia XR12
    |       |  `--+--Prockia XR12
    |       |     `--Banara DL07
    |       |          |--B. splendens [incl. B. hotteana] J87
    |       |          `--B. vanderbiltii W92
    |       `--+--Dovyalis caffra XR12, H90
    |          `--Flacourtia XR12
    |               |--F. indica B00
    |               |--F. inermis B00
    |               |--F. jangomas B00
    |               |--F. rukam B00
    |               `--F. territorialis B00
    `--+--Poliothyrsis XR12
       `--+--Idesia polycarpa XR12, LO98
          `--+--Salix XR12
             `--Populus XR12
                  |--P. alba H06
                  |--P. angustifolia M61
                  |--P. balsamifera PS08
                  |--P. canadensis R96
                  |--P. × canescens H06
                  |--P. deltoides H06
                  |--P. euphracticus HF03
                  |--P. × euramericana P93
                  |--P. fremontii [incl. P. fremontii var. arizonica, P. fremontii var. macdougalii] H93
                  |--P. germanica HL08
                  |--P. grandidentata JVHN90
                  |--P. lancifolia P93
                  |--P. nigra H06
                  |    |--P. n. var. nigra H06
                  |    `--P. n. var. italica H06
                  |--P. tremula P93
                  |--P. tremuloides M61
                  `--P. trichocarpa JK06 [=P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa H93]

Salicaceae incertae sedis:
  Scolopia NC91 [Scolopieae T00]
    |--S. braunii [incl. S. brownii] H90
    `--S. rhinanthera H03
  Scaphocalyx H03
  Homalium K03 [Homalieae T00]
    |--H. alnifolium B00
    |--H. brachybotrys B00
    |--H. circumpinnatum B00
    |--H. foetida K03
    `--H. racemosum SWK87
  Bembicieae T00
  Neopringlea T00
  Oncoba T00
  Grandidiera YY22
  Calencob YY22
  Lindackeria YY22
  Microsemma YY22
  Xylotheca YY22
  Bennettia trinervia [=Terminalia trinervia] C78
  Buchnerodendron YY22
  Gertrudia YY22
  Gynocardia YY22
  Itoa YY22
  Ryparosa YY22
  Solmsia YY22
  Trichostephanus YY22
  Azara YY22
    |--A. lanceolata D03
    `--A. microphylla H59
  Dasylepis YY22
  Patrisia YY22
  Phyllobotryum YY22
  Prockiopsis YY22
  Rawsonia YY22
  Tetrathylacium YY22
  Camptostylus YY22
  Mayna YY22
  Ophiobotrys YY22
  Pseudosalix handleyi XR12
  Xylosma B00
    |--X. ovatum B00
    `--X. terraereginae B00
  Aphloioxylon Mathiesen 1937 CBH93
  Credneria integerrina Zenker 1833 CBH93
  Dryoxylon jenense Schleiden 1853 CBH93
  Streptothamnus moorei H90
  Saliciphyllum P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C78] Coode, M. J. E. 1978. Combretaceae. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 43–110. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[DL07] Davis, C. C., M. Latvis, D. L. Nickrent, K. J. Wurdack & D. A. Baum. 2007. Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae. Science 315: 1812.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[HF03] Halperin, J., & J. Fremuth. 2003. Contribution to the knowledge of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) and their host plants in Israel. Zoology in the Middle East 29: 93–100.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[HL08] Henniger, M., & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[JVHN90] Jennings, D. T., W. M. Vander Haegen & A. M. Narahara. 1990. A sampling of forest-floor spiders (Araneae) by expellant, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 173–180.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[M61] Musser, G. G. 1961. A new subspecies of flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) from southwestern Utah. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 119–126.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PS08] Pinzón, J., & J. Spence. 2008. Performance of two arboreal pitfall trap designs in sampling cursorial spiders from tree trunks. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 280–286.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R96] Raspi, A. 1996. Thaumatomyia elongatula (Becker) (Chloropidae) and Leucopis annulipes Zetterstedt (Chamaemyiidae): two Diptera preying on Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Homoptera: Phloeomyzidae) in Italy. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 509–516.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 24 March 2021.

