Volvocales

Dunaliella sp., copyright CSIRO.

Belongs within: Tetraphytae.

The Volvocales are a group of solitary or colonial, biflagellate, unicellular green algae.

Volvocales [Volvocineae]
    |--Volvocaceae [Volvocidae] NM03
    |    |--Pleodorina californica NM03, C79
    |    |--Eudorina Ehrenberg 1832 RA05, M70
    |    |    `--E. elegans Ehrenberg 1832 M70
    |    |--Gonium A90
    |    |    |--G. pectorale C79
    |    |    `--G. sociale C79
    |    `--Volvox Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |         |--V. aureus SG05
    |         |--V. carteri EDF04
    |         |    |--V. c. f. carteri EDF04
    |         |    `--V. c. f. nagariensis EDF04
    |         |--V. chaos Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |         `--V. globator Linnaeus 1758 L58
    `--+--+--Gongrosira papuasica L-BC03
       |  `--Protosiphon [Protosiphonaceae] L-BC03
       |       `--P. botryoides L-BC03
       `--Polyblepharidaceae [Phytomonadida, Polyblepharidae] S57
            |--Spermatozopsis similis BB02, SL03
            |--Stephanoptera gracilis (Artari) Smith 1933 [=Asteromonas gracilis] S57
            |--Polytomella BB02
            |    |--P. agilis SR02
            |    `--P. parva GLB04
            `--Dunaliella S57
                 |--D. acidophila PHK96
                 |--D. parva SG99
                 |--D. primolecta PHK96
                 |--D. salina (Dunal) Teodoresco 1905 S57
                 |--D. tertiolecta YB03
                 `--D. viridis FEF04

Volvocales incertae sedis:
  Chlamydomonadaceae A90
    |--Sphaerellopsis A90
    `--Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg 1835 M70
         |  i. s.: C. angulosa Dill 1895 M70
         |         C. eugametos GLB04
         |         C. globosa SX97
         |         C. incerta SM03
         |         C. komma SX97
         |         C. microsphaera SX97
         |         C. nivalis PHK96
         |         C. noctigama BB02
         |         C. simplex SX97
         |--C. reinhardtii Dangeard 1888 TB03, GPN97
         `--+--+--C. moewusii TB03
            |  `--‘Polytoma’ oviforme TB03
            `--+--C. applanata TB03
               `--Polytoma TB03
                    |--P. uvella TB03
                    `--+--P. mirum TB03
                       `--P. obtusum TB03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A90] Archibald, P. A. 1990. Soil algae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 69–96. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[BB02] Brugerolle, G., G. Bricheux, H. Philippe & G. Coffe. 2002. Collodictyon triciliatum and Diphylleia rotans (=Aulacomonas submarina) form a new family of flagellates (Collodictyonidae) with tubular mitochondrial cristae that is phylogenetically distinct from other flagellate groups. Protist 153: 59–70.

[C79] Curds, C. R. 1979. Group phenomena in the phylum Protozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 29–37. Academic Press: London.

[EDF04] Ekelund, F., N. Daugbjerg & L. Fredslund. 2004. Phylogeny of Heteromita, Cercomonas and Thaumatomonas based on SSU rDNA sequences, including the description of Neocercomonas jutlandica sp. nov., gen. nov. European Journal of Protistology 40: 119–135.

[FEF04] Finlay, B. J., G. F. Esteban & T. Fenchel. 2004. Protist diversity is different? Protist 155: 15–22.

[GPN97] Gatenby, C. M., B. C. Parker & R. J. Neves. 1997. Growth and survival of juvenile rainbow mussels, Villosa iris (Lea, 1829) (Bivalvia: Unionidae), reared on algal diets and sediment. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 57–66.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L-BC03] López-Bautista, J. M., & R. L. Chapman. 2003. Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099–2106.

[M70] Meel, L. van. 1970. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. VI.—Les méandres de la Durme à Hamme (Province de Flandre Orientale). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (13): 1–56.

