Reclinata

Phyllograptus angustifolius elongatus, from here.

Belongs within: Eugraptoloida.
Contains: Tetragraptinae, Isograptus, Bireclinata.

The Reclinata are a clade of graptoloids defined by Maletz et al. (2009) as the smallest clade including Tetragraptus serra and Exigraptus uniformis. Synapomorphies of the clade include the presence of a rutellum on the ventral side of the sicular aperture, serially homologous ventral projections on the proximal thecae (thecal rutellae), and a longer sicula than in outgroup taxa (Maletz et al. 2009).

<==Reclinata MCM09
    |--Tetragrapta [Pan-Tetragrapta] MCM09
    |    |  i. s.: Corymbograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1964 MCM09, B70
    |    |           `--*C. v-fractus (Salter 1863) [=Didymograptus v-fractus] B70
    |    |         Pseudotrigonograptus Mu & Lee 1958 MCM09, B70 [Pseudotrigonograptidae, Pseudotrigonograptinae]
    |    |           `--*P. uniformis Mu & Lee 1958 [=Tristichograptus uniformis] B70
    |    |--Tetragraptinae MCM09
    |    `--+--+--Perissograptus pygmaeus (Ruedemann 1904) MCM09
    |       |  `--Phyllograptus Hall 1858 MCM09, B70
    |       |       |--*P. typus Hall 1858 B70
    |       |       |--P. angustifolius B70
    |       |       |    |--P. a. angustifolius J79
    |       |       |    `--P. a. elongatus J79
    |       |       |--P. densus J79
    |       |       `--P. loringi White 1874 W77
    |       `--+--Bryograptus Lapworth 1880 FC86, B70
    |          |    |--*B. kjerulfi Lapworth 1880 B70
    |          |    `--B. patens B70
    |          `--+--Pseudobryograptus Mu 1957 FC86, B70
    |             |    `--*P. parallelus Mu 1957 B70
    |             `--Pendeograptus Bouček & Přibyl 1951 MCM09, B70
    |                  |--*P. pendens (Elles 1898) [=Tetragraptus pendens] B70
    |                  `--P. fruticosus (Hall 1858) MCM09 [=Tetragraptus fruticosus FC86]
    `--Pan-Bireclinata [Glossograptacea] MCM09
         |--Isograptus MCM09
         `--+--Parisograptus caduceus MCM09
            `--Bireclinata MCM09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[FC86] Fortey, R. A., & R. A. Cooper. 1986. A phylogenetic classification of the graptoloids. Palaeontology 29: 631–654.

[J79] Jaanusson, V. 1979. Ordovician. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A136–A166. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[MCM09] Maletz, J., J. Carlucci & C. E. Mitchell. 2009. Graptoloid cladistics, taxonomy and phylogeny. Bulletin of Geosciences 84 (1): 7–19.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

Monograptina

Specimen of Pristiograptus, copyright P. Skupien.

Belongs within: Bireclinata.
Contains: Cyrtograptinae, Linograptinae, Monograptus, Saetograptus.

The Monograptina are a group of graptolites known from the Lower Silurian to the Lower Devonian, characterised by the production of a uniserial rhabdosome with thecae along one side only of the central stipe (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Scandent, uniserial; development monograptid, with sinus method of pore formation and initially upward direction of growth of th1.

Monograptina
    |--Cyrtograptidae BR70
    |    |--Cyrtograptinae BR70
    |    `--Linograptinae BR70
    `--Monograptidae BR70
         |  i. s.: Falcatograptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Mystiograptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Nodosograptus Hundt 1951 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Paragraptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |--Monograptus BR70
         |--Pseudomonoclimacis Mikhailova 1975 ZL97
         |    `--P. dalejensis (Bouček 1936) [=Monograptus dalejensis; incl. M. haupti Kühne 1955] ZL97
         |--Cucullograptus Urbanek 1954 BR70
         |    |  i. s.: C. aversus (Eisenack 1942) [=Monograptus aversus] ZL97
         |    |           |--C. a. aversus B70
         |    |           `--C. a. rostratus B70
         |    |--*C. (Cucullograptus) pazdroi Urbanek 1954 BR70
         |    `--C. (Lobograptus Urbanek 1958) BR70
         |         |--C. (*L.) scanicus (Tullberg 1883) BR70, ZL97 [=Monograptus scanicus BR70]
         |         |    |--C. s. scanicus B70
         |         |    `--C. s. amphirostris B70
         |         |--‘Lobograptus’ expectatus ZL97
         |         |--C. (L.) parascanicus B70, ZL97 [=Cucullograptus scanicus parascanicus B70]
         |         |--C. (L.) progenitor (Urbanek 1966) [=Lobograptus progenitor] ZL97
         |         `--C. (L.) simplex [=Cucullograptus (Lobograptus) simplex] B70
         |--Monoclimacis Frech 1897 BR70
         |    |--*M. vomerina (Nicholson 1872) [=Graptolithus vomerinus] BR70
         |    |--M. crenulata B70
         |    |--M. griestoniensis B70
         |    `--M. micropoma BR70
         |--Rastrites Barrande 1850 BR70 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*R. peregrinus Barrande 1850 BR70 [=*Rastrograptus peregrinus B70]
         |    |--R. longispinus B70
         |    |--R. maximus B70
         |    |--‘*Stavrites’ rossicus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70
         |    `--‘*Corymbites’ sigmoidalis Obut & Sobolevskaya 1967 BR70
         |--Pristiograptus Jaekel 1889 [incl. Bohemograptus Příbyl 1967] BR70
         |    |--*P. frequens Jaekel 1889 BR70
         |    |--P. bohemicus (Barrande 1850) BR70, B70 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |    |--P. b. bohemicus ZL97
         |    |    |--‘Bohemograptus’ b. garratti ZL97
         |    |    `--‘Bohemograptus’ b. tenuis (Bouček 1936) [=Monograptus bohemicus tenuis] ZL97
         |    |--P. dubius ZL97
         |    |--P. fecundus B70
         |    |--P. nudus M79
         |    |--‘Bohemograptus’ praecornutus ZL97
         |    |--P. regularis ZL97
         |    |--P. transgrediens B70
         |    |--P. tumescens ZL97
         |    `--P. ultimus B70
         |--Neomonograptus Mu & Ni 1975 NJ83
         |    |  i. s.: N. shidianensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |--N. falcarius NJ83
         |    |--N. hercynicus NJ83
         |    `--+--N. fanicus NJ83
         |       `--+--N. atopus NJ83
         |          |    |--N. a. atopus NJ83
         |          |    `--N. a. rigidus NJ83
         |          `--N. himalayensis NJ83
         |--Saetograptus BR70
         |--Metamonograptus Wang 1977 NJ83
         |    |  i. s.: M. arcuatus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |         M. craigensis [=Monograptus craigensis] NJ83
         |    |         M. facetus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |         M. giganteus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |--M. birchensis [=Monograptus birchensis] NJ83
         |    `--+--M. praehercynicus NJ83
         |       `--+--M. hemiodon NJ83
         |          `--+--M. qinzhouensis [=Monograptus qinzhouensis] NJ83
         |             `--M. telleri NJ83
         `--Pernerograptus Přibyl 1941 NJ83
              |  i. s.: P. neotericus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
              |         P. supernus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
              |--*P. argenteus (Nicholson 1867) BR70 [=Graptolithus argenteus BR70, Monograptus argenteus NJ83, BR70]
              `--+--‘Monograptus’ ramstalensis NJ83
                 `--P. urbanus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83

