Lauraceae

Ceylon cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum, from here.

Belongs within: Laurales.

The Lauraceae are a pantropical group of often aromatic flowering plants including mostly shrubs and trees. Commercially significant species include the bay tree Laurus nobilis, avocado Persea americana and cinnamon Cinnamomum species. The genus Cinnamomum also includes the camphor laurel C. camphora, whose aromatic wood is used to repel insects. Some species of the genus Ocotea, such as the black stinkwood O. bullata of South Africa, have wood that releases an unpleasant odour when cut though the timber of the latter species is highly prized once cured. Members of the genus Sassafras are deciduous; the North American species Sassafras albidum was historically used to flavour root beer, though 'sassafras oil' is now more commonly derived from other species of Lauraceae. Members of the genera Neolitsea and Litsea have inflorescences surrounded by large bracts that persist at least until the flowers open. The genus Cassytha comprises parasitic, largely non-photosynthetic vines with minute, scale-like leaves commonly known as 'dodder laurels' in reference to their strong superficial resemblance to the unrelated dodders of the genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae).

The fossil record of the Lauraceae extends back to the Cenomanian epoch of the early Late Cretaceous where they are represented by preserved flowers and leaves (Collinson et al. 1993).

Characters (from H. van der Werff): Shrubs to tall trees, evergreen or rarely deciduous (Cassytha a parasitic vine with leaves reduced to scales), usually aromatic. Leaves alternate, rarely whorled or opposite, simple, without stipules, petiolate. Leaf blade: unlobed (unlobed or lobed in Sassafras), margins entire, occasionally with domatia (crevices or hollows serving as lodging for mites) in axils of main lateral veins (in Cinnamomum). Inflorescences in axils of leaves or deciduous bracts, panicles (rarely heads), racemes, compound cymes, or pseudoumbels (spikes in Cassytha), sometimes enclosed by decussate bracts. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, bisexual only, or staminate and pistillate on different plants, or staminate and bisexual on some plants, pistillate and bisexual on others; flowers usually yellow to greenish or white, rarely reddish; hypanthium well developed, resembling calyx tube, tepals and stamens perigynous; tepals 6(-9), in 2(-3) whorls of 3, sepaloid, equal or rarely unequal, if unequal then usually outer 3 smaller than inner 3 (occasionally absent in Litsea); stamens (3-)9(-12), in whorls of 3, but 1 or more whorls frequently staminodial or absent; stamens of 3d whorl with 2 glands near base; anthers 2- or 4-locular, locules opening by valves; pistil 1, 1-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; placentation basal; ovule 1; stigma subsessile, discoid or capitate. Fruits drupes, drupe borne on pedicel with or without persistent tepals at base, or seated in ± deeply cup-shaped receptacle (cupule), or enclosed in accrescent floral tube. Seed 1; endosperm absent.