[NM03] Nozaki, H., M. Matsuzaki, M. Takahara, O. Misumi, H. Kuroiwa, M. Hasegawa, T. Shin-i, Y. Kohara, N. Ogasawara & T. Kuroiwa. 2003. The phylogenetic position of red algae revealed by multiple nuclear genes from mitochondria-containing eukaryotes and an alternative hypothesis on the origin of plastids. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 485–497.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[RA05] Rath, J., & S. P. Adhikary. 2005. A check list of algae from Chilika Lake, Orissa. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 101–114.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355–365.

[SG05] Sau, A., & R. K. Gupta. 2005. Algal flora of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 63–86.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[SL03] Schoppmeier, J., & K.-F. Lechtreck. 2003. Flagellar regeneration in Spermatozopsis similis (Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 39: 918–922.

[SR02] Simpson, A. G. B., A. J. Roger, J. D. Silberman, D. D. Leipe, V. P. Edgcomb, L. S. Jermiin, D. J. Patterson & M. L. Sogin. 2002. Evolutionary history of “early-diverging” eukaryotes: the excavate taxon Carpediemonas is a close relative of Giardia. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (10): 1782–1791.

[SG99] Sluiman, H. J., & C. Guihal. 1999. Phylogenetic position of Chaetosphaeridium (Chlorophyta), a basal lineage in the Charophyceae inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Journal of Phycology 35: 395–402.

[SX97] Song B. & Xie P. 1997. Preliminary studies on the community structure of the planktonic protozoa from the outlet of Lake Dongting. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 21 (Suppl.): 60–68.

[TB03] Tartar, A., D. G. Boucias, J. J. Becnel & B. J. Adams. 2003. Comparison of plastid 16S rRNA (rrn16) genes from Helicosporidium spp.: evidence supporting the reclassification of Helicosporidia as green algae (Chlorophyta). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1719–1723.

[YB03] Young, E. B., & J. Beardall. 2003. Photosynthetic function in Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta) during a nitrogen starvation and recovery cycle. Journal of Phycology 39: 897–905.

Chlorophyta

Nephroselmis olivacea, copyright William Bourland.

Belongs within: Corticata.
Contains: Chlorosarcinaceae, Tetraphytae.

The Chlorophyta is a major group of green algae including both unicellular and multicellular lineages, with most representatives being aquatic.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Cilia of swimming cells in pairs or multiples of two, with stellate structure linking nine pairs of microtubules at basal body transition zone; thylakoids single or stacked; plastid with two membranes without periplastid endoplasmic reticulum; starch inside plastid; glycolate dehydrogenase present; cell wall, when present, of cellulose; cell division without phragmoplast.

<==Chlorophyta [Micromonadophyceae, Nephrophyceae, Prasinophytae]
    |--Pyramimonas [Pyramimonadales] WM14
    |    |--P. parkeae WM14
    |    `--P. propulsa OI05
    `--+--+--+--Micromonas pusilla L-BC03
       |  |  `--Mantoniella L-BC03
       |  |       |--M. antarctica L-BC03
       |  |       `--M. squamata L-BC03
       |  `--Mamiellophyceae AS12
       |       |  i. s.: Bathycoccus AS12
       |       |         Dolichomastix AS12
       |       |         Monomastix opisthostigma WM14
       |       `--Mamiellales OS03
       |            |--Mamiella L-BC03
       |            `--Ostreococcus OS03
       |                 |--O. lucimarinus C-SCL15
       |                 `--O. tauri OS03
       `--+--Pycnococcaceae L-BC03
          |    |--Pycnococcus provasoli L-BC03
          |    `--Pseudoscourfieldia marina L-BC03
          `--+--Nephroselmis Stein 1878 L-BC03, AS12 [Nephroselmidophyceae]
             |    |--N. olivacea L-BC03
             |    `--N. pyriformis AS12
             `--+--Tetraphytae KM01
                `--Chlorodendrophyceae AS12
                     |  i. s.: Scherffelia dubia L-BC03
                     |         Tetraselmis Stein 1878 C03
                     |           |--T. maculata BS-L99
                     |           |--T. striata L-BC03
                     |           `--T. subcordiformis [=Platymonas subcordiformis] BS-L99
                     `--Chlorangiaceae [Chlorodendrineae] S57
                          |--Collinsiella tuberculata Setchell & Gardner 1903 S57
                          `--Prasinocladus lubricus Kuckuck 1984 S57

