Ranellidae

Ranella olearium, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Tonnoidea.

The Ranellinae are a group of marine gastropods bearing a solid shell with prominent varices. The radula bears a broad, multicuspid central tooth with a long central cusp, and smooth lateral and marginal teeth.

<==Ranellidae [Ranellacea, Ranellina, Ranellinae]
    |  i. s.: ‘Cancellaria’ dertocrenata Sacco 1894 PH90
    |--Eoranella kiliani Sayn 1932 TTE93
    |--Biplex Perry 1811 WG71
    |    |--B. aculeatum (Schepman 1909) [=Gyrineum (Biplex) aculeatum] WG71
    |    |--B. percum (Perry 1811) [=Gyrineum (Biplex) percum] WG71
    |    |--B. pulchellum (Forbes 1852) [=Gyrineum (Biplex) pulchellum] WG71
    |    `--B. pulchrum (Gray in Sowerby 1836) MG-H11
    `--Ranella Lamarck 1816 BR05
         |--*R. gigantea Lamarck 1816 BR17 [incl. R. gigantea var. atlantica PP64]
         |--R. argus C64
         |--R. australasia HS01
         |--R. caelata C64
         |--R. californica C64
         |--R. cubaniana G79
         |--R. multinodosa (Bucknill 1927) [incl. R. ostenfeldi] P61
         |--R. nitida C64
         |--R. olearium (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. Bursa barcellosi Matthews, Rios & Coelho 1973] BC01
         |--R. producta C64
         |--R. pyramidalis C64
         |--R. triquetra C64
         `--R. ventricosa C64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Tonnoidea

Knobbed triton Charonia lampas, copyright Philippe Guillaume.

Belongs within: Latrogastropoda.
Contains: Mataxidae, Personidae, Cymatiinae, Bursidae, Ranellidae, Tonnidae, Cassidae, Ficus.

The Tonnoidea are a group of often large marine gastropods with particularly large larval shells, reaching diameters up to 5.4 mm, and a well-developed periostracum that extends past the apertural opening during the larval stage (Bandel & Dockery 2012). Members of the Tonnoidea are predators, often feeding on echinoderms. They include the Ficidae, fig shells, a small family of tropical shallow-water or abyssal marine gastropods that take their name from the roughly fig-shaped appearance of their shells. Charonia, the tritons, have fusiform shells that can reach giant sizes with the giant triton C. tritonis growing over half a metre in length.

<==Tonnoidea [Canalifera, Cassidida, Cassina, Cassoidea, Doliacea, Tonnacea] BD12
    |--Charonia Gistel 1847 S11, BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*C. tritonis (Linnaeus 1758) P61, BW09 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. capax Finlay 1926 WG71 [incl. C. capax euclioides Finlay 1927 F27, P61, F27]
    |    |--‘Tritonium’ carinatum [incl. T. angulosum] C64
    |    |--‘Triton’ davidsoni d’Archiac & Haime 1854 [=Cancellaria davidsoni] PH90
    |    |--C. euclia Hedley 1914 WG71
    |    |--‘Triton’ lacunatum Mighels 1845 J49
    |    |--C. laevigata (Lamarck 1816) S11
    |    |--C. lampas (Linnaeus 1758) WG71
    |    |--‘Tritonium’ moerchianum C64
    |    |--C. opis C60
    |    |--C. powelli Cotton 1956 WG71
    |    |--‘Triton’ pseudospengleri [incl. T. minimus] H86b
    |    |--‘Tritonium’ rombergi C64
    |    |--C. rubicunda (Perry 1811) WG71 [=Septa rubicunda F27, Cymatium rubicundum H09]
    |    |--‘Tritonium’ rutilum C64
    |    |--C. sauliae Reeve 1844 WG71
    |    |--‘Triton’ spengleri H86a
    |    `--C. woodsi (Tenison-Woods 1879) C60, F71 [=Triton woodsii F71, Austrotriton woodsi C60]
    `--+--+--+--Eosassiidae [Eosassinidae] BD12
       |  |  |    |--Eosassia Bandel & Dockery 2012 BD12
       |  |  |    |    `--*E. gwinae (Dockery 1993) [=Gyrineum gwinae] BD12
       |  |  |    `--Sassia Bellardi 1837 S11, BD12
       |  |  |         |--*S. apenninica (Sassi 1827) BD12
       |  |  |         |--S. centrosum (Conrad 1863) P12
       |  |  |         |--S. kamphyla (Watson 1883) S11
       |  |  |         `--S. parkinsonia HS01
       |  |  `--Fusitriton Cossmann 1903 S11, WG71
       |  |       |--*F. cancellatum [=Triton cancellatum] P61
       |  |       |--F. laudandus Finlay 1927 P61
       |  |       |--F. magellanicus (Röding 1798) S11
       |  |       |--F. oregonensis (Redfield 1848) O27 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |       `--F. retiolus (Hidley 1914) S11 [=Priene retiolum F27]
       |  `--+--+--Personidae ZLK11
       |     |  `--Thalassocyon Barnard 1960 S11, BD12 [Thalassocynidae, Thalassocyonidae]
       |     |       `--*T. bonus Barnard 1960 BD12
       |     `--Cymatiidae BR17
       |          |--Cymatiinae S11
       |          `--Argobuccininae BR17
       |               |--Argobuccinum Herrmannsen 1846 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
       |               |    |--*A. argus (Gmelin 1791) P61, F27 [=Murex argus P61]
       |               |    |--A. cancellatum [=Priene cancellata, Tritonium (Buccinum) cancellatum] C64
       |               |    |--‘Priene’ nodosa C64
       |               |    |--A. pustulosum HS01
       |               |    |--A. succinctum (Linnaeus 1771) H09 (see below for synonymy)
       |               |    |--A. tumidum (Dunker 1862) [=A. pustulosum tumidum HS01]
       |               |    `--A. vexillum Sowerby 1835 WG71 [=Ranella vexillum O27]
       |               `--Gyrineum Link 1807 BR17, BR05 [Gyrineinae]
       |                    |--*G. gyrinum (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
       |                    |--G. affine (Broderip 1833) [=Ranella affinis] H09
       |                    |--G. lacunatum (Mighels 1845) MG-H11
       |                    |--G. longicaudatum Beu 1998 BC01
       |                    |--G. pulchellum (Forbes 1852) [=Ranella pulchella] H09
       |                    |--G. ranelloides (Reeve 1844) [=Triton ranelloides] H09
       |                    `--G. rubicola (Perry 1811) [=Biplex rubicola] H09
       `--+--+--Bursidae ZLK11
          |  `--Ranellidae ZLK11
          `--+--+--Tonnidae ZLK11
             |  `--Cassidae S11
             `--Ficidae [Ficoidea] TTE93
                  |--Ficus ZLK11
                  |--Protopirula capensis (Rennie 1931) TTE93
                  `--Priscoficus TTE93
                       |--P. bicarinatus (Briart & Cornet 1870) TTE93
                       `--P. obtusus (Marshall 1917) TTE93