Pristiograptus bohemicus (Barrande 1850) BR70, B70 [=Graptolithus bohemicus ZL97, *Bohemograptus bohemicus B70, Monograptus bohemicus ZL97]

Rastrites Barrande 1850 BR70 [=Rastrograptus Hopkinson & Lapworth 1875 B70; incl. Corymbites Obut & Sobolevskaya 1967 BR70, Stavrites Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[BR70] Bulman, O. M. B., & R. B. Rickards. 1970. Classification of the graptolite family Monograptidae Lapworth, 1873. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V149–V157. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[M79] Müller, A. H. 1979. Fossilization (taphonomy). In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A2–A78. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[NJ83] Ni Y.-N. & Jiao S.-D. 1983. Lower Devonian graptolites from Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22 (3): 295–307.

[ZL97] Zhang Y. & A. C. Lenz. 1997. Uppermost Wenlock and Ludlow graptolites from southern Yunnan, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 1220–1238.

Cyrtograptinae

Specimen of Cyrtograptus, from here.

Belongs within: Monograptidae.

The Cyrtograptinae are a group of uniserial graptolites known from the Middle Silurian, characterised by the regular production of thecal cladia (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Main stipe (procladium) generally spirally coiled, helicoidally at proximal end, with one or more thecal cladia, sometimes bearing second- or higher-order cladia; production of cladia typically regular.

Cyrtograptinae
    |--Averianowograptus Obut 1949 B70
    |    `--*A. magnificus (Averianow 1931) [=Cyrtograptus magnificus] B70
    |--Barrandeograptus Bouček 1933 B70
    |    `--*B. pulchellus (Tullberg 1883) [=Cyrtograptus pulchellus] B70
    `--Cyrtograptus Carruthers 1867 (see below for synonymy) B70
         |--*C. murchisoni Carruthers 1867 [=Cyrtograpsus murchisoni] B70
         |--C. centrifugus B70
         |--C. ellesae B70
         |--C. grayi Lapworth 1876 [=*Lapworthograptus grayi] B70
         |--C. insectus K-D04
         |--‘*Uralograptus’ insuetus Koregn 1962 B70
         |--C. lapworthi K-D04
         |--C. linnarssoni B70
         |--C. lundgreni B70
         |--C. perneri B79
         |--C. radians B79
         |--C. rigidus B70
         `--C. spiralis Averianow 1931 [=*Damosiograptus spiralis] B70

Cyrtograptus Carruthers 1867 [=Cyrtograpsus; incl. Damosiograptus Obut 1950, Lapworthograptus Bouček & Přibyl 1952, Uralograptus Koregn 1962] B70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B79] Boucot, A. J. 1979. Silurian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A167–182. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[K-D04] Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2004. Evolution of retiolitid graptolites—a synopsis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (4): 505–518.

Graptolithina

Fragments of Stolonodendrum, from Bulman (1970).

Belongs within: Hemichordata.
Contains: Graptoblasti, Dendroidea, Graptoloida, Wimanicrustidae.

The Graptolithina, graptolites, are a group of colonial organisms known from the Middle Cambrian to the Carboniferous that produced linear, branched or encrusting colonies.

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Colonial organisms secreting a sclerotised exoskeleton with characteristic growth bands (fuselli) and growth lines. Thecae usually arranged in single or double row along branches (stipes) of colony (rhabdosome), rarely in irregular aggregates; thecae may be polymorphic, may be related to internal sclerotised stolon system. Rhabdosomes originating by single bud from initial zooid housed in conical sicula, producing simple, branched or rarely encrusting colonies. Sessile or pelagic.

Graptolithina
    |--+--Dendroidea B70
    |  `--Graptoloida B70
    |--Mastigograptida [Mastigograptidae] BU02
    |    |--Micrograptus Eisenack 1974 BU02
    |    `--Mastigograptus Ruedemann 1908 BU02
    |         |--*M. tenuiramosus (Walcott 1879) [=Dendrograptus tenuiramosus] BU02
    |         `--M. gracillimus (Lesquereux 1878) BU02
    |--Crustoidea B70
    |    |--Hormograptus Öpik 1930 [=Thallograptus Öpik 1928 non Ruedemann 1925; Hormograptidae] B70
    |    |    `--*H. sphaericola (Öpik 1928) [=*Thallograptus sphaericola] B70
    |    `--Wimanicrustidae B70
    `--Stolonoidea B70
         |--Stolonofolliculis Zessin & Puttkamer 1994 [Stolonofolliculidae] MU04
         |    `--*S. signum (Öpik 1930) (n. d.) [=Melanostrophus signum] MU04
         `--Stolonodendrum Kozłowski 1948 [Stolonodendridae] B70
              |--*S. uniramosum Kozłowski 1948 B70
              `--S. parasiticum Kozłowski 1948 K48