Chlorophyta incertae sedis:
  Pedinophyceae AS12
    |--Pedinomonas minor GLB04
    `--Marsupiomonas AS12
  Ouracoccus (Hassall) Lindley 1847 [=Haematococcus subg. Ouracoccus Hassall 1845, Urococcus] FT93
    `--*O. allmanii [=Haematococcus allmanii Hassall 1845] FT93
  Pandorina Bory 1824 M70b
    `--P. morum (Muller) Bory 1824 M70b
  Tetrastrum Chodat 1895 M70b
    |--T. multisetum M70b
    `--T. staurogeniaeforme (Schroder) Lemmermann 1895 M70b
  Sorastrum Kutzing 1845 M70b
    `--S. spinulosum Nageli 1849 M70b
  Richteriella Lemmermann 1898 M70b
    `--R. botryoides (Schmidle) Lemmermann 1898 M70b
  Lagerheimia (De Toni) Chodat 1895 M70b
    `--L. longiseta (Lemmermann) Printz 1914 [=Chodatella longiseta] M70b
  Errerella Conrad 1913 M70b
    `--E. bornhemiensis Conrad 1913 M70b
  Golenkinia Chodat 1894 M70b
    `--G. radiata (Chodat) Wille 1911 M70b
  Micractinium Fresenius 1858 M70a
    `--M. quadrisetum (Lemmermann) Smith 1916 M70a
  Calcipatera T97
  Pseudulvella Wille 1910 N10
    `--*P. americana (Snow) Wille 1910 N10
  Tetrasporales A90
    |--Tetrasporaceae A90
    |--Sphaerocystis [Hypnomonadaceae] A90
    |    `--S. schroeteri DH90
    `--Palmellaceae A90
         |--Gloeocystis A90
         |--Hormotila A90
         |--Hormotilopsis A90
         `--Palmella A90
  Tubulistroma Vologdin 1962 G79
    `--*T. scrofulosum Vologdin 1962 G79
  Pterosperma Pouchet 1893 OC09, FT93
    `--P. cristatum OC09
  Chlorosarcinaceae A90
  Crustomastix AS12
  Halosphaera viridis AS12, B26
  Prasinococcus AS12
  Paulschulzia L-BC03
  Pteromonas Seligo 1886 KM01, M70b
    `--P. rectangularis Lemmermann 1900 M70b
  Palmophyllales AS12
    |--Palmophyllum AS12
    |--Palmoclathrus AS12
    `--Verdigellas AS12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[A90] Archibald, P. A. 1990. Soil algae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 69–96. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[BS-L99] Burger, G., D. Saint-Louis, M. W. Gray & B. F. Lang. 1999. Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the red alga Porphyra purpurea: cyanobacterial introns and shared ancestry of red and green algae. Plant Cell 11: 1675–1694.

[C-SCL15] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: new cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362.

[C03] Chan, B. K. K. 2003. Studies on Tetraclita squamosa and Tetraclita japonica (Cirripedia: Thoracica) II: larval morphology and development. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 522–547.

[DH90] Duffy, J. E., & M. E. Hay. 1990. Seaweed adaptations to herbivory. BioScience 40 (5): 368–375.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[KM01] Karol, K. G., R. M. McCourt, M. T. Cimino & C. F. Delwiche. 2001. The closest living relatives of land plants. Science 294: 2351–2353.

[L-BC03] López-Bautista, J. M., & R. L. Chapman. 2003. Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099–2106.

[M70a] Meel, L. van. 1970a. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. V.—Le «Kragewiel» à Bornem. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (1): 1–14.

[M70b] Meel, L. van. 1970b. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. VI.—Les méandres de la Durme à Hamme (Province de Flandre Orientale). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (13): 1–56.