Tonnoidea incertae sedis:
  Colombellinidae [Columbellinidae] BD12
    |--Alariopsis clathrata Gemmellaro 1878 TTE93
    |--Zittelia Gemmellaro 1869 BD12, BR17 [Zitteliidae]
    |    `--*Z. cypraeaeformis Gemmellaro 1869 BR17
    |--Colombellina d’Orbigny 1843 [=Columbellina Geinitz 1846] BR17
    |    `--*C. monodactylus (Leymerie 1842) [=Rostellaria monodactylus] BR17
    |--Columbellaria Rolle 1861 [Columbellariidae] BD12
    |    |--*C. corallina (Quenstedt 1852) [=Cassis corallina] BR17
    |    `--C. bathonica Cossmann 1913 TTE93
    `--Neocolombellina Bandel & Dockery 2012 BD12
         |--*N. cancellata (Dockery 1993) BD12
         |--N. americana (Wade 1926) [=Colombellina americana] BD12
         `--N. carlea (Dockery 1993) [=Gyrineum carleum] BD12
  Mataxidae BD12
  Laubierinidae [Laubierinioidea, Laubierinoidea] BR17
    |--Akibumia orientalis (Schepman 1909) MG-H11
    |--Laubierina Warén & Bouchet 1990 BR05
    |    `--*L. peregrinator Warén & Bouchet 1990 BR17
    `--Pisanianura Rovereto 1899 BR17, BR05 [Pisanianuridae, Pisanianurinae]
         `--*P. inflata (Brocchi 1814) [=Murex inflatus] BR17

Argobuccinum Herrmannsen 1846 BR05 [incl. Paralagena Dall 1904 H08, Priene Adams & Adams 1858 F27; Argobuccininae]

Argobuccinum succinctum (Linnaeus 1771) H09 [=Murex succinctus H09, A. (*Paralagena) succinctum H08; incl. M. clandestinus Chemnitz 1795 H08]

Charonia Gistel 1847 S11, BR05 [=Triton Montfort 1810 nec Linnaeus 1758 nec Laurenti 1768 BR05, Tritonium Röding 1798 non Müller 1776 BR05; Charoniacea, Charoniidae BR17, Charoniinae, Tritoniacea, Tritonidae, Tritoninae]

*Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus 1758) P61, BW09 [=Murex tritonis BR05, Nyctilochus tritonis BR05, Septa tritonis H09, *Triton tritonis BR17, *Tritonium tritonis BR17]

Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield 1848) O27 [=Triton oregonensis O27, Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) oregonense O27, Priene oregonensis C64, Tritonium oregonense C64]

*Gyrineum gyrinum (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Murex gyrinus BR17, Bursa gyrina H09, Ranella gyrina BR05]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45-80.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86a] Hutton, F. W. 1886a. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[H86b] Hutton, F. W. 1886b. Notes on some Australian Tertiary fossils. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 481–482.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 2. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.