Graptolithina incertae sedis:
  Protistograptus McLearn 1915 (n. d.) B70
  Haplograptus Ruedemann 1933 B70
    `--*H. wisconsinensis Ruedemann 1933 B70
  Graptovermis Kozłowski 1949 [Graptovermida] MU04
    |--*G. spiralis Kozłowski 1948 B70
    `--G. intestinalis Kozłowski 1948 K48
  Graptoblasti B70
  Aellograptus Obut 1964 B70
    `--*A. savitskyi Obut 1964 B70
  Archaeocryptolaria Chapman 1919 B70
    `--*A. skeatsi Chapman 1919 B70
  Ascograptus Ruedemann 1925 B70
    `--*A. similis Ruedemann 1925 B70
  Cactograptus Ruedemann 1908 B70
    `--*C. crassus Ruedemann 1908 B70
  Ceramograptus Hudson 1915 B70
    `--*C. ruedemanni Hudson 1915 B70
  Coelograptus Ruedemann 1947 B70
    `--*C. problematicus (Spencer 1878) [=Inocaulis problematica] B70
  Crinocaulis Obut 1960 B70
    `--*C. flosculus Obut 1960 B70
  Diplospirograptus Ruedemann 1925 B70
    `--*D. goldringae Ruedemann 1925 B70
  Dithecodendrum Obut 1964 B70
    `--*D. sibericum Obut 1964 B70
  Estoniocaulis Obut & Rytsk 1958 B70
    `--*E. jaervensis (Rosenstein in Obut & Rytsk 1958) [=Inocaulis jaervensis] B70
  Leveillites Foerste 1923 B70
    `--*L. hartnageli Foerste 1923 B70
  Medusaegraptus Ruedemann 1925 B70
    `--*M. mirabilis Ruedemann 1925 B70
  Palmatophycus Bouček 1941 B70
    `--*P. kettneri Bouček 1957 B70
  Polygonograptus Bouček 1957 B70
    `--*P. sokolowi (Obut 1953) [=Palaeodictyota sokolowi] B70
  Protohalecium Chapman & Thomas 1936 B70
    `--*P. hallianum Chapman & Thomas 1936 B70
  Rhadinograptus Obut 1960 B70
    `--*R. jurgensonae Obut 1960 B70
  Ruedemannograptus Termier & Termier 1948 [=Streptograptus Ruedemann 1947 non Yin 1937] B70
    `--*R. tenuis (Ruedemann 1947) [=*Streptograptus tenuis] B70
  Siberiodendrum Obut 1964 B70
    `--*S. robustum Obut 1964 B70
  Siberiograptus Obut 1964 B70
    `--*S. kotujensis Obut 1964 B70
  Sphenoecium Chapman & Thomas 1936 [=Sphenothallus Chapman 1917 non Hall 1848] B70
    `--*S. filicoides (Chapman 1917) [=Sphenothallus filicoides] B70
  Birastrites Geinitz 1866 (n. d.) B70
  Buthograptus Hall 1861 (n. d.) B70
  Cameragraptus Hundt 1951 (n. d.) B70
  Cardograptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) B70
  Conograptus Ruedemann 1947 (n. d.) B70
  Ctenograptus Nicholson 1876 (n. d.) B70
  Cystoturriculograptus Hundt 1952 (n. d.) B70
  Demicystograptus Hundt 1942 (n. d.) B70
  Dibranchiograptus Hundt 1949 (n. d.) B70
  Didymograptoides Hundt 1951 (n. d.) B70
  Eiseligraptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) B70
  Geminograptus Hundt 1951 (n. d.) B70
  Labrumograptus Hundt 1952 (n. d.) B70
  Limpidograptus Khaletskaya 1962 (n. d.) B70
  Nereitograptus Hundt 1951 (n. d.) B70
  Paradimorphograptus Hundt 1951 (n. d.) B70
  Phycograptus Gurley 1896 (n. d.) B70
  Planktograptus Yakovlev 1933 (n. d.) B70
  Procrytograptus Poulsen 1943 (n. d.) B70
  Protograptus Matthew 1886 (n. d.) B70
  Spinosidiplograptus Hundt 1951 (n. d.) B70
  Stelechograptus Ruedemann 1947 (n. d.) B70
  Strophograptus Ruedemann 1904 (n. d.) B70
  Thecocystograptus Hundt 1947 (n. d.) B70
  Thuringiagraptus Hundt 1935 (n. d.) B70
  ‘Triplograptus’ Hundt 1965 non Richter 1871 (n. d.) B70
  Undograptus Hundt 1949 (n. d.) B70
  Triramograptus atavus FEZ05
  Parakidograptus acuminatus P98
  Amansites Brongniart 1849 (n. d.) H62
    `--*A. dentatus (Brongniart 1828) (n. d.) [=Fucoides dentatus] H62
  Stimulograptus sedgwicki K-D04
  Lituigraptus convolutus K-D04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BU02] Bates, D. E. B., & A. Urbanek. 2002. The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (3): 445–458.

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[FEZ05] Feng, H., B.-D. Erdtmann & Y. Zhang. 2005. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Staurograptus Emmons from the base of the Ordovician. Palaeontology 48 (5): 1007–1019.

[H62] Häntzschel, W. 1962. Trace fossils and problematica. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W177–W245. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[K-D04] Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2004. Evolution of retiolitid graptolites—a synopsis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (4): 505–518.

[K48] Kozłowski, R. 1948. Les graptolithes et quelques nouveaux groupes d’animaux du Tremadoc de la Pologne. Palaeontologica Polonica 3: i–xii, 1–235.

[MU04] Mierzejewski, P., & A. Urbanek. 2004. The morphology and fine structure of the Ordovician Cephalodiscus-like genus Melanostrophus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (4): 519–528.

[P98] Prothero, D. R. 1998. Bringing Fossils to Life: An introduction to paleobiology. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

Graptoloida

Rhabdinopora flabelliformis flabelliformis, copyright Institute of Geology at TUT.

Belongs within: Graptolithina.
Contains: Eugraptoloida.

The Graptoloida is the clade including the planktic graptolites, characterised by the possession of a nematophorous sicula with a free nema in the adult stage (Maletz et al. 2009).

