Anagrini

Anagrus epos, from the California Department of Food and Agriculture.

Belongs within: Mymaridae.

The Anagrini are a group of fairy wasps characterised by four-segmented tarsi and a truncately sessile metasoma held in place by a large thoracic muscle, the phragma (Girault 1929).

<==Anagrini G29
    |--Pteratomus Packard 1866 G29, GM79 [incl. Packardiella Ashmead 1904 G29, GM79]
    |--Metanthemus Girault 1928 G28
    |    `--*M. aureus Girault 1928 G28
    |--Parallelaptera Enock 1909 G29, GM79 [incl. Anthemiella Girault 1911 G29, GM79]
    |    `--P. rex (Girault 1911) GM79
    `--Anagrus Haliday 1833 GM79
         |--A. armatus (Ashmead 1887) GM79 [incl. A. spiritus G29]
         |    |--A. a. armatus GM79
         |    |--A. a. giraulti Crawford 1913 GM79
         |    `--A. a. nigriceps Girault 1915 GM79
         |--A. atomus TT02
         |--A. avalae TT02
         |--A. epos Girault 1911 GM79
         |--A. frequens N91
         |--A. nigriventris Girault 1911 TT02, GM79 [=A. armatus var. nigriventris TT02]
         |--A. puella Girault 1911 GM79
         `--A. ustulatus TT02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G28] Girault, A. A. 1928. Some new hexapods stolen from authority. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 221–224).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. North American Hymenoptera Mymaridae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 233–261).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[TT02] Triapitsyn, S. V., & D. A. J. Teulon. 2002. On the identity of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Froggatt’s apple leafhopper, Edwardsiana crataegi (Douglas) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in Christchurch, New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 91–92.

Anaphes

Female Anaphes iole, photographed by Max E. Badgley.

Belongs within: Mymaridae.

Anaphes is a cosmopolitan genus of fairy wasps with a subsessile metasoma and subdivided scutellum (Girault 1929).

Characters (from Girault 1929): Antenna of female nine-segmented; antennal club solid. Scutellum preceded by large frustrum-shaped sclerite separating large triangular axillae and by a second, linear-transverse one; scutellum large, oval. Tarsi four-segmented. Metasoma subsessile, with no distinct petiole. Ovipositor free.

<==Anaphes Haliday 1833 GM79
    |--A. behmani Girault 1929 GM79
    |--A. conotracheli RD77
    |--A. diana N91
    |--A. hercules Girault 1911 GM79
    |--A. iole Girault 1911 GM79 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. i. iole GM79
    |    `--A. i. anomocerus Girault 1929 GM79
    |--A. nigrellus Girault 1911 GM79
    |--A. pallipes Ashmead 1887 GM79
    |--A. pratensis Foerster 1847 GM79
    |--A. sinipennis Girault 1911 GM79
    `--A. victus MH11

Anaphes iole Girault 1911 GM79 [incl. A. ovijentatus Crosby & Leonard 1914 G29, GM79, A. perdubius Girault 1916 G29, GM79]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. North American Hymenoptera Mymaridae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 233–261).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

Chalcididae

Trigonura sp., copyright Lynn Bergen.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Cratocentrini, Haltichellinae, Epitranus, Dirhininae, Phasgonophorini, Conura, Brachymeria (Brachymeria).

The Chalcididae are a group of chalcidoid wasps characterised by large, ventrally dentate hind femora that are adapted for jumping.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Body often large and non-metallic, gaster convex, not collapsing; gena posteriorly with strong carina; thorax strongly punctate, prepectus very small, tegula only slightly longer than broad; hind femur strongly enlarged with teeth on ventral edge.

<==Chalcididae [Chalcidae, Chalcidinae] HB13
    |  i. s.: Spilochalcis mariae B37
    |--+--Cratocentrini HB13
    |  `--Xenanastatus Bouček 1988 MH11, B88
    |       `--*X. partisanguineus (Girault 1923) [=Eupelmus partisanguineus] B88
    `--+--+--Haltichellinae HB13
       |  `--+--+--Epitranus HB13
       |     |  `--Dirhininae HB13
       |     `--Smicromorpha Girault 1913 B88 [incl. Smicromorphella Girault 1930 B88; Smicromorphinae HB13]
       |          |--*S. doddi Girault 1913 [incl. S. cadaverosa Girault 1914] B88
       |          |--S. banksi Naumann 1986 B88
       |          |--S. eudela Naumann 1986 B88
       |          |--S. lagynos Naumann 1986 B88
       |          `--S. minera Girault 1926 [=*Smicromorphella minerva] B88
       `--+--+--Phasgonophorini HB13
          |  `--Conura HB13
          `--+--Trigonura Sichel 1865 HB13, B88 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--*T. crassicauda [=Phasgonophora (*Trigonura) crassicauda] B88
             |    |--T. algerti HB13
             |    |--T. californica HB13
             |    |--T. euthyrrhinni (Dodd 1921) [=Chalcis euthyrrhini, *Chalcidellia euthyrrhini] B88
             |    |--T. guttatipennis (Girault 1927) [=Chalcidellia guttatipennis] B88
             |    `--‘Chalcidellia’ ucalegon R70
             `--Brachymeria Westwood in Stephens 1829 B88 (see below for synonymy)
                  |  i. s.: B. coloradensis (Cresson 1872) GM79 [incl. Chalcis tachinae Howard 1885 G17, GM79]
                  |         B. femorata (Panzer 1801) G38 [=Chalcis femorata G38; incl. C. ornatipes Cameron 1906 B88]
                  |         B. ovata N91 [=Chalcis ovata B37
                  |           |--B. o. ovata G17
                  |           `--‘Chalcis’ o. abiesae Girault 1917 G17
                  |         B. pedalis (Cresson 1872) GM79
                  |         B. pulchripes Holmgren 1868 B88
                  |         B. tibialis HB13
                  |--B. (Brachymeria) B88
                  |--B. (Australochalcis Girault 1939) B88
                  |    `--B. (*A.) humilicrus (Girault 1939) [=*Australochalcis humilicrus] B88
                  |--B. (Dirrhinomorpha Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) B88
                  |    `--B. (*D.) angusta (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=*Dirrhinomorpha angusta] B88
                  `--B. (Mirochalcis Girault 1915) B88
                       `--B. (*M.) atricorpus (Girault 1915) [=*Mirochalcis atricorpus] B88

