Silvanidae

Silvanus lateritius, photographed by S. E. Thorpe.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Silvanidae are a group of elongate, more or less flattened beetles found living in leaf litter and under bark; several species are widely distributed as storage pests.

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Elongate, parallel-sided, more or less flattened, pubescent beetles with prognathous head, abruptly constricted posteriorly to form temples behind eyes, pronotum often with projecting front angles and/or dentate or crenulate lateral margins. Fore coxae globular, trochantins concealed, coxal cavities visibly closed behind; mid coxal cavities laterally open; tarsi four- or five-segmented, with setose lobes below; abdomen with five visible ventrites, two connate. Larvae elongate, parallel-sided and lightly sclerotised, with broad head, long antennae and legs, reduced 9th abdominal segment, and well-developed and terminal 10th segment.

<==Silvanidae [Silvaninae]
    |--Silvanolomus armatulus (Blackburn 1891) [=Silvanus armatulus] H73
    |--Austronausibius LB91
    |--Nepharis LB91
    |--Nepharinus LB91
    |--Airaphilus nubigena [=Silvanus nubigena] H73
    |--*Silvanops angulicollis [=Silvanus angulicollis] H73
    |--Silvaninus H73
    |--Coccidotrophus socialis RD77
    |--Eunausibius wheeleri RD77
    |--Ahasverus [incl. Leucohimatiops Heller 1923] L03
    |    `--A. advena L03 [=Cathartus advena V09; incl. *Leucohimatiops javanus Heller 1923 L03]
    |--Cathartoides Kessel 1921 H73
    |    `--*C. africanus (Kessel 1921) (n. d.) [=Silvanus (*Cathartoides) africanus] H73
    |--Calpus Halstead 1973 H73
    |    `--*C. bacchi Halstead 1973 H73
    |--Nausibius LB91
    |    |--N. clavicornis LB91
    |    `--N. latus [=Silvanus latus] H73
    |--Cathartus H73
    |    |--C. longulus Blatchley 1910 [incl. Silvanus parviceps Casey 1916] H73
    |    `--C. quadricollis B70
    |--Pensus Halstead 1973 H73
    |    |--*P. gilae (Casey 1884) [=Silvanus gilae] H73
    |    `--P. guatemalenus (Sharp 1899) [=Silvanus guatemalenus] H73
    |--Silvanoides Halstead 1973 H73
    |    |--*S. cheesmanae Halstead 1973 H73
    |    `--S. foveicollis Halstead 1973 H73
    |--Monanus LB91
    |    |--M. albertesi [=Silvanus albertesi] H73
    |    |--M. concinnulus LB91
    |    |--M. longicornis [=Silvanus longicornis] H73
    |    `--M. monticola (Blackburn 1891) [=Silvanus monticola] H73
    |--Silvanoprus H73
    |    |--S. birmanicus (Grouvelle 1892) [=Silvanus birmanicus] H73
    |    |--S. frater (Grouvelle 1904) [=Silvanus frater] H73
    |    |--S. orientalis [=Silvanus orientalis] H73
    |    `--S. porrectus (Walker 1859) [=Silvanus porrectus] H73
    |--Cathartosilvanus Grouvelle 1912 H73
    |    |--*C. trivialis (Grouvelle 1878) [=Silvanus trivialis] H73
    |    |--C. imbellis (LeConte 1854) [=Silvanus imbellis; incl. S. communis Grouvelle 1878] H73
    |    |--C. tropicalis (Van Dyke 1953) [=Silvanus tropicalis] H73
    |    `--C. vulgaris (Grouvelle 1878) [=Silvanus vulgaris] H73
    |--Oryzaephilus B14
    |    |--O. abeillei [=Silvanus abeillei] H73
    |    |--O. aridulus [=Silvanus aridulus] H73
    |    |--O. fauveli (Reitter 1890) [=Silvanus fauveli] H73
    |    |--O. mercator (Fauvel 1889) B14
    |    `--O. surinamensis B14
    |--Protosilvanus Grouvelle 1912 H73
    |    |--*P. lateritius (Reitter 1879) [=Silvanus lateritius] H73
    |    |--P. carinatus (Grouvelle 1912) [=Silvanus (Protosilvanus) carinatus] H73
    |    |--P. fasciatus Halstead 1973 H73
    |    |--P. granosus (Grouvelle 1897) [=Silvanus granosus] H73
    |    `--P. inaequalis (Grouvelle 1882) [=Silvanus inaequalis] H73
    |--Parasilvanus Grouvelle 1912 H73
    |    |--*P. ocellatus (Grouvelle 1889) [=Silvanus ocellatus] H73
    |    |--P. fairmairei (Grouvelle 1882) [=Silvanus fairmairei; incl. S. filum Krantz 1895] H73
    |    |--P. mimosae Halstead 1973 H73
    |    |--P. oblitus (Grouvelle 1909) [=Silvanus oblitus] H73
    |    |--P. pulcher (Grouvelle 1905) [=Silvanus pulcher] H73
    |    `--P. tenuis (Grouvelle 1889) [=Silvanus tenuis] H73
    `--Silvanus Latreille 1804 [=Leptus Duftschmidt 1823 non Latreille 1796; incl. Microsilvanus Grouvelle 1912] H73
         |--*S. unidentatus (Olivier 1790) H73 (see below for synonymy)
         |--S. bidentatus (Fabricius 1792) H73 (see below for synonymy)
         |--S. castaneus MacLeay 1873 H73
         |--S. difficilis Halstead 1973 H73
         |--S. inarmatus Wollaston 1867 [incl. S. hebetatus Grouvelle 1912, S. quadraticollis Reitter 1876] H73
         |--S. lateritius (Broun 1880) (see below for synonymy) H73
         |--S. lewisi Reitter 1876 H73
         |--S. mediocris Grouvelle 1889 H73
         |--S. muticus Sharp 1899 H73
         |--S. nitidulus LeConte 1854 H73
         |--S. planatus Germar 1824 [incl. S. cognatus LeConte 1854, S. zimmermanni Guérin-Méneville 1844] H73
         |--S. productus Halstead 1973 H73
         |--S. proximus Grouvelle 1904 [incl. S. amabilis Grouvelle 1914] H73
         |--S. recticollis Reitter 1876 (see below for synonymy) H73
         |--S. robustus Halstead 1973 H73
         |--S. rossi Halstead 1973 H73
         |--S. semus Halstead 1973 H73
         |--S. surinamensis C01
         `--S. tetrahens Walker 1858 (n. d.) H73