Phyllanthaceae

Indian gooseberry Phyllanthus officinalis, photographed by L. Shyamal.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.

The Phyllanthaceae are a pantropical family of flowering plants, treated in the past as a subgroup of the Euphorbiaceae but now separated due to their distinct phylogenetic position within the Malpighiales (Davis et al. 2007). They often have finely-cracking bark, two-ranked and entire leaves lacking glands, and explosively dehiscent fruits (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website). Some species of Phyllanthus are utilised for food: for instance, the sour fruits of Phyllanthus acidus and P. officinalis are used in pickles (Polunin 1988). Bischofia javanica, bishop wood, is used for wood for building; it is native to southern Asia and Australasia and has been introduced to North America.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Herbs to trees; plants aluminium accumulators; cyanogenesis via the tyrosine pathway, tropane and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, cucurbitacins, nonhydrolysable tannins present, ellagic acid absent; vessel elements with simple or scalariform perforation plates; leaves on orthotropic axes often reduced, spiral, on plagiotropic axes two-ranked (occasionally spiral), involute or conduplicate, margins entire (sometimes toothed); calyx 2-8(-12) sepals, often basally connate, corolla (0, 3-)5(-9) petals, disc extra- or interstaminal (sometimes absent or central); staminate flowers: anthers 2-35, often more or less connate, extrorse, pollen reticulate; carpellate flowers: gynoecium 1 [2-5(-15)], outer integument 2-many and inner integument 2-3(-5) cells across, nucellus 10 or more cells across, protruding, obturator placental, styles usually bifid, stigmas with adaxial furrow, wet; fruit a septicidal capsule/schizocarp; seeds large; tegmen 2-5(-20) cells thick, exotegmen with ribbon-like cells (smetimes radially elongated); endosperm copious (occasionally absent).

<==Phyllanthaceae
    |  i. s.: Notoleptopus decaisnei LK14
    |--+--Aporosa XR12
    |  `--Bischofia [Bischofiaceae] XR12
    |       `--B. javanica C78
    `--+--+--Lachnostylis XR12
       |  `--Croizatia XR12
       `--+--Heywoodia XR12
          `--+--Flueggea XR12
             |    |--F. suffruticosa XR12
             |    `--F. virosa LK14
             |         |--F. v. ssp. virosa LK14
             |         `--F. v. ssp. melanthesoides LK14
             `--Phyllanthus [Phyllanthoideae] XR12
                  |--P. acidus [=Cicca acida] P88
                  |--P. airy-shawii MS03
                  |--P. amarus LK14
                  |--P. aridus LK14
                  |--P. beddomei (Gamble) Mohanan 1985 [=Reidia beddomei Gamble 1925] VR02
                  |--P. calycinus KM08
                  |--P. caribeus GA97
                  |--P. clarkei Hooker 1887 MS03
                  |--P. dinteri CV06
                  |--P. emblica P03
                  |--P. exilis LK14
                  |--P. ferdinandi M87
                  |--P. fraternus KJ05
                  |--P. fuernrohrii KM08
                  |--P. gasstroemii H90
                  |--P. gunnii H90
                  |--P. hebecarpus H90
                  |--P. hirtellus [incl. P. thymoides] H90
                  |--P. lacerosus LK14
                  |--P. lacunarius H90
                  |--P. lacunellus H90
                  |--P. lamprophyllus HM03
                  |--P. lindenianus J87
                  |    |--P. l. var. lindenianus J87
                  |    `--P. l. var. inaequifolius J87
                  |--P. maderaspatanus H90
                  |--P. myriophyllus J87
                  |--P. niruri C55
                  |--P. officinalis [=Emblica officinalis] P88
                  |--P. parvifolius Don 1825 [incl. P. juniperinus Wallich ex Mueller-Argoviensis 1863] MS03
                  |--P. polyphyllus UB06
                  |--P. praetervisus Mueller-Argoviensis 1865 (see below for synonymy) MS03
                  |--P. pseudoparvifolius Mitra & Sanjappa 2003 MS03
                  |--P. reticulatus LK14
                  |--P. rotundifolius Klein ex Willdenow 1805 A02
                  |--P. similis H90
                  |--P. subcrenulatus H90
                  |--P. tenellus K10
                  |--P. urinaria XR12
                  |--P. virgatus [incl. P. filicaulis, P. minutiflorus, P. simplex] H90
                  `--P. watsonii P88