<==Lauraceae
    |--Eusideroxylon zwageri K03
    |--Ampelodaphne YY22
    |--Hypodaphnis YY22
    |--Paxiodendron YY22
    |--Iteadaphne YY22
    |--Polyadenia YY22
    |--Aydendron YY22
    |--Ravensara YY22
    |--Parabenzoin praecox [=Lindera praecox] LO98
    |--Dahlgrenodendron FPC04
    |--Laurocarpum JD05
    |--Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Bl.) Bl. 1851 (see below for synonymy) G06
    |--Alseodaphne hainanensis G06
    |--Machilus khasyana G06
    |--Umbellularia californica [incl. U. californica var. fresnensis] H93
    |--Daphnophyllum fraasii Heer 1869 CBH93
    |--Trianthera P92
    |--Daphnogene Unger 1850 HL08
    |    |--D. cinnamomifolia HL08
    |    `--D. lanceolata HL08
    |--Actinodaphne YY22
    |    |--A. angustifolia [incl. A. hookeri] BS07
    |    `--A. pseudogermarii JD05
    |--Sassafras YY22
    |    |--S. albidum C96
    |    `--S. ferretianum S89
    |--Lindera Thunb. 1783 KC01
    |    |--L. benzoin P93
    |    |--L. pipericarpa K03
    |    `--L. pulcherrima D07
    |--Laurophyllum Goeppert 1854 HL08
    |    |--L. knauense JD05
    |    |--L. lomatolepis Rüffle, Müller-Stoll & Litke 1976 HL08
    |    `--L. syncarpifolium JD05
    |--Neolitsea DS04
    |    |--N. australiensis B00a
    |    |--N. cassia DS04
    |    |--N. dealbata B00a
    |    `--N. sericea [incl. Litsaea glauca] LO98
    |--Inaperturopollenites CBH93
    |    |--I. dubius (Potonié & Venitz) Thomson & Pflug 1953 YB02
    |    |--I. hiatus (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug 1953 YB02
    |    |--I. laevigatus Takahashi 1957 YB02
    |    `--I. palaeogenicus CBH93
    |--Laurus [Lauroideae] F71
    |    |--L. australiensis Ettingshausen 1883 F71
    |    |--L. azorica KL98
    |    |--L. cinnamomum A93
    |    |--L. nobilis R-RR-GM-S98
    |    `--L. princeps S89
    |--Nectandra J87
    |    |--N. coriacea J87
    |    |--N. membranacea J87
    |    |--N. patens J87
    |    |--N. sintenisii SWK87
    |    `--N. tabascensis BT87
    |--Dehaasia G06
    |    |--D. arunachalensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--D. assamica G06
    |    |--D. candolleana G06
    |    |--D. cuneata G06
    |    |--D. incrassata (Jack) Kosterm. 1952 [=Laurus incrassata Jack 1822] G06
    |    |--D. kurzii G06
    |    `--D. rangamattiensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |--Beilschmiedia Nees 1831 A61
    |    |--B. bancrofti WO95
    |    |--B. bhutanica Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--B. elliptica H90
    |    |--B. obtusifolia B00a
    |    |--B. pendula J87
    |    |--B. roxburghiana G06
    |    |--B. tarairi (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    `--B. tawa (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--Ocotea J87
    |    |--O. acarina J87
    |    |--O. acrantha J87
    |    |--O. bullata P65
    |    |--O. foeniculacea J87
    |    |--O. glaziovii W92
    |    |--O. kenyensis E09
    |    |--O. leucoxylon SWK87
    |    |--O. moschata SWK87
    |    |--O. portoricensis SWK87
    |    |--O. spathulata SWK87
    |    `--O. wrightii J87
    |--Phoebe G06
    |    |--P. attenuata D07
    |    |--P. baishyae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. boehlensis JD05
    |    |--P. cathia G06
    |    |--P. declinata (Bl.) Nees 1836 [=Laurus declinata Bl. 1823, Persea declinata (Bl.) Kosterm. 1974] G06
    |    |--P. lanceolata G06
    |    |--P. lummaoensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. mexicana BT87
    |    |--P. montanum J87
    |    |--P. neurophylla BBO02
    |    |--P. pallida G06
    |    |--P. prazeri Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    `--P. tampicensis BT87
    |--Cassytha Linnaeus 1753 [Cassythaceae, Cassythoideae] A61
    |    |--C. aurea LK14
    |    |--C. candida LK14
    |    |--C. capillaris B12
    |    |--C. filiformis LK14
    |    |--C. flava GK00
    |    |--C. glabella G04b
    |    |    |--C. g. f. glabella H90
    |    |    `--C. g. f. dispar H90
    |    |--C. melantha G04b
    |    |--C. micrantha GK00
    |    |--C. nodiflora G04a
    |    |--C. peninsularis B00b
    |    |--C. pubescens A61 [incl. C. paniculata Br. 1810 H90, A61, C. phaeolasia H90]
    |    `--C. racemosa G04b
    |         |--C. r. f. racemosa H90
    |         `--C. r. f. muelleri H90
    |--Endiandra B00a
    |    |--E. compressa B00a
    |    |--E. crassiflora H90
    |    |--E. discolor B00a
    |    |--E. floydii H90
    |    |--E. glauca B00a
    |    |--E. globosa H90
    |    |--E. hayesii H90
    |    |--E. hypotephra B00b
    |    |--E. impressicosta B00a
    |    |--E. introrsa H90
    |    |--E. muelleri H90
    |    |    |--E. m. ssp. muelleri H90
    |    |    `--E. m. ssp. bracteata H90
    |    |--E. palmerstoni H42
    |    |--E. pubens B00a
    |    |--E. sieberi B00a