Nomina nuda: Silvanus crenatulus Hetschko 1930 H73
             Silvanus ornatulus Hetschko 1930 H73

Silvanus bidentatus (Fabricius 1792) H73 [=Dermestes bidentatus H73; incl. S. affinis Reitter 1876 H73, S. bidentatus var. affinis H73, Colydium sulcatum Fabricius 1792 H73, Lyctus sulcatus L02, Trogossita sulcata L02]

Silvanus lateritius (Broun 1880) [=Cryptamorpha lateritia non S. lateritius Reitter 1879 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.)] H73

Silvanus recticollis Reitter 1876 [incl. Leucohimatium breve Wollaston 1873 (n. d.), S. (Microsilvanus) minimus Grouvelle 1912, S. (M.) pumilus Grouvelle 1912, S. reflexus Reitter 1880, S. vitulus Grouvelle 1882, S. (Microsilvanus) vitulus] H73

*Silvanus unidentatus (Olivier 1790) H73 [=Ips unidentata H73, Colydium (Silvanus) unidentatum G20, Dermestes unidentatus H73, Lyctus unidentatus L02; incl. Silvanus gratiosus Motschulsky 1863 H73, Colydium planum Herbst 1797 H73, S. siculus Stierlin 1864 H73]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H73] Halstead, D. G. H. 1973. A revision of the genus Silvanus Latreille (s. l.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Entomology 29 (2): 39–112.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Phalacridae

Phalacrus coruscus, copyright Lech Borowiec.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Phalacridae are a group of ovate, strongly convex beetles that mostly feed on fungal spores (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Broadly ovate, strongly convex, glabrous and shining beetles, lateral portions of prothorax and elytra broadly explanate and deflexed. Head short, broad and deeply inserted into anterior prothoracic emargination; antennae relatively long, eleven-segmented, with large three-segmented club; fore coxae globular to transverse with concealed trochantins, fore coxal cavities externally open, internally closed; mesocoxae narrowly to widely separated, cavities closed laterally; tibiae with conspicuous setal comb at apex; tarsi tetramerous with first three segments lobed and setose below and claws toothed or appendiculate; abdomen with five visible ventrites, one or two connate or all free. Larvae elongate and subcylindrical to flattened, usually narrowed posteriorly, and lightly sclerotised, except for head, protergal plate, apex of segment 8 and urogomphi or entire T9. Head broad and somewhat flattened, with short antennae and usually with median endocarina; mala blunt; hypostomal rods long and diverging; 8th spiracles located dorsally near posterior end of tergum; S9 and segment 10 more or less concealed.

<==Phalacridae [Phalacrinae]
    |--Platyphalacrus lawrencei Gimmel 2013 B14
    |--Olibroporus B14
    |--Austroporus B14
    |--Phalacrinus rotundus LB91
    |--Litochrus major LB91
    |--Parasemus LB91
    |--Olibrus C01
    |    |--O. bicolor C01
    |    |--O. flavicornis C01
    |    `--O. millefolii C01
    `--Phalacrus LB91
         |--P. bicolor [=Sphaeridium bicolor] L02
         |--P. coruscus L02
         |--P. striatipennis Lucas 1846 E12
         `--P. uniformis LB91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Monotomidae

Graveyard beetle Rhizophagus parallelocollis, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Monotomidae are a group of elongate, parallel-sided beetles generally found under wood or in decaying vegetable matter (Bouchard 2014).

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Elongate, parallel-sided, subcylindrical to flattened, may be glabrous or clothed with decumbent setae, elytra may be truncate, exposing pygidium. Head usually abruptly narrowed posteriorly, forming distinct tempora (temples) behind eyes; antenna ten-segmented with one- or two-segmented club. Pronotum crenulate or dentate laterally; fore coxae globose, trochantins concealed, fore coxal cavities closed externally and internally. Mid coxae moderately separated, cavities open laterally. Tarsal formula 5-5-5 or 4-4-4, may be 5-5-4 in male. Abdomen with five visible ventrites, all free. Larva elongate, slightly flattened, slightly tapered posteriorly and lightly pigmented above but with tuberculate dorsal surface and sometimes lateral tergal processes on thorax and abdomen. Mala falciform; mandibular prostheca narrow and sometimes serrate; urogomphi weakly developed.

