Lerista

Pilbara flame-tailed slider Lerista flammicauda, copyright Jordan Vos.

Belongs within: Scincidae.

Lerista, sliders, is an Australian genus of mostly burrowing skinks found in loose soil or sand under cover (Cogger 2018).

Characters (from Cogger 2018): Supranasals absent. Nasals enlarged, usually in contact medially. Prefrontals small and widely separated or absent. Parietal shields in contact behind interparietal. Lower eyelid with transparent disc, movable or fused above to form permanent spectacle. Ear opening small but always distinct. Single pair of enlarged pre-anals. Limbs varying from well developed and pentadactyle through various degrees of reduction in length and number of digits to a minute style or completely absent, always separated if present by at least several scale legs when adpressed.

<==Lerista Bell 1833 C18
    |--L. aericeps Storr 1986 C18
    |--L. allanae (Longman 1937) C18
    |--L. allochira Kendrick 1989 C18
    |--L. ameles Greer 1979 C18
    |--L. amicorum Smith & Adams 2007 C18
    |--L. apoda Storr 1976 C18
    |--L. arenicola Storr 1972 C18
    |--L. axillaris Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. baynesi Storr 1971 C18
    |--L. bipes (Fischer 1882) C18
    |--L. borealis Storr 1971 C18
    |--L. bougainvillii (Gray 1839) C18
    |--L. bunglebungle Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. carpentariae Greer 1983 C18
    |--L. chordae Amey, Kutt & Hutchinson 2005 C18
    |--L. christinae Storr 1979 C18
    |--L. cinerea Greer, McDonald & Lawrie 1983 C18
    |--L. clara Smith & Adams 2007 C18
    |--L. colliveri Couper & Ingram 1992 C18
    |--L. connivens Storr 1971 C18
    |--L. desertorum (Sternfeld 1919) C18
    |--L. distinguenda (Werner 1910) C18
    |--L. dorsalis Storr 1985 C18
    |--L. edwardsae Storr 1982 C18
    |--L. elegans (Gray 1845) ADD0
    |--L. elongata Storr 1990 C18
    |--L. emmotti Ingram, Couper & Donnellan 1993 C18
    |--L. eupoda Smith 1996 C18
    |--L. flammicauda Storr 1985 C18
    |--L. fragilis (Günther 1876) C18
    |--L. frosti (Zietz 1895) C18
    |--L. gascoynensis Storr 1986 C18
    |--L. gerrardii (Gray 1864) C18
    |--L. greeri Storr 1982 C18
    |--L. griffini Storr 1982 C18
    |--L. haroldi Storr 1983 C18
    |--L. hobsoni Amey, Couper & Worthington Wilmer in Couper, Amey & Worthington Wilmer 2016 C18
    |--L. humphriesi Storr 1971 C18
    |--L. ingrami Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. ips Storr 1980 C18
    |--L. jacksoni Smith & Adams 2007 C18
    |--L. kalumburu Storr 1976 C18
    |--L. karlschmidti (Marx & Hosmer 1959) C18
    |--L. kendricki Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. kennedyensis Kendrick 1989 C18
    |--L. kingi Smith & Adams 2007 C18
    |--L. labialis Storr 1971 C18
    |--L. lineata Bell 1833 C18
    |--L. lineopunctulata (Duméril & Bibron 1839) ADD08
    |--L. macropisthopus (Werner 1903) C18
    |    |--L. m. macropisthopus ADD08
    |    |--L. m. fusciceps Storr 1991 ADD08
    |    |--L. m. galea C18
    |    `--L. m. remota C18
    |--L. maculosa Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. micra Smith & Adams 2007 ADD08
    |--L. microtis (Gray 1845) C18
    |    |--L. m. microtis C18
    |    `--L. m. schwaneri C18
    |--L. muelleri (Fischer 1881) C18
    |--L. neander Storr 1971 C18
    |--L. nevinae Smith & Adams 2007 C18
    |--L. nichollsi (Loveridge 1933) C18
    |--L. occulta Smith & Adams 2007 C18
    |--L. onsloviana Storr 1984 C18
    |--L. orientalis (De Vis 1889) C18
    |--L. petersoni Storr 1976 C18
    |--L. picturata (Fry 1914) C18
    |--L. planiventralis (Lucas & Frost 1902) C18
    |    |--L. p. planiventralis ADD08
    |    |--L. p. decora (Storr 1978) ADD08
    |    `--L. p. maryani ADD08
    |--L. praefrontalis Greer 1986 C18
    |--L. praepedita (Boulenger 1887) ADD08
    |--L. punctatovittata (Günther 1867) C18
    |--L. puncticauda Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. quadrivincula Shea 1991 C18
    |--L. robusta Storr 1990 C18
    |--L. rochfordensis Amey & Couper 2009 C18
    |--L. rolfei Smith & Adams 2007 C18
    |--L. separanda Storr 1976 C18
    |--L. simillima Storr 1984 C18
    |--L. speciosa Storr 1990 C18
    |--L. stictopleura Storr 1985 C18
    |--L. storri Greer, McDonald & Lawrie 1983 C18
    |--L. stylis (Mitchell 1955) C18
    |--L. taeniata Storr 1986 C18
    |--L. talpina Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. terdigitata (Parker 1926) C18
    |--L. timida (De Vis 1888) C18
    |--L. tridactyla Storr 1990 C18
    |--L. uniduo Storr 1984 C18
    |--L. vanderduysi Amey, Couper & Worthington Wilmer in Couper, Amey & Worthington Wilmer 2016 C18
    |--L. varia Storr 1986 ADD08
    |--L. verhmens Smith & Adams 2007 C18
    |--L. vermicularis Storr 1982 C18
    |--L. viduata Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. vittata Greer, McDonald & Lawrie 1983 C18
    |--L. walkeri (Boulenger 1891) C18
    |--L. wilkinsi (Parker 1926) C18
    |--L. xanthura Storr 1986 C18
    |--L. yuna Storr 1991 C18
    |--L. zietzi Wells & Wellington 1985 C18
    `--L. zonulata Storr 1991 C18

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ADD08] Aplin, K., S. Donnellan & J. Dell. 2008. The herpetofauna of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 39–53.