Phyllanthus praetervisus Mueller-Argoviensis 1865 [=P. juniperinus var. obovatus Mueller-Argoviensis 1863] MS03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A02] Augustine S. J., Fr. K. T. 2002. Rediscovery of Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Willd., Euphorbiaceae, after 101 years (1899-2000) in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, south India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 562–564.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C78] Clunie, N. M. U. 1978. The vegetation. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 1–11. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[GA97] Gillespie, L. J., & W. S. Armbruster. 1997. A contribution to the Guianan flora: Dalechampia, Haematostemon, Omphalea, Pera, Plukenetia, and Tragia (Euphorbiaceae) with notes on subfamily Acalyphoideae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 86: 1–48.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[HM03] Holloway, J. D., & S. E. Miller. 2003. The composition, generic placement and host-plant relationships of the joviana-group in the Parallelia generic complex (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 111–128.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K10] Keighery, G. 2010. The naturalised vascular plants of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 299–311.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MS03] Mitra, R. L., & M. Sanjappa. 2003. Phyllanthus parvifolius, P. clarkei (Euphorbiaceae) and related Indian taxa. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 1–20.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[UB06] Udayan, P. S., & I. Balachandran. 2006. Cleistanthus sankunnianus Sivar. & Indu Balach.—a rare and little known endemic plant rediscovered from wild populations in Kollam district of Kerala state, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 217–218.

[VR02] Viswanathan, M. B., N. Ramesh, M. Maridass & U. Manikandan. 2002. Rediscovery of a critically endangered species Phyllanthus beddomei (Gamble) Mohanan, Euphorbiaceae, from Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 560–562.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

Last updated: 26 June 2021.

Polygonaceae

Double-gee Emex australis, from here.

Belongs within: Caryophyllales.
Contains: Rumex, Polygonum, Muehlenbeckia, Eriogonum, Oxytheca, Chorizanthe.

The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants found worldwide. Over 1000 species have been assigned to the Polygonaceae (Thorne 2000), with the highest diversity in north temperate regions (Henty 1978). Among the commercially significant members of the family are Fagopyrum esculentum, buckwheat, grown for its grain, and Rheum rhaponticum, rhubarb, grown for its edible stems.

Within the Polygonaceae, members of the subfamily Polygonoideae are characterised by the presence of an ocrea, a nodal sheath at the base of the leaf formed from the fused stipules; flowers may be clustered but do not form involucres. The doublegees of the genus Emex have become troublesome weeds in some parts of the world owing to their spinose fruits. Members of the subfamily Eriogonoideae lack stipules and often bear flowers clustered in involucres of more or less fused bracts (Hickman 1993). The Neotropical genus Coccoloba includes trees, shrubs and lianas bearing seeds with a ruminate endosperm (dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat).

Characters (from Henty 1978): Herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent; stems often swollen at nodes. Leaves simple, spirally arranged; usually sheath present, with ocrea. Flowers axillary and terminal, regular, mostly bisexual, if unisexual the plants monoecious or dioecious; pedicels usually articulate; perianth lobes 4-6, imbricate, free or shortly connate, persistent, often accrescent; stamens 4-9, free or basally connate, anthers two-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; disc often glandular; ovary superior, one-celled, with solitary basal ovule; styles 2-3, free or connate at base. Fruit a nut, trigonous or lenticular, rarely globose, enclosed in persistent perianth or not; embryo excentric, curved or straight, surrounded by mealy endosperm.