<==Monotomidae [Rhizophagidae] B14
    |  i. s.: Phyconomus marinus B14
    |         Mimemodes laticeps LB91
    |         Shoguna LB91
    |         Monotomopsis LB91
    |         Thione B70
    |--Monotominae B14
    |    |--Lenax mirandus Sharp 1877 B14
    |    `--Monotoma americana LB91
    `--Rhizophaginae B14
         |--Crowsonius meliponae Pakaluk & Ślipiński 1993 B14
         `--Rhizophagus B14
              |--R. aeneus C01
              `--R. parallelocollis B14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Languriinae

Hapalips prolixus, copyright Epitree.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Languriinae are a predominantly phytophagous group of beetles whose larvae are often stem borers.

Characters (from Leschen 2003): Subapical serrations of mandible absent; lacinia usually with three lacinial spines (occasionally two); lateral pockets absent on mentum; medial carina of mentum usually present; apical labial palpomere not securiform, width greater than or equal to its length; width of ligular membrane equal to or greater than prementum; transverse gular line usually present, usually as a deep groove; antennal insertion usually hidden in dorsal view; supraocular line absent or present usually to level above or beyond eye; transverse line absent on vertex of head; two (exceptionally one) stridulatory files present or absent on vertex of the head; pronotum not constricted at base; anterior angles of pronotum well or poorly developed; anterior margin of prosternum serrate or not; pronotal pits usually present; glandular ducts usually present below or in the lateral carina of pronotum and usually unitubulate; prosternal glandular ducts present or absent; procoxal cavity internally closed; procoxal cavity spartially or completely open behind, closure by prosternum and hypomeron or by hypomeron; edge of hypomeron usually smooth; mesoventral glandular ducts present or absent; mesepisternal fovea present or absent; mesometaventral articulation monocondylic; width of mesoventral process usually narrower than mesocoxa; submesocoxal lines present or absent; metaventral pores absent or present; metepisternal ctenidium present or absent; abdominal ventrites 1 and 2 usually free; abdominal glandular ducts usually present at disk and margin; abdominal calli usually present; metafurcal lamina usually present with median stalk of metendosternite well developed; form of spermatheca rounded or elongate; apical pit of spermatheca present or absent; accessory gland of spermatheca usually present; length of tarsomere 1 usually equal to, or sometimes longer than, tarsomere 2; tarsomere 4 reduced and hidden in ventral view; tarsal shelf of tarsomere 5 present or absent; empodium with one, two, or lacking setae; elytral punctation usually striate with scutellary striole present or absent; elytra usually narrowly explanate; radial cell and wedge cell of hind wing usually present.

<==Languriinae
    |  i. s.: Caenolanguria vulgaris LB91
    |--Hapalipini L03
    |    |--Bolerus minutus L03
    |    `--+--Truquiella gibbifera L03
    |       `--Hapalips Reitter 1877 (see below for synonymy) L03
    |            |--*H. mexicanus Reitter 1877 L03
    |            |--H. cribricollis L03
    |            |--H. eichelbaumi L03
    |            |--H. filum L03
    |            |--H. fuscus Reitter 1877 [=H. (*Cavophorus) fuscus] L03
    |            |--H. grouvelli L03
    |            |--H. investigatus Leschen & Wegrzynowicz 1998 [=*Isolanguria fusca Lea 1929 non Reitter 1877] L03
    |            |--H. nitidulus L03
    |            |--H. prolixus Sharp 1876 [=Xenoscelis prolixus, H. (Xenosceloides) prolixus] L03
    |            |--H. scotti L03
    |            `--‘*Loberina’ taprobanae Grouvelle 1902 L03
    `--+--Thallisellini L03
       |    |--+--Acryptophagus L03
       |    |  `--Pseudhapalips L03
       |    `--+--Platoberus latus L03
       |       `--Thallisella Crotch 1876 L03
       |            `--T. crotchi L03
       `--Languriini L03
            |  i. s.: Promecolanguria L03
            |           |--P. marshalli Gorh. 1900 G01
            |           |--P. natalensis Gorham 1901 G01
            |           `--P. trogositoides Gorh. 1900 G01
            |--Microlanguria jansoni L03
            `--+--Crotchia hondurana L03
               `--+--+--Cladoxena Motschulsky 1866 [Cladoxenini] L03
                  |  |    `--C. maculata L03
                  |  `--Paracladoxena L03
                  |       |--P. abundans L03
                  |       |--P. bipustulata L03
                  |       `--P. flavicornis L03
                  `--+--Penolanguria L03
                     `--+--Neoloberolus Leschen 2003 L03
                        |    `--*N. cursor (Grouvelle 1919) [=Loberolus cursor] L03
                        `--+--Dasydactylus L03
                           `--+--Nomotus L03
                              `--+--Anadastus harmandi L03
                                 `--Languria Latreille 1802 L03
                                      |--L. bicolor G20
                                      |--L. mozardi L03
                                      |--L. ruficollis L02
                                      |--L. thoracica Boisduval 1835 B35
                                      `--L. trifasciata L03

Hapalips Reitter 1877 [incl. Cavophorus Sen Gupta 1968, Isolanguria Lea 1929, Loberina Grouvelle 1902, Xenosceloides Sen Gupta 1968] L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G01] Gorham, H. S. 1901. Descriptions of genera and species of Coleoptera from South Africa (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 349–365.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

Nitidulidae

Dried-fruit beetle Carpophilus hemipterus, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.
Contains: Kateretidae.