<==Graptoloida (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: Apiograptus K79
    |         Neolobograptus ZL97
    |           |--N. ariculatus ZL97
    |           `--N. nilssoni K-D04
    |         Calyxdendrum Kozłowski 1960 B70
    |           `--*C. graptoloides Kozłowski 1960 B70
    |         Psigraptus Jackson 1967 B70
    |           `--*P. arcticus Jackson 1967 B70
    |--Radiograptus Lapworth ex Bulman 1950 FC86, B70
    |    `--*R. rosieranus Bulman 1950 B70
    `--+--Staurograptus Emmons 1855 FC86, FEZ05 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--*S. dichotomus Emmons 1855 (see below for synonymy) FEZ05
       |    |--S. apertus Ruedemann 1904 [=S. dichotomus var. apertus] FEZ05
       |    `--S. hyperboreus (Obut & Sobolevskaya 1962) (see below for synonymy) FEZ05
       `--+--Rhabdinopora Eichwald 1855 FC86, B70 (see below for synonymy)
          |    |--*R. flabelliformis (Eichwald 1840) B70 (see below for synonymy)
          |    |    |--R. f. flabelliformis FEZ05
          |    |    |--R. f. anglica FEZ05
          |    |    |--‘Dictyonema flabelliforme’ norvegicum B70
          |    |    |--R. f. parabola [incl. Staurograptus dichotomus priscus Lin 1986] FEZ05
          |    |    `--‘Dictyonema flabelliforme’ sociale (Salter 1858) [=*Graptopora socialis] B70
          |    |--‘*Ceramites’ hisingeri Liebmann in Forchhammer 1845 H62
          |    `--R. praeparabola FEZ05
          `--+--Anisograptinae FC86
             |    |--Triograptus Monsen 1925 FC86, B70
             |    |    |--*T. osloensis Monsen 1925 B70
             |    |    `--T. canadensis B70
             |    `--Anisograptus Ruedemann 1937 B70
             |         |--*A. matanensis Ruedemann 1937 B70
             |         |    |--A. m. matanensis FEZ05
             |         |    `--A. m. tetragraptoides FEZ05
             |         |--A. flexuosus B70
             |         `--A. richardsoni FEZ05
             `--Adelograptinae [Didymograpta, Didymograptina] FC86
                  |--Eugraptoloida FC86
                  `--+--Kiaerograptus Spjeldnaes 1963 FC86, B70
                     |    `--*K. kiaeri (Monsen 1925) [=Didymograptus kiaeri] B70
                     `--Adelograptus Bulman 1941 FC86, B70 [incl. Choristograptus Legrand 1963 B70]
                          |--*A. hunnebergensis (Moberg 1892) [=Bryograptus hunnebergensis] B70
                          |--A. clarki C68
                          |--A. lapworthi B70
                          |--‘*Choristograptus’ louhai Legrand 1963 B70
                          |--A. tenellus (Linnarsson 1871) MCM09
                          `--A. victoriae C68

Graptoloida [Anisograptidae, Graptodendroidina, Graptolitidae, Graptoloidea, Retioloidea, Rhabdinoporinae, Rhabdophora, Tetragrapti]

Rhabdinopora Eichwald 1855 FC86, B70 [=Dictyograptus Westergård 1909 non Hopkinson 1875 B70, Phyllograpta Angelin 1854 B70; incl. Ceramites Liebmann in Forchhammer 1845 H62, Graptopora Salter 1858 B70]

*Rhabdinopora flabelliformis (Eichwald 1840) B70 [=Gorgonia flabelliformis B70, *Dictyograptus flabelliformis B70, Dictyonema flabelliforme FC86, *Phyllograpta flabelliformis B70; incl. Dictyonema flabelliforme var. conferta K48]

Staurograptus Emmons 1855 FC86, FEZ05 [=Staurograpsus FEZ05; incl. Aletograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1962 FEZ05; Staurograptinae]

*Staurograptus dichotomus Emmons 1855 [incl. S. borealis Zhao 1983, S. dasycladus Zhao 1983, Radiograptus rosieranus flexibilis Fortey in Fortey et al. 1982, S. (Radiograptus) flexibilis, S. immaturus Wang, Liu & Zhou 1979, S. dichotomus immaturus, S. magnus Yu, Liu & Fang 1984, S. minimus Mu in Mu & Lin 1984, S. orientalis Mu in Mu & Lin 1984, S. dichotomus sinicus Mu in Mu & Lin 1984, S. taishanensis Wang, Liu & Zhou 1979, S. dichotomus taishanensis, S. tenuis tangpanensis Yu, Liu & Fang 1984, S. tenuis Jackson 1974] FEZ05

Staurograptus hyperboreus (Obut & Sobolevskaya 1962) [=*Aletograptus hyperboreus; incl. A. flexibilis Yu, Liu & Fang 1984, A. incertus Yu, Liu & Fang 1984, Triograptus rigidus Yu, Liu & Fang 1984] FEZ05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[C68] Cooper, R. A. 1968. Lower and Middle Paleozoic fossil localities of north-west Nelson. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Geology 6 (7): 75–89.

[FEZ05] Feng, H., B.-D. Erdtmann & Y. Zhang. 2005. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Staurograptus Emmons from the base of the Ordovician. Palaeontology 48 (5): 1007–1019.

[FC86] Fortey, R. A., & R. A. Cooper. 1986. A phylogenetic classification of the graptoloids. Palaeontology 29: 631–654.

[H62] Häntzschel, W. 1962. Trace fossils and problematica. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W177–W245. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[K79] Kirk, N. H. 1979. Thoughts on coloniality in the graptolites. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 411–432. Academic Press: London.

[K-D04] Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2004. Evolution of retiolitid graptolites—a synopsis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (4): 505–518.

[K48] Kozłowski, R. 1948. Les graptolithes et quelques nouveaux groupes d’animaux du Tremadoc de la Pologne. Palaeontologica Polonica 3:i–xii, 1–235.

[MCM09] Maletz, J., J. Carlucci & C. E. Mitchell. 2009. Graptoloid cladistics, taxonomy and phylogeny. Bulletin of Geosciences 84 (1): 7–19.

[ZL97] Zhang Y. & A. C. Lenz. 1997. Uppermost Wenlock and Ludlow graptolites from southern Yunnan, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 1220–1238.

Archiretiolitinae

Pipiograptus hesperus, from Bulman (1970).

Belongs within: Reclinata.

The Archiretiolitinae are a group of 'retiolitid' graptolites from the Upper Ordovician in which the initial part of the colony remains sclerotised, with the distal arms net-like.

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Sicula and initial portions of one or more proximal thecae sclerotised; development basically diplograptoid.

