Mitrocystitida

Mitrocystites styloideus, from here.

Belongs within: Ankyroida.

Mitrocystitida was identified by Parsley (1997) as a paraphyletic group with the Anomalocystitida and Lagynocystis nested within it. Members of this clade mostly have moderately to only slightly asymmetrical thecae (Ubaghs 1967).

<==Mitrocystitida [Mitrocystida]
    |  i. s.: Spermacystis Ubaghs 1967 [=Anomocystis Jaekel 1918 non Haeckel 1896] U67
    |           `--*S. ensifer (Barrande 1887) [=Anomalocystites ensifer, *Anomocystis ensifer] U67
    |         Vizcainocarpus L03
    |           |--V. dentiger L03
    |           `--V. rutai L03
    |         Promitrocystites L03
    |--Paranacystis Caster 1954 [Paranacystidae] U67
    |    `--*P. petrii Caster 1954 U67
    `--Mitrocystitidae [Mitrocystidae] U67
         |--Ovocarpus moncereti P97, L03
         `--+--Chauvelia P97
            `--+--Aspidocarpus P97
               |    |--A. bohemicus L03
               |    `--A. discoidalis L03
               `--+--Mitrocystites Barrande 1887 P97, U67 [=Mitrocystis Bather 1889 U67]
                  |    |--*M. mitra Barrande 1887 U67 [incl. M. latus Jaekel 1918 U67, J18]
                  |    |    |--M. m. mitra U67
                  |    |    `--M. m. hanusi U67
                  |    |--M. riadanensis U67
                  |    `--M. styloideus U67
                  `--+--Mitrocystella Jaekel 1901 P97, U67
                     |    |--*M. incipiens (Barrande 1887) [=Anomalocystites incipiens] U67
                     |    |    |--M. i. incipiens U67
                     |    |    `--M. i. miloni U67
                     |    `--M. barrandei U67
                     `--+--Eumitrocystella savilli Beisswenger 1994 P97, L03
                        `--+--Barrandeocarpus jaekeli Ubaghs 1979 P97, L03
                           `--+--+--Diamphidiocystis drepanon Kolata & Guensburg 1979 P97, L03
                              |  `--Lagynocystis Jaekel 1918 P97, U67 [Lagynocystidae]
                              |       `--*L. pyramidalis (Barrande 1887) U67 (see below for synonymy)
                              `--Anomalocystitida [Anomalocystida, Placocystida] U67
                                   |--Australocystidae [Australocystinae] U67
                                   |    |--Australocystis Caster 1954 U67
                                   |    |    `--*A. langei Caster 1954 U67
                                   |    `--Placocystella Rennie 1936 U67
                                   |         `--*P. capensis Rennie 1936 U67
                                   `--Anomalocystitidae (see below for synonymy) U67
                                        |  i. s.: Basslerocystis Caster 1952 U67
                                        |           `--*B. disparilis (Hall 1859) [=Anomalocystites disparilis] U67
                                        |         Victoriacystis Gill & Caster 1960 U67
                                        |           `--*V. wilkinsi Gill & Caster 1960 U67
                                        |--+--Anomalocystites Hall 1859 P97, U67 (see below for synonymy)
                                        |  |    |--*A. cornutus Hall 1859 (see below for synonymy) U67
                                        |  |    `--A. bohemicus U67
                                        |  `--Enoploura Wetherby 1879 P97, U67 [=Enopleura Springer 1913 K67]
                                        |       |--*E. balanoides (Meek 1872) (see below for synonymy) U67
                                        |       |--E. popei U67
                                        |       |--E. punctata U67
                                        |       `--E. wetherbyi U67
                                        `--+--+--Allanicytidium Caster & Gill in Ubaghs 1967 P97, U67 [Allanicytidiidae]
                                           |  |    `--*A. flemingi Caster & Gill in Ubaghs 1967 U67
                                           |  `--+--Notocarpos P97
                                           |     `--Tasmancytidium P97
                                           `--+--Ateleocystites Billings 1838 P67, U67 (see below for synonymy)
                                              |    |--*A. huxleyi Billings 1838 (see below for synonymy) U67
                                              |    `--A. guttenbergensis Kolata & Jollie 1982 L03
                                              `--+--Rhenocystis Dehm 1932 P97, U67
                                                 |    `--*R. latipedunculata Dehm 1932 U67
                                                 `--Placocystites de Koninck 1869 P97, U67 (see below for synonymy)
                                                      |--*P. forbesianus de Koninck 1869 [=*Placocystis forbesianus] U67
                                                      `--P. africanus U67

Anomalocystites Hall 1859 P97, U67 [=Anomalocystis Bather 1889 U67, Anomocystis Haeckel 1896 U67]

*Anomalocystites cornutus Hall 1859 [=*Anomalocystis cornuta, *Anomocystis cornuta] U67

Anomalocystitidae [Anomalocystidae, Anomocystida, Atelocystida, Basslerocystinae, Enoplourinae, Placocystidae, Placocystinae, Placocystitidae] U67