[P12] Petuch, E. J. 2012. Miocene asteroid impacts: proposed effects on the biogeography and extinction patterns of eastern North American gastropods. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 967–981. Springer.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

[ZLK11] Zou, S., Q. Li & L. Kong. 2011. Additional gene data and increased sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Neogastropoda, within the caenogastropod phylogenetic framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 425–435.

Last updated: 7 June 2021.

Tonnidae

Giant tun Tonna galea, copyright Stefano Guerrieri.

Belongs within: Tonnoidea.

The Tonnidae, tun shells, are a group of generally large sand-dwelling gastropods most commonly found in deeper water. The live animal has a very large body when fully extended with a wide, rather flat foot (Wilson & Gillett 1971). They are predators on sea cucumbers, swallowing them whole with their proboscis.

Charactgers (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Shell generally large, rather thin and inflated; strong spiral ribs present, axial sculpture and varices absent; periostracum thin, smooth, greenish. Anterior canal a U-shaped notch. Umbilicus deep or absent; columellar callus often present, may be reflected over umbilicus and parietal wall to form shield.

<==Tonnidae [Doliaria, Doliidae, Tonninae]
    |--Macgillivrayia Forbes 1852 [Macgillivrayiidae] BR05
    |    `--*M. pelagica Forbes 1852 BR17
    |--Galeodolium Sacco 1891 [Galeodoliidae] BR05
    |    `--*G. muticum (Michelotti 1861) [=Cassidaria mutica] BR17
    |--Eudolium MG-H11
    |    |--E. marylandicum Petuch 1988 P12
    |    `--E. pyriforme (Sowerby 1914) MG-H11
    |--Malea Valenciennes 1832 P89
    |    |--M. camura Guppy 1866 P89
    |    |--M. densecostata (Rutsch 1934) P89
    |    |--M. goliath Pilsbry & Johnson 1917 P89
    |    |--M. mareana Weisbord 1962 P89
    |    |--M. petiti Petuch 1989 P89
    |    |--M. pomum (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
    |    |--M. ringens [=Cassis ringens] C64
    |    `--M. springi Petuch 1989 P89
    `--Tonna Brünnich 1772 [=Dolium Lamarck 1801] BR05
         |--*T. galea (Linnaeus 1758) P61, S11 [=Buccinum galea P61, *Dolium galea BR17]
         |--T. allium Dillwyn 1817 [incl. T. costata Menke 1828] WG71
         |--T. ampullacea Philippi 1845 WG71
         |--T. canaliculata Linnaeus 1758 WG71
         |--T. cepa (Röding 1798) BW09
         |--T. cerevisina Hedley 1919 WG71
         |    |--T. c. cerevisina P27
         |    `--T. c. haurakiensis Hedley 1919 P27, P61
         |--T. chinensis (Dillwyn 1817) WG71 [=Buccinum chinense H09]
         |--T. cumingii (Reeve 1849) [=Dolium cumingii] H09
         |--T. dolium (Linnaeus 1758) P61 [=Buccinum dolium G20]
         |--‘Dolium’ fasciatum F66
         |--T. maculosa (Dillwyn 1817) S11
         |--T. maoria Powell 1938 P61
         |--T. melanostoma (Jay 1839) [=Dolium melanostomum] BC01
         |--T. olearium ZLK11
         |--‘Dolium’ pennatum G79
         |--T. perdix (Linnaeus 1758) BW09 [=Buccinum perdix H09]
         |--‘Dolium’ petrosum C64
         |--T. pomum (Linnaeus 1758) [=Buccinum pomum] H09
         |--‘Dolium’ ringens [incl. D. dentatum Barnes 1824] C64
         |--T. tessellata Lamarck 1816 WG71
         |--T. tetracotula Hedley 1919 P27
         `--T. variegata (Lamarck 1822) MG-H11 [=Dolium variegatum H09]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P89] Petuch, E. J. 1989. New species of Malea (Gastropoda: Tonnidae) from the Pleistocene of southern Florida. Nautilus 103 (3): 92–95.

[P12] Petuch, E. J. 2012. Miocene asteroid impacts: proposed effects on the biogeography and extinction patterns of eastern North American gastropods. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 967–981. Springer.

[P27] Powell, A. W. B. 1927. On a large Tonna and two other gasteropods of Australian origin. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 559–562.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

[ZLK11] Zou, S., Q. Li & L. Kong. 2011. Additional gene data and increased sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Neogastropoda, within the caenogastropod phylogenetic framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 425–435.

Last updated: 3 October 2021.

Bursidae

Bursa cubaniana, copyright Jacksonville Shell Club.

Belongs within: Tonnoidea.

The Bursidae, frog shells, are a group of marine gastropods that are most commonly found in shallow water among coral or rocks. The shell is usually heavy and strongly ornamented, commonly with a warty appearance that gives rise to the vernacular name. They may be distinguished from related, similar shells among the tritons and trumpets by the presence of a strong notch at the posterior end of the aperture (Wilson & Gillett 1971).

