Erotylinae

Pleasing fungus beetle Megalodacne heros, photographed by Stephen Cresswell.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Erotylinae are a clade of beetles associated with fungi, usually macroscopic Basidiomycetes (Leschen 2003). Many species are brightly coloured and produce distasteful defensive chemicals from pores and joints on the body (Bouchard 2014).

Characters (from Leschen 2003): Subapical serrations of mandible absent; lacidian usually with two lacinial spines; lateral pockets present on mentum; medial carina of mentum usually present; width of apical labial palpomere greater than or equal to length, palpomere often securiform; width of ligular membrane equal to prementum; transverse gular line usually present, usually as shallow or beadlike groove; antennal insertions usually hidden in dorsal view; supraocular line usually present to level beyond eye; transverse line absent on vertex of head; two stridulatory files present or absent on vertex of head; pronotal shape variable, not constricted at base; anterior angles of pronotum well developed; anterior margin of prosternum smooth; pronotal pits absent; glandular ducts usually present in lateral carina of pronotum, unitubulate; prosternal glandular ducts present or absent; procoxal cavity internally open, externally closed by prosternum and hypomeron; edge of hypomeron smooth; mesoventral glandular ducts usually present; mesepisternal fovea absent; mesometaventral articulation usually dicondylic; width of mesoventral process usually greater than or equal to mesocoxa; submesocoxal lines present or absent; metaventral pores present or absent; metepisternal ctenidium absent; abdominal ventrites 1 and 2 connate; abdominal cuticular glandular ducts present or absent at disk and margin; abdominal calli present or absent; metafurcal lamina usually present with well developed median stalk; spermatheca rounded or elongate; apical pit of spermatheca usually absent; acessory gland of spermatheca usually present; length of tarsomere 1 usually equal to tarsomere 2; tarsomere 4 usually reduced and hidden in ventral view; tarsal shelf of tarsomere 5 present; empodium usually with two setae; elytral punctation striate without scutellary striole; elytra usually narrowly explanate; radial cell present; wedge cell absent.

<==Erotylinae
    |  i. s.: Episcaphula LB91
    |           |--E. hercules B70
    |           `--E. pictipennis C91
    |         Microsternus LB91
    |         Cnecosa LB91
    |--Dacnini L03
    |    |--Cryptodacne L03
    |    |--Hoplepiscapha Lea 1922 L03
    |    |    `--H. longicornis L03
    |    `--Dacne L03
    |         |--D. humeralis [=Engis humeralis] L02
    |         `--D. quadrimaculata L03
    `--+--Tritomini L03
       |    |--Tritoma L03
       |    |    |--T. atriventris L03
       |    |    |--T. bipustulatum L02
       |    |    `--T. russicum (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Silpha russica L02]
       |    `--Lybanodes L03
       |         |--L. bicolor L03
       |         |--L. castaneus L03
       |         |--L. lescheni L03
       |         |--L. rostratus L03
       |         |--L. sasquatch L03
       |         |--L. similis L03
       |         `--L. stigmatus L03
       `--+--Megalodacne [Megalodacnini] L03
          |    |--M. fasciatus L03
          |    `--M. heros L03
          `--+--Encaustini [Encaustinae] L03
             |    |--Aulacocheilus chevrolatii Lucas 1846 L03, E12
             |    |--Encaustes hercules LB91
             |    `--Micrencaustes LB91
             `--Erotylini L03
                  |--Brachysphaenus L03
                  |--Coccimorphus L03
                  |--Homoeotelus L03
                  |--Thallis L03
                  |    |--T. compta LB91
                  |    |--T. janthina R54
                  |    `--T. polita L03
                  `--Erotylus Fabricius 1775 L03
                       |--E. gibbosus L02
                       |--E. histrio L02
                       `--E. onagga Lacordaire 1842 B14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[R54] Riek, E. F. 1954. Australian wasps of the family Proctotrupidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Australian Journal of Zoology 3: 106–117.

Last updated: 28 September 2018.

Cryptophagidae

Specimen of Cryptophagus, photographed by Mike Quinn.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Cryptophagidae are small beetles that feed on mould and other fungi under bark and in leaf litter. Some cryptophagids may also be found in stored foodstuffs. The North American species Antherophagus convexulus may be found on flowers where they attach themselves to visiting bumblebees in order to be transported back to the bee's nest (Bouchard 2014).

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Oblong to elongate, slightly flattened, usually red or brown in colour and clothed with erect and decumbent hairs (rarely globose and/or glabrous). Antennal insertions exposed, lateral and well separated or more or less approximate; pronotum subquadrate with distinct lateral carinae or more rounded, sometimes with paired glandular callosities at anterior angles or near middle; prosternal process moderately broad and overlapping the mesosternum; elytra with apically widened sutural flanges and incomplete epipleura; trochanters more or less elongate; ventrite 1 much longer than 2. Larvae elongate, subcylindrical to flattened, lightly sclerotised, with short and straight or sharply curved urogomphi (sometimes absent). Prostheca usually serrate, mala falcate.

<==Cryptophagidae [Cryptophaginae]
    |--Ephistemus globulus M83
    |--Micrambina rutila M83
    |--Myrecoxenus atomaroides M83
    |--Anchicera LB91
    |--Henoticus [incl. Cryptophagops Grouvelle 1919] L03
    |    `--Henoticus alluaudi [=Cryptophilus alluaudi, *Cryptophagops alluaudi] L03
    |--Antherophagus B14
    |    |--A. convexulus LeConte 1863 B14
    |    `--A. nigricornis C01
    `--Cryptophagus L03
         |--C. affinis G89
         |--C. angustatus Lucas 1846 E12
         |--C. castaneus T27
         |--C. difficilis L03
         |--C. distinguendus Sturm 1845 PN02
         |--C. gibberosus Lucas 1846 E12
         |--C. gibbipennis LB91
         |--C. labilis C01
         |--C. laticollis Lucas 1846 E12
         |--C. lycoperdi B74
         |--C. maurus Lucas 1846 E12
         |--C. puncticollis Lucas 1847 E12
         `--C. scutellatus Newman 1834 PN02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B74] Britton, E. B. 1974. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 62–89. Melbourne University Press.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[PN02] Poggi, R., G. Nonveiller, A. Colla, D. Pavićević & T. Rađa. 2001–2002. Thaumastocephalini, a new tribe of Pselaphinae for Thaumastocephalus folliculipalpus n. gen., n. sp., an interesting new troglobious species from central Dalmatia (Croatia) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria” 94: 1–20.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

Last updated: 28 September 2018.

Lema

Three-lined potato beetle Lema trilineata, by M. Picker & C. Griffiths.

Belongs within: Phytophaga.

Lema is a genus of leaf beetles found almost worldwide. Larvae of this genus form a protective covering for themselves from their own faecal matter, discarding it when they bury themselves below ground to pupate (Jacoby 1908).

Characters (from Jacoby 1908): Head generally constricted posteriorly; antennae filiform; pronotum generally with one, sometimes with two, sulci, an anterior and a posterior one. Elytra punctate-striate. Legs elongate, femora moderately thickened, claws united at base as far as middle.

<==Lema
    |--L. beccarii J89b
    |--L. coromandeliana J89b
    |--L. femorata [incl. L. quadripunctata] J89a
    |--L. haematomelas J89b
    |--L. lacordairei J89a
    |--L. modiglianii Jacoby 1889 J89b
    |--L. postrema Bates 1866 B66
    |--L. rufotestacea J89a
    |--L. rugifrons Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--L. semifulva Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--L. stevensi J89a
    |--L. trilineata G22
    `--L. wallacei J89a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bates, H. W. 1866. On a collection of Coleoptera from Formosa sent home by R. Swinhoe, Esq., H. B. M. Consul, Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 339-355.

[G22] Girault, A. A. 1922. The North American species of Emersonella and Entedon with excuses, etc. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 161-163).

[J89a] Jacoby, M. 1889a. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVII. – List of the phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 147-237.

[J89b] Jacoby, M. 1889b. List of the phytophagous Coleoptera collected by Signor Modigliani at Nias and Sumatra, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 278-287.

Jacoby, M. 1908. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis: London.