The Nitidulidae are a morphologically and ecologically diverse group of small beetles, many of which feed on fungi but which may also feed on live or decaying vegetation. Species of Carpophilus feed on ripe or rotting fruits and may be a pest in food stores or orchards (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Usually oblong to ovate, less commonly elongate and parallel-sided, strongly convex to flattened, usually brown or black, occasionally bicoloured, glabrous or pubescent. Antenna 11-segmented, with three-segmented club, club almost always distinct; head usually abruptly constricted at base of clypeus; frontoclypeal suture almost always absent; labrum often emarginate or bilobed (sometimes concealed); maxilla almost always without galea, palp not expanded apically; fore coxae transverse, trochantins exposed, fore coxal cavities externally open or closed, internally closed; mid coxal cavities contiguous or narrowly separated, laterally open; hind coxae well separated; tibiae often expanded and serrate or spinose; tarsi pentamerous or tetramerous, first four tarsal segments often with expanded setose lobes; elytra complete or truncate, exposing one to several abdominal tergites; abdomen with five or six ventrites, none connate. Larvae oblong to elongate and subcylindrical to flattened, dorsal surfaces often granulate or tuberculate, urogomphi (if present) often accompanied by second pair of projections (pregomphi); mandibles usually bearing complex prostheca with fringes of comb-hairs; spiracles often located at ends of tubular processes.

<==Nitidulidae
    |--+--Kateretidae MW15
    |  `--Glischrochilus obtusus (Say 1835) MW15, F91
    `--+--+--Stelidota remilleti MW15, S00
       |  `--Brachypeplus planus MW15, LB91
       `--Carpophilus [Carpophilinae] MW15
            |--C. aterrimus B70
            |--C. davidsoni LB91
            |--C. dimidiatus LB91
            |--C. fumatus S00
            |--C. hemipterus LB91
            |--C. immaculatus Lucas 1847 E12
            |--C. mutilatus G89
            `--C. notatus S00

Nitidulidae incertae sedis:
  Amphotis A71
  Nitidulina GE05
  Pria AY04
  Eupetinus O94
  Nesopeplus O94
  Nesopetinus O94
  Platamartus jakowlewi C01
  Epuraea E02
    |--E. florea C01
    |--E. imperialis Reitter 1877 E02
    `--E. nigrita Lucas 1846 E12
  Cychramptodes murrayi LB91
  Idaethina pilistriata LB91
  Notobrachypterus LB91
  Thalycrodes LB91
  Lasiodactylus LB91
  Platychoropsis LB91
  Aethina tumida LB91, B14
  Cychramus LB91
  Pallodes LB91
  Testudorea LB91
  Amphicrossus LB91
  Urophorus humeralis LB91
  Cillaeinae LB91
  Cryptarchinae B14
    |--Lioschema xacarilla (Thomson 1856) B14
    |--Paromia B14
    `--Cryptarcha LB91
  Nitidulinae B14
    |--Pocadius nobilis Reitter 1873 B14
    |--Cychrocephalus [Mystropini] B14
    |    |--C. corvinus Reitter 1873 B14
    |    `--C. luctuosus B14
    `--Nitidula L02
         |  i. s.: N. fusula C01
         |--N. (Nitidula) bipustulata G20
         `--N. (Cercus Latreille 1802) G20, L02
              |--N. (*C.) pedicularius (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L02, L58 (see below for synonymy)
              |--‘Cercus’ barbarus Lucas 1846 E12
              `--‘Cercus’ bicolor Lucas 1846 E12
  Meligethes B88 [Meligethinae LB91]
    |--M. aeneus [incl. M. cleonimis, M. dauricus, M. rufimanus] HW96
    |--M. atratus HW96
    |--M. canadensis HW96
    |--M. coracinus C01
    |--M. czwalinai HW96
    |--M. erythropus C01
    |--M. hebes C01
    |--M. lepidii C01
    |--M. nanus C01
    |--M. nigrescens HW96
    |--M. pinguis HW96
    |--M. saevus HW96
    |--M. simplipes HW96
    |--M. symphyti C01
    |--M. umbrosus C01
    |--M. viduatus C01
    `--M. viridescens HW96
  ‘Pterohelaeus’ nitiduloides Carter 1908 MB08
  Ithyphenes cucujiformis M86
  Circopes pilistriatus B70
  Sinonitidulina luanpingensis RJ93

Nitidula (*Cercus) pedicularius (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L02, L58 [=Byturus pedicularius L02, Dermestes pedicularius L02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[AY04] Austin, A. D., D. K. Yeates, G. Cassis, M. J. Fletcher, J. La Salle, J. F. Lawrence, P. B. McQuillan, L. A. Mound, D. J. Bickel, P. J. Gullan, D. F. Hales & G. S. Taylor. 2004. Insects ‘Down Under’—diversity, endemism and evolution of the Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 216–234.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E02] Emberson, R. M. 2002. The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of the Chatham Islands: additions and corrections. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 69–77.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F91] Fashing, N. J. 1991. Deutonymphal dimorphism in the genus Hericia (Astigmata: Algophagidae). In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 287–291. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HW96] Hoebeke, E. R., & A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1996. Meligethes viridescens (F.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Maine, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island: diagnosis, distribution, and bionomics of a Palearctic species new to North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 221–227.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M86] Macleay, W. 1886. The insects of the Fly River, New Guinea, "Coleoptera". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 136–157.

[MB08] Matthews, E. G., & P. Bouchard. 2008. Tenebrionid Beetles of Australia: Descriptions of tribes, keys to genera, catalogue of species. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists’ Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Last updated: 30 November 2020.

Kateretidae

Brachypterus urticae, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Nitidulidae.