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Shell usuall heavy, strongly nodulose or spiny, covered with calcareous growths; varices strong; anterior canal short; posterior canal represented by deep notch at posterior end of aperture; operculum horny.

<==Bursidae
    |--Hanaibursa aequilana (Parona 1909) TTE93
    |--Tutufa Jousseaume 1881 [Tutufinae] BR05
    |    |  i. s.: T. bufo Röding 1798 MG-H11
    |    |         T. rubeta (Linnaeus 1758) BW09 [=Bursa rubeta WG71]
    |    |--*T. (Tutufa) bubo (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--T. (Tutufella Beu 1981) BC01
    |         `--T. (T.) nigrita Mühlhäusser & Blöcher 1979 BC01
    |--Bufonaria Schumacher 1817 O27
    |    |--B. bufo (Bruguière 1792) H14
    |    |--B. californica (Hinds 1843) [=Bursa (Bufonaria) californica] O27
    |    |--B. (Bufonaria) cristinae Parth 1989 BC01
    |    |--B. crumena (Lamarck 1816) MG-H11
    |    |--B. fernandesi Beu 1977 ES88
    |    `--B. rana (Linnaeus 1758) MG-H11
    `--Bursa Röding 1798 [Bursinae] BR05
         |  i. s.: B. bitubercularis (Lamarck 1822) [=Ranella bitubercularis] H09
         |         B. corrugata (Reeve 1844) S11
         |         B. cruentata (Sowerby 1841) BW09
         |         B. fuscocostata Dkr. 1862 C64
         |         B. humilis Beu 1981 MG-H11
         |         B. lamarckii (Deshayes 1853) BW09
         |         B. lampas (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex lampas] H09
         |         B. latitudo Garrard 1961 WG71
         |         B. mammata H15
         |         B. pusilla (Broderip 1833) [=Ranella pusilla, Gyrineum pusillum] H09
         |         B. rana (Linnaeus 1758) WG71 [=Murex rana H09; incl. B. cavitensis Reeve 1843 WG71]
         |         B. rhodostoma (Beck in Sowerby 1835) BW09
         |         B. rosa Perry 1811 [incl. B. siphonata Reeve 1844] WG71
         |         B. saundersi Adegoke 1977 TTE93
         |         B. tenuisculpta (Dautzenberg & Fisher 1906) S11
         |         B. thomae (Orbigny 1842) S11
         |         B. venustula (Reeve 1844) [=Ranella venustula] H09
         |--B. (Bursa) BC01
         |    |--*B. (B.) bufonia (Gmelin 1791) [=Murex bufonius; incl. B. monitata Röding 1798] BR17
         |    |--B. (B.) davidboschi Beu 1986 BC01
         |    |--B. (B.) granifera [=Ranella granifera] O27
         |    |--B. (B.) lucaensis Parth 1991 BC01
         |    `--B. (B.) grayana (Dunker 1868) [incl. B. pacamoni Matthews & Coelho 1971] BC01
         |--B. (Colubrellina Fischer 1884) BC01, WG71
         |    `--B. (C.) quirihorai Beu 1986 BC01
         `--B. (Dulcerana Iredale 1931) WG71
              |--B. (D.) cubaniana (Orbigny 1842) BC01, S11 (see below for synonymy)
              `--B. (D.) granularis (Röding 1798) BW09, WG71 (see below for synonymy)

Bursa (Dulcerana) cubaniana (Orbigny 1842) BC01, S11 [=B. granularis cubaniana BC01; incl. B. cubaniana var. intermedia Usticke 1959 BC01, B. corrugata var. lineata Usticke 1959 BC01]

Bursa (Dulcerana) granularis (Röding 1798) BW09, WG71 [=Colubrellina (D.) granularis WG71; incl. C. affinis Broderip 1832 WG71, C. semigranosa Lamarck 1822 WG71]

*Tutufa (Tutufa) bubo (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Murex bubo BR17, Bursa bubo WG71; incl. B. rubeta gigantea Smith 1914 WG71, T. lampas Linnaeus 1758 WG71]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[ES88] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Sage III. 1988. A new species of Vasum (Gastropoda: Turbinellidae) from off Somalia. Nautilus 102 (1): 36–39.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.

[H14] Hosie, A. M. 2014. Review of the stalked barnacle genus Koleolepas (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Koleolepadidae), with new records from Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29 (1): 1–9.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 2. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 6 June 2021.

Personidae

Distorsio decipiens, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Tonnoidea.

The Personidae are a small group of marine gastropods with a characteristically distorted coiling, found at moderate depths in warm waters. Past classifications included them among the Ranellidae but more recent authors have argued that many of the common features of the two families evolved in parallel. Within the Personidae, members of the genus Distorsio are generally larger than species of Personopsis.

Characters (from here): Whorls knobbed, with distorted coiling; operculum small, black; radula with spiny crescent-shaped teeth.