Colaspoides

Type of Colaspoides igneicollis, from here.

Belongs within: Phytophaga.

Colaspoides is a widely distributed genus of leaf beetles, most species of which are metallic in coloration. They are generally ovate and convex in shape, and the tibiae are not emarginate (Jacoby 1908).

Characters (from Jacoby 1908): Somewhat short and oblong in shape, rather convex. Head deeply inserted; eyes rather large, oblong, more or less sinuate within; antennae filiform or subfiliform, generally long and slender, terminal segments very slightly thickened, second segment half the length of first, third to sixth segments elongate. Pronotum transverse, nearly as wide at base as elytra, narrowed anteriorly, lateral margins more or less rounded. Elytra ovate or oblong, more or less regularly punctured, punctures sometimes in rows. Legs variable; femora slightly thickened, sometimes with a tooth beneath; first tarsal segment rather elongate, but as a rule shorter than following two united; claws appendiculate. Prosternum rather large, of variable shape, generally longer than broad, posterior margin truncate; anterior margin of thoracic episternum convex.

<==Colaspoides
    |--C. apicicornis J89b
    |--C. feae Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--C. fulvicornis [=Colasposoma fulvicorne] J89a
    |--C. igneicollis Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--C. insignis J89b
    |--C. laevicollis Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--C. laportei J89a
    |--C. lefevrei Jacoby 1889 J89b
    |--C. nigritarsis J89b
    |--C. pallidula Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--C. rafflesi J89a
    |--C. speciosa J89a
    `--C. viridimarginatus J89b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J89a] Jacoby, M. 1889a. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVII. – List of the phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 147-237.

[J89b] Jacoby, M. 1889b. List of the phytophagous Coleoptera collected by Signor Modigliani at Nias and Sumatra, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 278-287.

Jacoby, M. 1908. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis: London.

Nodostoma

Type specimen of Nodostoma subcostatum, from here.

Belongs within: Phytophaga.

Nodostoma is a genus of leaf beetles found in eastern and southern Asia, distinguished by their transverse, anteriorly strongly narrowed pronotum with more or less distinctly angulated sides (Jacoby 1908).

Characters (from Jacoby 1908): Body ovate or oblong; antennae filiform, apical joints sometimes slightly thickened. Pronotum generally transverse, narrowed in front, rarely subcylindrical, more or less angulate at sides near base, with narrow sulcus near anterior margin. Elytra generally wider at base than thorax, more or less deeply depressed below base, punctate-striate, sometimes metallic, generally flavous or fulvous. Prosternum broad, subquadrate, base truncate. Legs rather long; femora incrassate, frequently with small tooth; intermediate and posterior tibiae emarginate at apex, claws appendiculate.

<==Nodostoma
    |--N. aeneipenne J89a
    |--N. aeneomicans J89a
    |--N. biplagiatum Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--N. frontale J89a
    |--N. gratum J89b
    |--N. nigrofasciatum Jacoby 1889 J89a
    |--N. pallidulum J89a
    |--N. plagiosum J89a
    |--N. rufum J89b
    |--N. subcostatum Jacoby 1889 J89a
    `--N. trivittatum J89a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J89a] Jacoby, M. 1889a. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVII. – List of the phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 147-237.

[J89b] Jacoby, M. 1889b. List of the phytophagous Coleoptera collected by Signor Modigliani at Nias and Sumatra, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 278-287.

Jacoby, M. 1908. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis: London.

Orthalicoidea

Specimens of Orthalicus zebra, copyright Naturalis Biodiversity Center.

Belongs within: Heterobranchia.
Contains: Placostylinae, Bothriembryon.

The Orthalicoidea are a group of relatively high-spired land snails. Most families of orthalicoids are found in the Americas (particularly the Neotropics) but members of the family Bothriembryontidae are found in Australasia (as well as in southern South America). The latter family is also represented in southern Africa by a single genus, Prestonella. Within the Neotropical fauna, the Odontostomidae differ from other families in possessing dents or lamellae narrowing the aperture. The protoconch is smooth in Amphibulima and Orthalicidae but sculptured in other families. Orthalicidae are characterised by a conical penis bearing an appendix; in other families the penis is cylindrical and simple. Amphibulima is distinctive in possessing an heterurethrous rather than sigmurethrous reproductive system. The Megaspiridae are characterised by turreted shells with numerous short whorls.

Characters (from Herbert & Mitchell 2009): Genitalia with accessory structures absent; phallus complex extremely long; penis, epiphallus and flagellum little differentiated; penial retractor muscle short, inserting at flagellum tip; vas deferens extremely thin, mostly embedded in wall of penis and epiphallus; bursa copulatrix duct long, diverticulum absent. Pulmonary cavity sigmurethrous, secondary ureter closed for almost entire length. Foot holopodous, foot sole undivided.

<==Orthalicoidea [Orthalicea, Orthalicoidei] BR05
    |--Amphibulima Lamarck 1805 BR05 [Amphibulimidae BR17, Amphibuliminae]
    |    `--*A. cucullata Lamarck 1805 BR17
    |--Simpulopsis Beck 1837 BR05 [Simpulopsidae BR17, Simpulopsini]
    |    `--*S. sulculosa (Férussac 1821) [=Helix sulculosa] BR17
    |--Grangerella Cockerell 1915 [Grangerellidae] BR05
    |    |--*G. megastoma Cockerell 1915 BR17
    |    `--G. macleodensis (Russell 1929) TTE93
    |--Vidaliella Wenz 1940 BR05 [Vidaliellidae BR17, Vidaliellinae]
    |    |--*V. gerundensis (Vidal 1883) [=Bulimus gerundensis] BR17
    |    `--V. darderi TTE93
    |--Bothriembryontidae BR17
    |    |--Placostylinae BR17
    |    |--Bothriembryon BR17
    |    `--Prestonella Connolly 1929 BR05 [Prestonellidae, Prestonellinae BR17]
    |         `--*P. bowkeri (Sowerby 1890) [=Bulimus bowkeri] BR17
    |--Megaspiridae BR17
    |    |--Callionepion Pilsbry & Vanatta 1899 S88
    |    |--Ptychicula TTE93
    |    `--Megaspira Lea 1838 BR05
    |         `--*M. ruschenbergiana Lea 1836 BR17
    |--Odontostomidae [Odontostominae, Odontostomini] BR17
    |    |--Tomogeres Montfort 1810 [Tomogeridae] BR05
    |    |    `--*T. ringens (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Helix ringens BR17, Lucerna ringens BR05]
    |    |--Hyperaulax Pilsbry 1897 TTE93, AP90
    |    |    `--H. americanus (Heilprin 1887) TTE93
    |    `--Odontostomus Beck 1837 BR05
    |         |--*O. odontostoma (Sowerby 1824) [=Bulimus odontostoma] BR17
    |         `--O. gargantulus [=Bulimus gargantulus] BR17
    |--Bulimulidae [Bulimulacea, Bulimuloidea] BR17
    |    |  i. s.: ‘Pyrgus’ Albers 1850 non Hübner 1819 BR05
    |    |         Quiros Solem 1959 S88
    |    |         Gaeotis C97
    |    |         Pellicula C97
    |    |         Anctus angiostomus (Wagner 1927) S11
    |    |--Bostryx Troschel 1847 [Bostrycinae] BR17
    |    |    `--*B. solutus (Troschel 1847) [=Bulimus solutus] BR17
    |    |--Peltella Gray 1855 BR05 [Peltellina, Peltellinae BR17]
    |    |    `--*P. palliolum (Férussac 1821) [=Parmacellus palliolum] BR17
    |    `--Bulimulinae [Bulimulini] BR05
    |         |--Berendtia Crosse & Fischer 1869 [Berendtiidae, Berendtiinae, Berendtinae] BR05
    |         |    `--*B. taylori (Pfeiffer 1861) [=Clausilia taylori] BR17
    |         `--Bulimulus Leach 1814 BR05
    |              |--*B. trifasciatus Leach 1814 BR17
    |              |--B. guadelupensis BP90
    |              `--B. unicolor (Sowerby 1833) PM88
    `--Orthalicidae [Goniognatha, Orthalicinae] BR05
         |--Pseudostrombus BR05
         |--Naesiotus Albers 1850 BP90
         |--Palaeobulimulus eocenicus Parodiz 1949 TTE93
         |--Liguus Montfort 1810 [Liguidae] BR05
         |    |--*L. virgineus (Linnaeus 1767) [=Bulla virginea] BR17
         |    |--L. fasciatus BP90
         |    `--L. vittatus F12
         |--Drymaeus Albers 1850 BP90
         |    |--D. dormani BP90
         |    |--D. montagnei [=Otostomus (Drymaeus) montagnei] A66
         |    |--D. multilineatus BP90
         |    `--D. musivus [=Otostomus (Drymaeus) musivus] A66
         |--Rabdotus Albers 1850 BP90
         |    |--R. alternatus (Say 1830) BP90, PM88
         |    |--R. dealbatus BP90
         |    |--R. laevapex C90
         |    `--R. schiedeanus C90
         `--Orthalicus Beck 1837 BR05
              |  i. s.: O. bensoni A66
              |         O. floridensis BP90
              |         O. gallinasultana A66
              |--*O. (O.) zebra (Müller 1774) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
              |--O. (Corona) regina A66
              `--O. (Porphyrobaphe) A66
                   |--O. (P.) labeo A66
                   `--O. (P.) yatesi A66