Archiretiolitinae
    |--Archiretiolites Eisenack 1935 B70
    |    `--*A. regimontanus Eisenack 1935 B70
    |--Orthoretiolites Whittington 1954 B70
    |    `--*O. hami Whittington 1954 B70
    |--Phormograptus Whittington 1955 B70
    |    `--*P. sooneri Whittington 1955 B70
    |--Pipiograptus Whittington 1955 B70
    |    `--*P. hesperus Whittington 1955 B70
    `--Plegmatograptus Elles & Wood 1908 B70
         `--*P. nebula Elles & Wood 1908 B70
              |--P. n. nebula F71
              `--P. n. caudatus (Hall 1902) [=Retiolites caudatus] F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part V 2^nd ed. (C. Teichert, ed.) pp. V1-V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

Dendrograptus

Reconstruction of Dendrograptus hallianus, from Lucas (1902).

Belongs within: Dendroidea.

Dendrograptus is a long-lived genus of irregularly branching dendroid graptolites that is known from the Middle or Upper Cambrian to the Carboniferous (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Generally robust, shrublike in habit, branching irregularly, stipes usually divergent, unconnected, stem well developed, with basal attachment; autothecae denticulate, spined or with apertural processes.

<==Dendrograptus Hall 1858 [incl. Ophiograptus Poulsen 1937] B70
    |  i. s.: D. cofeatus Kozłowski 1948 K48
    |         D. communis Kozłowski 1948 K48
    |         D. fruticosus B70
    |         ‘*Ophiograptus’ inexpectans Poulsen 1937 B70
    |         D. longithecalis Kozłowski 1948 K48
    |         D. nudus Sherrard 1956 F71
    |         D. rectangulosus Sherrard 1956 F71
    |         D. regularis Kozłowski 1948 K48
    |         D. rigidus K48
    |--*D. (Dendrograptus) hallianus (Prout 1851) [=Graptolithus hallianus] B70
    `--D. (Stelechocladia Počta 1894) [incl. Callodendrograptus Decker 1945] B70
         |--D. (*S.) suffruticosus Bouček 1957 [=*Stelechocladia fruticosa Počta 1894 (preoc.)] B70
         `--‘*Callodendrograptus’ sellardsi Decker 1945 B70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part V 2^nd ed. (C. Teichert, ed.) pp. V1-V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[K48] Kozłowski, R. 1948. Les graptolithes et quelques nouveaux groupes d’animaux du Tremadoc de la Pologne. Palaeontologica Polonica 3: I-XII, 1-235.

Dicranograptidae

Dicellograptus forchammeri, from Ruedemann 1947.

Belongs within: Reclinata.

The Dicranograptidae are a group of graptoloids from the Upper Ordovician, characterised by a simple sicula with a dorsal sinus, and partial or complete monoseriality (Fortey & Cooper 1986).

Dicranograptidae [Dicellograpta]
    |--Ordosograptus FC86
    |--Leptograptus Lapworth 1873 FC86, B70
    |    |--*L. flaccidus (Hall 1865) [=Graptolithus flaccidus] B70
    |    |    |--L. f. flaccidus B70
    |    |    |--L. f. macilentus B70
    |    |    `--L. f. trentonensis B70
    |    `--L. capillaris F71
    |--Dicranograptus Hall 1865 [incl. Cladograpsus Emmons 1855 non Geinitz 1852, Diceratograptus Mu 1963] B70
    |    |--*D. ramosus (Hall 1848) B70 [=Graptolithus ramosus B70, G. (Climacograptus) ramosus W77]
    |    |--D. clingani B70
    |    |--‘*Cladograpsus’ dissimilis Emmons 1855 B70
    |    |--D. furcatus B70
    |    |    |--D. f. furcatus B70
    |    |    `--D. f. bispiralis B70
    |    |--D. hians [incl. D. hians var. apertus Hall 1909] F71
    |    |--‘*Diceratograptus’ mirus Mu 1963 B70
    |    |--D. nicholsoni B70
    |    |--D. pringlei B70
    |    |--D. rectus F71
    |    |--D. sextans [=Graptolithus sextans] W77
    |    `--D. ziczac [incl. D. ziczac var. minimus] F71
    `--Dicellograptus Hopkinson 1871 [=Dicellograpsus] B70
         |--*D. elegans (Carruthers 1868) B70 [=Didymograptus elegans B70; incl. D. affinis Hall 1902 F71]
         |--D. anceps B70
         |--D. angulatus F71
         |--D. caduceus F71
         |--D. clingani C68
         |--D. complanatus F71
         |    |--D. c. complanatus F71
         |    `--D. c. ornatus F71
         |--D. divaricatus [incl. D. divaricatus var. rigidis] F71
         |--D. forchammeri F71
         |--D. geniculatus B70
         |--D. moffatensis F71
         |--D. morrisi F71
         |--D. patulosus F71
         |--D. pumilus F71
         |--D. sextans F71
         |    |--D. s. sextans C68
         |    `--D. s. exilis C68
         `--D. smithi F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part V 2^nd ed. (C. Teichert, ed.) pp. V1-V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[C68] Cooper, R. A. 1968. Lower and Middle Paleozoic fossil localities of north-west Nelson. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Geology 6 (7): 75-89.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[FC86] Fortey, R. A., & R. A. Cooper. 1986. A phylogenetic classification of the graptoloids. Palaeontology 29: 631-654.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1-219, pls 211-221.

Nemagraptidae

Nemagraptus gracilis, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Reclinata.

The Nemagraptidae are a group of graptoloids known from the Ordovician, with slender stipes that may bear lateral branches (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Uniserial, bilaterally symmetrical, with two slender flexuous stipes having a primary angle of divergence of about 180 degrees; branches (if present) lateral, rarely paired, simple or compound; thecae elongate, typically inclined at low angles and with well marked sigmoid curvature (leptograptid type); development of leptograptid type.