The Kateretidae are a group of plant-feeding beetles found in temperate and subtropical regions of the world (Bouchard 2014).

<==Kateretidae [Kateretinae] B14
    |--Brachyleptus quadratus (Sturm 1844) B14
    |--Anthoneus B14
    |--Brachypterolus B14
    |--Amartus B14
    |--Anamartus B14
    |--Heterhelus solani B14, C01
    |--Kateretes B14
    `--Brachypterus B14
         |--B. fulvipes C01
         |--B. gravidus C01
         |--B. pubescens Schüppel 1847 E12
         |--B. sibiricus Csiki 1901 C01
         `--B. urticae C01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

Laemophloeidae

Laemophloeus sp., copyright Robert Webster.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Laemophloeidae are a group of elongate-bodied beetles that mostly feed on moulds and other fungi. They may be recognised by the presence of a pair of longitudinal, submarginal carinae on the pronotum.

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Elongate, parallel-sided, usually flattened, glabrous or pubescent; head large, prognathous, with prominent mandibles; antenna eleven-segmented, club (if present) never very large or abrupt, scape may be modified in male; pronotum bearing pair of longitudinal, submarginal carinae; fore coxae globular, trochantins concealed, fore coxal cavities externally open or closed, internally closed; elytra often carinate; mid coxal cavities widely separated, laterally open; tarsal formula 5-5-5 or 5-5-4; abdomen with five ventrites, none connate. Larvae narrowly elongate, parallel sided, flattened and lightly sclerotised, except for head, 8th segment and T9. Head flattened, with moderately long antennae, paired dorsal endocarinae and long, parallel hypostomal rods; mandible with several hyaline processes near base of mesal edge; mala blunt; T9 forming articulated plate, S9 and segment 10 reduced and concealed within emargination in S8.

<==Laemophloeidae B14
    |--Leptophloeus clematidis (Erichson 1846) B14
    |--Dysmerus B14
    |--Placonotus LB91
    |--Rhabdophloeus LB91
    |--Cryptolestes ferrugineus LB91
    |--Metaxyphloeus B14
    |    |--M. signatus B14
    |    `--M. texanus (Schaeffer 1904) B14
    `--Laemophloeus LB91
         |--L. amabilis LB91
         |--‘Laemophlaeus’ elongatus Lucas 1846 E12
         |--L. ferrugineus B70
         |--‘Laemophlaeus’ nigricollis Lucas 1846 E12
         |--‘Laemophlaeus’ rufipes Lucas 1846 E12
         `--‘Laemophlaeus’ suberis Lucas 1846 E12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Last updated: 30 November 2020.

Cryptophilinae

Cryptophilus integer, copyright Udo Schmidt.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Cryptophilinae are a group of saprophagous or mycophagous beetles mostly found amongst leaf litter (Leschen 2003).

Characters (from Leschen 2003): Mandible usually with subapical serrations; lacinia with one or no lacinial spines; mentum lacking lateral pockets, usually with medial carina; apical labial palpomere as wide as or wider than long, usually not securiform; ligular membrane as wide or wider than prementum; transverse gular line usually present as shallow groove (rarely absent or deep); antennal insertion hidden in dorsal view; supraocular line usually present to level above eye; vertex of head commonly with stridulatory file; pronotum usually not strongly constricted at base; anterior angles of pronotum poorly or well developed; anterior margin of pronotum usually serrate; pronotal pits usually present; procoxal cavity internally closed, usually open behind or closed by hypomeron, edge of hypomeron usually smooth; mesometaventral articulation, if present, dicondylic; width of mesoventral process usually less than coxa; submesocoxal lines usually absent; abdominal ventrites 1 and 2 usually free; abdominal calli present; metafurcal lamina usually absent with median stalk of metendosternite poorly or well developed; spermatheca rounded or elongate; apical pit of spermatheca usually absent; accessory gland of spermatheca usually present; tarsomere 1 usually longer than tarsomere 2 and 3; tarsomere 4 usually exposed in ventral view; tarsal shelf of tarsomere 5 usually absent; empodium with one or two setae; elytral punctation striate or confused with scutellary striole absent; elytra usually narrowly explanate; hind with with radial cell and wedge cell absent.

<==Cryptophilinae [Cryptophilidae]
    |--Empocryptini L03
    |    |--Lobosternum clavicorna L03
    |    `--+--Lepidotoramus grouvellei L03
    |       `--Empocryptus Sharp 1900 L03
    |            `--E. ovalis L03
    `--+--Toramini [Toraminae] L03
       |    |--+--Loberoschema bimaculata L03
       |    |  `--Stengita L03
       |    `--+--Atomarops L03
       |       |    |--A. curvitibialis L03
       |       |    `--A. lewisi L03
       |       `--Toramus L03
       |            |--‘Tomarops’ bimaculatus L03
       |            |--T. hirtellus L03
       |            `--‘Tomarops’ longitarsis L03
       `--Cryptophilini [Xenoscelinini] L03
            |  i. s.: Chinophagus Ljubarsky 1997 L03
            |--Brachypterosa peckorum L03
            `--+--+--Crowsonguptus mexicanus L03
               |  `--Cryptophilus Reitter 1874 [incl. Tomarops Grouvelle 1903] L03
               |       |--*C. integer (Heer 1841) [=Cryptophagus integer] L03
               |       |--C. allotrius [=Cryptophagops allotrius] L03
               |       |--C. leonensis [=Cryptophagops leonensis] L03
               |       |--C. mnionomoides [=Cryptophagops mniomonoides] L03
               |       `--‘*Tomarops’ punctatus Grouvelle 1903 L03
               `--+--Cathartocryptus Sharp 1886 [incl. Xenoscelinus Grouvelle 1910] L03
                  |    |--C. maculosus (Broun 1881) (see below for synonymy) L03
                  |    `--‘*Xenoscelinus’ malaicus Grouvelle 1910 L03
                  `--Loberopsyllus L03
                       |--L. explanatus Leschen & Ashe 1999 B14
                       |--L. halffteri B14
                       |--L. oculatus L03
                       `--L. traubi B14

Cathartocryptus maculosus (Broun 1881) [=Paramecosoma maculosa, Xenoscelinus maculosus; incl. *C. obscurus Sharp 1886] L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

Cucujoidea

Dorsal and ventral views of Propalticus specimen, from here.