Brachymeria Westwood in Stephens 1829 B88 [incl. Ceyxia Cameron 1911 B88, Gahanula Burks 1960 B88, Meyeriella Krausse 1916 B88, Oncochalcis Cameron 1904 B88, Pseudobrachymeria Burks 1960 B88; Brachymerariae, Brachymeriini HB13]

Trigonura Sichel 1865 HB13, B88 [incl. Bactrochalcis Kieffer 1912 B88, Centrochalcidea Gahan & Fagan 1923 B88, Centrochalcis Cameron 1913 non Cameron 1905 B88, Chalcidellia Girault 1924 B88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

Encyrtinae

Copidosoma floridanum, copyright Scott Justis.

Belongs within: Encyrtidae.
Contains: Mirini.

The Encyrtinae are encyrtid wasps in which paratergites (lateral subdivisions of the metasomal tergites) are absent (Naumann 1991).

<==Encyrtinae [Encyrtini] HB13
    |--Neocladia MH11
    `--+--+--Acerophagus flavus HB13
       |  `--Metaphycus HB13
       |       |--M. helvolus A71
       |       |--M. lounsburyi A71
       |       `--M. luteolus HB13
       `--+--+--+--Mirini MH11
          |  |  `--Comperiella bifasciata HB13
          |  `--Cheiloneurus HB13
          |       |--C. cervantesi Girault 1933 G33
          |       |--C. dumasi Girault 1932 G32a
          |       |--C. flaccus HB13
          |       |--C. fulvescens HB13
          |       `--C. javensis Girault 1917 G17a
          `--+--Trechnites fuscitarsis HB13
             `--Copidosoma Ratzeburg 1844 HB13, GM79
                  |--C. charon Guerrieri & Noyes 2001 F05
                  |--C. floridanum HB13
                  |--C. ortyx Guerrieri & Noyes 2001 F05
                  |--C. shakespearei Girault 1923 G23
                  |--C. truncatellum MH11
                  |--C. zdeneki Guerrieri & Noyes 2001 F05
                  `--C. zolta Guerrieri & Noyes 2001 F05

Encyrtinae incertae sedis:
  Tassonia Girault 1921 G21
    `--*T. gloriae Girault 1921 G21
  Chinchilla Girault 1928 G28
    `--*C. keatsi Girault 1928 G28
  Australia Girault 1928 G28 [=Australica (l. c.) GM79]
    `--*A. minuta Girault 1928 G28
  Encyrtus Latreille 1809 GM79 [incl. Comys RD77]
    |--E. arsanes Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. aurantifasciatus G32a [incl. E. barbatus Timberlake 1919 G32a, GM79]
    |--E. cheles Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. epytus Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. fasciatus (Fonscolombe 1832) GM79
    |--E. garibaldia Girault 1933 G33
    |--E. infidus [=Scelio (Encyrtus) infidus] G20
    |--E. longifuniculus Girault 1932 G32b
    |--E. lucetius Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. pacorus Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. purpureiventris Girault 1915 GM79
    |--E. salacon Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. xuthus Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. zameis Walker 1839 W39
    `--E. zebina Walker 1839 W39
  Psyllaephagus umbro (Walker 1839) N91, B88 [=Miscogaster umbro B88]
  Microteryina [Microteryini] S96
    |--Allencyrtus S96
    `--Microterys Thomson 1876 N91, GM79
         |--M. cincticornis Ashmead 1899 GM79
         |--M. clauseni A71
         |--M. flavus B88
         |--M. lunatus (Dalman 1820) GM79
         |--M. mazzinini Girault 1917 G17b
         |--M. speciosissimus Girault 1911 GM79
         |--M. sylvius (Dalman 1820) GM79
         |--M. tesselatus (Dalman 1820) GM79
         `--M. titiani Girault 1917 G17b
  Saprencyrtus N91
  Aenasiella N91
    |--A. africa Girault 1917 G17b
    `--A. ovi Girault 1925 G25
  Eugahania N91
  Tachinaephagus Ashmead 1904 N91, GM79 [incl. Australencyrtus Johnson & Tiegs 1921 G24, GM79]
    `--T. zealandicus Ashmead 1904 (see below for synonymy) G38
  Syrphophagus aphidivorus N91, B88
  Ooencyrtus N91
    |--O. bicolor Girault 1915 GM79
    |--O. californicus Girault 1917 [=Oenocyrtus (l. c.) californicus] G17b
    |--O. johnsoni (Howard 1898) GM79
    |--O. lacteiclavus Girault 1932 G32b
    |--O. pacificus Waterston 1915 GM79
    `--O. pityocampae (Mercet 1921) L-SSY04
  Fulgoridicida N91
  Xenoencyrtus niger N91, C81
  Amira N91
  Comperia N91
  Paralitomastix kohleri R70
  Coelopencyrtus N91
  Ixodiphagus Howard 1907 N91, ST08
  Hunterellus R70
  Quaylea whittieri R70, A71
  Litomastix R70
    |--L. auricollis Thompson 1875 GM79
    `--L. truncatellus A71