[C18] Cogger, H. G. 2018. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia updated 7^th ed. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

Ecpleopini

Leposoma nanodactylus, from the Reptile Database.

Belongs within: Gymnophthalmidae.

The Ecpleopini are a clade of microteiid lizards supported by molecular data (Pellegrino et al. 2001).

<==Ecpleopini
    |--Arthrosaura Boulenger 1885 PR01
    |    |--A. kochii PR01
    |    `--A. reticulata PR01
    `--+--Ecpleopus Duméril & Bibron 1839 PR01
       |    `--*E. gaudichaudii PR01
       `--+--+--Colobosauroides Cunha & Lima Verde 1991 PR01
          |  |    `--C. cearensis PR01
          |  `--Anotosaura Amaral 1933 PR01
          |       |--A. collaris PR01
          |       `--A. vanzolinia PR01
          `--+--Amapasaurus Cunha 1970 PR01
             `--Leposoma Spix 1825 PR01
                  |--L. nanodactylus PR01
                  |--L. oswaldoi PR01
                  |--L. parietale DS86
                  `--L. percarinatum PR01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DS86] Dixon, J. R,. & P. Soini. 1986. The Reptiles of the Upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos Region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum: Milwaukee.

[PR01] Pellegrino, K. C. M., M. T. Rodrigues, Y. Yonenaga-Yassuda & J. W. Sites Jr. 2001. A molecular perspective on the evolution of microteiid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), and a new classification for the family. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74: 315–338.

Hueneosauria

Reconstruction of Cymbospondylus natans, copyright Teratophoneus.

Belongs within: Ichthyosauria.
Contains: Thunnosauria.

The Hueneosauria are a clade of ichthyosaurs defined by Maisch & Matzke (2000) as the most exclusive clade including Mixosaurus cornalianus and Ophthalmosaurus icenicus.

Synapomorphies (from Maisch & Matzke 2000): External naris placed largely laterally; anterior margin of orbit regularly rounded; ramus occipitalis of supratemporal well developed; processus transversus pterygoidei absent; posterior dorsal centra discoidal; sacral ribs indistinguishable; caudal vertebral centra short; interclavicle of triradiate shape; radius and ulna distinctly shortened; posterior margin of ulna convex or straight; distal carpals II–IV of similar size; metacarpal V with straight or concave posterior margin or absent; pubis and ischium with strongly convex medial margins, not forming symphysis; less than five toes present.