<==Personidae BR05
    |--Personopsis purpurata Beu 1998 S11
    |--Calcarella Souleyet 1850 [Calcarellidae] BR05
    |    `--*C. spinosa Souleyet 1850 BR17
    `--Distorsio Röding 1798 [=Persona Montfort 1810; Distorsiinae, Distorsioninae, Personina, Personinae] BR05
         |  i. s.: ‘Persona’ constrictus C64
         |         D. euconstricta Beu 1986 BC01
         |         D. graceiellae Parth 1989 BC01
         |         D. habei Lewis 1972 MG-H11
         |         D. minoruohnishii Parth 1989 BC01
         |         D. perdistorta Fulton 1938 ES90
         |         D. smithi von Maltzan 1844 ES90
         |         D. ventricosa Kronenberg 1994 BC01
         |         D. (Personella Conrad 1865) C75
         |           |--D. (*P.) septemdentata Gabb 1860 C75
         |           |--D. (P.) beui Maxwell 1968 C75
         |           `--D. (P.) pusilla Pease 1861 [=Persona pusilla] C75
         |         D. (Rhysema Clench & Turner 1956) C75
         |           `--D. (R.) reticulata Roeding 1798 C75
         |--D. clathrata (Lamarck 1816) S11 (see below for synonymy)
         `--+--D. (Distorsio) BC01
            |    |--*D. (D.) anus (Linnaeus 1758) BR17, S11 [=Murex anus BR17, *Persona anus BR17]
            |    |--D. (D.) decussata (Valenciennes 1832) [=Tritonium decussatum] BC01
            |    `--D. (D.) jenniernestae Emerson & Piech 1992 BC01
            `--+--D. decipiens (Reeve 1844) S11
               `--D. reticularis (Linné 1758) S11 (see below for synonymy)

Distorsio clathrata (Lamarck 1816) S11 [=Triton clathratus ES90; incl. T. ridens Reeve 1844 ES90, Distorsio ridens ES90, Persona ridens C64, D. robinsoni Petuch 1987 ES90]

Distorsio reticularis (Linné 1758) S11 [=Persona reticularis G79; incl. Murex cancellinus de Roissy 1805 ES90, D. cancellinus ES90, D. reticulata (Röding 1798) ES90]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C75] Cernohorsky, W. O. 1975. The taxonomy of some Indo-Pacific Mollusca. Part 3. With descriptions of new taxa and remarks on an Ecuadorian fossil species of Turridae. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 12: 213–234.

[ES90] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Sage III. 1990. Distorsio ridens (Reeve, 1844): a synonym of Distorsio clathrata (Lamarck, 1816) (Gastropoda: Personidae). Nautilus 103 (4): 131–135.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

Last updated: 7 June 2021.

Cassidae

Horned helmet Cassis cornuta, copyright In-depth Images Kwajalein.

Belongs within: Tonnoidea.
Contains: Phalium.

The Cassidae, helmet shells, are medium-sized to large marine gastropods found burrowing in sand. They are predatory on echinoids which they attack by squirting a paralysing salivary juice. Females lay large egg-masses containing hundreds of gelatinous capsules; in some cases large irregular masses may be produced seemingly by several females spawning together (Wilson & Gillett 1971). Within the Cassidae, the subfamily Phaliinae is distinguished by possession of an operculum with a lateral nucleus against the centre of the columellar margin, versus the more central nucleus in other subfamilies.

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Shell usually oval or globose, aperture rather wide and long; shell may be glossy-smooth or heavily sculptured with ribs and nodules. Outer lip thickened to form a varix, with inner edge often toothed; other varices representing outer lip of earlier growth stages may be present. Left side of aperture with flat or inclined shield-like callus, either confined to columellar area (as columellar shield), or covering both columella and parietal wall and forming flange along whole left side. Spiral channel present running under columellar shield into true umbilicus; second smaller cavity (false umbilicus) often present under columellar shield at extreme anterior end. Operculum horny, semicircular, not filling aperture.