[N10] Norris, J. N. 2010. Marine algae of the northern Gulf of California: Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 94: 1–276.

[OC09] Okamoto, N., C. Chantangsi, A. Horák, B. S. Leander & P. J. Keeling. 2009. Molecular phylogeny and description of the novel katablepharid Roombia truncata gen. et sp. nov., and establishment of the Hacrobia taxon nov. PLoS One 4 (9): e7080.

[OI05] Okamoto, N., & I. Inouye. 2005. The katablepharids are a distant sister group of the Cryptophyta: a proposal for Katablepharidophyta divisio nova/Kathablepharida phylum novum based on SSU rDNA and beta-tubulin phylogeny. Protist 156: 163–179.

[OS03] O’Kelly, C. J., M. E. Sieracki, E. C. Their & I. C. Hobson. 2003. A transient bloom of Ostreococcus (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae) in West Neck Bay, Long Island, New York. Journal of Phycology 39: 850–854.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[T97] Torres, A. M. 1997. Fossil algae were very different from xenophyophores. Lethaia 29: 287–288.

[WM14] Wickett, N. H., S. Mirarab, N. Nguyen, T. Warnow, E. Carpenter, N. Matasci, S. Ayyampalayam, M. S. Barker, J. G. Burleigh, M. A. Gitzendanner, B. R. Ruhfel, E. Wafula, J. P. Der, S. W. Graham, S. Mathews, M. Melkonian, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, N. W. Miles, C. J. Rothfels, L. Pokorny, A. J. Shaw, L. DeGeronimo, D. W. Stevenson, B. Surek, J. C. Villarreal, B. Roure, H. Philippe, C. W. dePamphilis, T. Chen, M. K. Deyholos, R. S. Baucom, T. M. Kutchan, M. M. Augustin, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Tian, Z. Yan, X. Wu, X. Sun, G. K.-S. Wong & J. Leebens-Mack. 2014. Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 111 (45): E4859–E4868.

Dasycladales

Cross-section of thallus of Anthracoporella spectabilis, from Vachard et al. (2001).

Belongs within: Tetraphytae.

The Dasycladales are a group of macroscopic but unicellular green algae, many species of which develop a calcareous skeleton.

Characters (from Womersley 1984): Thallus diplontic, coenocytic (often with constricted segments but end walls always perforate apart from plug formation), radially symmetrical with an erect axis bearing whorls of lateral branches which are simple or (usually) di- to polychotomously branched, free or with the ultimate segments united laterally to form an outer cortex; vegetative thallus usually at first with a single, giant nucleus in the rhizoidal base, becoming multinucleate later before cyst formation; cell wall of mannan; chloroplasts usually small, without a pyrenoid. Reproduction by iso- or anisogmates formed in cysts (with a cellulose wall) or freely in gametangia borne on the lateral branches or as gametangial rays, becoming separated by a plug; position of meiosis not fully established, probably before or during fragmentation of the giant primary nucleus.