<==Hueneosauria
    |  i. s.: Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao & Lu in Yin et al. 2000 (see below for synonymy) JH05
    |--+--Wimanius Maisch & Matzke 1998 MM03, MM00
    |  |    `--*W. odontopalatus Maisch & Matzke 1998 MM00
    |  `--Mixosauridae JH05
    |       |--Barracudasaurus Jiang, Hao et al. 2005 JH05
    |       |    `--*B. maotaiensis (Young 1965) [=Mixosaurus maotaiensis] JH05
    |       `--+--Mixosaurus Baur 1887 JH05, MM00 [incl. Sangiorgiosaurus Brinkmann 1998 MM00]
    |          |    |--*M. cornalianus (Bassani 1886) MM00
    |          |    `--M. kuhnschnyderi (Brinkmann 1998) MM00 [=Sangiorgiosaurus kuhnschnyderi H02]
    |          `--Phalarodontinae JH05
    |               |--Contectopalatus Maisch & Matzke 1998 JH05, MM00
    |               |    `--*C. atavus (Quenstedt 1852) MM00, H02 [=Mixosaurus atavus H02]
    |               `--Phalarodon Merriam 1910 JH05, MM00
    |                    |--*P. nordenskioeldii (Hulke 1873) MM00 [=Mixosaurus nordenskioldi H02]
    |                    |--P. atavus FF13
    |                    |--P. callawayi FF13
    |                    |--P. fraasi FF13
    |                    `--P. major (von Huene 1916) MM00
    `--Longipinnati [Euichthyosauria, Shastasauridae] MM00
         |--‘Cymbospondylus’ buchseri Sander 1989 FF13, MM00
         `--+--Cymbospondylidae MM00
            |    |--Phantomosaurus Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00
            |    |    `--*P. neubigi (Sander 1997) [=Shastasaurus neubigi] MM00
            |    `--Cymbospondylus Leidy 1868 FF13, MM00
            |         |--*C. piscosus Leidy 1868 MM00
            |         |--C. germanicus D07
            |         |--C. grandis D07
            |         |--C. natans D07
            |         |--C. nevadanus D07
            |         |--C. parvus D07
            |         |--C. petrinus Leidy 1868 MM00
            |         `--C. piscosus D07
            `--+--+--Californosaurus Kuhn 1934 FF13, MM00 [incl. Delphinosaurus Merriam 1905 (preoc.) MM00]
               |  |    `--*C. perrini (Merriam 1902) MM00
               |  `--Toretocnemidae MM00
               |       |--Qianichthyosaurus Li 1999 MM03, MM00
               |       |    `--*Q. zhoui Li 1999 MM00
               |       `--Toretocnemus Merriam 1903 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
               |            |--*T. californicus Merriam 1903 MM00
               |            `--T. zitteli (Merriam 1903) MM00
               `--+--Merriamosaurus MM03 [incl. Rotundopteryx Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00]
                  |    `--M. hulkei (Maisch & Matzke 2000) MM03 [=*Rotundopteryx hulkei MM00]
                  `--Merriamosauria MM00
                       |--Besanosaurus Dal Sasso & Pinna 1996 MM03, MM00
                       |    `--*B. leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna 1996 MM00
                       `--+--Thalattoarchon Fröbisch, Fröbisch et al. 2013 FF13
                          |    `--*T. saurophagis Fröbisch, Fröbisch et al. 2013 FF13
                          `--+--+--Shonisaurus Camp 1976 FF13, MM00
                             |  |    |--*S. popularis Camp 1976 MM00
                             |  |    `--S. sikanniensis D07
                             |  `--Shastasaurus Merriam 1895 FF13, MM00 [Shastasauria]
                             |       |  i. s.: S. alexandrae Merriam 1902 [incl. S. altispinus, S. osmonti] MM00
                             |       |--S. sikanniensis FF13
                             |       `--+--*S. pacificus Merriam 1895 MM00, FF13, MM00
                             |          `--S. liangae FF13
                             `--+--Mikadocephalus Maisch & Matzke 1997 JH05, MM00
                                |    `--*M. gracilirostris Maisch & Matzke 1997 MM00
                                `--+--Callawayia Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                   |    `--*C. neoscapularis (McGowan 1994) MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                   `--Parvipelvia MM00
                                        |--Hudsonelpidia McGowan 1995 MM03, MM00
                                        |    `--*H. brevirostris McGowan 1995 MM00
                                        `--Neoichthyosauria MM00
                                             |  i. s.: Nannopterygius von Huene 1922 MM00
                                             |           `--*N. enthekiodon (Hulke 1871) MM00
                                             |--Suevoleviathan Maisch 1998 FF13, MM00 [Suevoleviathanidae]
                                             |    |--*S. disinteger (von Huene 1926) MM00
                                             |    `--S. integer (Bronn 1844) MM00
                                             `--+--+--Temnodontosaurus Lydekker 1889 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                                |  |    |--*T. platyodon (Conybeare 1822) MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. acutirostris (Owen 1840) MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. eurycephalus McGowan 1974 MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. longirostris D07
                                                |  |    |--T. nuertingensis (von Huene 1931) MM00
                                                |  |    `--T. trigonodon (von Theodori 1843) MM00
                                                |  `--Leptonectidae [Eurhinosauria, Eurhinosauridae] MM00
                                                |       |--+--Eurhinosaurus Abel 1909 FF13, MM00
                                                |       |  |    `--*E. longirostris (von Jaeger 1856) MM00
                                                |       |  `--Excalibosaurus McGowan 1986 FF13, MM00
                                                |       |       `--*E. costini McGowan 1986 [=Eurinosaurus costini] MM00
                                                |       `--Leptonectes McGowan 1996 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                                |            |--*L. tenuirostris (Conybeare 1822) MM00
                                                |            |--L. moorei McGowan & Milner 1999 MM00
                                                |            `--L. solei (McGowan 1993) MM00
                                                `--+--Thunnosauria FF13
                                                   `--Macgowania Motani 1999 FF13, MM00
                                                        `--*M. janiceps (McGowan 1996) [=Ichthyosaurus janiceps] MM00

Callawayia Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00 [=Metashastasaurus Nicholls & Manabe 2001 H02]

*Callawayia neoscapularis (McGowan 1994) MM00 [=Shastasaurus neoscapularis MM00, *Metashastasaurus neoscapularis H02]

Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao & Lu in Yin et al. 2000 [incl. Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li & You 2002] JH05

Leptonectes McGowan 1996 FF13, MM00 [incl. Leptopterygius von Huene 1922 (preoc.) MM00]

Temnodontosaurus Lydekker 1889 FF13, MM00 [incl. Proteosaurus Home 1814 MM00; Temnodontosauridae]

Toretocnemus Merriam 1903 FF13, MM00 [incl. Leptocheirus Merriam 1903 (preoc.) MM00, Merriamia Boulenger 1904 MM00]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FF13] Fröbisch, N. B., J. Fröbisch, P. M. Sander, L. Schmitz & O. Rieppel. 2013. Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (4): 1393–1397.

[H02] Haubold, H. 2002. Literaturbericht: Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier. Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II 5-6: 367–403.

[JH05] Jiang, D.-Y., W.-C. Hao, M. W. Maisch, A. T. Matzke & Y.-L. Sun. 2005. A basal mixosaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of China. Palaeontology 48 (4): 869–882.

[MM00] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 298: 1–159.

[MM03] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2003. Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part XII. A new Early Triassic ichthyosaur genus from Spitzbergen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 317–338.

Ichthyosauria

Reconstruction of Grippia longirostris, copyright Dmitry Bogdanov.

Belongs within: Reptilia.
Contains: Hueneosauria.