    |    `--E. virens H90
    |--Litsea Lamarck 1789 A61
    |    |--L. auriculata LI89
    |    |--L. australis H90
    |    |--L. bindoniana B00a
    |    |--L. breviumbellata B00a
    |    |--L. calicaris (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--L. chinensis L00
    |    |--L. ferruginea S91
    |    |--L. coriacea M04
    |    |--L. glutinosa LK14
    |    |--L. graciae K03
    |    |--L. leefeana CW92
    |    |--L. macrophylla B00a
    |    |--L. odorifera K03
    |    |--L. reticulata B00a
    |    |--L. salicifolia (Roxb. ex Nees) Hooker 1886 [incl. Tetranthera lanceaefolia Roxburgh 1832] BS07
    |    `--L. stocksii (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy) BS07
    |         |--L. s. var. stocksii BS07
    |         |--L. s. var. acutata (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy) BS07
    |         `--L. s. var. glabrescens (Meisner) Hooker 1886 (see below for synonymy) BS07
    |--Persea G06
    |    |--P. americana CW92
    |    |    |--P. a. var. americana FYP07
    |    |    `--P. a. var. dryifolia FYP07
    |    |--P. anomala J87
    |    |--P. arunachalensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. bhaskarii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. borbonia M83
    |    |--P. fructifera G06
    |    |--P. gamblei G06
    |    |--P. gratissima [incl. Laurus persea] C55
    |    |--P. haridasanii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. himalayaensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. hintonii BTA75
    |    |--P. indica KL98
    |    |--P. lobitensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. macrantha SR07
    |    |--P. odoratissima [=Machilus odoratissima] G06
    |    |--P. robusta (Smith) Kosterm. 1962 [=Machilus robusta Smith 1921] G06
    |    |--P. russellii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. schideana BT87
    |    |--P. sharmae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. sikkimensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--P. theobromifolia D81
    |    |--P. thunbergii (Sieb. & Zucc.) Kosterm. 1957 [=Machilus khunbergii Sieb. & Zucc. 1847] G06
    |    `--P. upendrae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |--Cinnamomum G06
    |    |--C. bejolghota G06
    |    |--C. bhamoensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. bhaskarii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. bishnupadae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. blandfordii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. burmannii (Nees & Nees) Bl. 1826 [=Laurus burmannii Nees & Nees 1823] G06
    |    |--C. cacharensis G06
    |    |--C. camphora (Linnaeus) Presl 1825 CD07
    |    |--C. cupulatum G06
    |    |--C. discoideum JD05
    |    |--C. glaucescens G06
    |    |--C. impressinervium G06
    |    |--C. iners P88
    |    |--C. japonicum BBO02
    |    |--C. leichhardtii Ettingshausen 1883 F71
    |    |--C. lohitensis Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. macrophyllum Miq. 1864 G06
    |    |--C. mollissimum Hooker 1886 G06
    |    |--C. oliveri B00a
    |    |--C. polymorphoides F71
    |    |--C. sanjappae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. sieboldii [incl. C. loureirii] LO98
    |    |--C. subavenium Miq. 1858 G06
    |    |--C. sulphuratum SR07
    |    |--C. suvrae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
    |    |--C. tamala D07
    |    |--C. tavoyanum G06
    |    |--C. travancoricum VM02
    |    |--C. virens H90
    |    |--C. walaiwarense Kostermans 1983 VM02
    |    `--C. zeylanicum E30
    `--Cryptocarya G06
         |--C. alba B14
         |--C. amygdalina G06
         |--C. bidwillii H90
         |--C. biswasii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
         |--C. burkillii Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
         |--C. cinnamomifolia S91
         |--C. corrugata B00a
         |--C. costata G06
         |--C. cunninghamii LK14
         |--C. dekae Gangopadhyay 2006 G06
         |--C. densiflora B00a
         |--C. dorrigoensis H90
         |--C. erythroxylon B00a
         |--C. everettii G06
         |--C. floydii H90
         |--C. foetida H90
         |--C. foveolata WO95
         |--C. glaucescens B00a
         |--C. grandis B00a
         |--C. hypospodia B00a
         |--C. kurzii G06
         |--C. laevigata [incl. C. laevigata var. bowiei] H90
         |--C. mackinnoniana B00a
         |--C. meissneriana H90
         |--C. microneura B00a
         |--C. murrayi B00a
         |--C. nova-anglica H90
         |--C. oblata H42
         |--C. obovata H90
         |--C. rigida B00a
         |--C. triplinervis P82
         |    |--C. t. var. triplinervis H90
         |    `--C. t. var. pubens H90
         |--C. williwilliana H90
         `--C. woodi BP60