Belongs within: Coleoptera.
Contains: Monotomidae, Nitidulidae, Xenoscelinae, Pharaxonothinae, Erotylinae, Cryptophilinae, Languriinae, Loberinae, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Silvanidae, Atomaria, Phalacridae, Laemophloeidae, Brontinae.

The Cucujoidea are an assemblage of beetles characterised by the presence of a ring-type (cucujoid) aedeagus in the male and a more or less cylindrical, pygopod-like tenth abdominal segment in the larva. Larvae also usually have a mandible with a prostheca and an often falcate mala, and may have six stemmata (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

Cucujoids include a number of fungus-feeding beetle families such as the Erotylidae and Cryptophagidae. The Erotylidae also include a number of plant-feeding species that were previously treated as a separate family Languriidae (Leschen 2003). The Hobartiidae are a family of oblong, pubescent fungus-feeding beetles found in Australia and South America, closely related to the pollen-feeding Boganiidae of Australia and southern Africa. Members of these latter two families possess dorsal tubercles on the mandible that fit against lateral cavities on the clypeus (Lawrence & Britton 1991). They are also closely related to the palmetto beetles of the genus Smicrips, a Neotropical group of tiny beetles associated with vegetation, particularly with palms (Bouchard 2014). Members of the Sphindidae and Protosphindus are unusual in feeding exclusively on slime moulds of the Myxomycetes (Bouchard 2014). The Passandridae are found in the tunnels of wood-boring insects on which their larvae develop as ectoparasitoids (Lawrence & Britton 1991).

<==Cucujoidea [Aphidiphagi, Clavicornia, Cucujides, Erotilenae, Silvanides]
    |--+--+--Monotomidae MW15
    |  |  `--Nitidulidae MW15
    |  `--+--Hobartiidae MW15
    |     |    |--Hydnobioides pubescens B14, LB91
    |     |    `--Hobartius [Hobartiinae] MW15
    |     |         |--H. chilensis Tomaszewska & Ślipiński 1995 B14
    |     |         `--H. tasmanicus LB91
    |     `--+--Smicrips [Smicripidae] MW15
    |        |    `--S. palmicola LeConte 1878 B14
    |        `--Boganiidae MW15
    |             |  i. s.: Athertonium LB91
    |             |--+--Boganium B98
    |             |  `--Afroboganium B98
    |             `--Paracucujinae MW15
    |                  |--Metacucujus encephalarti CN91, B98
    |                  `--Paracucujus rostratus Sen Gupta & Crowson 1966 MW15, B14
    `--+--+--Erotylidae [Languriidae] MW15
       |  |    |  i. s.: Hedista [Triplacinae] LB91
       |  |    |         Triplatoma gestroi G01
       |  |    |         Triplax vittipennis Gorh. 1889 G01
       |  |    |         Aulacochilus capensis [=Triplax capensis] G01
       |  |    |         Brachysphoenus Lac. 1842 FS90
       |  |    |           `--B. marginatus Ol. 1791 [incl. B. guadelupensis, B. suturalis] FS90
       |  |    |--Xenoscelinae L03
       |  |    `--+--Pharaxonothinae L03
       |  |       `--+--+--Erotylinae L03
       |  |          |  `--Cryptophilinae L03
       |  |          `--+--Languriinae L03
       |  |             `--Loberinae L03
       |  `--+--Protosphindus [Protosphindinae] MW15
       |     |    |--P. bellus B14
       |     |    `--P. chilensis Sen Gupta & Crowson 1977 B14
       |     `--+--Helotidae MW15
       |        |    |--Neohelota B14
       |        |    `--Helota MW15
       |        |         |--H. fulviventris Kolbe 1886 B14
       |        |         |--H. gemmata B14
       |        |         `--H. gorhami B14
       |        `--+--Ericmodes MW15 [incl. Protocucujus B74; Protocucujidae MW15]
       |           |    |--E. australis Grouv. 1893 M96
       |           |    |--E. fuscitarsis Reitter 1878 B14
       |           |    |--E. nigris B14
       |           |    `--E. sylvaticus MW15
       |           `--Sphindidae MW15
       |                |--Sphindus americanus MW15
       |                `--Aspidiphorus [Aspidiphoridae] LB91
       |                     |--A. humeralis Blackb. 1894 M96
       |                     `--A. orbiculatus V09
       `--+--+--Phloeostichidae [Hymaeinae] MW15
          |  |    |--Rhopalobrachium LB91
          |  |    `--Hymaea MW15
          |  |         |--H. laticollis Carter 1908 C08
          |  |         |--H. magna MW15
          |  |         `--H. succinifera Pascoe 1869 M86
          |  `--+--Cucujidae MW15
          |     `--+--Agapytho [Agapythidae] MW15
          |        |    `--A. foveicollis Broun 1921 B14
          |        `--Priasilphidae [Priasilphinae] MW15
          |             |--Priastichus tasmanicus Crowson 1973 MW15, B14
          |             |--Chileosilpha B14
          |             `--Priasilpha MW15
          |                  |--P. angulata Leschen, Lawrence & Ślipiński 2005 B14
          |                  `--P. obscura MW15
          `--+--+--Cryptophagidae MW15
             |  `--+--+--Silvanidae MW15
             |     |  `--Atomariinae MW15
             |     |       |--Paratomaria crowsoni MW15
             |     |       `--Atomaria MW15
             |     `--Cavognathidae MW15
             |          |--Taphropiestes pullivora (Crowson 1964) B14
             |          |--Cavognatha pullivora MW15, LB91
             |          |--Neocercus LB91
             |          `--Zeonidicola E02
             |               |--Z. chathamensis Watt 1980 E02
             |               `--Z. dumbletonii LB91
             `--+--+--Phalacridae MW15
                |  `--+--Laemophloeidae MW15
                |     `--Propalticidae MW15
                |          |--Slipinskogenia B14
                |          `--Propalticus MW15
                |               |--P. doddi B74
                |               |--P. oculatus Sharp 1879 B14
                |               `--P. simplex LB91
                `--+--+--Brontinae MW15
                   |  `--Cyclaxyra [Cyclaxyridae] MW15
                   |       |--C. jelineki Gimmel, Leschen & Ślipiński 2009 B14
                   |       `--C. politula MW15
                   `--+--Myrabolia [Myraboliidae, Myraboliinae] MW15
                      |    |--M. brevicornis (Erichson 1842) B14 [=Silvanus brevicornis H73]
                      |    |--M. grouvelliana L03
                      |    |--M. haroldiana M96
                      |    |--M. lindensis Blackb. 1892 M96
                      |    `--M. parva Blackb. 1892 M96
                      `--Passandridae [Passandrinae] MW15
                           |--Catogenus rufus MW15
                           |--Ancistria LB91
                           |--Aulonosoma tenebrioides LB91
                           |--Laemotmetus ferrugineus RD77
                           `--Passandra MW15 [incl. Hectarthrum LB91]
                                |--‘Hectarthrum’ angustatum Grouvelle 1889 Gr89
                                |--‘Hectarthrum’ brevifossum Gr89
                                |--P. heros LB91 [=Hectarthrum heros B70]
                                `--P. simplex (Murray 1867) B14 [=Hectarthrum simplex Ge89]