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead 1904 [incl. T. australiensis Girault 1917, Stenoterys fulvoventralis Dodd in Groggatt 1921, Australencyrtus giraulti Johnston & Tiegs 1931] G38

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C81] Caltagirone, L. E. 1981. Landmark examples in classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 26: 213–232.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G17a] Girault, A. A. 1917a. New Javanese Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 59–71).

[G17b] Girault, A. A. 1917b. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[G21] Girault, A. A. 1921. New animals of Australia and old men of the earth. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 161–163).

[G23] Girault, A. A. 1923. Loves wooed and won in Australia. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 167–169).

[G24] Girault, A. A. 1924. Homo perniciosus and new Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 178–181).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. An essay on when a fly is lovable, the ceremony of baptizing some and unlovely hate. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 187–190).

[G28] Girault, A. A. 1928. Some new hexapods stolen from authority. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 221–224).

[G32a] Girault, A. A. 1932a. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286–291).

[G32b] Girault, A. A. 1932b. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. II. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 292).

[G33] Girault, A. A. 1933a. Some beauties inhabitant not of commercial boudoirs but of Nature’s bosom, notably new insects. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 299–303).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[L-SSY04] López-Sebastián, E., J. Selfa & J. Ylla. 2004. Primeros datos del parasitismo de Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet, 1921) sobre Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) en condiciones de laboratorio. Graellsia 60 (1): 121–123.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[S96] Sharkov, A. 1996. A review of the species of the genus Mucrencyrtus Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 350–368.

[ST08] Simutnik, S. A., & V. A. Trjapitzin. 2008. Description of a new species of the genus Globulencyrtus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Australia with information of G. politus, the type species, a parasitoid of mites of the family Caeculidae (Acarina). Vestnik Zoologii 42 (6): 559–562.

[W39] Walker, F. 1839. Monographia Chalciditum vol. 2. Species collected by C. Darwin, Esq. Hyppolite Baillière: London.

Asaphinae

Asaphes cf. vulgaris, copyright Pierre Bornand.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

The Asaphinae are a group of chalcidoid wasps mostly developing as parasites or hyperparasites on Sternorrhyncha, particularly aphids and scales (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Occipital carina distinctly developed, distinct carina present posteriorly on gena; scutellum anteriorly acuminate but axillar grooves interrupted in the middle and their descending part very deep; propodeum medially with rather coarse irregular sculpture often suggesting areolation; petiole anteriorly with transverse raised edge or carina, its body often parallel-sided and with longitudinal ribs; basal tergites more or less greatly enlarged, not collapsing.

<==Asaphinae [Asaphini]
    |--Ausasaphes Bouček 1988 B88
    |    |--*A. pallipes Bouček 1988 B88
    |    `--A. atripes Bouček 1988 B88
    |--Enoggera Girault 1926 [incl. Enoggerella Girault 1926] B88
    |    |--*E. polita Girault 1926 B88
    |    `--E. nassaui (Girault 1926) [=*Enoggerella nassaui] B88
    `--Asaphes Walker 1834 [incl. Isocratus Förster 1856, Parectroma Brethes 1913] B88
         |--*A. vulgaris Walker 1834 B88
         |--A. americanus Girault 1914 GM79
         |--A. californicus Girault 1917 G17
         |--A. rufipes Brues 1908 G17, GM79
         `--A. suspensus HB13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116–131).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

Trichogrammatidae

Ovipositing Trichogrammatoidea bactrae, copyright ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Trichogramma, Oligosita.

The Trichogrammatidae are a group of minute chalcidoid egg parasites characterised by the possession of three-segmented leg tarsi. Members are divided between the Trichogrammatinae, in which the aedeagus has accessory structures such as a phallobase, parameres and volsellar digiti, and Oligositinae, in which the aedeagus is simple and tubular (Naumann 1991).

Characters (from Naumann 1991): Length 0.15–1 mm; not strongly sclerotised, mostly smooth; non-metallic, often pale coloured; genae not posteriorly carinate; antennae shorter than head and thorax, 4—9-segmented, often with a very short funicle and large club; pronotum not conspicuous in dorsal view; mesosoma dorsally sparsely setose; notauli distinct; axillae advanced; mesopleuron not enlarged; fore wing often with long marginal cilia and often with setae of disc arranged in radiating lines; postmarginal vein absent; stigmal vein often short or absent; legs slender; tarsi 3-segmented; fore tibial spur short and straight; fore basitarsus without a strigil comb; cerci not advanced; ovipositor rarely exserted.