Nemagraptidae
    |--Pleurograptus Nicholson 1867 [=Pleurograpsus, Cladograpsus Carruthers 1858 nec Geinitz 1852 nec Emmons 1855] B70
    |    `--*P. linearis (Carruthers 1858) [=*Cladograpsus linearis] B70
    |--Amphigraptus Lapworth 1873 (see below for synonymy) B70
    |    |--*A. divergens (Hall 1859) B70 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--‘Graptolithus’ multifasciatus Hall 1859 [=*Clematograptus multifasciatus] B70
    |--Syndyograptus Ruedemann 1908 [incl. Tangyagraptus Mu 1963] B70
    |    |--*S. pecten Ruedemann 1908 B70
    |    `--‘*Tangyagraptus’ typicus Mu 1963 B70
    `--Nemagraptus Emmons 1855 (see below for synonymy) B70
         |--*N. gracilis (Hall 1848) (see below for synonymy) B70
         |--N. explanatus [incl. N. explanatus var. pertenuis] F71
         `--‘*Geitonograptus’ suni Obut & Zubtzov 1964 B70

Amphigraptus Lapworth 1873 [=Coenograptus Hall 1868; incl. Clematograptus Hopkinson in Hopkinson & Lapworth 1875] B70

*Amphigraptus divergens (Hall 1859) B70 [=Graptolithus divergens B70, *Coenograptus divergens B70; incl. Amphigraptus divergens var. radiatus F71]

Nemagraptus Emmons 1855 [=Nemagrapsus, Helicograpsus Nicholson 1868, Stephanograptus Geinitz 1866; incl. Geitonograptus Obut & Zubtzov 1964] B70

*Nemagraptus gracilis (Hall 1848) [=Graptolithus gracilis, *Helicograpsus gracilis, *Stephanograptus gracilis; incl. N. elegans Emmons 1855] B70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part V 2^nd ed. (C. Teichert, ed.) pp. V1-V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[F70] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

Climacograptus

Climacograptus bicornis, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Eugraptoloida.

Climacograptus is a genus of graptoloids known from the Lower Ordovician to Lower Silurian, with a biserial and nearly circular rhabdosome (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Rhabdosome nearly circular in cross section, scalariform views consequently common; thecae strongly geniculate, with deep apertural excavations, supragenicular wall straight, parallel to axis of rhabdosome.

<==Climacograptus Hall 1865 [incl. Paraclimacograptus Přibyl 1947] B70
    |--*C. bicornis (Hall 1848) B70 [=Graptolithus bicornis B70; incl. C. bicornis var. longispina Hall 1902 F71]
    |--C. affinis Hall 1900 F71
    |--C. antiquus F71
    |    |--C. a. antiquus B70
    |    `--C. a. bursifer B70
    |--C. baragwanathi B70
    |--C. caudatus F71
    |--C. ensiformis B70
    |--C. hastatas Hall 1902 F71
    |--C. innotatus Nicholson 1869 [=*Paraclimacograptus innotatus] B70
    |--C. inuiti RC79
    |--C. medius RG04
    |--C. missilis F71
    |--C. papilio B70
    |--C. parvus B70
    |--C. peltifer F71
    |--C. ramulus (White 1871) [=Graptolithus (Climacograptus) ramulus] W77
    |--C. rectangularis B70
    |--C. scalaris B70
    |--C. tridentatus F71
    |--C. tubuliferus F71
    |--C. typicalis B70
    |--C. venustus B70
    `--C. wilsoni [incl. C. wilsoni var. tubularis] F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part V 2^nd ed. (C. Teichert, ed.) pp. V1-V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[RG04] Racheboeuf, P. R., R. Gourvennec, M. Deynoux & D. Brice. 2004. The Devonian of the Hodh area (Islamic Republic of Mauritania): Paleontology and stratigraphy. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 98-110.

[RC79] Rickards, R. B., & P. R. Crowther. 1979. New observations on the mode of life, evolution and ultrastructure of graptolites. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds) pp. 397-410. Academic Press: London.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1-219, pls 211-221.

Eugraptoloida

Clonograptus persistens, from Museum Victoria, photographed by Rodney Start.

Belongs within: Graptoloida.
Contains: Dimorphograptidae, Lasiograptidae, Climacograptus, Sinograptidae, Sigmagraptidae, Didymograptus, Dichograptinae, Reclinata.

The Eugraptoloida is a clade of planktonic graptolites united by the loss of bithecae in the stipes, defined by Maletz et al. (2009) as the smallest clade containing Nicholsonograptus fasciculatus and Exigraptus uniformis. The two basal branches within this clade are the Pan-Reclinata, with symmetrical proximal branching, and the Sinograpta, in which the proximal branches are often highly asymmetrical (Maletz et al. 2009).