The Ichthyosauria are a major clade of marine reptiles known from the Lower Triassic to the lower Upper Cretaceous, members of which evolved a remarkably fish-like body form (Maisch & Matzke 2000).

Characters (from Maisch & Matzke 2000): Premaxillary rostrum elongate; naris displaced posteriorly, close to orbit; upper temporal fenestra with very considerable contribution of supratemporal; ectopterygoid absent; thoracal ribs articulating exclusively with centrum; manus and pes exhibiting hyperphalangy; fibula immobile relative to femur.

<==Ichthyosauria [Eoichthyosauria, Ichthyopterygia]
    |--Thaisaurus Mazin, Suteethorn et al. 1991 MM03
    |    `--*T. chonglakmanii Mazin, Suteethorn et al. 1991 MM00
    `--+--Parvinatator Nicholls & Brinkman 1995 FF13, MM03
       |    `--*P. wapitiensis Nicholls & Brickman 1995 MM00
       `--+--Utatsusaurus Shikama, Kamei & Murata 1978 FF13, MM03
          |    `--*U. hataii Shikama, Kamei & Murata 1978 MM00
          `--+--Grippiidae [Grippidia] MM00
             |    |--Chaohusaurus Young & Dong 1972 MM03 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |    `--*C. geishanensis Young & Dong 1972 MM00
             |    `--Grippia Wiman 1929 FF13, MM03
             |         `--*G. longirostris Wiman 1929 MM00
             `--+--Hueneosauria FF13
                `--Quasianosteosaurus Maisch & Matzke 2003 [Quasianosteosauridae] MM03
                     `--*Q. vikinghoegdai Maisch & Matzke 2003 MM03

Ichthyosauria incertae sedis:
  Isfjordosaurus Motani 1999 MM03
    `--*I. minor (Wiman 1910) [=Pessopteryx minor] MM00
  Svalbardosaurus Mazin 1981 (n. d.) MM03
    `--S. crassidens MM03
  Himalayasaurus Young & Dong 1972 (n. d.) MM00
    `--*H. tibetensis Young & Dong 1972 (n. d.) MM00
  Tibetosaurus Dong in Young et al. 1982 (n. d.) MM00
    `--*T. tingjiensis Dong in Young et al. 1982 (n. d.) MM00
  Pessosaurus Wiman 1910 (n. d.) MM00
    |--*P. polaris (Hulke 1873) (n. d.) MM00
    `--P. suevicus von Huene 1916 MM00
  Macropterygius von Huene 1922 (n. d.) MM00
    `--*M. trigonus (Owen 1840) MM00
  Pachygonosaurus von Huene 1916 (n. d.) MM00
    `--*P. robustus Maisch & Matzke 1997 (n. d.) MM00
  Omphalosauridae H02
    |--Tholodus schmidi H02
    `--Omphalosaurus Merriam 1906 D07 [incl. Pessopteryx Wiman 1910 MM00]
         |--O. nettarhynchus D07
         |--O. nevadanus Merriam 1906 MM00
         |--O. nisseri (Wiman 1910) (see below for synonymy) MM00
         `--O. wolfi D07

Chaohusaurus Young & Dong 1972 MM03 [incl. Anhuisaurus Chen 1985 (preoc.) MM00, Chensaurus Mazin, Suteethorn et al. 1991 MM00]

Omphalosaurus nisseri (Wiman 1910) [=*Pessopteryx nisseri; incl. P. arctica Wiman 1910, P. pinguis Wiman 1910] MM00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FF13] Fröbisch, N. B., J. Fröbisch, P. M. Sander, L. Schmitz & O. Rieppel. 2013. Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (4): 1393–1397.

[H02] Haubold, H. 2002. Literaturbericht: Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier. Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II 5-6: 367–403.

[MM00] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 298: 1–159.

[MM03] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2003. Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part XII. A new Early Triassic ichthyosaur genus from Spitzbergen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 317–338.

Plesiosauroidea

Reconstructed skeleton of Plesiosaurus, copyright Kumiko.

Belongs within: Eusauropterygia.

The Plesiosauroidea are a clade of mostly long-necked (sometimes extraordinarily so) marine reptiles known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