<==Trichogrammatidae [Trichogrammatinae] HB13
    |--+--Haeckeliania sperata HB13
    |  `--+--Mirufens MH11
    |     `--Trichogrammatini MH11
    |          |--Trichogramma HB13
    |          `--Trichogrammatoidea MH11
    |               |--T. bactrae MH11
    |               |--T. eldanae H91
    |               |--T. nana (Zehntner 1896) GM79
    |               `--T. rara Girault 1925 G25
    `--+--Ceratogramma HB13
       |    |--C. etiennei HB13
       |    |--C. magnificum MH11
       |    `--C. masneri MH11
       `--Oligositinae HB13
            |  i. s.: Prestwichia aquatica N91, A71
            |--+--Paracentrobiini MH11
            |  `--Chaeotostrichini MH11
            |       |--Zagella Girault 1918 MH11, G18
            |       |    |--*Z. flavipes (Girault 1905) G18, GM79 [=Paracentrobia flavipes G18]
            |       |    `--Z. spirita MH11
            |       `--Lathromeroides Girault 1913 MH11, GM79
            |            |--L. fasciativentris Girault 1913 GM79
            |            |--L. longicorpus Girault 1913 GM79
            |            |--L. neomexicanus Girault 1916 GM79
            |            `--L. redini Girault 1929 G29
            `--+--+--Chaetogramma occidentalis MH11
               |  `--Aphelinoidea Girault 1911 MH11, GM79
               |       |--A. plutella Girault 1911 GM79
               |       |--A. semifuscipennis Girault 1911 GM79
               |       `--A. totinigra Girault 1930 G30
               `--+--Oligosita MH11
                  `--Ufens Girault 1911 MH11, GM79
                       |--U. ceratus MH11
                       |--U. niger (Ashmead 1888) GM79
                       |--U. principalis MH11
                       `--U. spiritus Girault 1918 G18
                            |--U. s. spiritus G18
                            `--U. s. americanus Girault 1918 G18

Trichogrammatidae incertae sedis:
  Hydrophylita A71
  Megaphragma MM96
  Brachygramma Girault 1912 G18, GM79
  Neobrachistella Girault 1918 G18
    `--*N. livii Girault 1918 G18
  Trichogrammatomyia Girault 1916 G18, GM79
    `--T. tortricis Girault 1916 GM79
  Poropoea Forster 1851 G18, GM79
    |--P. attelaborum Girault 1911 GM79
    `--P. stollwerckii RD77
  Xenufens Girault 1916 G18, GM79
    `--X. ruskini Girault 1916 GM79
  Zaga Girault 1911 G18, GM79
    `-Z. latipennis Girault 1911 GM79
  Tumidiclava Girault 1911 G18, GM79
    `--T. pulchrinotum Girault 1911 GM79
  Lathromeris Forester 1856 G18, GM79
    `--L. fidiae (Ashmead 1894) GM79 [incl. L. cicadae Howard 1898 G18, GM79]
  Centrobiopsis Girault 1918 G18
    `--*C. odonatae (Ashmead 1900) G18, GM79 [=Centrobia odonatae G18]
  Mooa Girault 1930 G30
    `--*M. nigrivena Girault 1930 G30
  Ittys Girault 1911 G18, GM79
    |--I. ceresarum (Ashmead 1888) GM79
    `--I. nympha (Girault 1911) GM79 [=Abbella nympha G18]
  Uscana Girault 1911 HB13, GM79
    |--U. marilandica Girault 1918 G18
    `--U. semifumipennis Girault 1911 GM79
  Lathromerella B88
    |--L. atripes Girault 1929 G29
    `--L. oviducta Girault 1929 G29
  Abbella Girault 1911 G18, GM79
    |--A. acuminata (Ashmead 1888) G18, GM79 [incl. A. pallida (Ashmead 1900) G18, GM79]
    |--A. americana Girault 1917 GM79
    |--A. prima (Perkins 1912) G18, GM79 [incl. A. auriscutellum Girault 1916 G18, GM79]
    `--A. subflava Girault 1911 GM79
  Neolathromera Ishii 1934 TYM08
    `--N. kishidai Ishii 1934 TYM08
  Adryas HB13
  Pachamama speciosa HB13
  Brachista F09
    |--B. efferiae F09
    |--B. fidiae F09
    `--B. fisheri F09
  Hydrophylax aquivolans RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[F09] Fisher, E. M. 2009. Asilidae (robber flies, assassin flies, moscas cazadoras, moscas ladronas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 585–632. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G18] Girault, A. A. 1918. North American Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 142–152).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. An essay on when a fly is lovable, the ceremony of baptizing some and unlovely hate. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 187–190).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266–269).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VII. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 270–272).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[H91] Hokkanen, H. M. T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 119–138.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

Last updated: 14 March 2021.

Ormyridae

Ormyrus orientalis, copyright ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

The Ormyridae are a group of chalcidoid wasps that parasitise plant galls of other insects (Bouček 1988). The majority of species are included in a single genus Ormyrus; attempts to divide this morphologically diverse genus into finer subgroups have generally not been successful.