<==Eugraptoloida (see below for synonymy)
    |--Sinograpta [Pan-Sinograpta] MCM09
    |    |  i. s.: Hunnegraptus copiosus MCM09
    |    |         Paradelograptus MCM09
    |    |           |--P. mosseboensis MCM09
    |    |           `--P. onubensis Erdtmann, Maletz & Gutiérrez-Marco 1987 MCM09
    |    |--Sinograptidae MCM09
    |    |--Sigmagraptidae MCM09
    |    |--Kinnegraptus Skoglund 1961 B70 [Kinnegraptidae MCM09]
    |    |    `--*K. kinnekullensis Skoglund 1961 B70
    |    `--Abrograptidae [Abrograptinae] MCM09
    |         |--Abrograptus Mu 1958 [incl. Parabrograptus Mu & Qiao 1962] B70
    |         |    `--*A. formosus Mu 1958 B70
    |         |--Dinemagraptus Kozłowski 1952 B70
    |         |    `--*D. warkae Kozłowski 1952 B70
    |         |--Jiangshanites Mu & Qiao 1962 B70
    |         |    |--*J. ramosus Mu & Qiao 1962 B70
    |         |    `--J. dubius MCM09
    |         `--Reteograptus Hall 1859 B90, B70 [=Retiograptus (l. c.) B70; incl. Clathrograptus Lapworth 1873 B70]
    |              |--*R. geinitzianus Hall 1859 B70 [=Clathograptus geinitzianus F71]
    |              |--‘*Clathrograptus’ cuneiformis Lapworth 1873 B70
    |              `--R. yassensis Sherrard & Kebble 1937 F71
    `--Pan-Reclinata [Dichograptidae] MCM09
         |  i. s.: Tristichograptus Jackson & Bulman 1970 [incl. Trigonograptus Nicholson 1869, Trigonograpsus] B70
         |           |--*T. ensiformis (Hall 1859) [=Graptolithus ensiformis] B70
         |           `--‘*Trigonograpsus’ lanceolatus Nicholson 1869 B70
         |         Didymograptus B70
         |         Atopograptus Harris 1926 B70
         |           `--*A. woodwardi Harris 1926 B70
         |         Cardiograptus Harris & Keble 1916 B70
         |           |--*C. morsus Harris & Keble 1916 B70
         |           `--C. crawfordi C73
         |         Janograptus Tullberg 1880 B70
         |           `--*J. laxatus Tullberg 1880 B70
         |         Parazygograptus Kozłowski 1954 B70
         |           `--*P. erraticus Kozłowski 1954 B70
         |         Yutagraptus MCM09
         |--Clonograptus Hall ex Nicholson 1873 MCM09, B70 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*C. rigidus (Hall 1858) [=Graptolithus rigidus, Clonograpsus rigidus] B70
         |    |--C. callavei B70
         |    |--C. flexilis MCM09
         |    |--C. magnificus FC86
         |    |--‘Graptolithus’ milesi Hall 1861 [=*Herrmannograptus milesi] B70
         |    |--C. persistens FC86
         |    `--C. tenellus B70
         `--+--Dichograptinae MCM09
            `--+--+--Reclinata MCM09
               |  `--Aulograptus Skevington 1965 MCM09, B70
               |       |--*A. cucullus (Bulman 1932) [=Didymograptus cucullus] B70
               |       `--A. climacograptoides [=Didymograptus climacograptoides] B70
               `--+--Xiphograptus MCM09
                  |    |--X. formosus FC86
                  |    `--X. lofuensis MCM09
                  `--+--+--Acrograptus MCM09
                     |  `--Didymograptellus MCM09
                     |       |--D. bifidus MCM09
                     |       `--D. nitidus Hall 1858 MCM09
                     `--+--Trichograptus Nicholson 1876 FC86, B70
                        |    `--*T. fragilis (Nicholson 1869) [=Dichograptus fragilis] B70
                        `--Pterograptus Holm 1881 MCM09, B70
                             |--*P. elegans Holm 1881 [incl. Graptolithus gracilis Kjerulf 1865 non Hall 1848] B70
                             `--P. scanicus B70

Eugraptoloida incertae sedis:
  Pseudazygograptus Mu, Lee & Geh 1960 B70
    `--*P. incurvus (Ekström 1937) B70 [=Azygograptus incurvus FC86]
  Peiragraptus Strachan 1954 [Peiragraptidae, Peiragraptinae] B70
    `--*P. fallax Strachan 1954 B70
  Dimorphograptidae B70
  Lasiograptidae B70
  Orthograptidae FC86
    |--Climacograptus FC86
    |--‘Glyptograptus’ austrodentatus FC86
    |    |--G. a. austrodentatus B70
    |    `--G. a. oelandicus B70
    `--Orthograptus Lapworth 1873 (see below for synonymy) B70
         |--*O. quadrimucronatus (Hall 1865) [=Graptolithus quadrimucronatus] B70
         |--O. apiculatus FC86 [=Diplograptus (Orthograptus) apiculatus F71]
         |--O. calcaratus [=Diplograptus (Orthograptus) calcaratus; incl. D. (O.) c. var. basilicus] F71
         |    |--O. c. calcaratus F71
         |    `--O. c. vulgatus F71
         |--‘*Dittograptus’ fortuitus Obut & Sobolevskaya in Obut, Sobolevskaya & Merkureva 1968 B70
         |--O. gracilis FC86 [=Diplograptus gracilis K48]
         |--O. pageanus [incl. O. pageanus var. abnormispinosus] F71
         |--O. truncatus (Lapworth 1876) B70 (see below for synonymy)
         `--O. vesiculosus B79
  Anomalograptus Clark 1924 B70
    `--*A. reliquus Clark 1924 B70

Clonograptus Hall ex Nicholson 1873 MCM09, B70 [=Clonograpsus Hall & Nicholson 1873 B70; incl. Herrmannograptus Monsen 1937 B70]

Eugraptoloida [Dichograptacea, Dichograptina, Didymograpti, Diplograptacea, Diplograptina, Goniograpti, Leptograptina, Phyllograptidae, Virgellina]

Orthograptus Lapworth 1873 [incl. Dittograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya in Obut, Sobolevskaya & Merkureva 1968, Rectograptus Přibyl 1949] B70

Orthograptus truncatus (Lapworth 1876) B70 [=Diplograptus pristis var. truncatus B70, *Rectograptus truncatus B70; incl. D. (Orthograptus) truncatus var. pauperatus F71]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B90] Bates, D. E. B. 1990. Retiolite nomenclature and relationships. Journal of the Geological Society 147: 717–723.

[B79] Boucot, A. J. 1979. Silurian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A167–182. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[C73] Cooper, R. A. 1973. Taxonomy and evolution of Isograptus Moberg in Australasia. Palaeontology 16: 45–115.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[FC86] Fortey, R. A., & R. A. Cooper. 1986. A phylogenetic classification of the graptoloids. Palaeontology 29: 631–654.

[K48] Kozłowski, R. 1948. Les graptolithes et quelques nouveaux groupes d’animaux du Tremadoc de la Pologne. Palaeontologica Polonica 3: i–xii, 1–235.

[MCM09] Maletz, J., J. Carlucci & C. E. Mitchell. 2009. Graptoloid cladistics, taxonomy and phylogeny. Bulletin of Geosciences 84 (1): 7–19.

Monograptus

Monograptus uniformis, photographed by Francisco Miguel Merino Laguna.

Belongs within: Monograptidae.

Monograptus has been recognised as a genus of uniserial graptoloids from the Lower Silurian to Lower Devonian. Monophyly of the genus is, however, uncertain, as it has been used to refer to all monograptids that lack cladia or characters of other monograptine genera (Bulman 1970). Ni & Jiao (1983) used the name Monograptus for a lineage with a long conical sicula, usually with a dorsal tongue, and uniform thecae of the uncinatus type. The type species of Monograptus, M. priodon, has a relatively straight rhabdosome, and aome authors have separated species with a strongly curved and/or spiral rhabdosome into separate genera such as Spirograptus, Oktavites and Campograptus. This distinction was not accepted by Bulman & Rickards (1970) who noted that the finer thecal morphology of many of these spiral forms was poorly known.