<==Plesiosauroidea
    |--Plesiosaurus de la Beche & Conybeare 1821 H02, D07 [Plesiosauridae]
    |    |--P. brachypterygius Huene 1923 H02
    |    |--P. dolichodeirus Conybeare 1824 DV06
    |    |--P. eurymerus D07
    |    |--P. guilelmiimperatoris D07
    |    |--P. macrocephalus D07
    |    |--P. megdeirus D07
    |    `--P. winspitensis D07
    `--Euplesiosauria [Tricleidida] H02
         |  i. s.: Muraenosaurus Seeley 1874 H02, DV06
         |           |--M. beloclis D07
         |           |--M. elasmosauroides D07
         |           |--M. leedsii D07
         |           `--M. purbecki D07
         |         Alzadasaurus H02
         |         Thalassomedon H02
         |--Elasmosauridae H02
         |    |  i. s.: ‘Plesiosaurus australis Owen 1861 (n. d.) CF02
         |    |         ‘Plesiosaurus’ crassicostatus Owen 1870 (n. d.) CF02
         |    |         ‘Plesiosaurus’ holmesi Hector 1874 (n. d.) CF02
         |    |         ‘Plesiosaurus’ hoodi Owen 1870 (n. d.) CF02
         |    |         ‘Plesiosaurus’ mackayi Hector 1874 (n. d.) CF02
         |    |--Mauisaurus haasti Hector 1874 (see below for synonymy) CF02
         |    |--Tuarangisaurus keyesi Wiffen & Moisley 1986 CF02
         |    |--Occitanosaurus Bardet et al. 1999 H02
         |    |    `--*O. tournemirensis (Sciau, Crochet & Mattei 1990) [=Plesiosaurus tournemirensis] H02
         |    |--Hydrotherosaurus Welles 1943 H02, D07
         |    |    `--H. alexandrae D07
         |    `--Elasmosaurus Cope 1868 D07
         |         |--E. morgani D07
         |         |--E. platyurus D07
         |         |--E. serpentines D07
         |         `--E. snowii D07
         |--Microcleidus H02
         `--+--Cryptoclididae [Cryptocleidoidea] H02
            |    |--Kaiwhekea Cruickshank & Fordyce 2002 CF02
            |    |    `--*K. katiki Cruickshank & Fordyce 2002 CF02
            |    |--Mortuneria Chatterjee & Creisler 1994 CF02
            |    |    `--M. seymourensis CF02
            |    |--Aristonectes Cabrera 1941 CF02
            |    |    `--A. parvidens CF02
            |    |--Colymbosaurus Seeley 1874 [incl. Kimmerosaurus Brown 1981] CF02
            |    |    `--C. trochanterius CF02
            |    |--Cryptoclidus Seeley 1892 CF02
            |    |    |--C. eurymerus CF02
            |    |    |--C. oxoniensis N85
            |    |    `--C. richardsoni D07
            |    `--Tricleidus Andrews 1909 CF02
            |--Cimoliosaurus F71 [Cimoliasauridae H02]
            |    |--C. australis F71
            |    |--C. maccoyi Etheridge 1904 F71
            |    `--C. sutherlandi F71
            `--Polycotylidae H02
                 |--Polycotylus tenuis Hector 1874 (n. d.) CF02
                 |--Dolichorhynchus H02
                 |--Trinacromerum Cragin 1888 DV06
                 |--Plesiopleurodon wellesi H02
                 `--Edgarosaurus Druckenmiller 2002 H02
                      `--E. muddi Druckenmiller 2002 H02

Mauisaurus haasti Hector 1874 [incl. M. brachiolatus Hector 1874, Cimoliosaurus caudalis Hutton 1894] CF02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CF02] Cruickshank, A. R. I., & R. E. Fordyce. 2002. A new marine reptile (Sauropterygia) from New Zealand: further evidence for a Late Cretaceous austral radiation of cryptoclidid plesiosaurs. Palaeontology 45 (3): 557–575.

[DV06] Dalla Vecchia, F. M. 2006. A new sauropterygian reptile with plesiosaurian affinity from the Late Triassic of Italy. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 112 (2): 207–225.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[H02] Haubold, H. 2002. Literaturbericht: Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier. Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II 5-6: 367–403.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

Varanidae

Desert monitor Varanus griseus caspius, copyright Denis Nuridjanov.

Belongs within: Anguimorpha.

The Varanidae, monitor lizards, are a group of lizards found in warmer parts of the Old World, characterised by a long, slender neck together with a long, strong tail, pentadactyl limbs with a strong claw on each digit, a covering of small, juxtaposed scales, and a long, deeply bifid tongue.

<==Varanidae
    |--Iberovaranus Hoffstetter 1969 RB05
    `--Varanus Merrem 1820 RB05 [incl. Megalania Owen 1859 D07]
         |  i. s.: V. baritji DK14
         |         V. bengalensis USDI77
         |         V. bushi DK14
         |         V. caudolineatus ADD08
         |         V. exanthematicus K08
         |         V. flavescens USDI77
         |         V. giganteus TW05
         |         V. gilleni DK14
         |         V. glauerti PP13
         |         V. glebopalma PP13
         |         V. gouldii (Gray 1838) ADD08
         |         V. hamersleyensis DK14
         |         V. hofmanni Roger 1898 RB05
         |         V. indicus WH02
         |         V. komodoensis DK14
         |         V. mertensi PP13
         |         V. mitchelli PP13
         |         V. niloticus D56
         |         ‘Tupinambis’ ornatus Daudin 1803 M54
         |         V. ‘ornatus’ Gray 1845 non Daudin 1803 M54
         |         V. panoptes HD04
         |         V. pilbarensis HD04
         |         V. prasinus DV87
         |         V. priscus [=Megalania prisca; incl. Notiosaurus dentatus] F71
         |         V. pronini Zerova & Ckhikvadze 1986 RB05
         |         V. punctatus [=V. p. var. typica; incl. V. p. var. orientalis Fry 1913] F13
         |         V. rosenbergi DK14
         |         V. rudicollis GWN71
         |         V. rusingensis Clos 1995 RB05
         |         V. salvator MH11
         |         V. scalaris PP13
         |         V. semiremex DK14
         |         V. tristis ADD08
         |         V. tsukamotoi Kishida 1929 TYM08
         |--*V. (Varanus) varius (White 1790) [=Lacerta varia] DK14
         |--V. (Odatria Gray 1838) DK14
         |    |--V. (O.) acanthurus Boulenger 1885 DK14
         |    |    |--V. a. acanthurus DK14
         |    |    `--V. a. insulanicus DK14
         |    |--V. (O.) brevicauda Boulenger 1898 DK14
         |    |--V. (O.) eremius Lucas & Frost 1895 DK14
         |    `--V. (O.) sparnus Doughty, Kealley et al. 2014 DK14
         `--V. (Psammosaurus) griseus (Daudin 1803) [=Tupinambis griseus] M54
              |--V. g. griseus (see below for synonymy) M54
              |--V. g. caspius (Eichwald 1931) [=Psammosaurus caspius; incl. V. caspicus Gray 1845] M54
              `--V. g. koniecznyi Mertens 1954 (see below for synonymy) M54