Ateleocystites Billings 1838 P97, U67 [=Atelecystis Bather 1889 U67, Ateleocystis Lindström 1888 U67, Atelocystis Haeckel 1896 U67]

*Ateleocystites huxleyi Billings 1838 [=*Atelecystis huxleyi, *Ateleocystis husleyi, *Atelocystis huxleyi] U67

*Enoploura balanoides (Meek 1872) [=Anomalocystites (Ateleocystites) balanoides] U67

*Lagynocystis pyramidalis (Barrande 1887) U67 [=Anomalocystites pyramidalis U67, Anomalocystis pyramidalis J18]

Placocystites de Koninck 1869 P97, U67 [=Placocystis Haeckel 1896 U67]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1-128.

[K67] Kesling, R. V. 1967. Cystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S85-S267. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[L03] Lefebvre, B. 2003. Funtional morphology of stylophoran echinoderms. Palaeontology 46 (3): 511-555.

[P97] Parsley, R. L. 1997. The echinoderm classes Stylophora and Homoiostelea: Non Calcichordata. Paleontological Society Papers 3: 225-248.

[U67] Ubaghs, G. 1967. Stylophora. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S495-S565. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Ankyroida

Anatifopsis barrandei minuta, from Christophe Guillou.

Belongs within: Echinodermata.
Contains: Mitrocystitida.

The Ankyroida is a proposed clade of stylophoran echinoderms that combines the mitrates with various taxa previously included in the Cornuta. Ankyroids tend to have more symmetrical thecae than other stylophorans. In basal taxa, the theca bears a tesselate arrangement of small plates like that in non-ankyroid stylophorans; in derived taxa, this becomes replaced by a regular arrangement of fewer, larger plates. The major appendage (variously interpreted by different authors as a propulsive 'tail' or feeding arm) also bears a varying number of spinose, probably ventral projections that may have functioned to anchor the animal on the sediment surface.

Characters (from Parsley 1997): Theca and marginals symmetrical or near symmetrical; distal element of zygal not part of marginal series.

<==Ankyroida [Amygdalothecida, Lagynocystida, Mitrata]
    |  i. s.: Domfrontia L03
    |         Dalejocystis Prokop 1963 U67
    |           `--*D. casteri Prokop 1963 U67
    |--Amygdalotheca griffei P97, L03
    `--+--+--+--Reticulocarpos hanusi Jefferies & Prokop 1972 P97, L03
       |  |  `--Prokopicystis mergli Cripps 1989 P97, L03
       |  `--+--Milonicystis kerfornei P97, L03
       |     `--+--Mitrocystitida P97
       |        `--Nanocarpus P97 [incl. Juliaecarpus L03]
       |             |--N. dolambii Ubaghs 1991 L03
       |             `--N. milnerorum (Ruta 1999) L03
       `--+--Lyricocarpus P97
          `--+--Beryllia P97
             `--+--Chinianocarpos Ubaghs 1961 P97, U67
                |    `--*C. thorali Ubaghs 1961 U67
                `--Peltocystida L03
                     |--Peltocystis Thoral 1935 P97, U67 [Peltocystidae]
                     |    `--*P. cornuta Thoral 1935 U67
                     `--+--Jaekelocarpus oklahomensis P97, L03
                        `--Kirkocystidae [Kirkocystinae] U67
                             |--Balanocystites Barrande 1887 U67 (see below for synonymy)
                             |    |--*B. lagenula Barrande 1887 U67
                             |    `--B. primus (Barrande 1872) L03
                             |--Anatiferocystis Chauvel 1941 P97, U67 [incl. Kirkocystis Bassler 1950 U67]
                             |    |--*A. barrandei Chauvel 1941 U67
                             |    |--A. papillata (Bassler 1943) [=Enoploura papillata, *Kirkocystis papillata] U67
                             |    `--A. punctata U67
                             `--Anatifopsis [incl. Guichenocarpos] L03
                                  |--A. ancora Domínguez & Gutiérrez-Marco 1990 L03
                                  |--A. barrandei L03
                                  |    |--A. b. barrandei L03
                                  |    `--A. b. minuta (Chauvel 1941) L03
                                  |--A. papillata (Bassler 1943) L03
                                  `--A. trapeziiformis Thoral 1935 L03

Balanocystites Barrande 1887 U67 [=Balanocystis Haeckel 1896 K67; incl. Sagittacystis L03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K67] Kesling, R. V. 1967. Cystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S85-S267. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[L03] Lefebvre, B. 2003. Funtional morphology of stylophoran echinoderms. Palaeontology 46 (3): 511-555.

[P97] Parsley, R. L. 1997. The echinoderm classes Stylophora and Homoiostelea: Non Calcichordata. Paleontological Society Papers 3: 225-248.

[U67] Ubaghs, G. 1967. Stylophora. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S495-S565. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).