See also: Ormyrids: attacking the gall.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Antenna thirteen-segmented; gena posteriorly rounded; occipital carina present, horseshoe-shaped; pronotum relatively short; notauli complete, posteriorly subparallel; forewing with marginal vein at least five times as long as narrow pedunculate part of stigmal vein, without linea calva; tarsi five-segmented; gaster always strongly sclerotised, often with coarse sculpture, sometimes sculpture reduced to small longitudinal ridges bearing a bristle at apex; male gaster broader than high, with at least a blunt edge on sides; cerci reduced to low plates, placed on undivided sclerotised epipygium which is subconical in female, or in form of transverse plate in male; ovipositor not exserted.

<==Ormyridae [Ormyrinae] HB13
    |--*Ormyrulus gibbus B88
    `--Ormyrus Westwood 1832 (see below for synonymy) B88
         |--*O. punctiger B88
         |--O. australiensis Girault 1915 B88
         |--O. bicarinatus Girault 1915 B88
         |--O. bicoloripes Girault 1915 B88
         |--O. brevicaudis MS01
         |--O. carinativentris Girault 1915 B88
         |--‘Torymus (*Chrysoideus)’ chrysidiformis B88
         |--O. langlandi Girault 1920 [incl. Tribaeus decaryi Risbec 1955] B88
         |--O. longicornis Bouček 1970 B88
         |--O. orientalis B88
         |--O. rosae HB13
         |--O. silvae Girault 1925 B88
         |--O. variolosus MS01
         `--O. watshami B88

Ormyrus Westwood 1832 [incl. Chrysoideus De Stefani 1898, Cyrtosoma Perris 1840, Monobaeus Förster 1860, Periglyphus Boheman 1833, Siphonura Nees 1834, Tribaeus Förster 1860, Wania Risbec 1951] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

Eurytominae

Female Tetramesa, copyright Mardon Erbland.

Belongs within: Eurytomidae.
Contains: Bruchophagus, Sycophila, Eurytoma.

The Eurytominae are a group of eurytomid wasps in which the antenna has at most twelve segments; a single anellus is present which may be almost fused with the first funicular segment, and the apical segments are mostly fused into a clava (Bouček 1988).

<==Eurytominae [Aximinae, Eudecatominae, Eurytomini, Harmolitinae, Philolemini, Prodecatominae] MH11
    |--Ficomila MH11
    `--+--Sycophila HB13
       `--+--+--Endobia donacis HB13
          |  `--+--Bruchodape ignota HB13
          |     `--Bephrata ruficollis HB13
          `--+--+--Aiolomorphus rhopaloides HB13
             |  `--Eurytoma HB13
             `--+--+--Masneroma angulifera HB13
                |  |--Axima zabriskiei HB13
                |  `--Axanthosoma Girault 1913 MH11, B88
                |       |--*A. nigrum Girault 1913 B88
                |       |--A. io Girault 1915 B88
                |       `--A. ruskini Girault 1926 B88
                `--+--Systole Walker 1832 HB13, B88
                   |    |--*S. albipennis B88
                   |    |--S. coriandri MH11
                   |    `--S. foeniculi Otten 1941 B88
                   `--Tetramesa Walker 1848 HB13, B88 (see below for synonymy)
                        |--*T. iarbas B88
                        |--T. angelonini (Girault 1924) [=Eurytoma angelonini] B88
                        |--T. australiensis (Girault 1915) [=Isosoma australiensis] B88
                        |--T. funeralis (Girault 1915) (see below for synonymy) B88
                        |--‘Isosoma’ guttula MS01
                        |--T. linearis (Walker 1832) [=Isosoma lineare] B88
                        |--T. longicornis A71 [=*Harmolita longicornis B88]
                        |--‘Eurytoma’ longula [=*Isosoma longula] B88
                        `--‘Isosoma’ ovata Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01

Eurytominae incertae sedis:
  Bruchophagus B88
  Homodecatoma B88
  Ahtola B88
  *Philolema carinigera B88
  Tenuipetiolus B88
  Stigmeurytoma Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*S. eucalypti (Ashmead 1900) [=Eurytoma eucalypti] B88
  Syceurytoma Bouček in Bouček, Watsham & Wiebes 1981 B88
    `--*S. ficus B88
  Giraultoma Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*G. pulchricopus (Girault 1915) [=Xanthosoma pulchricorpus; incl. X. haeckeli Girault 1915] B88
  Ausystole Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*A. beenleighi (Girault 1926) [=Eurysystole beenleighi] B88
  Houstonia Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*H. zani Bouček 1988 B88
  Plutarchia Girault 1925 B88
    |--*P. bicarinativentris Girault 1925 B88
    `--P. indefensa B88
  Mesoeurytoma Cameron 1911 [incl. Stireurytoma Cameron 1911] B88
    |--*M. cariniceps B88
    `--‘*Stireurytoma’ carinata B88
  Austrodecatoma Girault 1925 B88
    |--*A. trinotata (Girault 1915) (see below for synonymy) B88
    `--A. omninigra Girault 1928 B88
  Hexeurytoma Dodd 1917 B88
    |--*H. grandis Dodd 1917 B88
    |--H. giraulti Bouček 1988 (see below for synonymy) B88
    `--H. nigripennis Bouček 1988 B88
  Acantheurytoma Cameron 1911 [incl. Odonteurytoma Mukerjee 1981] B88
    |--*A. spinifera B88
    |--A. albicornis [=Eurytoma albicornis] B88
    `--‘*Odonteurytoma’ tanjorensis B88
  Risbecoma Subba Rao 1978 B88
    |--*R. bruchocida [=Eurytoma bruchocida] B88
    |--R. acaciarum Bouček 1988 B88
    `--R. capensis B88