Dasycladales [Dasycladophyceae]
    |  i. s.: Mellporella Racz 1965 VH01
    |           `--M. anthracoporellaeformis Racz 1965 VH01
    |         Ningbingellina Mamet 1998 M98
    |           `--*N. veeversi Mamet 1998 M98
    |         Atractyliopsis Pia 1937 [Aciculelleae] M98
    |           `--*A. lastensis Accordi 1956 M98
    |         Dasycladophycus Elliott 1982 M98
    |--Diplopora [Diploporaceae, Diploporeae] VH01
    |    `--D. americana Kordé 1965 VH01
    |--Polyphysaceae [Acetabulariaceae] N10
    |    |  i. s.: Parvocaulis Berger, Fettweiss et al. 2003 N10
    |    |           |--P. parvulus (Solms-Laubach) Berger et al. 2003 [=Acetabularia parvula Solms-Laubach 1895] N10
    |    |           `--P. pusilla (Howe) Berger et al. 2003 [=Acetabularia pusilla (Howe) Collins 1909] N10
    |    |--Polyphysa parvula L-BC03
    |    `--+--Acicularia schenkii L-BC03
    |       `--Acetabularia Lamouroux 1812 L-BC03, N10
    |            |--A. acetabulum KG03
    |            |--A. antillana KG03
    |            |--A. caliculus Lamouroux in Quoy & Gaimard 1824 [=A. calyculus] N10
    |            |--A. crenulata Lamouroux 1816 N10
    |            |--A. farlowii Solms-Laubach 1895 N10
    |            |--A. major L-BC03
    |            |--A. mediterranea KG03
    |            `--A. schenckii Möbius 1889 N10
    |--Dasyporelleae [Seletonellaceae] VH01
    |    |--Dasyporella Stolley 1893 VH01
    |    `--Anthracoporella Pia 1920 [incl. Couvinianella Mamet & Preat 1992] VH01
    |         |--*A. spectabilis Pia 1920 (see below for synonymy) VH01
    |         |--A. atypica Saltovskaya 1984 VH01
    |         |--A. delicata Saltovskaya 1984 VH01
    |         |--A. expansa Shuysky in Shuysky & Patrunov 1991 VH01
    |         |--A. girtyi Mamet & Roux in Mamet et al. 1987 VH01
    |         |--A. laevis Shuysky 1973 VH01
    |         |--A. longiramosa Shuysky in Shuysky & Patrunov 1991 VH01
    |         |--A. magnipora Endo 1951 VH01
    |         |--A. menchikoffi Chanton 1965 VH01
    |         |--‘Couvinianella’ sartenarii Mamet & Preat 1992 VH01
    |         |--A. setosa Shuysky 1973 H01
    |         |--A. torinosensis Endo 1961 VH01
    |         |--A. uralensis Chuvashov 1974 VH01
    |         `--A. vicina Kochansky-Devidé & Herak 1960 VH01
    `--Dasycladaceae N10
         |  i. s.: Papillomembrana Spjeldnaes 1963 G79
         |           `--*P. compta Spjeldnaes 1963 G79
         |         Timanella Vologdin in Vologdin & Kochetkov 1966 non Egorov 1950 (ICZN) G79
         |           `--*T. gigas Vologdin in Vologdin & Kochetkov 1966 G79
         |         Coscinoconus Leupold in Leupold & Bigler 1935 LT64
         |           `--*C. alpinus Leupold & Bigler 1935 C40
         |         Masloviporella VH01
         |         Luliporeae VH01
         |           |  i. s.: Lulipora Shuysky 1986 VH01
         |           |         Lopsiella Shuysky 1987 VH01
         |           |         Coticula Shuysky & Schirschova in Chuvashov et al. 1987 VH01
         |           |         Gissarella Saltovskaya 1979 VH01
         |           |--Connexia Kochansky-Devidé 1970 VH01
         |           `--+--Kochanskyella Milanovic 1974 VH01
         |              |    `--*K. tulipa Milanovic 1974 VH01
         |              `--+--Likanella Milanovic 1966 VH01
         |                 `--+--Salopekiella Milanovic 1965 VH01
         |                    |    `--S. velebitana Milanovic 1965 VH01
         |                    `--Clypeineae VH01
         |                         |--Eoclypeina Emberger in Vachard 1985 VH01
         |                         `--Clypeina VH01
         |--+--Chlorocladus australasicus L-BC03
         |  `--Batophora Agardh 1854 L-BC03, N10
         |       |--B. occidentalis L-BC03
         |       `--B. oerstedii Agardh 1854 N10
         `--+--Cymopolia vanbossea L-BC03
            `--Neomeris Lamouroux 1816 L-BC03, HL09
                 |--N. annulata Dickie 1874 N10
                 |--N. bilimbata Koster 1937 HL09
                 |--N. dumentosa L-BC03
                 `--N. kelleri H04

*Anthracoporella spectabilis Pia 1920 [incl. Epimastopora kanumai Endo in Endo & Kanuma 1954, Anchicodium sindbadi Elliott 1970, E. urtazymensis Chuvashov & Anfimov 1988] VH01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[HL09] Huisman, J. M., F. Leliaert, H. Veerbruggen & R. A. Townsend. 2009. Marine benthic plants of Western Australia's shelf-edge atolls. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 50–87.