*Orthalicus (Orthalicus) zebra (Müller 1774) BR17 [=Buccinum zebra BR17, Ampulla zebra BR17, Bulimus zebra G40, Bulla zebra G40, Helix zebra G40; incl. Bulimus undulatus G40, Bulimus zigzag G40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Adams, H. 1866. List of land and freshwater shells collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the Upper Amazons, and on the River Ucayali, eastern Peru, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 440–445.

[AP90] Auffenberg, K., & R. W. Portell. 1990. A new fossil land snail (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Polygyridae) from the Middle Miocene of northern Florida. Nautilus 103 (4): 143–148.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BP90] Burch, J. B., & T. A. Pearce. 1990. Terrestrial Gastropoda. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 201–309. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[C97] Cuezzo, M. G. 1997. Cryptostrakon corcovadensis, a new species of semislug from Costa Rica (Helicoidea: Xanthonychidae) with comments on the systematic position of the genus. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 1–8.

[F12] Frýda, J. 2012. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 395–435. Springer.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[PM88] Polaco, O. J., & W. Mendl. 1988. Occurrence of mites in Mexican land snails. Nautilus 102 (3): 129.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455–604.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 26 June 2020.

Cymatura

Cymatura bizonata, from here.

Belongs within: Cerambycidae.

Cymatura is a genus of longicorn beetles found in sub-Saharan Africa.

Characters (from Lacordaire 1872): "Mandibules robustes. Tète sillonnée du vertex au bas du front, excavée entre les yeux, très-fortement concave entre ses tubercules antennifères; ceux-ci saillants, échancrés au bout, distants à leur base; front transversale; joues médiocres. Antennes mates, non ciliées au dessous, assez robustes, un peu plus courtes que le corps, à articles 1 subcylindrique, tronqué en dessous à sa base, 3 un peu plus long que lui et que 4, 5-11 plus courts, décroissant à peine, 5-10 subanguleux à leur sommet interne. Lobes inférieurs des yeux transversaux, subobliques. Prothorax cylindrique, aussi long que large, transversalement sillonnée à sa base et assez loin de son bord antérieur, muni de deux petits tubercules arrondis sur le disque et de deux latéraux cylindriques, un peu en dessous de son milieu. Ecusson arrondi en arrière. Elytres allongées, subdéprimées sur le disque, parallèles, tronquées en arrière; leurs épaules arrondies. Pattes médiocres, robustes; cuisses linéaires, les postéricures plus courtes que les deux 1ers segments abdominaux. 5e segment de l'abdomen en triangle curviligne transversal, villeux en sinué au bout. Saillies mésosternale et prosternale très-étroites; celle-ci élargie et à peine fléchie en arrière. Corps allongé, revétu d'une épaisse pubescence sublanugineuse."
Translated with the help of Google Translate (all errors my own):
Mandibles robust. Head furrowed at base of vertex, excavated between eyes, very strongly concave between antennal tubercles; antennal tubercles notched at tips, widely separated, frontally transverse; cheeks small. Antennae dull, non-ciliated, quite robust, slightly shorter than body; first segment subcylindrical, truncated basally, third segment slightly longer than first and fourth, segments 5-11 shorter, decreasing distally, 5-10 distally subangular. Lower lobes of eyes transverse, sub-oblique. Prothorax cylindrical, as long as wide, transversely furrowed at base and some distance from anterior edge, with two small rounded tubercles on disc and two lateral cylindrical tubercles a little past midline. Scutellum rounded posteriorly. Elytra elongate, slightly depressed medially, parallel-sided, terminally truncate. Shoulders rounded. Legs short, robust, femora straight, hind legs shorter than first two abdominal segments. Fifth segment of the abdomen in transverse curvilinear triangle, with long hairs on sinuous posterior margin. Prosternal and mesosternal projections very narrow, expanded and slightly reflexed posteriorly. Body elongate, covered with thick woolly pubescence.

<==Cymatura Gerstaecker 1855 F54
    |--C. bifasciata Gerstaecker 1855 F54
    |    |--C. b. bifasciata F54
    |    `--C. b. reducta Breuning 1950 F54
    |--C. bizonata Quedenfeldt 1881 F54
    |--C. brittoni Franz 1954 F54
    |--C. fasciata Guérin 1849 F54
    |--C. itzingeri Breuning 1935 F54
    |--C. manowi Franz 1954 F54
    |--C. mechowi Quedenfeldt 1881 F54
    |--C. mucorea Fairmaire 1887 F54
    |--C. nigra Franz 1954 F54
    |--C. nyassica F54
    `--C. spumans Guérin 1847 F54
         |--C. s. spumans F54
         `--C. s. albomaculata Breuning 1950 R54

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F54] Franz, E. 1954. Die Xylorhizini des Senckenberg-Museum (Ins. Col. Ceramb.) Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 91-98.

Lacordaire, M. T. 1872. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les genres proposés jusquici dans cet ordre d'insectes vol. 9. Librairie encyclopédique de Roret: Paris.

Cerambycidae

Phlyctaenodes pustulosus, copyright Alan Melville.

Belongs within: Chrysomeloidea.
Contains: Necydalinae, Acanthocininae, Spondylidinae, Stenoderinae, Exocentrinae, Niphoninae, Saperdinae, Erythrinae, Callichrominae, Hypselominae, Leptura, Phytoeciinae, Mesosinae, Apomecyninae, Lamia, Penthea, Batocera, Monochamus, Rhytiphora, Symphyletes, Praonetha, Glenea, Zygocera, Hebecerus, Agapanthiini, Prioninae, Cerambyx, Coptomma, Hesthesis, Phoracantha, Rhinotragini, Uracanthus, Callidium, Clytini.

The Cerambycidae include the longicorn beetles, distinguished (as their name suggests) by the notably long antennae of many species, which may be longer than the remainder of the insect. An exception to this, however, are members of the subfamily Parandrinae, in which the antennae rarely extend beyond the posterior margin of the prothorax. Larvae of longicorns are generally internal feeders on plants, and some are significant pests as borers into wood.

Other major subgroups of the longicorns include the Lamiinae, which usually have a strongly deflexed, hypognathous head (Lawrence & Britton 1981). Members of the subfamily Cerambycinae are smaller, relatively long-legged species, often brightly coloured (Zborowski & Storey 2010). The Disteniidae are slender longicorns that have been treated as a separate family owing to differences in their larval morphology but were found nested among the Cerambycidae in the molecular analysis by McKenna et al. (2015). Vesperus is a genus of longicorns found in the Mediterranean region with unusual globose larvae, and flightless females with shortened elytra and a distended abdomen (Bouchard 2014). The Lepturinae have the antennal origins removed from the eyes so the latter are suboval or only weakly sinuate anteriorly, in contrast to the strongly emarginate eyes of most other subfamilies.