*Austrodecatoma trinotata (Girault 1915) [=Eudecatoma trinotata; incl. E. circumnotata Girault 1915, E. rufipronotum Girault 1915] B88

Hexeurytoma giraulti Bouček 1988 [=Eurytoma fuscipennis Girault 1915 non Phylloxeroxenus fuscipennis Girault 1913] B88

Tetramesa Walker 1848 HB13, B88 [incl. Exanthosoma Girault 1915 B88, Gahaniola Erdös 1952 B88, Harmolita Motschulsky 1863 B88, Isosoma Walker 1832 non Billberg 1820 B88, Isosomocharis Ashmead 1888 B88, Isthmosoma Hedicke 1921 B88, Philachyra Walker 1871 B88, Urios Girault 1911 B88, Xanthosoma Ashmead 1888 B88]

Tetramesa funeralis (Girault 1915) [=*Exanthosoma funeralis; incl. Isosoma wordsworthi Girault 1915] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

Torymini

Male (upper) and female Torymus bedeguaris, copyright Josef Dvořák.

Belongs within: Torymidae.

The Torymini are a group of torymid wasps in which the groove between the mesopleuron and metapleuron is straight or slightly curved, and the gaster is sessile or on a shiny, usually pale petiole. Most species are parasitoids of gall-forming or wood-boring insects; some are phytophagous seed-eaters (Bouček 1988).

Torymini
    |--Ecdamua Walker 1862 MH11, B88 [incl. Monodontomerella Girault 1915 B88]
    |    |--*E. macrotelus B88
    |    |--E. indica [incl. Amonodontomerus indicus Ahmad 1946 non Ecdamua indica] B88
    |    `--E. longipilum (Girault 1925) [=*Monodontomerella longipilum] B88
    `--+--Physothorax bidentulus MH11
       `--Torymus Dalman 1820 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
            |--*T. bedeguaris (Linnaeus 1758) B88, L58 (see below for synonymy)
            |--T. albomaculatus Lucas 1849 E12
            |--‘Syntomaspis’ apicalis A71
            |--T. auratus A71
            |--T. cingulatus A71
            |--‘Syntomaspis’ cyanea A71
            |--T. druparum Boheman 1834 B88
            |--T. eurynotus [=*Syntomaspis eurynotus] B88
            |--T. josephinae Bouček 1988 B88
            |--T. nigricornis A71
            |--T. varians (Walker 1833) B88 [=Callimome varians B88, Syntomaspis varians R70]
            `--T. ventralis MS01

Torymini incertae sedis:
  Ovidia Girault 1924 B88
    `--*O. conicicollis Girault 1924 B88
  Austorymus Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*A. nitidus Bouček 1988 B88
  Mesodiomorus Strand 1911 B88
    `--*M. compressus B88
  Diomorus Walker 1834 B88
    |--*D. nobilis B88
    |--D. armatus (Boheman 1834) [=Torymus armatus] B88
    |--D. calcaratus BM76
    `--D. orientalis Masi 1926 [incl. Macrodontomerus silvifilia Girault 1927, D. silvifilia] B88

Torymus Dalman 1820 MH11, B88 [=Callimome Spinola 1811 (nom. rej.) B88; incl. Misocampe Latreille 1817 B88, Misocampus Dufour 1847 B88, Syntomaspis Förster 1856 B88]

*Torymus bedeguaris (Linnaeus 1758) B88, L58 [=Ichneumon bedeguaris B88, *Callimome bedeguaris B88, Cynips bedeguaris L02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

Conura

Chalcis myrifex, copyright H. Dumas.

Belongs within: Chalcididae.

Conura is a genus of chalcidid wasps whose species mostly attack the pupae of Lepidoptera, though some develop on other insects such as Coleoptera. Molecular analysis (Heraty et al. 2013) suggests that this genus is paraphyletic to other members of the Chalcidini, a group of Chalcididae with a distinctly petiolate gaster and apically acute hind tibia. Members of the genus Chalcis are parasitoids of stratiomyiid fly larvae (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988, for Chalcidini): Apex of hind tibia tapering into a strong spine extended far beyond insertion of tarsus; gaster attached at coxae; petiole distinctly longer than broad, not longitudinally striate; propodeal spiracle elongate in almost vertical direction; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein.