Inorganic: Varanus salvator protominilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Varanus griseus griseus (Daudin 1803) [incl. Psammosaurus arabicus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, V. arenaceus Gervais 1848, Tupinambis arenarius Geoffroy 1827, V. scincus Merrem 1820, V. terrestris Schinz 1834] M54

Varanus griseus koniecznyi Mertens 1954 [=V. ornatus Carlleyle 1869 nec Tupinambis ornatus Daudin 1803 nec V. ornatus Gray 1845] M54

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ADD08] Aplin, K., S. Donnellan & J. Dell. 2008. The herpetofauna of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 39–53.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[DV87] De Vis, C. W. 1887. On new or rare vertebrates from the Herbert River, north Queensland. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1129–1137.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[DK14] Doughty, P., L. Kealley, A. Fitch & S. C. Donnellan. 2014. A new diminutive species of Varanus from the Dampier Peninsula, western Kimberley region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29 (2): 128–140.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F13] Fry, D. B. 1913. On a Varanus and a frog from Burnett River, Queensland, and a revision of the variations in Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (2): 17–34, pls 1–3.

[GWN71] Gorman, G. C., A. C. Wilson & M. Nakanishi. 1971. A biochemical approach towards the study of reptilian phylogeny: evolution of serum albumin and lactic dehydrogenase. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 167–185.

[HD04] How, R. A., & J. Dell. 2004. Reptile assemblage of the Abydos Plain, north-eastern Pilbara, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (3): 85–95.

[K08] Korsós, Z. 2008. History of the Herpetological Collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 37–93.

[M54] Mertens, R. 1954. Über die Rassen des Wüstenwarans (Varanus griseus). Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (5-6): 353–357.

[MH11] Müller, J., C. A. Hipsley, J. J. Head, N. Kardjilov, A. Hilger, M. Wuttke & R. R. Reisz. 2011. Eocene lizard from Germany reveals amphisbaenian origins. Nature 473: 364–367.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[PP13] Palmer, R., D. J. Pearson, M. A. Cowan & P. Doughty. 2013. Islands and scales: a biogeographic survey of reptiles on Kimberley islands, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 183–204.

[RB05] Rage, J.-C., & S. Bailon. 2005. Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France). Geodiversitas 27 (3): 413–441.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[TW05] Thompson, S. A., P. C. Withers, G. G. Thompson & D. Robinson. 2005. Range extension for the perentie, Varanus giganteus (Squamata, Varanidae). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (1): 41–43.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Procolophonia

Reconstruction of Pareiasaurus serridens, copyright Nobu Tamura.

Belongs within: Parareptilia.

The Procolophonia are a clade of reptiles known from the mid-Permian to the late Triassic, including the large armoured Pareiasauria and the lizard-like Procolophonoidea. Some authors have also included the modern turtles in this clade.

Synapomorphies (from Laurin & Reisz 1995): Pineal foramen close to fronto-parietal suture; postorbital far from occiput; tabular absent; anterior maxillary narial foramen present; caniniform region absent; cranio-quadrate space large; pterygoid palatal ramus not reaching level of choana; transverse flange of pterygoid directed anterolaterally; cultriform process short; supraocciptal plate reduced to sagittal pillar; paroccipital process antero-posteriorly expanded; quadrate condyle articular surfaces nearly flat and antero-posteriorly short; foramen intermandibularis posterior located below coronoid process or farther posteriorly; meckelian fossa facing dorsally; fossa meckelii short; surangular not reaching coronoid eminence; prearticular extending no farther than coronoid eminence; retroarticular process transversely broad and dorsally concave; trunk neural arches swollen with narrow zygapophyseal buttresses; transverse processes or caudal ribs present on at least thirteen caudals; interclavicle T-shaped; anteriorly directed groove on interclavicle for clavicle attachment; scapula narrow and flat; glenoid short, bipartite; acetabular buttress large, overhanging strongly above acetabulum; femoral greater trochanter present on posterior edge of femur; astragalus and calcaneum sutured or fused to each other; fifth distal tarsal absent; dorsal dermal ossifications present.