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Elongate, subcylindrical to somewhat flattened beetles, usually pubescent; antennae almost always more than two-thirds body length and inserted on prominences, so that they can be directed backwards over the body. Eyes usually emarginate, often deeply so; lateral pronotal carinae usually absent, often with lateral tubercles or spines on prothorax; mesonotum usually with stridulatory file; tibial spurs present on all legs; tarsal claws simple. Larvae elongate, subcylindrical to slightly flattened, lightly sclerotised and subglabrous or clothed with fine setae or patches of spinules. Head retracted into prothorax and excavated posteriorly, forming recess housing retractor muscle; antennae short; mandibles large and stout; prothorax usually more or less enlarged; legs small and widely separated, may be vestigial or absent; first six or seven abdominal segments may bear fleshy ampullae; urogomphi, if present, minute.

<==Cerambycidae [Cerambicini, Cerambycoidea, Lamiidae, Longicornia, Prionidae]
    |--+--Disteniidae [Disteniinae] MW15
    |  |    |--Cometes hirticornis Lepeletier & Audinet-Serville 1828 B14
    |  |    `--Noemia P66b
    |  |         |--N. chalybeata Pascoe 1866 P66b
    |  |         `--N. flavicornis P66b
    |  `--Lamiinae [Lamiides] B14
    |       |  i. s.: Sarothrocera P66a
    |       |         Diastocera P66a
    |       |         Phryneta caeca P66a
    |       |         Imalmus P66a
    |       |         Hagesata P66a
    |       |         *Leprodera elongata P66a
    |       |         Archidice P66a
    |       |         Euoplia P66a
    |       |         Lamia E61
    |       |         Penthea M87
    |       |         Apriona Chevrolet 1852 P66a
    |       |           `--A. germari [=Lamia germarii] P66a
    |       |         Thestus Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |           `--*T. oncideroides Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |         Metopides Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |           `--*M. occipitalis Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |         Epepeotes Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |           `--*E. luscus [=Lamia lusca] P66a
    |       |         Blepephaeus Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |           `--*B. succinctor (Chevrolat 1852) (see below for synonymy) P66a
    |       |         Epicedia P66a
    |       |           |--*E. pleuricausta [=Leprodera pleuricausta; incl. Lamia carcelii] P66a
    |       |           `--E. plagiata [=Leprodera plagiata; incl. L. trimaculata (n. n.)] P66a
    |       |         Imantocera P66a
    |       |           |--I. penicillata P66a
    |       |           `--I. plumosa [=Cerambyx plumosus] P66a
    |       |         Gnoma P66a
    |       |           |--G. affinis Guérin 1830 M86
    |       |           |--G. antilope Dejean in Boisduval 1835 B35
    |       |           |--G. dispersa Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |           |--G. giraffa B35
    |       |           |--G. longicollis P66a [=Lamia longicollis L02]
    |       |           `--G. suturalis Westwood 1832 M87
    |       |         Mecotagus Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |           |--*M. tigrinus [=Cerambyx tigrinus] P66a
    |       |           `--M. guerinii [=Pelargoderus guerinii] P66a
    |       |         Batocera P66a
    |       |         Cerosterna [=Celosterna (l. c.)] P66a
    |       |           |--C. approximator P66a
    |       |           |--C. clathrator P66a
    |       |           `--C. reticulator P66a
    |       |         Olenecamptus Chevrolat 1835 P66a
    |       |           |--O. bilobus (see below for synonymy) P66a
    |       |           |--O. optatus Pascoe 1866 [incl. Schoeniocera sexnotata (n. n.)] P66a
    |       |           `--O. quietus Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |         Monochamus B14
    |       |         Anoplophora B14
    |       |           |--A. chinensis DAF07
    |       |           |--A. coeruleoantennata B14
    |       |           |--A. freyi B14
    |       |           `--A. glabripennis (Motschulsky 1853) [incl. A. nobilis] B14
    |       |         Doliops B14
    |       |           |--D. curculionoides B14
    |       |           |--D. duodecimpunctata Heller 1923 B14
    |       |           `--D. gutowskii B14
    |       |         Iberodorcadion B14
    |       |           |  i. s.: I. fuliginator (Linnaeus 1758) [=Dorcadion fuliginator] B14
    |       |           |--I. (Baeticodorcadion) mucidum F05
    |       |           |    |--I. m. mucidum F05
    |       |           |    `--I. m. rondensis Verdugo 2003 F05
    |       |           `--I. (Hispanodorcadion) zenete Anichtchenko & Verdugo 2004 F05
    |       |         Zygrita diva Thoms. 1860 [incl. Z. nigrozonata Thoms. 1860] M87
    |       |         Microtragus LB91
    |       |           |--M. arachne M87
    |       |           |--M. eremita M87
    |       |           |--M. luctuosus Schuck. 1838 M87
    |       |           |--M. mormon M87
    |       |           |--M. senex White 1846 M87
    |       |           |--M. sticticus Pascoe 1866 M87
    |       |           `--M. waterhousei Pascoe 1863 M87
    |       |         Athemistus LB91
    |       |           |--A. aethiops Pascoe 1867 M87
    |       |           |--A. armitagei Pascoe 1866 M87
    |       |           |--A. bituberculatus Pascoe 1867 M87
    |       |           |--A. funereus Pascoe 1866 M87
    |       |           |--A. howittii Pascoe 1867 M87
    |       |           |--A. pubescens Pascoe 1862 M87
    |       |           |--A. puncticollis Pascoe 1867 M87
    |       |           `--A. rugosulus Guér. 1830 [incl. A. tuberculatus] M87
    |       |         Rosenbergia megacephala v. d. Poll 1886 M87
    |       |         Ancita crossotoides Thoms. 1864 M87
    |       |         Platyomopsis LB91
    |       |           |--P. armatula White 1859 M87
    |       |           |--P. obliqua Donov. 1805 [incl. P. spinosa] M87
    |       |           `--P. tuberculata Hope 1841 M87
    |       |         Rhytiphora C91
    |       |         Pithomictus decoratus M86
    |       |         Aegomomus M86
    |       |           |--A. insularis [incl. Coptops abdominalis] P66a
    |       |           `--A. ornatus Macleay 1886 M86
    |       |         Escharodes paganus M86
    |       |         Symphyletes M87
    |       |         Sotades platypus M86
    |       |         Praonetha M86
    |       |         Dihammus longicornis M86
    |       |         Glenea M86
    |       |         Oberea Mulsant 1839 M86, P66a [incl. Isosceles Newman 1840 P66a]
    |       |           |--O. clara Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |           |--O. curialis Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |           |--O. mundula M86
    |       |           |--O. pigra Newm. 1851 M87
    |       |           `--O. tenuata Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |       |         Hestima trigeminata M86
    |       |         Orinoeme rubricollis Macleay 1886 M86
    |       |         Elais bimaculata M86
    |       |         Sphingnotus M87
    |       |           |--S. insignis Perroud 1855 M87
    |       |           `--S. mirabilis (Boisduval 1835) M86, B35 [=Tmesisternus mirabilis M86]
    |       |         Temnosternus M87
    |       |           |--T. apicalis Pascoe 1878 M87
    |       |           |--T. dissimilis Pascoe 1859 M87
    |       |           |--T. planiusculus M87
    |       |           `--T. vitulus Pascoe 1871 M87
    |       |         Dorcadida biocularis White 1846 M87
    |       |         Stychus amycteroides Pascoe 1859 [incl. S. pascoei] M87
    |       |         Ceraegidion Boisduval 1835 M87, B35
    |       |           `--*C. horrens Boisduval 1835 B35
    |       |         Corestetha insularis Pascoe 1875 M87
    |       |         Mesolita M87
    |       |           |--M. lineolata M87
    |       |           `--M. transversa M87
    |       |         Monohammus M87
    |       |           |--M. acanthias Pascoe 1875 M87
    |       |           |--M. desperatus M87
    |       |           |--M. fasciatus Montrouz. 1855 [incl. M. argutus] M87
    |       |           |--M. fistulator Germ. 1824 M87
    |       |           |--M. mixtus Hope 1841 M87
    |       |           |--M. ovinus Pascoe 1863 M87
    |       |           |--M. togatus Perroud 1855 M87