Beilschmiedia tarairi (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus tarairi Cunn. 1838, Nesodaphne tarairi (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1854] A61

Beilschmiedia tawa (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus tawa Cunn. 1838, Nesodaphne tawa Hook. f. 1854; incl. L. victoriana Col. in Hooker 1864 (n. n.)] A61

Litsea calicaris (Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Kirk 1889 [=Laurus calicaris Sol. ex Cunn. 1838, Tetranthera calicaris Hook. f. 1854; incl. T. tangao Cunn. 1838 (n. n.)] A61

Litsea stocksii (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne oblonga var. stocksii Meisner in de Candolle 1864; incl. L. josephii Almeida 1990 (nom. illeg.), L. vartakii Almeida 1989 (nom. illeg.)] BS07

Litsea stocksii var. acutata (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne myristicaefolia var. acutata Meisner in de Candolle 1864] BS07

Litsea stocksii var. glabrescens (Meisner) Hooker 1886 [=Cylicodaphne wightiana var. glabrescens Meisner in de Candolle 1864] BS07

Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Bl.) Bl. 1851 [=Ocotea umbelliflora Bl. 1826; incl. N. nicobarica Chakrab. & Vasud. 1985] G06

*Type species of generic name indicated

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[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[L00] Labillardiere, C. 1800. Mémoire sur deux espèces de litchi des Molluques. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (45): 161.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LI89] Liang L.-R. & K. Ishikawa. 1989. Occurrence of Gamasellus (Acarina, Gamasida, Ologamasidae) on Tian-mu Mountains in east China. Reports of Research, Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College 20: 143–152.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian long-tailed gall thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae, Leeuweniini), with comments on related Old World taxa. Australian Journal of Entomology 43: 28–37.

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[P82] Pickard, J. 1982. Catastrophic disturbance and vegetation on Little Slope, Lord Howe Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 161–170.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[P65] Pletzen, R. van. 1965. Studies on the South African Oribatei (Acari). III. Further new species of the genus Scheloribates Berlese 1908. Acarologia 7 (1): 113–120.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335–351.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[S91] Sankowsky, G. 1991. New food plants for some Queensland butterflies. Australian Entomological Magazine 18 (1): 9–19.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S89] Squinabol, S. 1889. Res Ligusticae. VII.—Cenno preliminare sulla flora fossile di Santa Giustina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 73–76.

[VM02] Viswanathan, M. B., & U. Manikandan. 2002. Emending of an endemic and critically endangered species Cinnamomum walaiwarense Kosterm., family Lauraceae, of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 557–559.

[WO95] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1995. Beneath biodiversity: factors influencing the diversity and abundance of canopy mites. Selbyana 16 (1): 12–20.

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian-Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687–706.

Last updated: 10 May 2021.

Piperales

Florida peperomia Peperomia obtusifolia, photographed by Roger L. Hammer.

Belongs within: Mesangiospermae.
Contains: Aristolochiaceae.

The Piperales is a clade of mostly herbaceous plants (some species are lianes or small trees) found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. Members of the families Piperaceae and Saururaceae have small flowers borne in elongate spikes. Commercially significant species include Piper nigrum, pepper, and Piper betle, betel.

Synapomorphies (from www.mobot.org): Plant herbaceous, growth sympodial; sesquiterpenes [e.g. gamma-elemene] present; starch grains compound; primary stem with distinct bundles; vessel elements in radial files, with simple perforation plates; wood with broad rays; nodes often swollen; stomata not paracytic; leaves two-ranked, lamina with secondary veins palmate; stamens in threes; seed more or less tegmic, endotegmen tanniniferous; PHYE gene absent.

<==Piperales [Piperineae]
    |--Aristolochiaceae SaaRai07
    |--Saururaceae DS04
    |    |--Houttuynia cordata DS04
    |    `--Saururus JD05
    |         |--S. bilibatus JD05
    |         `--S. cernuus DS04
    `--Piperaceae DS04
         |  i. s.: Nematanthera YY22
         |         Symbryon YY22
         |         Verhuellia YY22
         |         Lepianthes umbellatum [=Pothomorphe umbellata] J87
         |--+--Macropiper Miq. 1839 DS04, A61
         |  |    `--M. excelsum (Forst. f.) Miq. 1843 [=Piper excelsum Forst. f. 1786] A61
         |  |         |--M. e. var. excelsum A61
         |  |         `--M. e. var. majus (Cheeseman) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |  `--Piper [Piperoideae] DS04
         |       |--P. aduncum J87
         |       |--P. amarum J87
         |       |--P. betle Linnaeus 1753 CD07
         |       |--P. carinum K03
         |       |--P. cenocladum DL99
         |       |--P. confusum J87
         |       |--P. feistmanteli Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |       |--P. hispidum J87
         |       |--P. longum SDK05
         |       |--P. methysticum HSS13
         |       |--P. nigrum SanRav07
         |       |--P. oviedoi J87
         |       |--P. rugosum J87
         |       `--P. wightii SanRav07
         `--Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. 1794 DS04, A61 [Peperomioideae]
              |--P. acuminata J87
              |--P. alata J87
              |--P. cabaianum J87
              |--P. distachya J87
              |--P. dominicana J87
              |--P. galioides J87
              |--P. glabella J87
              |--P. hernandifolia J87
              |--P. heyneana D07
              |--P. hispidula J87
              |--P. leonardii J87
              |--P. magnoliifolia J87
              |--P. michelensis J87
              |--P. obtusifolia J87
              |--P. pellucida P88
              |--P. polybotrya DS04
              |--P. pseudo-rhombea de Candolle 1869 (see below for synonymy) SanRav07
              |--P. quadrifolia J87
              |--P. ramosa J87
              |--P. reflexa J87
              |--P. tenella J87
              |--P. tetraphylla (Forst. f.) Hook. & Arn. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61
              `--P. urvilleana Rich. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61