<==Cassidae [Cassidites] S11
    |  i. s.: Pseudogaleodea tricarinata Nagao 1932 TTE93
    |--Oocorythinae [Oocorythidae] BR17
    |    |--Galeocorys leucodoma HA59
    |    `--Oocorys Fischer 1884 BR05
    |         |--*O. sulcata Fischer 1884 BR17
    |         `--O. tosaensis Habe & Azuma 1959 HA59
    |--Phaliinae BR05
    |    |--Phalium BR05
    |    `--Semicassis Mörch 1852 WG71
    |         |--S. adcocki (Sowerby 1896) [=Phalium (Semicassis) adcocki] WG71
    |         |--S. bisulcata (Schubert & Wagner 1829) MG-H11 [=Phalium (Semicassis) bisulcatum WG71]
    |         |--S. bondarevi Mühlhäusser & Parth 1993 [incl. Phalium (S.) vector Abbott 1994] BC01
    |         |--S. centiquadrata (Valenciennes 1832) EO65
    |         |--S. decussata F66
    |         |--S. glabrata (Dunker 1852) [=Phalium (Semicassis) glabratum] WG71
    |         |    |--S. g. glabrata WG71
    |         |    `--S. g. angasi (Iredale 1927) [=Phalium (Semicassis) glabratum angasi] WG71
    |         |--S. semigranosa (Lamarck 1822) [=Phalium (Semicassis) semigranosum] WG71
    |         |--S. sophia (Brazier 1872) [=Phalium (Semicassis) sophia] WG71
    |         `--S. whitworthi (Abbott 1968) MG-H11
    `--Cassinae BR05
         |--Cypraecassis Stutchbury 1837 WG71
         |    |--C. (Cypraecassis) rufa (Linnaeus 1758) WG71
         |    |--C. tenuis [incl. C. marsenae] C64
         |    `--C. testiculus (Linné 1758) S11
         |--Bezoardica [incl. Echinophoria] F27a
         |    |--*B. areola F27a
         |    |--B. abbreviata C64
         |    |--B. inflata [incl. Cassis abbreviata] C64
         |    `--B. intermedia [=Cassis intermedia, *Echinophoria intermedia] F27a
         |--Euspinacassis Finlay 1926 F27a
         |    |--E. grangei (Marwick 1926) [=Phalium grangei] F27a
         |    |--E. muricata [=Cassis muricata] F27a
         |    `--E. pollens Finlay 1926 F27a
         |--Cassidea F27b
         |    |--C. areola (Linnaeus 1758) [=Buccinum areola] H09
         |    |--C. coronulata (Sowerby 1825) [=Cassis coronulata] H09
         |    |--C. multisecta Finlay 1924 [=Cassis striatus Hutton 1873 (preoc.)] F27b
         |    |--C. nodulosa [incl. C. nodulosa var. torquata] H09
         |    |--C. pila (Reeve 1848) [=Cassis pila] H09
         |    `--C. vibex (Linnaeus 1758) [=Buccinum vibex] H09
         |--Galeodea Link 1807 DK08
         |    |--*G. echinophora (Linnaeus 1758) P61, L58 [=Buccinum echinophorum P61]
         |    |--G. apodemetes M49
         |    |--G. (Taieria) klingeri Kiel & Bandel 2003 BD12
         |    |--G. leucodoma Dall 1907 MG-H11
         |    |--G. modesta K95
         |    |--G. senex A27
         |    `--G. triganceae Dell 1953 P61
         `--Cassis Scopoli 1777 BR05
              |  i. s.: C. adami Eichwald 1830 [=Cancellaria adami] PH90
              |         C. coronadoi H86
              |         C. corrugata C64
              |         C. deucalionis Eichwald 1830 [=Cancellaria deucalionis] PH90
              |         C. exigua Tenison-Woods 1879 F71
              |         C. flammea C60
              |         C. madagascariensis P65
              |           |--C. m. madagascariensis P65
              |           `--C. m. spinella P65
              |         C. saburon PP64
              |         C. testiculus G79
              |         C. tuberosa (Linné 1758) S11
              |--*C. (Cassis) cornuta (Linnaeus 1758) [=Buccinum cornutum] BR17
              |--C. (Casmaria Adams & Adams 1853) EO63, WG71
              |    |--‘Casmaria’ erinaceus (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
              |    |--‘Casmaria’ ponderosa Gmelin 1791 WG71
              |    |    |--C. p. ponderosa WG71
              |    |    `--C. p. perryi Iredale 1912 WG71
              |    |--‘Casmaria’ pyrum F27a
              |    |--C. (C.) vibex [=C. (Phalium) vibex] EO63
              |    `--C. (C.) vibexmexicana Stearns 1893 [=C. vibex mexicana (l. c.), C. (Phalium) vibexmexicana] EO63
              `--C. (Hypocassis Iredale 1927) WG71
                   |--C. (H.) fimbriata Quoy & Gaimard 1833 [incl. C. bicarinata Jonas 1839] WG71
                   `--C. (H.) nana Tenison-Woods 1879 WG71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[EO63] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Old Jr. 1963. Remarks on Cassis (Casmaria) vibexmexicana. Nautilus 76 (4): 143–145.

[EO65] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Old Jr. 1965. New molluscan records for the Galapagos Islands. Nautilus 78 (4): 116–120.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[HA59] Habe, T., & M. Azuma. 1959. A new Oocorys from Japan. Nautilus 72 (4): 116.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[K95] Köhler, R. 1995. A new species of the fossil turtle Psephophorus (order Testudines) from the Eocene of the South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 25: 371–384.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M49] Mason, B. 1949. The geology of Mandamus-Pahau district, north Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 403–428.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.

[P65] Porter, H. J. 1965. Cassis madagascariensis spinella off North Carolina coast. Nautilus 78 (3): 106.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 2 October 2021.

Cymatiinae

Triton Cymatium sp., copyright Jason Marks.

Belongs within: Tonnoidea.