    |       |           `--M. vastator Newm. 1847 M87
    |       |         Pelargoderus arouensis Thoms. 1857 M87
    |       |         Callipyrga turrita [incl. C. pallidicornis] M87
    |       |         Meton M87
    |       |           |--M. digglesi Pascoe 1859 M87
    |       |           `--M. fasciatus Pascoe 1878 M87
    |       |         Arsysia vittata Gestro 1876 M87
    |       |         Dysthaeta anomala Pascoe 1859 M87
    |       |         Oricopis umbrosus Pascoe 1863 M87
    |       |         Demonassa macleayi Pascoe 1859 [incl. D. funeraria Thoms. 1864] M87
    |       |         Zygocera M87
    |       |         Cyocyphax praonetoides Thoms. 1878 M87
    |       |         Thyada barbicornis Pascoe 1859 M87
    |       |         Probatodes piliger Macleay 1827 [incl. P. plumula Newm. 1851] M87
    |       |         Velora sordida Pascoe 1863 [incl. V. australis Thoms. 1864] M87
    |       |         Hebecerus M87
    |       |         Lychrosis M87
    |       |           |--L. afflictus Pascoe 1867 M87
    |       |           `--L. luctuosus Pascoe 1863 M87
    |       |         Hathliodes M87
    |       |           |--H. costulatus Pascoe 1867 M87
    |       |           |--H. grammicus Pascoe 1859 M87
    |       |           |--H. lacteolus (Hope 1841) [=Hathlia lacteola] M87
    |       |           |--H. lineellus (Hope 1841) [=Hathlia lineella] M87
    |       |           |--H. melanocephalus (Hope 1841) (see below for synonymy) M87
    |       |           |--H. moratus Pascoe 1866 M87
    |       |           |--H. murinus Pascoe 1859 M87
    |       |           `--H. quadrilineatus (Hope 1841) [=Hathlia quadrilineata] M87
    |       |         Micracantha M87
    |       |           |--M. abdominalis M87
    |       |           |--M. irata (Pascoe 1862) [=Aegomomus iratus] M87
    |       |           |--M. misella (Pascoe 1863) [=Aegomomus misellus] M87
    |       |           |--M. oblita (Pascoe 1863) [=Aegomomus oblitus] M87
    |       |           |--M. torosa (Pascoe 1863) [=Aegomomus torosus] M87
    |       |           `--M. woodlarkiana Montrouz. 1855 [incl. M. bakewelli Pascoe 1859, M. porosa] M87
    |       |         Chaetostigme casta Pascoe 1875 M87
    |       |         Prosoplus hollandicus Boisd. 1835 M87
    |       |         Atyporus intercalaris Pascoe 1867 M87
    |       |         Menyllus maculicornis Pascoe 1864 [incl. Sysspilotus macleayi Pascoe 1865] M87
    |       |         Acriotypa basalis Pascoe 1875 M87
    |       |         Saperdopsis armata Thoms. 1864 M87
    |       |         Depsages granulosa Guér. 1830 M87
    |       |         Iphiastus heros Pascoe 1863 M87
    |       |         Corrhenes M87
    |       |           |--C. cruciata Pascoe 1875 M87
    |       |           |--C. fulva Pascoe 1875 M87
    |       |           |--C. funesta Pascoe 1859 M87
    |       |           |--C. grisella Pascoe 1875 M87
    |       |           |--C. guttulata M87
    |       |           |--C. mystica Pascoe 1863 M87
    |       |           |--C. paulla Germ. 1848 M87
    |       |           `--C. stigmatica M87
    |       |         Mycerinopsis M87
    |       |           |--M. arida (Pascoe 1862) [=Mycerinus aridus] M87
    |       |           `--M. uniformis (Pascoe 1863) [=Mycerinus uniformis] M87
    |       |         Eunidia australica Thoms. 1868 M87
    |       |         Anaesthetis lepida Germ. 1848 M87
    |       |         Phaeapete M87
    |       |           |--P. albula Pascoe 1865 M87
    |       |           `--P. denticollis Pascoe 1867 M87
    |       |         Bucynthia spiloptera Pascoe 1863 M87
    |       |         Essisus dispar Pascoe 1866 M87
    |       |         Itheum M87
    |       |           |--I. lineare Pascoe 1864 M87
    |       |           `--I. vittigerum Pascoe 1864 M87
    |       |         Lagochirus incei Newm. 1847 M87
    |       |         Neissa M87
    |       |           |--N. inconspicua Pascoe 1866 M87
    |       |           `--N. nigrina Pascoe 1866 M87
    |       |         Pentacosmia scoparia Newm. 1842 M87
    |       |         Illaena exilis Erichs. 1842 M87
    |       |         Ameipsis marginicollis Pascoe 1865 M87
    |       |--Acrocinus longimanus (Linnaeus 1758) B14
    |       |--Agapanthiini B14
    |       |--Cyrtinus [Cyrtinini] B14
    |       |    `--C. pygmaeus (Haldeman 1847) B14
    |       |--Onychocerus [Anisocerini] B14
    |       |    `--O. albitarsis Pascoe 1859 B14
    |       |--Petrognatha [Petrognathini] B14
    |       |    `--P. gigas Fabricius 1792 B14
    |       |--Acanthoderini B14
    |       |    |--Macropophora B14
    |       |    `--Acanthoderes jaspidea [incl. A. albifrons Sturm. 1826, A. costata] M87
    |       |--Moneilema [Moneilemini] B14
    |       |    |--M. annulatum Say 1824 B14
    |       |    `--M. ulkei G25
    |       |--Oncideres [Onciderini] B14
    |       |    |--O. cingulata (Say 1826) B14
    |       |    |--O. dejeani R13
    |       |    `--O. impluviatus R13
    |       |--Ceroplesini B14
    |       |    |--Ceroplesis elegans Gestro 1889 B14, G89
    |       |    `--Paranaleptes Breuning 1937 B14, O06
    |       |         `--*P. reticulata (Thomson 1877) O06
    |       `--Tetraopini B14
    |            |--Enaretta castelnaudi QLB05
    |            `--Tetraopes MW15
    |                 |--T. femoratus LeConte 1847 B14
    |                 `--T. tetrophthalmus M73
    `--+--+--+--Prioninae MW15
       |  |  `--Parandrinae B14
       |  |       |--Parandra Latreille 1802 MW15, L02
       |  |       |    |--*P. glabra [=Attelabus glaber] L02
       |  |       |    `--P. frenchi L19
       |  |       `--Neandra B14
       |  |            |--N. brunnea (Fabricius 1798) B14
       |  |            `--N. marginicollis B14
       |  `--+--Rutpela MW15
       |     `--+--Vesperus [Vesperidae, Vesperinae] B14
       |        |    |--V. gomezi Verdugo 2004 F05
       |        |    `--V. luridus (Rossi 1794) B14
       |        `--Dorcasominae B14
       |             |--Apatophysis [Apatophyseinae] MW15
       |             |    `--A. serricornis (Gebler 1843) [=Pachyta serricornis; incl. A. mongolica] B14
       |             `--Capnolymma B14
       |                  |--*C. stygia Pascoe 1858 B14
       |                  `--C. capreola Pascoe 1866 P66b
       `--Cerambycinae [Cerambycides] SW03
            |  i. s.: Dialeges pauper P66b
            |         Pachydissus P66b
            |           |--P. nubilus Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--P. picipennis Germ. 1848 M87
            |           `--P. sericus [incl. P. turbinaticornis] M87
            |         Tapinolachnus P66b
            |         Calpazia P66b
            |         Lachnopterus P66b
            |         Aprosictus Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |         Ambeodontus tristis M59
            |         Aphiorrhynchus M87
            |           |--A. apicalis Pascoe 1859 M87
            |           |--A. divisus Pascoe 1871 M87
            |           `--A. pulcher Hope 1834 [incl. Psilomorpha lusoria Pascoe 1865] M87
            |         Aridaeus M87
            |           |--A. heros Pascoe 1867 M87
            |           `--A. thoracicus Don. 1805 M87
            |         Cyriopalus Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           `--*C. wallacei Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |         Hoplocerambyx P66b
            |           |--H. morosus P66b
            |           |--H. relictus Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           `--H. spinicornis Z94
            |         Rhytidodera P66b
            |           |--R. cristata Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           `--R. simulans [=Hammaticherus simulans] P66b
            |         Cerambyx P66b
            |         Neocerambyx P66b
            |           |--*N. paris P66b
            |           |--N. aurifaber P66b
            |           |--N. intricatus Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           `--N. lambii Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |         Imbrius Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           |--I. ephebus Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           |--I. lineatus Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           |--I. micaceus [=Cerambyx micaceus] P66b
            |           `--I. strigosus Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |         Coptomma SW03