Macropiper excelsum var. majus (Cheeseman) Allan 1961 [=Piper excelsum var. major Cheeseman 1906; incl. Piper psittacorum Endl. 1833, Macropiper excelsum var. psittacorum (Endl.) Laing 1915] A61

Peperomia pseudo-rhombea de Candolle 1869 [incl. P. dindigulensis Wight 1821, P. thomsoni Hooker 1886] SanRav07

Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst. f.) Hook. & Arn. 1832 [=Piper tetraphyllum Forst. f. 1786; incl. Pe. novae-zealandiae Col. 1895] A61

Peperomia urvilleana Rich. 1832 [incl. P. endlicheri Miq. 1843, P. muricatula Colenso 1895, P. simplex Endl. 1833] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 79-88.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467-510.

[DL99] Dyer, L. A. & D. K. Letourneau. 1999. Relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces in a tropical forest community. Oecologia 119: 265-274.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185-273.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81-98.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SaaRai07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312-315.

[SanRav07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 165-172.

[SDK05] Sharma, L. K., N. K. Dadhich & A. Kumar. 2005. Plant based veterinary medicine from traditional knowledge of India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 43-52.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1-62.

Laurales

Chinese lantern tree Hernandia nymphaeifolia, photographed by Tau'olunga.

Belongs within: Magnoliidae.
Contains: Lauraceae.

The Laurales are a clade of flowering plants with perigynous flowers, with the carpel(s) often deeply embedded in a fleshy receptacle that may or may not become woody in fruit. Many species also have uniovulate carpels, unilacunar nodes, opposite leaves, and/or inaperturate pollen, though these characters vary within the clade and are also found in taxa outside the clade. Most species are shrubs and trees, except for some lianas in the Hernandiaceae and Monimiaceae, and the parasitic vine genus Cassytha in the Lauraceae. The Monimiaceae are found in tropical and subtropical regions, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, with the highest diversity in New Guinea. They bear regular flowers with a single perianth whorl, divided into four or more segments, with the disk fused to the perianth; anthers open by slits or valves (Allan 1961).

Laurales [Laurineae]
    |  i. s.: Prisca Retallack & Dilcher 1981 non de Gregorio 1930 (ICZN) [Priscaceae] CBH93
    |           `--P. reynoldsii Retallack & Dilcher 1981 CBH93
    |--Calycanthaceae SR07
    |    |--Idiospermum DS04 [Idiospermoideae T00]
    |    |    `--I. australiense DS04
    |    `--Calycanthoideae T00
    |         |--Chimonanthus praecox T00, DS04 [incl. C. fragrans LO98]
    |         |--Sinocalycanthus T00
    |         `--Calycanthus XR12
    |              |--C. floridus XR12
    |              `--C. occidentalis DS04
    `--+--Atherosperma DS04 [Atherospermataceae SR07]
       |    `--A. moschatum DS04
       `--+--Siparunaceae SR07
          |    |--Siparuna [Siparunoideae] T00
          |    |    `--S. nicaraguensis OB11
          |    `--Glossocalyx [Glossocalycoideae] T00
          `--+--+--Gomortega [Gomortegaceae] SR07
             |  `--+--Lauraceae SR07
             |     `--Hernandiaceae T00
             |          |--Sparattanthelium [Sparattanthelioideae] T00
             |          |--Gyrocarpus DS04 [Gyrocarpoideae SR07]
             |          |    `--G. americanus DS04
             |          |         |--G. a. ssp. americanus LK14
             |          |         `--G. a. ssp. pachyphyllus LK14
             |          `--Hernandioideae SR07
             |               |--Hassimalania T00
             |               |--Illigera celebica T00, H03
             |               `--Hernandia T00
             |                    |--H. nymphaeifolia P88
             |                    |--H. ovigera MBS12
             |                    `--H. sonora C55
             `--Monimiaceae T00
                  |  i. s.: Kibara YY22
                  |         Kairoa H03
                  |         Anthobembix YY22
                  |         Ephippiandra YY22
                  |         Hennecartia YY22
                  |         Levieria YY22
                  |         Matthaea YY22
                  |         Steganthera YY22
                  |         Tambourissa YY22
                  |         Tetrasyandra YY22
                  |         Wilkiea YY22
                  |           |--W. austroqueenslandica H90
                  |           |--W. huegeliana NC91
                  |           `--W. macrophylla NC91
                  |         Chloropatane YY22
                  |         Conuleum YY22
                  |         Hedycarya Forster & Forster 1776 A61
                  |           |--H. angustifolia H90
                  |           `--H. arborea Forster & Forster 1776 (see below for synonymy) A61
                  |         Macropeplus YY22
                  |         Macrotorus YY22
                  |         Daphnandra YY22
                  |           |--D. micrantha B00
                  |           |--D. repandula B00
                  |           `--D. tenuipes H90
                  |         Doryphora DS04
                  |           |--D. aromatica DS04
                  |           `--D. sassafras DS04
                  |         Nemuaron YY22
                  |         Carnegia YY22
                  |         Carnegieodoxa YY22
                  |         Lauterbachia YY22
                  |         Laurelia Juss. 1809 A61
                  |           |--L. aromatica D03
                  |           `--L. novae-zelandiae Cunn. 1838 [=Atherosperma novae-zelandiae (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1864] A61
                  |         Palmeria scandens W99
                  |         Tetrasynandra B00
                  |           |--T. laxiflora B00
                  |           `--T. pubescens B00
                  |         Hedycaryoxylon subaffine (Vater) Suss 1960 CBH93
                  |         Protohedycarya ilicoides (Heer) Rüffle 1965 CBH93
                  |--Mollinedioideae SR07
                  |    |--Xymalos T00
                  |    `--Mollinedia MM96
                  |         |--M. huegelii M87
                  |         `--M. latifolia MM96
                  `--+--Hortonia [Hortoniaceae, Hortonioideae] SR07
                     `--Monimioideae SR07
                          |--Monimia vestita Ettingshausen 1886 F71
                          `--Peumus T00