<==Procolophonia
    |  i. s.: Nycteroleter [Nycteroleterida] LR95
    |--Pareiasauria [Serratidentia] MD07
    |    |  i. s.: Pareiasuchus SS02
    |    |         Anthodon pricei [=Nanoparia pricei] SS02
    |    |         Provelosaurus SS02
    |    |         Elginia Newton 1892 D07
    |    |           `--E. mirabilis D07
    |    |         Deltavjatia vjatkensis LR95
    |    |         Parasaurus LR95
    |    |         Shihtienfenia permica LR95, WH78
    |    |         Pareiasauridae TT05
    |    |           |--Proelginia permiana Hartmann-Weinberg 1937 TT05
    |    |           |--Scutosaurus Amalitzky 1922 TT05, D07
    |    |           |    `--S. karpinskii D07
    |    |           `--Pareiasaurus Owen 1876 D07
    |    |                |--P. americanus D07
    |    |                |--P. baini D07
    |    |                |--P. nasicornis D07
    |    |                |--P. omoeratus D07
    |    |                |--P. peringuegi D07
    |    |                `--P. serridens D07
    |    |--Bradysaurus MDS02
    |    `--+--Nochelesaurus MDS02
    |       `--Embrithosaurus MDS02
    `--Procolophonoidea MD07
         |  i. s.: Thelephon contritus MD07
         |--Owenettidae MD07
         |    |  i. s.: Saurodektes rogersorum MD07
         |    |--+--Owenetta rubidgei Broom 1939 MD07
         |    |  `--Barasaurus besairei MD07
         |    `--+--‘Owenetta’ kitchingorum MD07
         |       `--Candelaria barbouri MD07
         `--Procolophonidae [Telerpetidae] MD07
              |  i. s.: Burtensia MDS02
              |         Timanophon raridentatus MDS02, MD07
              |         Acadiella MDS02
              |         Haligonia MDS02
              |         Koiloskiosaurus MDS02
              |         Neoprocolophon MDS02
              |         Eumetabolodon MDS02
              |         Microtheledon MDS02
              |         Myocephalus MDS02
              |         Myognathus LR95
              |         Paoteodon LR95
              |         Sclerosaurus [Sclerosauridae] MD07
              |         Teratophon D-SMS06
              |--Coletta seca Gow 2000 MD07, MDS02
              |--Pintosaurus Piñeiro et al. 2004 D-SMS06
              |    `--*P. magnidentis Piñeiro et al. 2004 D-SMS06
              `--+--Sauropareion anoplus Modesto et al. 2001 MD07
                 `--+--Spondylolestinae MDS02
                    |    |--Contritosaurus simus MD07
                    |    |--Spondylolestes rubidgei MDS02
                    |    `--Phaanthosaurus MDS02
                    `--+--Thelerpeton oppressus MD07
                       |--+--Thelegnathus spinigenis MD07, MDS02
                       |  `--Leptopleuroninae MD07
                       |       |  i. s.: Libognathus sheddi PSH17
                       |       |--Tichvinskia vjatkensis MD07
                       |       `--+--Scoloparia glyphanodon MD07
                       |          `--+--Leptopleuron lacertinum MD07
                       |             `--Hypsognathus Gilmore 1928 MD07, D07
                       |                  `--H. fenneri MD07
                       `--Procolophoninae SS02
                            |--Orenburgia SS02
                            |--Samaria SS02
                            |--Lestanshoria SS02
                            |--Anomoiodon von Huene 1939 SS02
                            |    `--A. liliensterni von Huene 1939 SS02
                            |--Procolophon Owen 1876 MD07, D-SMS06
                            |    |--P. brasiliensis Cisneros & Schultz 2002 D-SMS06
                            |    |--P. pricei Lavina 1983 D-SMS06
                            |    `--P. trigoniceps Owen 1876 MD07
                            `--Kapes Ivakhnenko 1975 SS02
                                 |--*K. amaenus Ivakhnenko 1975 SS02
                                 |--K. bentoni Spencer & Storrs 2002 SS02
                                 |--K. komiensis (Ivakhnenko 1975) [=Macrophon komiensis] SS02
                                 `--K. majmesculae (Ochev 1968) (see below for synonymy) SS02

Kapes majmesculae (Ochev 1968) [=Tichvinskia majmesculae; incl. K. serotinus Novikov 1991] SS02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D-SMS06] Dias-da-Silva, S., S. P. Modesto & C. L. Schultz. 2006. New material of Procolophon (Parareptilia: Procolophonoidea) from the Lower Triassic of Brazil, with remarks on the ages of the Sanga do Cabral and Buena Vista formations of South America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43: 1685–1693.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[LR95] Laurin, M., & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 165–223.

[MD07] Modesto, S. P., & R. Damiani. 2007. The procolophonoid reptile Sauropareion anoplus from the lowermost Triassic of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 337–349.

[MDS02] Modesto, S. P., R. J. Damiani & H.-D. Sues. 2002. A reappraisal of Coletta seca, a basal procolophonid reptile from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 45 (5): 883–895.

[PSH17] Pardo, J. D., B. J. Small & A. K. Huttenlocker. 2017. Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 114 (27): E5389–E5395.

[SS02] Spencer, P. S., & G. W. Storrs. 2002. A re-evaluation of small tetrapods from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone Formation of Devon, England. Palaeontology 45 (3): 447–467.

[TT05] Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, A. V. Minikh, M. V. Surkov & M. J. Benton. 2005. Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 69: 27–77.

[WH78] Wang Z. & Huang R.-J. 1978. Triassic charophytes of Shaanxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 17 (3): 267–276.

Archosauriformes

Reconstruction of Proterosuchus fergusi, copyright Nobu Tamura.

Belongs within: Archosauromorpha.
Contains: Pseudosuchia, Ornithodira, Parasuchia.

The Archosauriformes are a clade of reptiles united by the presence of an antorbital fenestra in the skull (Benton 2004). This clade has been referred to in the past as the Archosauria but that name is used by most current authors to refer to the restricted crown clade including the birds and crocodiles. The Archosauria sensu stricto also include the extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs. The two basal lineages within the archosaurs, the Pseudosuchia and Avemetatarsalia, have been distinguished in the past by the conformation of the ankle bones; however, the basal avemetatarsalian (stem-bird) Teleocrater rhadinus retains a plesiomorphic 'crocodile-normal' ankle (Nesbitt et al. 2017).