            |         Phymatodes B14
            |           |--P. decussatus B14
            |           `--P. nitidus LeConte 1874 B14
            |         Rosalia alpina (Linnaeus 1758) B14
            |         Epithora LB91
            |           |--E. angustata Boisd. 1835 M87
            |           |--E. dorsalis [incl. E. elongata, E. rhombifera, E. uniguttata] M87
            |           `--E. undulata Hope 1843 [incl. E. rubripes Hope 1843] M87
            |         Bardistus cibarius Newm. 1841 [incl. Dicranops piceus] M87
            |         Hesthesis LB91
            |         Macrones LB91
            |           |--M. acicularis Pascoe 1862 M87
            |           |--M. capito Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--M. exilis M87
            |           |--M. rufus M87
            |           `--M. subclavatus Pascoe 1871 M87
            |         Eroschema LB91
            |           |--E. atricolle Pascoe 1865 M87
            |           `--E. poweri Pascoe 1859 [incl. Octavia nigricolle] M87
            |         Diotimana undulata LB91
            |         Ceresium [Eburiinae] M86
            |           |--C. annulicorne Germ. 1848 M87
            |           |--C. pachymerum M86
            |           |--C. raripilum P66b
            |           |--C. simplex P66b (see below for synonymy)
            |           |--C. versutum Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           |--C. vestigiale Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           `--C. zeylanicum P66b
            |         Tethionea strumosa M86
            |         Chloridolum M86
            |           |--C. cinderellum M87
            |           |--C. cinnyris Pascoe 1866 P66b
            |           |--C. dorycum M86
            |           `--C. thomsoni [=Callichroma thomsoni] P66b
            |         Hammatochaerus australasiae Hope 1842 M87
            |         Saporaea femoralis Thoms. 1878 M87
            |         Phacodes M87
            |           |--P. distinctus Pascoe 1865 M87
            |           |--P. elusus Pascoe 1865 M87
            |           |--P. essingtoni Hope 1841 M87
            |           |--P. ferrugineus Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--P. fuscus Pascoe 1865 M87
            |           |--P. longicollis Pascoe 1871 M87
            |           |--P. mossmanni Newm. 1851 M87
            |           |--P. obscurus [incl. P. lentiginosus] M87
            |           `--P. tenuitarsis Pascoe 1871 M87
            |         Oebarina M87
            |           |--O. ceresioides Pascoe 1866 M87
            |           `--O. tristis Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Aesiotyche favosa M87
            |         Hypermallus atomarius Drury 1773 [incl. Thersalus bispinosus Pascoe 1863] M87
            |         Atesta M87
            |           |--A. angasi Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--A. balteata Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           `--A. bifasciata Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Allotisis M87
            |           |--A. discreta Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--A. scitula Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           `--A. unifasciata Hope 1843 M87
            |         Coptocercus M87
            |           |--C. aberrans Newm. 1841 M87
            |           |--C. biguttatus Donov. 1805 (see below for synonymy) M87
            |           |--C. decorus Perroud 1855 M87
            |           |--C. pedator Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--C. politus Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--C. pubescens Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           `--C. rubripes Boisd. 1835 (see below for synonymy) M87
            |         Demelius semirugosus Waterh. 1874 M87
            |         Thoris eburifera Pascoe 1867 M87
            |         Ectinope spinicollis Pascoe 1875 M87
            |         Sisyrium M87
            |           |--S. dorsale (Pascoe 1863) [=Obrium dorsale] M87
            |           |--S. ibidionoides (Pascoe 1859) [=Obrium ibidionoides] M87
            |           |--S. stigmosum [=Igenia stigmosa] M87
            |           `--S. tripartitum [=Obrium tripartitum] M87
            |         Psylacrida gracilis Thoms. 1878 M87
            |         Cleistimum venatum Thoms. 1878 M87
            |         Acyrusa ciliata Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Skeletodes tetrops Newm. 1850 [incl. Elete inscriptus Pascoe 1863] M87
            |         Sidis opiloides M87
            |         Paphora modesta Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Porithea intorta Newm. 1842 M87
            |         Bethelium M87
            |           |--B. inscriptum Pascoe 1862 M87
            |           `--B. signiferum Newm. 1840 (see below for synonymy) M87
            |         Adrium M87
            |           |--A. artifex Newm. 1842 [incl. A. cucujus, A. terebrans Newm. 1842] M87
            |           `--A. catoxanthum M87
            |         Thephantes clavatus Pascoe 1867 M87
            |         Neostenus M87
            |           |--N. morio (Pascoe 1865) [=Lysestia morio] M87
            |           `--N. saundersii [incl. Lysestia rotundicollis] M87
            |         Aposites M87
            |           |--A. macilentus M87
            |           `--A. pubicollis Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Mystrosa rubiginea M87
            |         Aphanasium australe Boisd. 1835 [incl. Solimnia sublineatum Pascoe 1863] M87
            |         Tricheops ephippigera M87
            |         Tessaromma M87
            |           |--T. sericans Erichs. 1842 M87
            |           |--T. triste [incl. T. moestum] M87
            |           `--T. undatum [incl. T. macleayi Hope 1840] M87
            |         Petalodes M87
            |           |--P. laminosus Newm. 1840 M87
            |           `--P. plagiatus White 1858 M87
            |         Opsidota M87
            |           |--O. albipilosa M87
            |           `--O. infecta M87
            |         Piesarthrius M87
            |           |--P. laminosus MC13
            |           `--P. marginellus Hope 1840 M87
            |         Strongylurus M87
            |           |--S. ceresioides Pascoe 1867 M87
            |           |--S. cretifer Hope 1835 [incl. Isalium odewahni] M87
            |           |--S. orbatus M87
            |           |--S. scutellatus (Hope 1840) [=Coptopterus scutellatus] M87
            |           `--S. thoracicus Pascoe 1857 M87
            |         Exaereta unicolor M87
            |         Lygesis M87
            |           |--L. cylindricollis Pascoe 1859 M87
            |           `--L. medica Pascoe 1875 M87
            |         Bebius filiformis Pascoe 1865 M87
            |         Oxymagis grayi Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Scolecobrotus westwoodi Hope 1835 M87
            |         Emenica nigripennis Pascoe 1875 M87
            |         Aethiora fuliginea Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Stephanops M87
            |           |--S. marginipennis Fairm. 1879 M87
            |           |--S. nasuta [incl. S. elongaticeps Blanch. 1853] M87
            |           `--S. striicollis Fairm. 1879 M87
            |         Psilomorpha tenuipes Saund. 1850 M87
            |         Tritocosmia M87
            |           |--T. atricilla Newm. 1850 M87
            |           |--T. digglesi Pascoe 1859 M87
            |           |--T. latecostata Fairm. 1879 M87
            |           |--T. paradoxa Pascoe 1859 M87
            |           |--T. roei Hope 1836 M87
            |           `--T. rubea M87
            |         Tropocalymma dimidiatum (Newm. 1841) [=Tropis dimidiata] M87
            |         Tropis oculifera Newm. 1840 M87
            |         Syllitus M87
            |           |--S. bipunctatus Waterh. 1877 M87
            |           |--S. deustus Newm. 1841 M87
            |           |--S. grammicus Newm. 1840 [incl. S. rectus Newm. 1841] M87
            |           |--S. parryi Pascoe 1862 M87
            |           |--S. tabidus Pascoe 1871 M87
            |           `--S. terminatus Pascoe 1871 M87
            |         Demomisis filum Pascoe 1867 M87
            |         Simocrysa discolor Pascoe 1871 M87
            |         Enchoptera M87