Hedycarya arborea Forster & Forster 1776 [incl. H. dentata Forst. f. 1786, Zanthoxylum novae-zelandiae Rich. 1832, H. scabra Cunn. 1838] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MBS12] Maple, D. J., R. Barr & M. J. Smith. 2012. A new record of the Christmas Island blind snake, Ramphotyphlops exocoeti (Reptilia: Squamata: Typhlopidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 156–160.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[W99] Walter, D. E. 1999. Cryptic inhabitants of a noxious weed: mites (Arachnida: Acari) on Lantana camara L. invading forests in Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 38: 197–200.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 23 March 2021.

Magnoliales

Tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera, photographed by Bruce Marlin.

Belongs within: Mesangiospermae.
Contains: Myristica, Annonaceae.

The Magnoliales are a clade of flowering plants well supported by molecular analyses, as well as by two morphological synapomorphies: midrib vasculature in shape of an arc with adaxial plate, and secondary phloem stratified into tangential bands (Chatrou 2003). Within the clade, the Myristicaceae are the sister group to all other taxa, the Magnoliineae. Myristicaceae are distinguished by the presence of tanniferous tubes, sympodially branched hairs, unisexual flowers and arillate seeds. Magnoliineae are supported by the presence of a eustele, solitary flowers, spiral stamen phyllotaxy, an extended connective apex, embedded pollen sacs and a multiplicative testa (Chatrou 2003).

<==Magnoliales [Annonineae]
    |  i. s.: Asimina BL04
    |--Myristicaceae [Myristicales, Mytristicineae] C03
    |    |--Myristica F78
    |    |--Knema F78
    |    |    |--K. attenuata SR07
    |    |    `--K. tomentella (Miq.) Warb. 1897 F78
    |    |--Broohoneura YY22
    |    |--Cephalosphaera YY22
    |    |--Coelocaryon YY22
    |    |--Compsoneura YY22
    |    |--Dialyanthera YY22
    |    |--Horsfieldia irya F78, P88
    |    |--Iryanthera YY22
    |    |--Mauloutchia YY22
    |    |--Osteophloeum YY22
    |    |--Pycnanthus YY22
    |    |--Scyphocephalium YY22
    |    |--Staudtia YY22
    |    |--Virola oleifera MP00
    |    `--Gymnacranthera paniculata F78
    |         |--G. p. var. paniculata F78
    |         `--G. p. var. zippeliana (Miq.) Sinclair 1958 (see below for synonymy) F78
    `--Magnoliineae C03
         |--+--+--Degeneriaceae C03
         |  |  `--Galbulimima C78b [Himantandraceae C03]
         |  |       `--G. belgraveana (Muell.) Sprague 1922 (see below for synonymy) C78b
         |  `--+--Annonaceae C03
         |     `--Eupomatia C78a [Eupomatiaceae C03, Eupomatiales]
         |          |--E. bennettii C78a
         |          `--E. laurina Brown 1914 C78a
         `--Magnoliaceae C03
              |  i. s.: Talauma C78c
              |           |--T. dodecapetula SWK87
              |           `--T. oreadum Diels 1916 [=Aromadendron oreadum (Diels) Kan. & Hat. 1943] C78c
              |         Elmerrillia papuana (Schltr) Dandy 1927 (see below for synonymy) C78c
              |--Liriodendron [Liriodendroideae] DS04
              |    |--L. chinense DS04
              |    `--L. tulipifera SK03
              `--+--Michelia DS04
                 |    |--M. alba C78c
                 |    |--M. champaca C78c
                 |    |--M. doltsopa D07
                 |    |--M. figo DS04
                 |    `--M. velutina D07
                 `--Magnolia [Magnolioideae] DS04
                      |--M. denudata [incl. M. conspicua] LO98
                      |--M. grandiflora DS04
                      |--M. kobus LO98
                      |--M. obovata [incl. M. hypoleuca] LO98
                      |--M. splendens SWK87
                      |--M. torresii Ettingshausen 1883 F71
                      `--M. virginiana Linnaeus 1753 CD07