<==Polygonaceae
    |--Coccoloba BM76 [Coccoloboideae T00]
    |    |--C. costata J87
    |    |--C. diversifolia BT87
    |    |--C. grandifolia F11
    |    |--C. pauciflora J87
    |    |--C. picardae J87
    |    |--C. pubescens BM76
    |    |--C. rugosa SWK87
    |    `--C. uvifera SWK87
    |--Polygonoideae T00
    |    |--Rumex M99
    |    |--Polygonum H78
    |    |--Muehlenbeckia H93
    |    |--Oxyria digyna H93, O88
    |    |--Emex H93
    |    |    |--E. australis Steinh. 1838 C06
    |    |    `--E. spinosa DAF07
    |    |--Fagopyrum H93
    |    |    |--F. cymosum SS72
    |    |    |--F. esculentum [incl. F. sagittatum (nom. inv.)] H93
    |    |    `--F. tataricum BO08
    |    `--Fallopia H93 [incl. Bilderdykia H90]
    |         |--‘Polygonum’ sect. Fallopia H93
    |         |    |--F. baldschuanica H90 [=Polygonum baldschuanicum H93]
    |         |    `--F. convolvulus RJ11 [=Polygonum convolvulus H93]
    |         `--‘Polygonum’ sect. Reynoutria H93
    |               |--‘Polygonum’ cuspidatum H93
    |               |--‘Reynoutria’ japonica TG88
    |               `--‘Polygonum’ sachalinense Schmidt ex Maxim. 1859 H93, CD07 [=Reynoutria sachalinensis H90]
    `--Eriogonoideae T00
         |--Eriogonum CS90
         |--Pterostegia drymarioides H93
         |--Dedeckera eurekensis H93
         |--Gilmania luteola H93
         |--Goodmania luteola [=Oxytheca luteola] H93
         |--Lastarriaea coriacea (see below for synonymy) H93
         |--Hollisteria lanata H93
         |--Oxytheca H93
         |--Aristocapsa insignis [=Centrostegia insignis, Chorizanthe insignis] H93
         |--Chorizanthe H93
         |--Centrostegia thurberi [=Chorizanthe thurberi] H93
         |--Dodecahema leptoceras [=Centrostegia leptoceras, Chorizanthe leptoceras] H93
         |--Systenotheca vortriedei [=Centrostegia vortriedei, Chorizanthe vortriedei] H93
         |--Nemacaulis denudata H93
         |    |--N. d. var. denudata H93
         |    `--N. d. var. gracilis H93
         `--Mucronea Benth. 1836 H93, KC01
              |--M. californica [=Chorizanthe californica; incl. C. californica var. suksdorfii] H93
              `--M. perfoliata [=Chorizanthe perfoliata] H93

Polygonaceae incertae sedis:
  Oxygonum YY22
  Ruprechtia YY22
  Symmeria Y22
  Triplaris americana H06
  Polygonella YY22
  Pteroxygonum YY22
  ‘Pterococcus’ Pallas 1773 (nom. rej.) non Hasskarl 1842 (nom. cons.) FT93
  Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Arnott 1841 H78
  Koenigia O88
    |--K. delicatula O88
    |--K. forrestii O88
    |--K. islandica O88
    |--K. nepalensis O88
    `--K. nummularifolia O88
  Rheum H78
    |--R. acuminatum O88
    |--R. australe O88
    |--R. delavayi O88
    |--R. moorcroftianum O88
    |--R. nobile O88
    |--R. officinale KSM06
    |--R. rhabarbarum H90
    |--R. rhaponticum H78
    |--R. spiciforme O88
    `--R. webbianum O88
  Calligonum S00
    |--C. arborescens S00
    |--C. comosum HF03
    `--C. polygonoides P72
  ‘Coccolobites’ cretaceus Berry 1916 CBH93
  Coccolobites Visiani 1858 CBH93
  Persicarioipollis Krutzsch 1970 CBH93
  Homalocladium platycladum H90
  Acetosella vulgaris H90

Lastarriaea coriacea [=Chorizanthe coriacea; incl. C. lastarriaea var. californica non C. californica, Lastarriaea chilensis ssp. californica] H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[BO08] Bönsel, D., I. Ottich, A. Malten & G. Zizka. 2008. An updated list of the vascular plants of Frankfurt am Main (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 111–121.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CS90] Corey, D. T., & I. J. Stout. 1990. Ground surface arachnids in sandhill communities of Florida. Journal of Arachnology 18: 167–172.