[KG03] Kingsley, R. J., R. van Gilder, R. Z. LeGros & N. Watabe. 2003. Multimineral calcareous deposits in the marine alga Acetabularia acetabulum (Chlorophyta; Dasycladaceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 937–947.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[L-BC03] López-Bautista, J. M., & R. L. Chapman. 2003. Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099–2106.

[M98] Mamet, B. 1998. A Late Devonian microfossil with dasyclad algae affinities from northwestern Australia. Alcheringa 22 (1): 21–28.

[N10] Norris, J. N. 2010. Marine algae of the northern Gulf of California: Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 94: 1–276.

[VH01] Vachard, D., M. Hauser, R. Martini, L. Zaninetti, A. Matter & T. Peters. 2001. New algae and problematica of algal affinity from the Permian of the Aseelah Unit of the Batain Plain (East Oman). Geobios 34 (4): 375–404.

Ulotrichales

Monostroma grevillei, copyright M. D. Guiry.

Belongs within: Tetraphytae.

The Ulotrichales are a group of aquatic green algae with a life cycle alternating between multicellular gametophytes and unicellular sporophytes.

Ulotrichales
    |  i. s.: Vermiporellaceae VH01
    |           |  i. s.: ‘Anthracoporella’ bashkirica Kulik 1973 VH01
    |           `--Vermiporella Stolley 1893 H75
    |                `--*V. fragilis Stolley 1893 H75
    |         Microspora Thuret 1850 (nom. cons.) EB03 [Microsporaceae SG05]
    |           `--M. amoena SG05
    |--+--Acrosiphonia L-BC03
    |  |    |--A. arcta DI03
    |  |    |--A. duriuscula KBC03
    |  |    |--A. saxatilis KBC03
    |  |    `--A. sonderi NK03
    |  `--Urospora L-BC03
    |       |--U. grandis Kylin 1907 [=Hormiscia grandis] S57
    |       |--U. penicilliformis (Roth) Areschoug 1866 [=Hormiscia penicilliformis] S57
    |       |--U. sphaerulifera Setchell & Gardner in Gardner 1919 [=Hormiscia sphaerulifera] S57
    |       |--U. tetraciliata Frye & Zeller 1915 [=Hormiscia tetraciliata] S57
    |       |--U. vancouveriana (Tilden) Setchell & Gardner in Gardner 1919 [=Hormiscia vancouveriana] S57
    |       `--U. wormskioldii (Mertens) Rosenvinge 1893 [=Hormiscia wormskioldii] S57
    `--+--Monostromaceae S57
       |    |--Ulvaria NLS03
       |    |    |--U. obscura NLS03
       |    |    `--U. splendens KBC03
       |    `--Monostroma L-BC03
       |         |--M. fractum Jao 1937 S57
       |         |--M. fuscum (Postels & Ruprecht) Wittrock 1866 S57
       |         |    |--M. f. var. fuscum S57
       |         |    |--M. f. var. blyttii (Areschoug) Collins 1903 [=Ulvaria obscura var. blyttii] S57
       |         |    `--M. f. var. splendens (Ruprecht) Rosenvinge 1893 S57
       |         |--M. grevillei L-BC03
       |         |--M. oxyspermum (Kützing) Doty 1947 S57
       |         `--M. zostericola Tilden 1900 S57
       `--+--Pseudendoclonium L-BC03
          |    |--P. akinetum GLB04
          |    `--P. basiliense L-BC03
          |--+--Gloeotilopsis planctonica L-BC03
          |  `--Protoderma sarcinoidea L-BC03
          `--Ulotrichaceae SG05
               |--Binuclearia tectorum SG05
               |--Schizomeris leibleinii SG05
               |--Geminella A90
               |--Stichococcus A90
               `--Ulothrix Kutzing 1833 L-BC03, M70
                    |--U. flacca (Dillwyn) Thuret in LeJolis 1863 S57
                    |--U. implexa Kützing 1849 S57
                    |--U. laetevirens (Kützing) Collins 1909 S57
                    |--U. tenerrima Kutzing 1843 M70
                    `--U. zonata L-BC03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A90] Archibald, P. A. 1990. Soil algae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 69–96. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[DI03] Denboh, T., T. Ichimura, D. Hendrayanti & A. W. Coleman. 2003. Closterium moniliferum-ehrenbergii (Charophyceae, Chlorophyta) species complex viewed from the 1506 group I intron and ITS2 of nuclear rDNA. Journal of Phycology 39: 960–977.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580–3623. Myconet 9: 91–103.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2^nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[L-BC03] López-Bautista, J. M., & R. L. Chapman. 2003. Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099–2106.