The Cymatiinae, tritons and trumpet shells, are a group of predatory marine snails with usually thick and strongly sculptured shells. The whorls often bear strong varices that rarely line up with those of adjacent whorls. Some members of this group are very large; the giant triton Charonia tritonis is the second-largest living gastropod. They lay egg capsules in cup-shaped clusters in crevices or on the underside of stones (Wilson & Gillett 1971). Members of the group attack a range of invertebrate prey, including ascidians, echinoderms and other molluscs.

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971, as Cymatiidae): Shell usually thick, heavy, strongly sculptured with nodules and spiral ribs, strong varices, teeth on outer lip, folds or ridges on columellar side of aperture; periostracum hairy, scaly or bristly; operculum horny.

<==Cymatiinae [Aquillidae, Cymatiidae, Cymatioidea, Lampusidae, Lampusiidae, Lotoriidae, Nyctilochidae, Septidae]
    |--Austrotriton parkinsonianum (Perry 1811) F27
    |--Aquillus Montfort 1810 [=Neptunella Gray 1854; Neptunellina, Neptunellinae] BR05
    |    `--*A. cutaceus (Linnaeus 1767) [=Murex cutaceus, *Neptunella cutacea] BR17
    |--Lotorium Montfort 1810 BR05
    |    `--‘Murex’ lotorium Linnaeus 1758 BR17 [=Cymatium lotorium WG71, *Lotorium lotor Montfort 1810 BR17]
    |--Gutturnium Mörch 1852 WG71
    |    `--G. muricinum Röding 1798 WG71
    |--Turritriton Dall 1904 WG71
    |    `--T. tabulatus Menke 1843 WG71
    |--Negyrina Iredale 1929 WG71
    |    `--N. subdistorta Lamarck 1822 WG71
    |--Austrosassia Finlay 1931 WG71
    |    `--*A. parkinsonia (Perry 1811) [=Septa parkinsonia] P61
    |--Gondwanula Finlay 1927 F27
    |    `--*G. tumida [=Ranella tumida] F27
    |--Particymatium Iredale 1936 P61
    |    `--*P. strangei (Angas 1864) [incl. P. labiosa Powell 1933] P61
    |--Cabestanimorpha Iredale 1936 P61
    |    `--*C. exarata (Reeve 1844) P61
    |--Simpulum Mörch 1852 BR17, BR05 [Simpulidae]
    |    `--*S. rubecula (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex rubecula] BR17
    |--Cymatona Iredale 1929 P61
    |    |--*C. kampyla (Watson 1885) [=Nassaria kampyla] P61
    |    `--C. tomlini Powell 1955 P61
    |--Cymatiella Iredale 1924 F27
    |    |--C. gaimardi M54
    |    |--C. octoserrata (Finlay 1924) [=Cymatium octoserratum] F27
    |    `--C. quoyi [=Cymatium quoyi] F27
    |--Septa Perry 1810 BR05
    |    |--*S. scarlatina Perry 1810 BR17
    |    |--S. aquatile (Reeve 1844) [=Triton aquatilis] H09
    |    |--S. hepatica Röding 1798 WG71
    |    |--S. krebsii (Mörch 1877) [=Triton krebsii, Cymatium (Septa) krebsii] MP65
    |    `--S. rubecula Linnaeus 1758 WG71
    |--Lampusia Schumacher 1817 BR05
    |    |--*L. pileare (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Murex pileare L58, Cymatium (Septa) pileare MP65]
    |    |--L. antillarum [incl. L. tuberosum] G79
    |    |--L. martiniana G79
    |    |--L. nicobaricum Röding 1798 WG71
    |    `--L. succincta [incl. Triton americanum] G79
    |--Cabestana Röding 1798 WG71
    |    |--C. (Cabestana) labiosa (Wood 1828) MP65 [=Murex labiosus H09, Cymatium (C.) labiosum MP65]
    |    `--C. (Cymatilesta Iredale 1936) P61
    |         |--C. (*C.) spengleri (Perry 1811) P61
    |         |--C. (C.) bolteniana (Adams 1854) P61
    |         |--C. (C.) otagoensis Powell 1954 P61
    |         `--C. (C.) waterhousei Adams & Angas 1864 P61, WG71
    |              |--C. w. waterhousei P61
    |              `--C. w. segregata Powell 1933 P61
    |--Mayena Iredale 1917 WG71
    |    |--*M. australasia (Perry 1811) F27, WG71 [=Biplex australasia P61, Argobuccinum australasia F27]
    |    |    |--M. a. australasia P61
    |    |    |--M. a. blacki Powell 1954 P61
    |    |    `--M. a. vossi Powell 1952 P61
    |    |--M. intercostalis [=Triton intercostale] F27
    |    |--M. kaiparaensis [=Cymatium kaiparaense] F27
    |    |--M. sculpturata [=Cymatium sculpturatum] F27
    |    `--M. zelandica Finlay 1927 F27
    `--Cymatium Röding 1798 [incl. Nyctilochus Gistel 1848] BR05
         |  i. s.: C. acclive (Hutton 1873) [=Triton acclivis] F27
         |         C. caudatum (Gmelin 1791) MG-H11
         |         C. chlorostoma (Lamarck 1822) [=Triton chlorostoma] H09
         |         C. cingulatum ZLK11
         |         C. clandestinum (Lamarck 1816) BW09
         |         C. corrugatum O27
         |           |--C. c. corrugatum O27