<==Conura [Chalcidariae, Chalcidini, Smicrini]
    |  i. s.: C. delumbis MH11
    |         C. debilis MH11
    |         C. miniata HB13
    |--C. xanthostigma HB13
    `--+--C. flavicans HB13
       `--+--C. immaculata HB13
          `--+--Melanosmicra variventris HB13
             `--Chalcis Fabricius 1787 HB13, B88 [=Smicra Spinola 1837 B88, Smiera Spinola 1811 B88]
                  |--*C. sispes [=Sphex sispes, *Smiera sispes] B88
                  |--C. amenocles D07
                  |--C. australiensis (Girault 1936) [=Smicra australiensis; incl. S. chinchillae Girault 1936] B88
                  |--C. columbiana Howard 1885 GM79
                  |--C. flavipes Fabricius 1793 MS01, B88
                  |--C. flebilis HB13
                  |--C. louisiana Girault 1917 G17
                  |--C. myrifex HB13
                  `--C. ovata G17
                       |--C. o. ovata G17
                       `--C. o. abiesae Girault 1917 G17

Nomen nudum: Chalcis anna Girault 1937 B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[D07] Desjardins, C. A. 2007. Phylogenetics and classification of the world genera of Diparinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa 1647: 1–88.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

Tetracampinae

Epiclerus sp., photographed by Simon Van Noort.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

The Tetracampinae is a group of small parasitic wasps that are mostly known to develop as parasites of leaf-miners or in eggs of leaf-feeding insects (Bouček 1988). Male tetracampines have five tarsomeres in the fore- and hindlegs, but only four in the midlegs (Heraty et al. 2013).

Synapomorphies (from Heraty et al. 2013): Male antenna with six flagellomeres between F1 and clava; head with upper ocular and transfacial sulci present anteriorly; clypeus inflected into oral cavity, not on same plane as face; pronotum with isolated large bristle on posterolateral corner; forewing with speculum absent (specular area setose both dorsally and ventrally).

<==Tetracampinae B88
    |  i. s.: Niticampe Bouček 1988 B88
    |           `--*N. metallica Bouček 1988 B88
    |         Cassidocida Crawford 1913 B88
    |           `--*C. aspidomorphae B88
    |--Diplesiostigma Girault 1920 HB13, B88 [incl. Xanthopirene Girault 1929 B88]
    |    |--*D. particolor Girault 1920 [incl. *Xanthopirene shakespearei Girault 1929] B88
    |    `--D. bisetosum Bouček 1988 B88
    `--+--+--Foersterella Dalla Torre 1897 HB13, B88 [=Hyperbius Förster 1878 non Stal 1867 B88]
       |  |    |--*F. flavipes [=Tetracampe flavipes] B88
       |  |    |--F. reptans MH11
       |  |    `--F. scaposa Bouček 1988 B88
       |  `--Tetracampe Förster 1841 HB13, B88
       |       |--*T. impressa B88
       |       |--T. africana [=Cassidocida africana] B88
       |       `--T. avia Bouček 1988 B88
       `--Epiclerus Haliday 1844 HB13, B88 [incl. Diparellomyia Girault 1913 B88]
            |--*E. panyas [=Entedon panyas] B88
            |--E. aligherini (Girault 1926) [=Tetracampe aligherini] B88
            |--E. australiensis (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) (see below for synonymy) B88
            |--E. haeckeli (Girault 1913) [=*Diparellomyia haeckeli] B88
            |--E. longicornis Bouček 1988 B88
            `--E. temenus MH11

Epiclerus australiensis (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=Tetracampe australiensis; incl. Toxeuma pax Girault 1915] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466-542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Megastigminae

Bootanelleus orientalis, photographed by Gary Taylor and Matthew Purcell.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Megastigmus.

The Megastigminae is a group of wasps characterised by a prominent stigmal vein in the forewing. The majority of species are phytophagous, though many are inquilines or parasites of other gall-makers.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Stigmal vein branching off marginal vein at a relatively wide angle, knob of stigmal vein unusually enlarged, which makes the vein distinctly longer than breadth of costal cell; basal vein mostly well pigmented with posterior end curved outwards; body often more or less yellow (rarely with metallic colour); thorax with rather sparse and usually outstanding conspicuous hairs, always without short normal pilosity; hind coxae relatively shorter than in other Torymidae; ovipositor tending to curve upwards, sometimes very strongly so.

<==Megastigminae [Megastigmides] B88
    |--+--Bortesia HB13
    |  `--Bootanelleus Girault 1915 MH11, B88
    |       |--*B. viridiscutellum Girault 1915 B88
    |       |--B. aereus (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) aerea] B88
    |       |--B. ashmeadi (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) ashmeadi] B88
    |       |--B. auritibiae (Girault 1915) [=Neomegastigmus auritibiae] B88
    |       |--B. hyalinus (Girault 1915) [=Neomegastigmus hyalinus] B88
    |       |--B. leai (Girault 1929) [=Neomegastigmus leai] B88
    |       |--B. longifasciatus (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) longifasciata] B88
    |       |--B. nonvitta (Girault 1938) [=Bootanomyia nonvitta] B88
    |       |--B. nympha (Girault 1937) [=Epibootania nympha] B88
    |       |--B. orientalis (Mathur & Hussey 1956) [=Bootanomyia orientalis] B88
    |       |--B. pax (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) pax] B88
    |       |--B. sanguiniventris (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) sanguiniventris] B88
    |       `--B. victoriae (Girault 1928) [=Bootanomyia victoriae] B88
    `--+--Paramegastigmus Girault 1915 MH11, B88
       |    `--*P. flavus (see below for synonymy) B88
       |--Megastigmus MH11
       `--Neomegastigmus Girault 1915 HB13, B88
            |--*N. petiolatus Girault 1915 [incl. N. rufithorax var. nelsonensis Girault 1915] B88
            |--N. collaris Girault 1915 B88
            |--N. filius Girault 1915 B88
            |--N. lividus Girault 1915 [incl. N. lividus var. badius Girault 1915] B88
            |--N. rufithorax Girault 1915 B88
            |--N. saltensis Girault 1915 B88
            `--N. varius Girault 1915 B88