[DAF07] Department of Agriculture and Food. 2007. Common Seasonal Pests. State of Western Australia.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[HF03] Halperin, J., & J. Fremuth. 2003. Contribution to the knowledge of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) and their host plants in Israel. Zoology in the Middle East 29: 93–100.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H78] Henty, E. E. 1978. Polygonaceae. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 222–248. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KSM06] King, R. C., W. D. Stansfield & P. K. Mulligan. 2006. A Dictionary of Genetics 7^th ed. Oxford University Press.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P72] Prakash, I. 1972. Notes on little known lizards from the Rajasthan desert. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 424–428.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[SS72] Singh, V., & H. Singh. 1972. A contribution to the flora of Gangolihat block in Pithoragarh District. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 352–368.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 11 June 2022.

Amaranthaceae

Globe amaranth Gomphrena globosa, from Missouri Botanical Garden.

Belongs within: Caryophyllales.
Contains: Achyranthes, Amaranthus, Ptilotus.

The Amaranthaceae are a family of mostly herbaceous plants found worldwide, with the highest diversity in the Americas. Economically significant members of the family include Spinacia oleracea, spinach, which is used as a pot herb. Gomphrena globosa, globe amaranth, is grown as an ornamental for its bright, globose inflorescences, and its leaves have a history of use in herbal remedies. Alternanthera is a primarily tropical and subtropical genus of herbs with flowers born in sessile axillary congested clusters (Allan 1961). Members of the Amaranthaceae have been divided between two subfamilies according to the manner of anther dehiscence, which is unilocular in the Gomphrenoideae and bilocular in the Amaranthoideae.

Characters (from Kanis 1978): Herbs, rarely shrubs or woody climbers. Leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules, simple. Inflorescences racemose or more or less paniculate, of single flowers or cymose flower clusters, with persistent bracts. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, usually with two bracteoles; tepals (3-)5, free; stamens (3-)5, opposite tepals, filaments usually more or less joined at base, usually with interposed staminodes or pseudostaminodes, anthers one- or two-celled; ovary superior, one-celled, with 1(-many) basal ovules often pendent from erect funicle. Fruit usually a nut, sometimes a capsule or berry.

<==Amaranthaceae
    |--Amarantheae [Amaranthoideae] T00
    |    |--Amaranthus K78
    |    `--Ptilotus M99
    `--Gomphrena K78 [Gomphrenoideae T00]
         |--G. brachystylis LK14
         |    |--G. b. ssp. brachystylis LK14
         |    `--G. b. ssp. pindanensis LK14
         |--G. breviflora LK14
         |--G. canescens LK14
         |--G. celosioides Mart. 1825 K78
         |--G. connata LK14
         |--G. diffusa LK14
         |--G. eichleri LK14
         |--G. flaccida LK14
         |--G. globosa Linnaeus 1753 K78
         |--G. humifusa LK14
         |--G. leptoclada LK14
         |--G. parviflora LK14
         |--G. serrata ACW01
         `--G. tenella LK14