Synapomorphies (from Benton 2004): Antorbital fenestra present; postfrontal reduced to less than half dimensions of postorbital or absent; ossified laterosphenoid present; prootic midline contact on endocranial cavity floor; teeth with serrated margins; lateral mandibular fenestra present.

<==Archosauriformes [Erythrosuchia, Euparkeriidae, Proterosuchia, Thecodontia]
    |  i. s.: Seemannia R72
    |         Crenelosaurus R72
    |         Ocoyuntaia Rusconi 1947 R72
    |         Clarencea R72
    |         Ctenosauriscus koeneni R72, FB17
    |         Hypselorhachis mirabilis R72, NB17
    |         Arcticodactylus cromptonellus NB17
    |         Diandongosuchus fuyuanensis NB17
    |--Proterosuchidae B04
    |    |--Proterosuchus [incl. Ankistrodon, Chasmatosaurus Haughton 1924, Epicampodon] R72
    |    |    |--P. fergusi NB17
    |    |    `--+--P. alexanderi NB17
    |    |       `--+--P. goweri NB17
    |    |          `--‘Chasmatosaurus’ yuani NB17
    |    |--Elaphrosuchus R72
    |    |--Chasmatosuchus R72
    |    `--Archosaurus rossicus R72, NB17
    `--Erythrosuchidae J94
         |--Fugusuchus hejipanensis NB17
         `--+--Sarmatosuchus otschevi NB17
            `--+--Cuyosuchus Rieg 1961 NB17, R72
               |    `--C. huenei NB17
               `--+--+--Guchengosuchus shigualensis NB17
                  |  `--+--+--Erythrosuchus Broom 1905 NB17, D07
                  |     |  |    `--E. africanus B04
                  |     |  `--+--Chalishevia cothurnata NB17
                  |     |     `--Shansisuchus NB17
                  |     |          |--*S. shansisuchus [incl. Fenhosuchus cristatus Young 1964] G00
                  |     |          `--S. heiyuekouensis G00
                  |     `--Garjainia Ochev 1958 NB17, G00 [incl. Vjushkovia Huene 1960 G00]
                  |          |--*G. prima Ochev 1958 [incl. Vjushkovia triplicostata Huene 1960] G00
                  |          `--G. madiba NB17
                  `--+--Dorosuchus neoetus NB17
                     |--Asperoris mnyama NB17
                     `--+--Euparkeria Broom 1913 NB17, D07 [incl. Browniella R72]
                        |    `--E. capensis B04
                        `--+--+--+--Vancleavea campi NB17
                           |  |  `--+--+--Doswellia Weems 1980 J94, D07
                           |  |     |  |    `--D. kaltenbachi D07
                           |  |     |  `--Jaxtasuchus salomoni NB17
                           |  |     `--+--Tarjadia ruthae NB17
                           |  |        `--Archeopelta arborensis NB17
                           |  `--Proterochampsidae J94
                           |       |--Proterochampsa NB17
                           |       |    |--P. barrionuevoi B04
                           |       |    `--P. nodosa NB17
                           |       `--+--Cerritosaurus binsfeldi NB17
                           |          `--+--Tropidosuchus romeri NB17
                           |             `--+--Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis NB17
                           |                `--+--Gualosuchus reigi NB17
                           |                   `--+--Chanaresuchus bonapartei NB17
                           |                      `--Rhadinosuchus Huene 1944 NB17, R72
                           |                           `--R. gracilis NB17
                           `--+--Archosauria [Avesuchia, Ornithosuchia] NB17
                              |    |--Pseudosuchia NS10
                              |    `--Avemetatarsalia [Ornithosuchia, Ornithotarsi, Panaves] NB17
                              |         |--Aphanosauria NB17
                              |         |    |--Spondylosoma Huene 1942 NB17, L04
                              |         |    |    `--S. absconditum Huene 1942 L04
                              |         |    `--+--Teleocrater Nesbitt, Butler et al. 2017 [Aphanosauria] NB17
                              |         |       |    `--*T. rhadinus Nesbitt, Butler et al. 2017 NB17
                              |         |       |--Dongusuchus efremovi Sennikov 1988 NB17, G00
                              |         |       `--Yarasuchus deccanensis Sen 2005 NB17
                              |         `--Ornithodira NB17
                              `--Parasuchia NB17

Inorganic: Chasmatosaurus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B04] Benton, M. J. 2004. Origin and relationships of Dinosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 7–19. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FB17] Feng, Y.-J., D. C. Blackburn, D. Liang, D. M. Hillis, D. B. Wake, D. C. Cannatella & P. Zhang. 2017. Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 114 (29): E5864–E5870.

[G00] Gower, D. J. 2000. Rauisuchian archosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida): an overview. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 218 (3): 447–488.

[J94] Juul, L. 1994. The phylogeny of basal archosaurs. Palaeontologia Africana 31: 1–38.

[L04] Langer, M. C. 2004. Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 25–46. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[NB17] Nesbitt, S. J., R. J. Butler, M. D. Ezcurra, P. M. Barrett, M. R. Stocker, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith, C. A. Sidor, G. Niedźwiedzki, A. G. Sennikov & A. J. Charig. 2017. The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan. Nature 544: 484–487.

[NS10] Nesbitt, S. J., C. A. Sidor, R. B. Irmis, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith & L. A. Tsuji. 2010. Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 464: 95–98.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[R72] Romer, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVI. Thecodont classification. Breviora 395: 1–24.