Megastigminae incertae sedis:
  Mangostigmus Bouček 1986 B88
    `--*M. amraeus [=Neomegastigmus amraeus] B88
  Ianistigmus Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*I. tatianae Bouček 1988 B88
  Westralianus Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*W. microstigma Bouček 1988 B88
  Malostigmus Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*M. pergratus (Girault 1915) [=Bootanomyia pergrata] B88
  Xenostigmus Riek 1966 B88
    |--*X. mirostigmus Riek 1966 B88
    |--X. longistigmus Riek 1966 B88
    `--X. similis Riek 1966 B88
  Bootanomyia Girault 1915 [incl. Epibootania Girault 1937] B88
    |--*B. smaragdus (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (*Bootanomyia) smaragdus] B88
    |--B. gemma B88
    |--B. guttatipennis (Girault 1937) [=*Epibootania guttatipennis] B88
    `--B. viridiscutellum (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) viridiscutellum] B88
  Bootania Dalla Torre 1897 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*B. leucospoides [=*Metamorpha leucospoides] B88
    |--B. gigantea (Girault 1928) [=Pulvilligera gigantea] B88
    |--B. japonica [=Megastigmus japonicus, *Macrodasyceras japonicus] B88
    |--B. maxima (Strand 1911) [=*Pulvilligera maxima] B88
    |--B. neocaledonica (Milliron 1950) [=Pulvillgera neocaledonica] B88
    |--B. pilicornis [=*Eutanycormus pilicornis] B88
    |--B. ruficeps [=*Spilomegastigmus ruficeps] B88
    |--B. solomonensis (Milliron 1950) [=Pulvilligera solomonensis] B88
    `--B. titanus (Girault 1939) [=Epimegastigmus titanus, Megastigmus titanus] B88

Nomen nudum: Bootanomyia unistriata Girault 1928 B88

Bootania Dalla Torre 1897 [=Metamorpha Walker 1862 non Huebner 1819; incl. Eutanycormus Cameron 1909, Macrodasyceras Kamijo 1962, Pulvilligera Strand 1911, Spilomegastigmus Cameron 1905] B88

*Paramegastigmus flavus [=Spilomegastigmus flavus, Megastigmus (*Paramegastigmus) flavus; incl. M. (P.) immaculaticorpus Girault 1915] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466-542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Podagrion

Ovipositing Podagrion, photographed by Nicky Bay.

Belongs within: Toryminae.

Podagrion is a cosmopolitan genus of wasp parasitising mantid oothecae, with each larva consuming one host egg during development (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): First flagellar segment transverse, anelliform; only one (median) carina between hind coxae; hind coxa and femur relatively very long, hind femur toothed on ventral edge; apex of hind tibia beyond tarsal insertion forming a produced spine that is less than twice as long as the tibia is broad, only one distinct spur; ovipositor always much longer than gaster.

<==Podagrion Spinola 1811 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*P. splendens B88
    |--P. abbreviatum Cockerell 1930 B88
    |--P. batesi Girault 1915 B88
    |--P. beneficium Girault 1915 B88
    |--P. flabellatum Girault 1929 B88
    |--P. holbeini Girault 1923 B88
    |--P. hyalinum (Girault 1913) [=Podagrionella hyalina] B88
    |--P. julia (Girault 1927) [=Podagrionella julia] B88
    |--P. koebelei Crawford 1912 [incl. P. dolichurum Cockerell 1930, P. grotii Girault 1915] B88
    |--P. magniclavum (Girault 1913) [=*Pachytomoidella magniclavus] B88
    |--P. mantidiphagum Girault 1917 GM79
    |--P. metatarsum Girault 1929 B88
    |--P. nigriclava Dodd 1917 B88
    |--P. obscurum (Westwood 1847) [=Palmon obscurus] B88
    |--P. olenus (Walker 1839) [=Palmon olenus] B88
    |--P. pavo Girault 1915 B88
    |--P. pax Girault 1915 B88
    |--P. risbeci (Cockerell 1930) [=Pachytomus risbeci] B88
    |--P. virescens Strand 1911 B88
    |--P. washingtoni Girault 1915 B88
    `--P. worcesteri Girault 1913 [=*Propodagrion worcesteri] B88

Podagrion Spinola 1811 [=Podagrium Schulz 1906; incl. Bactyrischion Costa 1857, Blephonira Holmgren 1868, Cleptimorpha Walker 1872, Cyanostola Saussure 1890, Notopodion Dahlbom 1857, Notopodium Schulz 1906, Pachytomoidella Girault 1913, Pachytomus Westwood 1847, Palmon Dalman 1825, Priomerus Walker 1833, Propodagrion Girault 1915] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.