Amaranthaceae incertae sedis:
  Spinacia oleracea PT01
  Cyathula prostrata (Linnaeus) Bl. 1826 K78
  Dicraurus YY22
  Pleuropterantha YY22
  Acnida YY22
  Amblogyna polygonoides [=Amarantus polygonoides] C55
  Psilotrichum ferrugineum (Roxburgh) Moq. in DC. 1849 [incl. P. trichotomum Bl. 1826] K78
  Pupalia K78
    |--P. lappacea [incl. P. atropurpurea] K78
    `--P. micrantha LK14
  Arthraerua leubnitziae CV06
  Marcelliopsis splendens CV06
  Calicorema squarrosa CV06
  Hermbstaedtia spathulifolia CV06
  Nothosaerva brachiata PP07
  Digera PP07
    |--D. arvensis VB02
    `--D. muricata PP07
  Celosia argentea Linnaeus 1753 K78
    |--C. a. var. argentea K78
    `--C. a. var. cristata [=C. cristata Linnaeus 1753] K78
  Aerva K78
    |--A. javanica PP07
    `--A. lanata (Linnaeus) Schultes 1819 K78
  Chamissoa J87
    |--C. altissima J87
    `--C. nodiflora C55
  Haloxylon B14
    |--H. persicum RBA00
    `--H. salicornicum AGF98
  Iresine K78
    |--I. aggregata C55
    |--I. herbstii Hooker 1864 K78
    `--I. vermicularis [incl. Illecebrum vermiculatum] C55
  Euxolus C55
    |--E. caudatus [=Chenopodium caudatum] C55
    |--E. oleraceus [=Amarantus oleraceus] C55
    `--E. polygamus [=Amarantus polygamus] C55
  Deeringia K78
    |--D. amaranthoides (Lamk.) Merr. 1917 (see below for synonymy) K78
    |--D. arborescens (Brown) Druce 1917 [incl. D. altissima (Moq.) Muell. 1860] K78
    `--D. polysperma (Roxburgh) Moq. in DC. 1849 (see below for synonymy) K78
  Alternanthera Forsk. 1775 A61
    |--A. angustifolia LK14
    |--A. bettzickiana (Regel) Nichols. 1885 K78
    |--A. caracasana H93
    |--A. denticulata Br. 1810 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--A. nana LK14
    |--A. nodiflora [=A. triandra var. nodiflora] H90
    |--A. paronychioides VB02
    |--A. philoxeroides C74
    |--A. pungens Kunth 1818 [incl. A. repens (Linnaeus) Link 1821 non Gmel. 1791] K78
    |--A. sessilis (Linnaeus) DC. 1813 [incl. A. tenuissima (Suess.) Backer 1949] K78
    `--A. versicolor B28
  Achyranthes K78
  Teleanthera C06
  Guilleminea densa [=Brayulinea densa] H93
    |--G. d. var. densa H93
    `--G. d. var. aggregata H93
  Tidestromia H93
    |--T. lanuginosa H93
    `--T. oblongifolia [incl. T. oblongifolia ssp. cryptantha] H93
  Allmania nodiflora S00
  Froelichia gracilis H90
  Nyssanthes H90
    |--N. diffusa H90
    `--N. erecta H90

Alternanthera denticulata Br. 1810 A61 [=A. triandra var. denticulata H90; incl. A. sessilis Hook. f. 1854 non (Linnaeus) DC. 1813 A61]

Deeringia amaranthoides (Lamk.) Merr. 1917 [incl. D. baccata (Retz.) Moq. 1849, D. celosioides Brown 1810 (nom. illeg.), D. indica Retz. ex Bl. 1826] K78

Deeringia polysperma (Roxburgh) Moq. in DC. 1849 [incl. D. indica Zoll. ex Moq. 1849 non Retz. ex Bl. 1826] K78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[ACW01] Aguilar, H., C. C. Childers & W. C. Welbourn. 2001. Relative abundance and seasonal occurrence of mites in the family Tydeidae on citrus in Florida. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 376–380. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[C74] Crowder, J. P. 1974. Exotic Plant Pests of South Florida. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (USA).

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K78] Kanis, A. 1978. Amaranthaceae. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 12–42. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[RBA00] Rifai, L. B., M. Abu Baker & Z. S. Amr. 2000. Ecology, distribution and status of the rock hyrax, Procavia capensis syriaca, in Jordan. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 19–26.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 4 April 2020.

Rumex

Bitter dock Rumex obtusifolius, photographed by Emmet Judziewicz.

Belongs within: Polygonaceae.

Rumex, the docks, is a genus of about 200 species of herbaceous plants found worldwide, with the greatest number of species in north temperate regions. A number of species have become widely spread outside their native ranges as pasture weeds; the curled dock Rumex crispus is toxic to livestock, causing dermatitis and gastric illness (Henty 1978). The genus is divided between the subgenera Rumex and Acetosa. Species of subgenus Rumex generally have bisexual flowers with green perianths and stems are stout and erect to decumbent, whereas the usually dioecious members of subgenus Acetosa have more or less red perianths and stems are erect and slender (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Henty 1978): Annual or perennial herbs, often acid. Leaves spirally arranged, or lower leaves in basal rosette; sheaths short, ocreas well developed. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate; flowers bisexual, monoecious or dioecious, stipitate, articulate on arched pedicels, in bracteate fascicles, which may be many-flowered forming partial whorls. Tepals in two whorls of three; outer whorl small, not much accrescent after anthesis; inner whorl finally much enlarged, enclosing fruit; stamens 6; ovary trigonous; styles 3, short, with large dissected stigmas. Fruit sharply trigonous.