Elmerrillia papuana (Schltr) Dandy 1927 [=Talauma papuana Schltr 1913; incl. E. papuana var. adpressa Dandy 1928, Michelia forbesii Bak. f. 1923, E. papuana var. glaberrima Dandy 1928, E. sericea White 1929] C78c

Galbulimima belgraveana (Muell.) Sprague 1922 [=Eupomatia belgraveana Muell. 1887, Himantandra belgraveana (Muell.) Diels 1912; incl. Galbulimima baccata Bailey 1894, G. nitida Sprague 1923, Himantandra nitida Bak. f. & Norman 1923, G. parviflora Sprague 1923, H. parviflora Bak. f. & Norman 1923] C78b

Gymnacranthera paniculata var. zippeliana (Miq.) Sinclair 1958 [=Myristica zippeliana Miq. 1865, G. zippeliana (Miq.) Warb. 1897] F78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL04] Barkman, T. J., S.-H. Lim, K. M. Salleh & J. Nais. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives of Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (3): 787-792.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[C03] Chatrou, L. W. 2003. Myristicineae, a new suborder within Magnoliales. Taxon 52: 277-279.

[C78a] Croft, J. R. 1978a. Eupomatiaceae. In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 (J. S. Womersley, ed.) pp. 123-125. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[C78b] Croft, J. R. 1978b. Himantandraceae. In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 (J. S. Womersley, ed.) pp. 126-128. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[C78c] Croft, J. R. 1978c. Magnoliaceae. In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 (J. S. Womersley, ed.) pp. 129-134. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 79-88.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467-510.

[F78] Foreman, D. B. 1978. Myristicaceae (excluding Horsfieldia). In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 (J. S. Womersley, ed.) pp. 175-215. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263-276.

[MP00] Machado, G., & M. A. Pizo. 2000. The use of fruits by the neotropical harvestman Neosadocus variabilis (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptidae). Journal of Arachnology 28: 357-360.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 165-172.

[SK03] Snell, K. L., & H. W. Keller. 2003. Vertical distribution and assemblages of corticolous myxomycetes on five tree species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Mycologia 95 (4): 565-576.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1-62.

Myristica

Fruit of Myristica fragrans, photographed by M. Gilson.

Belongs within: Magnoliales.

Myristica is a genus of mostly rainforest trees found in southern Asia and Oceania. They are characterised by striate twigs and seeds covered by a fleshy aril that is deeply lobed to the base of the seed (Foreman 1978). The best known species is Myristica fragrans, from which comes the spices nutmeg and mace.

Characters (from Foreman 1978): Trees 5-45 m tall. Twigs striate, sometimes swollen and inhabited by ants. Stilt-roots sometimes present. Leaves coriaceous or chartaceous, glabrous or with easily removed indumentum of hairs and/or scales underneath. Inflorescence axillary, either a panicle with flowers in cymes or subumbels at end of branches or short woody knob, simple or with 2-3 branches covered with scars, occasionally both types combined with smooth basal portion and apical parts covered with scars. Bracts present, small and flowering early. Bracteoles usually persisting and embracing base of flower. Flowers pedicellate, urceolate, campanulate or more or less tubular, glabrous or hairy outside, usually three-toothed, teeth reflexed. Androecium forming column with 8-30 anthers joined by their backs to column. Ovary globose or subglobose, glabrous or hairy; style absent, stigma minutely bilobed. Fruit globose, subglobose, ovoid or oblong, glabrous or hairy, pericarp usually fairly thick and fleshy but firm when fresh. Aril red, orange or yellow, divided to base of seed; seed brown to almost black, more or less shiny; albumen ruminate. Germination hypogeal.