            |           |--E. apicalis M87
            |           `--E. nigricornis M87
            |         Oroderes humeralis Saund. 1850 M87
            |         Brachopsis M87
            |           |--B. concolor Saund. 1850 M87
            |           `--B. nupera Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Pseudocephalus M87
            |           |--P. arietinus Newm. 1851 M87
            |           |--P. formicides Newm. 1842 M87
            |           `--P. mirus Pascoe 1865 M87
            |         Aphneope sericata Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Zoedia M87
            |           |--Z. divisa Pascoe 1862 M87
            |           |--Z. triangularis Pascoe 1862 M87
            |           `--Z. v-album (Boisduval 1835) [=Clytus v-album; incl. Z. elegans Waterhouse 1878] M87
            |         Bimia M87
            |           |--B. bicolor White 1850 M87
            |           `--B. femoralis M87
            |         Aciptera M87
            |           |--A. semiflava Saund. 1850 M87
            |           `--A. waterhousei Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Agapete M87
            |           |--A. carissima Newm. 1845 M87
            |           |--A. kreusleri Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           `--A. vestita Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Molorchus M87
            |           |--M. abbreviatus L02
            |           |--M. inculatus Kirby in Boisduval 1835 B35
            |           |--M. ferrugineus MacLeay in Boisduval 1835 B35
            |           |--M. sidus (Newm. 1840) [=Heliomanes sidus] M87
            |           `--M. variegatus B35
            |         Earinus M87
            |           |--E. kreuslerae Pascoe 1866 M87
            |           |--E. mimula Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           `--E. picta Pascoe 1871 M87
            |         Mecynopus M87
            |           |--M. cothurnatus Erichs. 1842 M87
            |           `--M. semivitreus Pascoe 1859 M87
            |         Omotes M87
            |           |--O. cucujides Newm. 1842 M87
            |           |--O. erosicollis Pascoe 1859 M87
            |           `--O. punctatissima Newm. 1851 M87
            |         Phalota M87
            |           |--P. collaris Pascoe 1866 M87
            |           `--P. tenella Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Nenenia aurulenta Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Xystoena vittata Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Trichomesia newmani [incl. Chaeropsis dimidiata] M87
            |         Anteros M87
            |         Distichocera M87
            |           |--D. kirbyi Newm. 1851 M87
            |           |--D. macleayi Newm. 1851 M87
            |           |--D. maculicollis [incl. D. ferruginea, D. fulvipennis, D. rubripennis Macleay 1827] M87
            |           |--D. mutator M87
            |           |--D. par Newm. 1851 [incl. D. fuliginosa] M87
            |           `--D. thomsonella White 1859 M87
            |         Chaodalis macleayi Pascoe 1865 M87
            |         Pytheus M87
            |           |--P. jugosus Newm. 1840 M87
            |           |--P. latebrosus Newm. 1840 [incl. P. pallidus] M87
            |           `--P. pulcherrimus Pascoe 1859 M87
            |         Brachytria M87
            |           |--B. centralis Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--B. gulosa Newm. 1840 [incl. Callidiomorphus depressa] M87
            |           |--B. picta Waterhouse 1877 M87
            |           `--B. varia Waterhouse 1877 M87
            |         Pempsamacra M87
            |           |--P. dispersa Newm. 1842 M87
            |           |--P. pygmaea Newm. 1851 [incl. Lepidisia bimaculata White 1855] M87
            |           |--P. subaurea Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           |--P. tillides Newm. 1838 M87
            |           `--P. vestita Pascoe 1859 M87
            |         Titurius calcaratus Pascoe 1875 M87
            |         Omophaena M87
            |           |--O. kreusleri Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           `--O. taeniata Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Schizopleurus balteatus Lacord. 1869 M87
            |         Telocera wollastoni White 1858 M87
            |         Eburigera octoguttata White 1855 M87
            |         Taphos aterrimus Pascoe 1863 M87
            |         Bixorestes M87
            |           |--B. dectus White 1855 M87
            |           `--B. interruptus Oliv. 1790 M87
            |         Hemisthocera flavilinea Newm. 1850 M87
            |         Cremys diophthalmus Pascoe 1862 M87
            |         Ochyra coarctata Pascoe 1871 M87
            |         Homaemota M87
            |           |--H. basalis Pascoe 1865 M87
            |           `--H. duboulayi M87
            |         Ectosticta M87
            |           |--E. cleroides White 1855 [incl. E. simillima White 1855] M87
            |           |--E. eburata Pascoe 1863 M87
            |           `--E. ruida Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Ipomoria tillides Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Sophron M87
            |           |--S. eburatus Pascoe 1865 M87
            |           `--S. inornatus Newm. 1842 [incl. Cleadne melanaria Pascoe 1863] M87
            |         Amphirhoe decora Newm. 1841 M87
            |         Leptocera M87
            |           |--L. graphica Boisduval 1835 B35
            |           |--L. scripta B35
            |           |--L. suturalis (Pascoe 1867) [=Glaucytes suturalis] M87
            |           `--L. vittifera M87
            |         Acrocyrta chrysoderes (White 1855) [=Clytanthus chrysoderes] M87
            |         Ischnotes M87
            |           |--I. bakewelli Pascoe 1859 M87
            |           `--I. cylindracea Newm. 1840 M87
            |         Tragocerus M87
            |           |--T. bidentatus Donov. 1805 M87 [=Prionus bidentatus B35; incl. T. australis Serv. 1834 M87]
            |           |--T. fasciatus Donov. 1805 [incl. T. bifasciatus Guér. 1830] M87
            |           |--T. formosus Pascoe 1862 M87
            |           |--T. lepidopterus Schreib. 1802 M87 [=Prionus lepidopterus B35]
            |           |--T. spencei Hope 1834 M87
            |           `--T. subfasciatus Germ. 1848 M87
            |         Anastetha raripila Pascoe 1866 M87
            |         Sternaderus B70
            |         Pterostenus B70
            |--Phoracantha MW15
            |--Rhinotragini B14
            |--Uracanthus TW07
            |--Callidium B14
            |--Anaglyptini B14
            |--Clytini B14
            |--Hylotrupes [Hylotrupini] B14
            |    |--H. asemoides Pascoe 1863 M87
            |    `--H. bajulus (Linnaeus 1758) B14
            |--Rhopalophorini B14
            |    |--Rhopalophora P66b
            |    `--Cosmisoma ammiralis (Linnaeus 1767) B14
            |--Rhagiomorpha M87 [Rhagiomorphinae, Rhagiomorphini SW03]
            |    |--R. concolor Macleay 1827 [incl. R. lepturoides, Physodroma sexcostata, R. sordida] M87
            |    |--R. exilis Pascoe 1859 M87
            |    |--R. plagiata Hope 1842 M87
            |    `--R. unicolor Hope 1842 M87
            |--Phlyctaenodes M87 [Phlyctaenodini SW03]
            |    |--P. binodosus Lacord. 1869 M87
            |    |--P. pilosus Pascoe 1863 M87
            |    |--P. pustulatus (Hope 1840) [=Trachelorachys pustulatus] M87
            |    |--P. pustulosus [incl. P. brunneus, P. fumicolor Hope 1840, P. pubescens] M87
            |    `--P. tristis M87
            |--Tillomorphini B14
            |    |--Tetranodus B14
            |    |--Pentanodes B14
            |    |--Tillomorpha moestula M87
            |    `--Euderces reichei LeConte 1873 B14
            |         |--E. r. reichei B14
            |         `--E. r. exilis B14
            `--Callidiopini SW03
                 |--Didymocantha SW03
                 |    |--D. brevicollis M87
                 |    |--D. obliqua Newm. 1840 [incl. D. varicornis Hope 1840] M87
                 |    `--D. picta SW03
                 `--Callidiopis M87
                      |--C. mutica Lacord. 1869 M87
                      |--C. praecox Erichs. 1842 M87
                      `--C. scutellaris M87