<==Rumex Linnaeus 1753 [Rumiceae] A61
    |--R. subg. Rumex H93
    |    |--R. sect. Rumex H93
    |    |    |--R. conglomeratus H93
    |    |    |--R. crispus Linnaeus 1753 H93, H78
    |    |    |--R. dentatus [incl. R. dentatus var. klotzschianus] H93
    |    |    |--R. hymenosepalus H93
    |    |    |--R. kerneri H93
    |    |    |--R. maritimus [incl. R. fuegianus, R. persicarioides] H93
    |    |    |--R. obtusifolius [incl. R. obtusifolius ssp. agrestis] H93
    |    |    |--R. occidentalis [incl. R. fenestratus] H93
    |    |    |--R. orbiculatus H93
    |    |    |--R. pulcher H93
    |    |    |--R. stenophyllus H93
    |    |    `--R. violascens H93
    |    `--R. sect. Axillares H93
    |         |--R. salicifolius H93
    |         |    |--R. s. var. salicifolius H93
    |         |    |--R. s. var. crassus H93
    |         |    |--R. s. var. denticulatus [incl. R. californicus, R. utahensis] H93
    |         |    |--R. s. var. lacustris H93
    |         |    |--R. s. var. transitorius H93
    |         |    `--R. s. var. triangulivalvis H93
    |         `--R. venosus H93
    `--R. subg. Acetosa H93
         |--R. acetosella H90 [incl. Acetosella angiocarpa H90, R. angiocarpus H93]
         |--R. paucifolius [incl. R. paucifolius var. gracilescens] H93
         |--R. sagittatus [=Acetosa sagittata] H90
         `--R. vesicarius [=Acetosa vesicaria] H90

Rumex incertae sedis:
  R. acetosa PT01
  R. alpinus C55
  R. bidens H90
  R. brownii Campd. 1819 [incl. R. fimbriotus Brown 1810 (preoc.)] H78
  R. bucephalophorus PT98
    |--R. b. ssp. bucephalophorus PT98
    `--R. b. ssp. gallicus PT98
  R. crystallinus H90
  R. decumbens D03
  R. dumosus [incl. R. dumosiformis] H90
  R. flexuosus Forst. ex Spreng. 1825 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
  R. hastatus F92
  R. hydrolapathum LDB98
  R. lunaria ES06
  R. neglectus Kirk 1877 A61 [incl. R. cuneifolius var. alismaefolius C06]
  R. nepalensis O88
  R. palustris LDB98
  R. patientia O88
    |--R. p. ssp. patientia O88
    `--R. p. ssp. pamiricus O88
  R. sanguineus [incl. R. viridis] C06
  R. scutatus C55
  R. stenoglottis H90
  R. tenax H90
  R. tuberosus PT98
    |--R. t. ssp. tuberosus PT98
    `--R. t. ssp. creticus PT98

Rumex flexuosus Forst. ex Spreng. 1825 ME70 [incl. R. brownianus Cunn. 1838 non Campd. 1819 A61, R. cunninghamii Meissn. in DC. 1856 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[ES06] Erber, D., & M. Schöller. 2006. Revision of the Cryptocephalus-species of the Canary Islands and Madeira (Insecta, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 85–107.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H78] Henty, E. E. 1978. Polygonaceae. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 222–248. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[LDB98] Lenssen, J. P. M., G. E. ten Dolle & C. W. P. M. Blom. 1998. The effect of flooding on the recruitment of reed marsh and tall forb plant species. Plant Ecology 139: 13–23.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

Last updated: 27 August 2020.