Cucujoidea incertae sedis:
  Tasmosalpingus B14 [Tasmosalpingidae MW15, Tasmosalpinginae] B14
    `--T. quadrispilotus Lea 1919 B14
  Phloiophilus B14 [Phloiophilidae MW15]
    `--P. edwardsii Stephens 1830 B14
  Cybocephalus LB91 [Cybocephalidae MW15, Cybocephalinae]
  Lamingtonium [Lamingtoniidae] L03
    |--L. binnaburense L03
    |--L. loebli Lawrence & Leschen 2003 B14
    `--L. thayerae L03
  Engis australis [=Episcapha australis] B35
  Sinisilvana Hong 2002 [Sinisilvanidae] H02
    `--*S. fushunensis Hong 2002 H02
  Hypocoprus RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B98] Bellés, X. 1998. A new subgenus and two new species of Sphaericus (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) from Western Australia. European Journal of Entomology 95: 263–268.

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[B74] Britton, E. B. 1974. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 62–89. Melbourne University Press.

[C08] Carter, H. J. 1908. Revision of the genus Seirotrana, together with descriptions of new species of other Australian Coleoptera. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 392–422.

[CN91] Cranston, P. S., & I. D. Naumann. 1991. Biogeography. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 180–197. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E02] Emberson, R. M. 2002. The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of the Chatham Islands: additions and corrections. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 69–77.

[FS90] Fleutiaux, E., & A. Sallé. 1890. Liste des coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 351–484.

[Ge89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso “Esploratore” dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[G01] Gorham, H. S. 1901. Descriptions of genera and species of Coleoptera from South Africa (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 349–365.

[Gr89] Grouvelle, A. 1889. Diagnose d'une espèce nouvelle de cucujide. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xxxiii.

[H73] Halstead, D. G. H. 1973. A revision of the genus Silvanus Latreille (s. l.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Entomology 29 (2): 39–112.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

[M86] Masters, G. 1886. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 259–380.

[M96] Masters, G. 1896. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Supplement, part II. Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Hydrophyllidae, Staphylinidae, Pselaphidae, Paussidae, Silphidae, Scaphididae, Histeridae, Phalacridae, Nitidulidae, Trogositidae, Colydiidae, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Lathridiidae, Mycetophagidae, Dermestidae, Byrrhidae, Parnidae, Heteroceridae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (Suppl.): 695–754.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Last updated: 9 April 2022.

Erotylinae

Pleasing fungus beetle Megalodacne heros, photographed by Stephen Cresswell.

Belongs within: Cucujoidea.

The Erotylinae are a clade of beetles associated with fungi, usually macroscopic Basidiomycetes (Leschen 2003). Many species are brightly coloured and produce distasteful defensive chemicals from pores and joints on the body (Bouchard 2014). The antennal insertions are visible from above in members of tribes Dacnini, Megalodacnini and Tritomini but concealed in Encaustini and some Erotylini. Dacnini lack the mesoventral glandular ducts found in other tribes (Leschen 2003).