         |           `--C. c. tremperi Dall 1907 O27
         |         ‘Rissoa’ cruzensis Usticke 1969 BC01
         |         C. cutaceum HJ08
         |           |--C. c. cutaceum HJ08
         |           `--C. c. africanum (Adams 1854) HJ08
         |         C. cynocephalum (Lamarck 1816) S11
         |         C. decagonium A27
         |         C. elongatum (Reeve 1844) [=Triton elongatus] H09
         |         C. encausticum (Reeve 1844) [=Triton encausticus] H09
         |         C. exaratum (Reeve 1844) F27 [=Triton exaratus H09]
         |         C. gemmatum (Reeve 1844) BW09 [=Triton gemmatus H09]
         |         C. gibbosum (Broderip 1833) [=Triton gibbosus] O27
         |         C. gracile (Reeve 1844) [=Triton gracilis] H09
         |         C. hepaticum (Röding 1798) BW09
         |         C. marwicki A27
         |         C. moritinctum (Reeve 1844) [=Triton moritinctus] H09
         |         C. mundum (Gould 1849) MG-H11
         |         C. muricinum (Röding 1798) BW09
         |         C. nicobaricum (Röding 1798) S11
         |         C. pfeifferianum (Reeve 1844) [=Triton pfeifferianus] H09
         |         C. raderi D’Attilio & Myers 1984 BC01
         |         C. ranzanii (Bianconi 1851) ES88
         |         C. rubecula (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
         |         C. sacrostoma (Reeve 1844) [=Triton sacrostoma] H09
         |         C. spengleri (Chemnitz 1795) [=Murex spengleri] H09
         |         C. strangei (Adams & Angas 1864) [=Triton strangei] H09
         |         C. trigonum PP64
         |         C. tuberosum (Lamarck 1822) [=Triton tuberosus] H09
         |         C. vespaceum (Lamarck 1822) MG-H11 [=Triton vespaceus H09]
         |         C. vestitum EO64
         |         C. waterhousei (Adams & Angas 1865) P27
         |--C. (Cymatium) BR17
         |    |--*C. (C.) femorale (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex femorale] BR17
         |    `--C. (C.) tigrinum (Broderip 1833) O27, BR05 [=Triton tigrinum BR05, *Nyctilochus tigrinus BR05]
         |--C. (Linatella) poulsenii (Mörch 1877) [=Triton (L.) poulsenii] MP65
         |--C. (Lotoria Emerson & Old 1963) BC01
         |    `--C. (*L.) perryi Emerson & Old 1963 BC01
         |--C. (Monoplex Perry 1811) BC01
         |    |--‘*Monoplex’ australasiae Perry 1811 P61
         |    |--C. (M.) aquatile (Reeve 1844) [incl. C. cruzana Usticke 1959] BC01
         |    |--C. (M.) macrodon (Valenciennes 1832) [=Triton macrodon] BC01
         |    |--C. (M.) parthenopeum (von Salis 1793) [=Murex parthenopeus] MP65
         |    `--C. (M.) penniketi Beu 1998 BC01
         `--C. (Ranularia Schumacher 1817) BC01
              |--‘Tudicla’ gutturnium Roeding 1798 [incl. *Ranularia longirostra Schumacher 1817] C75
              |--C. (R.) armatum (Sowerby 1897) [=Lotorium armatum] C75
              |--C. (R.) boschi Abbott & Lewis 1970 BC01
              |--C. (R.) caribbaeum Clench & Turner 1957 MP65
              `--C. (R.) pyrum (Linnaeus 1758) H09, WG71 [=Murex pyrum H09]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C75] Cernohorsky, W. O. 1975. The taxonomy of some Indo-Pacific Mollusca. Part 3. With descriptions of new taxa and remarks on an Ecuadorian fossil species of Turridae. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 12: 213–234.

[EO64] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Old Jr. 1964. Additional records from Cocos Island. Nautilus 77 (3): 90–92.

[ES88] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Sage III. 1988. A new species of Vasum (Gastropoda: Turbinellidae) from off Somalia. Nautilus 102 (1): 36–39.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[MP65] Merrill, A. S., & R. E. Petit. 1965. Mollusks new to South Carolina. Nautilus 79 (2): 58–66.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 2. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P27] Powell, A. W. B. 1927. On a large Tonna and two other gasteropods of Australian origin. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 559–562.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

[ZLK11] Zou, S., Q. Li & L. Kong. 2011. Additional gene data and increased sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Neogastropoda, within the caenogastropod phylogenetic framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 425–435.

Last updated: 2 October 2021.