[M70] Meel, L. van. 1970. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. VI.—Les méandres de la Durme à Hamme (Province de Flandre Orientale). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (13): 1–56.

[NK03] Nedashkovskaya, O. I., S. B. Kim, S. K. Han, A. M. Lysenko, M. Rohde, N. V. Zhukova, E. Falsen, G. M. Frolova, V. V. Mikhailov & K. S. Bae. 2003. Mesonia algae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the green alga Acrosiphonia sonderi (Kütz) Kornm. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1967–1971.

[NLS03] Nelson, T. A., D. J. Lee & B. C. Smith. 2003. Are “green tides” harmful algal blooms? Toxic properties of water-soluble extracts from two bloom-forming macroalgae, Ulva fenestrata and Ulvaria obscura (Ulvophyceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 874–879.

[SG05] Sau, A., & R. K. Gupta. 2005. Algal flora of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 63–86.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[VH01] Vachard, D., M. Hauser, R. Martini, L. Zaninetti, A. Matter & T. Peters. 2001. New algae and problematica of algal affinity from the Permian of the Aseelah Unit of the Batain Plain (East Oman). Geobios 34 (4): 375–404.

Trentepohliales

Colony of Trentepohlia aurea on limestone wall, copyright Malcolm Storey.

Belongs within: Tetraphytae.

The Trentepohliales are a group of algae found in terrestrial habitats, such as among soil or rocks, in association with fungi to form lichens, or as epiphytes or parasites on plants.

Characters (from López-Bautista, Waters & Chapman 2002): Thallus usually developing a filamentous structure forming either uniseriated, branched, erect tufts or laterally coherent, prostrate discs; sometimes highly reduced, producing short vegetative filament a few cells in length. Cells uni- or multinucleate, with several parietal chloroplasts that can be discoid or band-shaped, sometimes appearing reticulate; pyrenoids absent; ß-carotene and haematochrome (astaxanthin) present, coloring thallus yellow, orange, or red; cell walls transverse with plasmodesmata. Reproduction by asexual quadriflagellate zoospores or sexual biflagellate gametes; flagellate cells strongly compressed dorsiventrally. Flagellar apparatus with pair of columnar structures resembling multilayered structures (MLS) of Charales; four microtubular roots present, appressed to basal bodies; each flagellum bearing bilateral wing-like structures.

Trentepohliales
    |--Phycopeltis L-BC03
    `--Trentepohlia [Trentepohliaceae] L-BC03
         |  i. s.: T. iolithus L-BWC03
         |         T. odorata L-BC03
         |--T. dialepta L-BC03
         `--+--Cephaleuros L-BC03
            |    |--C. parasiticus L-BC03
            |    `--C. virescens L-BC03
            `--+--T. aurea L-BC03
               `--+--T. arborum L-BC03
                  `--Physolinum monile L-BC03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L-BC03] López-Bautista, J. M., & R. L. Chapman. 2003. Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099–2106.

[L-BWC03] López-Bautista, J. M., D. A. Waters & R. L. Chapman. 2003. Phragmoplastin, green algae and the evolution of cytokinesis. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1715–1718.