Monograptus Geinitz 1852 NJ83 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. uncinatus Tullberg 1883 NJ83, ZL97
    `--+--M. uniformis NJ83
       `--+--M. thomasi NJ83
          |    |--M. t. thomasi NJ83
          |    `--M. t. lijiangensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
          `--+--M. yukonensis Jackson & Lenz 1963 [=M. (Metamonograptus) yukonensis] NJ83
             |    |--M. y. yukonensis NJ83
             |    |--M. y. fangensis [=M. (Metamonograptus) yukonensis fangensis] NJ83
             |    `--M. y. mitis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
             `--M. yunnanensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83

Monograptus incertae sedis:
  *M. priodon (Bronn 1835) [=*Lomatoceras priodon, *Pomatograptus priodon] B70
  M. acinaces [incl. M. rheidolensis] BR70
  M. aequabilis B70
  M. angustidens B70
  M. antennularius BR70
  M. argutus BR70
  M. atavus BR70
  M. atops B70
  M. becki B70
  M. belophorus K-D04
  M. bouceki B70
  M. chimaera B79
  M. clingani B70
  M. clintonensis EB01
  M. colonus B79
  M. communis Lapworth 1876 BR70, B70 [=M. convolutus var. communis B70, *Campograptus communis BR70]
  M. convolutus B70
  M. crenulatus B79
  M. crinitus F71
  M. crispus B70 [=Streptograptus crispus K-D04]
  M. cyphus BR70 [=Coronograptus cyphus K-D04]
  M. daubeli B79
  M. difformis BR70
  M. discus B70
  M. dubius F71
    |--M. d. dubius B79
    `--M. d. thuringicus B79
  M. exiguus BR70
  M. falcarius H79
  M. flemingii [incl. M. flemingii var. compactus] F71
  M. flexilis B79
  M. formosus NJ83
  M. gregarius Lapworth 1876 [=*Coronograptus gregarius] BR70
  M. griestoniensis B79
  ‘Spirograptus’ guerichi K-D04
  M. hercynicus B70
    |--M. h. hercynicus N79
    `--M. h. nevadensis N79
  M. huckei B70
  M. incommodus Törnquist 1899 [=*Pribylograptus incommodus] BR70
  ‘*Lagarograptus’ inexpeditus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70
  M. knockensis B70
  M. kolihai Bouček 1931 [=*Mediograptus kolihai] BR70
  M. langgunensis NJ83
  M. leptotheca BR70
  M. limatulus BR70
  M. lobiferus B70
  M. microdon XY86
  M. millepeda B79
  M. minimus [=Mediograptus minimus] BR70
    |--M. m. minimus BR70
    `--M. m. cautleyensis BR70
  M. mojiangensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
  M. nodifer Törnquist 1881 [=*Streptograptus nodifer] BR70
  M. pala B70
  M. paraformosus NJ83
  ‘Demirastrites’ pectinatus K-D04
  M. perneri B70
  M. planus BR70
  M. praehercynicus B70
  M. pseudoplanus BR70
  M. revolutus BR70
  M. riccartonensis B70
  M. roemeri F71
  M. salweyi F71
  M. sandersoni BR70
  M. sartorius BR70
  M. sedgwickii ZL97
  M. serratulus [=Graptolithus serratulus] W77
  M. spiralis (Geinitz 1842) B70 (see below for synonymy)
  M. testis (Barrande 1850) BR70, B70 [=Graptolithus testis BR70, *Testograptus testis BR70]
  M. toernquisti BR70
  M. transgrediens B79
  M. triangulatus (Harkness 1851) [=Rastrites triangulatus, *Demirastrites triangulatus] BR70
    |--M. t. triangulatus B70
    |--M. t. extremus B70
    `--M. t. separatus B70
  ‘Spirograptus’ tullbergi BR70
  M. tumescens F71
    |--M. t. tumescens B79
    `--M. t. minor B79
  M. turriculatus (Barrande 1850) B70 (see below for synonymy)
  M. ultimus W97
  M. varians BR70
  M. veles BR70
  M. vomerinus F71
  M. wimani Bouček 1932 [=*Globosograptus wimani] BR70
  M. yaliensis NJ83

Monograptus Geinitz 1852 NJ83 [=Lomatoceras Bronn 1835 B70, Monoprion Barrande 1850 B70, Pomatograptus Jaekel 1889 B70; incl. Campograptus Obut 1949 BR70, Coronograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70, Demirastrites Eisel 1912 BR70, Globosograptus Bouček & Přibyl ex Přibyl 1948 BR70, Lagarograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70, Mediograptus Bouček & Přibyl ex Přibyl 1948 BR70, Obutograptus Mu 1955 BR70, Oktavites Levina 1928 BR70, Pribylograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1966 BR70, Spirograptus Gürich 1908 BR70, Streptograptus Yin 1937 BR70, Testograptus Přibyl 1967 BR70, Tyrsograptus Obut 1949 BR70]

Monograptus spiralis (Geinitz 1842) B70 [=Graptolithus spiralis BR70, *Obutograptus spiralis BR70, *Oktavites spiralis BR70]

Monograptus turriculatus (Barrande 1850) B70 [=Graptolithus turriculatus BR70, *Spirograptus turriculatus BR70, *Tyrsograptus turriculatus BR70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B79] Boucot, A. J. 1979. Silurian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A167–182. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[BR70] Bulman, O. M. B., & R. B. Rickards. 1970. Classification of the graptolite family Monograptidae Lapworth, 1873. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V149–V157. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[H79] House, M. R. 1979. Devonian in the Eastern Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A183–A217. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[K-D04] Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2004. Evolution of retiolitid graptolites—a synopsis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (4): 505–518.

[NJ83] Ni Y.-N. & Jiao S.-D. 1983. Lower Devonian graptolites from Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22 (3): 295–307.

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[W97] Wang N. 1997. Restudy of thelodont microfossils from the lower part of the Cuifengshan Group of Qujing, eastern Yunnan, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 1–17.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

[XY86] Xu H.-K. & Yao Z.-G. 1986. The Lower Devonian and its brachiopods from Lingshan, Guangxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 25 (2): 169–179.

[ZL97] Zhang Y. & A. C. Lenz. 1997. Uppermost Wenlock and Ludlow graptolites from southern Yunnan, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 1220–1238.