<==Myristica
    |--M. andamanica CMT07
    |--M. archboldiana Smith 1941 F78
    |--M. argentea Warb. 1891 [incl. M. finschii Warb. 1897] F78
    |--M. buchneriana Warb. 1891 F78
    |--M. chrysophylla Sinclair 1968 F78
    |    |--M. c. var. chrysophylla F78
    |    `--M. c. var. entrecasteauxensis Sinclair 1968 [incl. M. fatua var. morobensis Sinclair 1968] F78
    |--M. cimicifera CW92
    |--M. concinna Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. cornutiflora Sinclair 1968 [incl. M. gracilipes Sinclair 1968] F78
    |--M. crassipes Warb. in Sch. & Laut. 1900 [incl. M. firmipes Sinclair 1968] F78
    |--M. cucullata Markgr. 1935 F78
    |--M. cylindrocarpa Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. ensifolia Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. fatua Houtt. 1774 F78
    |    |--M. f. var. fatua F78
    |    |--M. f. var. ingens Foreman 1974 F78
    |    |--M. f. var. morindiifolia (Bl.) Sinclair 1968 [=M. morindiifolia Bl. 1837] F78
    |    |--M. f. var. papuana Markgr. 1929 (see below for synonymy) F78
    |    |--M. f. var. quercicarpa Sinclair 1968 F78
    |    `--M. f. var. subcordata (Bl.) Miq. 1865 [=M. subcordata Bl. 1837] F78
    |--M. flosculosa Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. fragrans Houtt. 1774 F78
    |--M. fusca Markgr. 1935 F78
    |--M. garciniifolia Warb. 1897 F78
    |--M. globosa Warb. 1897 (see below for synonymy) F78
    |--M. hollrungii Warb. 1897 [incl. M. albertisii Warb. 1897, M. euryocarpa Warb. 1900] F78
    |--M. hooglandii Sinclair 1968 [incl. M. carrii Sinclair 1968] F78
    |--M. inopinata Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. insipida Brown 1810 [incl. M. guadalcanalensis Sinclair 1968 (nom. inv.)] F78
    |--M. kajewskii Smith 1941 [incl. M. cerifera Smith 1941] F78
    |--M. lancifolia Poir. in Lamk. 1816 [incl. M. papuana Scheff. 1876] F78
    |    |--M. l. var. lancifolia F78
    |    |--M. l. var. bifurcata Sinclair 1968 F78
    |    `--M. l. var. clemensii (Smith) Sinclair 1968 [=M. clemensii Smith 1941] F78
    |--M. lepidota Bl. 1837 F78
    |--M. longipes Warb. 1897 [incl. M. pachyphylla Smith 1941, M. resinosa Warb. 1897, M. warburgii Sch. 1905] F78
    |--M. markgraviana Smith 1941 F78
    |--M. neglecta Warb. 1897 F78
    |--M. pedicellata Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. petiolata Smith 1941 F78
    |--M. rosselensis Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. schleinitzii Engl. 1886 [incl. M. faroensis Hemsl. 1891] F78
    |--M. sepicana Foreman 1974 F78
    |--M. sphaerosperma Smith 1941 [incl. M. brassii Smith 1941] F78
    |--M. subalulata Miq. 1865 (see below for synonymy) F78
    |--M. sulcata Warb. 1897 [incl. M. anceps Warb. 1897, M. undulatifolia Sinclair 1968] F78
    |--M. tenuivenia Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. tubiflora Bl. 1837 F78
    |--M. umbrosa Sinclair 1968 F78
    |--M. uncinata Sinclair 1968 F78
    `--M. womersleyi Sinclair 1968 F78

Myristica fatua var. papuana Markgr. 1929 non M. papuana Scheff. 1876 [incl. M. multinervia Smith 1941, M. platyphylla Smith 1941, M. fatua var. platyphylla (Smith) Sinclair 1968, M. procera Smith 1941, M. sericea Warb. 1897] F78

Myristica globosa Warb. 1897 [incl. M. baeuerlenii Warb. 1897, M. chalmersii Warb. 1897, M. salomonensis Warb. 1897, M. schumanniana Warb. 1900, M. tristis Warb. 1897] F78

Myristica subalulata Miq. 1865 [incl. M. bialata Warb. 1891, M. costata Warb. 1893, M. heterophylla Sch. 1889, M. myrmecophila Becc. 1884, M. velutina Markgr. 1935] F78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CW92] Cassis, G., & T. A. Weir. 1992. Rutelinae. In: Houston, W. W. K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 9. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea pp. 359–382. AGPS Press: Canberra.

[CMT07] Chakrabarty, T., V. Maina & M. Tigga. 2007. Some unrecorded medicinal plants of the Jarawa tribe of Andaman Islands. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 233–234.

[F78] Foreman, D. B. 1978. Myristicaceae (excluding Horsfieldia). In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 175–215. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

Last updated: 6 May 2021.