Characters (from Leschen 2003): Subapical serrations of mandible absent; lacidian usually with two lacinial spines; lateral pockets present on mentum; medial carina of mentum usually present; width of apical labial palpomere greater than or equal to length, palpomere often securiform; width of ligular membrane equal to prementum; transverse gular line usually present, usually as shallow or beadlike groove; antennal insertions usually hidden in dorsal view; supraocular line usually present to level beyond eye; transverse line absent on vertex of head; two stridulatory files present or absent on vertex of head; pronotal shape variable, not constricted at base; anterior angles of pronotum well developed; anterior margin of prosternum smooth; pronotal pits absent; glandular ducts usually present in lateral carina of pronotum, unitubulate; prosternal glandular ducts present or absent; procoxal cavity internally open, externally closed by prosternum and hypomeron; edge of hypomeron smooth; mesoventral glandular ducts usually present; mesepisternal fovea absent; mesometaventral articulation usually dicondylic; width of mesoventral process usually greater than or equal to mesocoxa; submesocoxal lines present or absent; metaventral pores present or absent; metepisternal ctenidium absent; abdominal ventrites 1 and 2 connate; abdominal cuticular glandular ducts present or absent at disk and margin; abdominal calli present or absent; metafurcal lamina usually present with well developed median stalk; spermatheca rounded or elongate; apical pit of spermatheca usually absent; acessory gland of spermatheca usually present; length of tarsomere 1 usually equal to tarsomere 2; tarsomere 4 usually reduced and hidden in ventral view; tarsal shelf of tarsomere 5 present; empodium usually with two setae; elytral punctation striate without scutellary striole; elytra usually narrowly explanate; radial cell present; wedge cell absent.

<==Erotylinae
    |  i. s.: Episcaphula LB91
    |           |--E. aulacochiloides Crotch 1876 G01
    |           |--E. hercules B70
    |           |--E. interrupta G01
    |           |--E. pictipennis C91
    |           `--E. picturata Gorham 1901 G01
    |         Microsternus LB91
    |         Cnecosa LB91
    |         Pselaphacus signatus MW15
    |--Dacnini [Dacnides] L03
    |    |--Cryptodacne L03
    |    |--Hoplepiscapha Lea 1922 L03
    |    |    `--H. longicornis L03
    |    |--Pycnogeusteria Gorham 1900 G00
    |    |    `--*P. kraatzi Gorham 1900 G00
    |    |--Lophocrotaphus Gorham 1900 G00
    |    |    `--*L. guineensis Gorham 1900 G00
    |    |--Amblyopus G00
    |    |    |--A. testaceus G00
    |    |    `--A. vittatus G00
    |    |--Zythonia Westwood 1874 G00
    |    |    |--Z. anthracina Gorham 1900 G00
    |    |    `--Z. fulva G00
    |    |--Dacne L03
    |    |    |--D. aequinoctialis G01
    |    |    |--D. capensis Crotch 1876 G01
    |    |    |--D. humeralis G20 [=Engis humeralis L02, Ips (Dacne) humeralis G20]
    |    |    `--D. quadrimaculata L03
    |    `--Amblyscelis G00
    |         |--*A. kelleni G01
    |         |--A. brunneus Gorham 1900 G00
    |         |--A. conradti Gorham 1900 G00
    |         |--A. haemorrhous (Gorham 1885) [=Amblyopus haemorrhous] G00
    |         |--A. natalensis (Crotch 1876) [=Amblyopus natalensis] G01
    |         |--A. nigrinus Gorham 1900 G01
    |         `--A. pallidus Gorham 1888 G00
    `--+--Tritomini L03
       |    |--Tritoma L03
       |    |    |--T. atriventris L03
       |    |    |--T. bipustulatum L02
       |    |    `--T. russicum (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Silpha russica L02]
       |    `--Lybanodes L03
       |         |--L. bicolor L03
       |         |--L. castaneus L03
       |         |--L. lescheni L03
       |         |--L. rostratus L03
       |         |--L. sasquatch L03
       |         |--L. similis L03
       |         `--L. stigmatus L03
       `--+--Megalodacne [Megalodacnini] L03
          |    |--M. fasciatus L03
          |    `--M. heros L03
          `--+--Encaustini [Encaustinae] L03
             |    |--Aulacocheilus chevrolatii Lucas 1846 L03, E12
             |    |--Encaustes hercules LB91
             |    `--Micrencaustes LB91
             `--Erotylini L03
                  |--Brachysphaenus L03
                  |--Coccimorphus L03
                  |--Homoeotelus L03
                  |--Thallis L03
                  |    |--T. compta LB91
                  |    |--T. janthina R54
                  |    `--T. polita L03
                  `--Erotylus Fabricius 1775 L03
                       |--E. gibbosus L02
                       |--E. giganteus G20
                       |--E. histrionicus FS90
                       `--E. onagga Lacordaire 1842 B14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[FS90] Fleutiaux, E., & A. Sallé. 1890. Liste des coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 351–484.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G00] Gorham, H. S. 1900. Descriptions of new genera and species of Coleoptera from South and West Africa, of the section Serricornia, and of the families Erotylidae, Endomychidae, and Languriidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 71–94.

[G01] Gorham, H. S. 1901. Descriptions of genera and species of Coleoptera from South Africa (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 349–365.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[R54] Riek, E. F. 1954. Australian wasps of the family Proctotrupidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Australian Journal of Zoology 3: 106–117.

Last updated: 9 April 2022.