Cerambycidae incertae sedis:
  Ochrocydus huttoni FS01
  Hybolasius vegetus Broun 1881 E02
  Xylotoloides trigonellaris E02
  Ptinosoma E02
  Calliprason pallidum (Pascoe 1875) E02
  Somatidia helmsi WH02, H15
  Notorrhina Z02
  Oemona hirta (Fabricius 1775) H82
  Psilocnaeia WFS04
    |--P. nana WFS04
    `--P. parvula WFS04
  Xyloteles WFS04
    |--X. griseus WFS04
    `--X. humeratus WFS04
  Zorion minutum T27
  Neocalliprason Brookes 1927 B27
    `--*N. elegans Brookes 1927 B27
  Pseudocalliprason B27
  Cerambycomima GE05
  Tithoes G89
    |--T. arabicus Thoms. 1877 G89
    `--T. capensis G89
  Obriaccum G89
    |--O. elegans G89
    `--O. manzonii Gestro 1889 G89
  Dichostates G89
    |--D. strigifrons Fairm. 1885 G89
    |--D. subocellatus G89
    `--D. vagepictus G89
  Ceratites jaspideus Serv. 1835 G89
  Rhodopina lewisii IK05
  Spintheriini SW03
  Glaucytes [Glaucytini] SW03
    `--G. interrupta SW03
  Gastrosarus B88
  Poecilipe medialis B88
  Plagithmysus O94
  Mecas C90
  Crossidius hirtipes C90, G05
  Rhagium mordax C01
  Pachyta quadrimaculata C01
  Brachyta interrogationis [incl. B. interrogationis var. punctata] C01
  Acmaeops C01
    |--A. marginata C01
    `--A. pratensis C01
  Gaurotes virginea [incl. G. virginea var. thalassina] C01
  Oedecnema dubia C01
  Allosterna tabacicolor C01
  Cyrtoclytus C01
    |--C. capra C01
    `--C. monticallisus Komiya 1980 Iw92
  Neodorcadion C01
    |--N. involvens C01
    |--N. orygi C01
    |--N. potanini C01
    `--N. zichyi Csiki 1901 C01
  Aderpas P66a
  Anamera P66a
  Liopus C01
    |--L. femoratus C01
    `--L. ganglbaueri Csiki 1901 C01
  Pogonochaerus fasciculatus C01
  Haplocnemia myops C01
  Erioderus P66b
  Tragosoma P66b
  Paraglenea Bates 1866 B66
    |--*P. fortunei [=Glenea fortunei] B66
    `--P. swinhoei Bates 1866 B66
  Adesmus druryi Im92
  Semanotus Mulsant 1839 CW92
  Atossa [Onocephalinae] P66a
    |--*A. strenua P66a
    `--A. atomaria Pascoe 1866 P66a
  Obriinae P66b
    |--Deuteromma testaceum P66b
    `--Ciopera Pascoe 1866 P66b
         `--*C. decolorata Pascoe 1866 P66b
  Necydalinae B14
  Astathes Newman 1842 [incl. Tetraophthalmus Blanchard 1845; Astatheinae] P66a
    |--A. nigricornis P66a
    |--A. perplexa P66a
    |--A. splendida [=Cerambyx splendidus] P66a
    `--A. terminata P66a
  Purpuriceninae P66b
    |--Euryclea cardinalis [=Eurycephalus cardinalis] P66b
    |--Euryphagus maxillosus [=Cerambyx maxillosus; incl. C. nigripes] P66b
    `--Purpuricenus [incl. Cyclodera] P66b
         |--P. angasi (White 1847) [=Cyclodera angasi] M87
         |--P. dumerilii Lucas 1847 E12
         |--P. quadrinotatus White 1846 [incl. P. australicus] M87
         `--P. sanguinolentus [=Cerambyx sanguinolentus] P66b
  Acanthocininae P66a
  Spondylidinae B14
  Cerasphorinae P66b
    |--Stromatium asperulum P66b
    |--Noserius tibialis P66b
    |--Gnatholea eburifera P66b
    `--Xystrocera P66b
         |--X. alcyonea Pascoe 1866 P66b
         |--X. australasiae Hope 1841 M87
         |--X. globosa [=Cerambyx globosus] P66b
         `--X. virescens Newm. 1840 M87
  Stenoderinae P66b
  Aegosominae P66b
    |--Aegosoma P66b
    |    |--A. marginale [=Cerambyx marginalis] P66b
    |    `--A. scabricorne P66b
    `--Megopis P66b
         |--*M. mutica P66b
         |--M. costipennis P66b
         `--M. procera Pascoe 1866 P66b
  Dorcadioninae P66a
    |--Obages Pascoe 1866 P66a
    |    `--*O. palparis Pascoe 1866 P66a
    `--Dorcadion C01
         |--D. carinatum C01
         |--D. elegans C01
         |--D. equestre C01
         |--D. ribbei [incl. D. ribbei var. rubrofemoratum] C01
         |--D. scabricolle C01
         `--D. sericatum [incl. D. sericatum var. micans] C01
  Exocentrinae P66a
  Niphoninae P66a
  Saperdinae P66a
  Erythrinae P66b
  Callichrominae P66b
  Hypselominae P66a
  Lepturinae B14
    |--Leptura P66b
    |--Ocalemia P66b
    |--Strangalia maculata P66b, Im92
    |--Centrodera P66b
    |--Asilaris Pascoe 1866 P66b
    |    `--*A. zonatus Pascoe 1866 P66b
    |--Ephies Pascoe 1866 P66b
    |    `--*E. cruentus Pascoe 1866 P66b
    |--Desmocerus californicus B14
    |    |--D. c. californicus B14
    |    `--D. c. dimorphus Fisher 1921 B14
    `--Philus P66b
         |--P. antennatus [incl. P. inconspicuus] P66b
         |--P. globulicollis P66b
         |--P. pallescens Bates 1866 B66
         `--P. rufescens Pascoe 1866 P66b
  Phytoeciinae P66a
  Mesosinae P66a
  Apomecyninae P66a
  Stenochorus B35
    |--S. biguttatus [=Callidium biguttatum; incl. S. tessellatus] B35
    |--S. lepturoides Boisduval 1835 B35
    `--S. rubripes Boisduval 1835 B35
  Parmena rugosula [=Lamia rugosula] B35
  Colobothea picta [=Stenochorus pictus; incl. Saperda chalybea, Colobothea formosa] B35
  Adorium B35
    |--A. australe Dejean in Boisduval 1835 B35
    |--A. basale B35
    |--A. chrysomeloides Bates 1866 B66
    |--A. melanocephalum d’Urville in Boisduval 1835 B35
    `--A. posticum Dej. in Boisduval 1835 B35
  Promechus Dejean in Boisduval 1835 B35
    |--P. aeneus Dejean in Boisduval 1835 B35
    `--P. splendidus Dejean in Boisduval 1835 B35
  Pacothea hilaris H38
  Osphranteria coerulescens Redtenbacher 1850 HAB05
  Mysteria W01
  Pathocerus Waterhouse 1901 W01
    `--*P. wagneri Waterhouse 1901 W01
  Neacanthocinus obsoletus S96
  Tylocerina nodosus S96
  Graphisurus S96
  Anoplodera S96
    |--A. mutabilis S96
    |--A. proxima S96
    `--A. rubrica S96
  Typocerus velutinus S96

Nomen nudum: Monohammus argentatus Hope in Masters 1887 M87

Bethelium signiferum Newm. 1840 [incl. B. flavomaculatum, B. fuscomaculatum, B. personatum Erichs. 1847] M87

*Blepephaeus succinctor (Chevrolat 1852) [=Monohammus succinctor; incl. M. obfuscatus White 1858, M. sublineatus White 1858] P66a

Ceresium simplex P66b [=Stenochorus simplex P66b; incl. Diatomocephala maculaticollis P66b, Oemona philippensis P66b, Ceresium vile Newm. 1842 M87]

Coptocercus biguttatus Donov. 1805 [=Callirhoe biguttata; incl. Co. senio Newm. 1841, Co. sexmaculatus, Co. tessellatus] M87

Coptocercus rubripes Boisd. 1835 [incl. C. allapsus Newm. 1841, C. assimilis Hope 1843, C. roei Hope 1843] M87

Hathliodes melanocephalus (Hope 1841) [=Hathlia melanocephala; incl. Hathliodes gracilis Blanch. 1853] M87

Olenecamptus bilobus [=Saperda biloba; incl. Authades indianus, Olenecamptus serratus Chevrolat 1835] P66a

*Type species of generic name indicated

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Last updated: 27 October 2019.