Chalcophaps

Female (left) and male common emerald doves Chalcophaps indica, copyright Sham Edmond.

Belongs within: Treroninae.

Chalcophaps, the emerald doves, is a genus of stocky doves with brownish neck and underparts and bright green wings, found between southern and eastern Asia and northern and eastern Australia.

<==Chalcophaps Gould 1843 [incl. Monornis Hodgson in Gray 1844; Chalcophabinae] CC10
    |--C. indica (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. i. indica CC10
    |    |--C. i. longirostris Gould 1848 CC10
    |    |--C. i. natalis Lister 1888 CC10
    |    |--C. i. rogersi Mathews 1912 [=C. chrysochlora rogersi; incl. C. chrysochlora kempi Mathews 1912] CC10
    |    |--‘Chalcospilos’ i. timorensis T62
    |    `--C. i. yamashinai Hachisuka 1939 I92
    `--C. stephani J06
         |--C. s. stephani J06
         `--C. s. wallacei J06

Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 [=Columba indica CC10, Chalcospilos indica T62; incl. Columba chrysochlora Wagler 1827 CC10, *Chalcophaps indica chrysochlora CC10, *Monornis perpulchra CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

Gallicolumba

Luzon bleeding heart Gallicolumba luzonica, photographed by Kao-Tai.

Belongs within: Treroninae.

Gallicolumba, the bleeding hearts, is a genus of ground-dwelling doves found in insular south-east Asia and New Guinea, a number of species of which have a prominent red patch on the breast that inspires the vernacular name.

<==Gallicolumba Heck 1849 (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |--*G. luzonica CC10, JT12 [=Columba luzonica CC10, *Plegoenas luzonica CC10]
    |--G. canifrons JT12
    |--G. crinigera JT12 [=Peristera criniger CC10, *Pampusanna criniger CC10]
    |--G. cruenta CC10
    |--G. erythroptera JT12
    |    |--G. e. erythroptera HSS13
    |    `--G. e. pectoralis HSS13
    |--G. ferruginea HSS13
    |--G. hoedtii JT12
    |--G. keayi JT12
    |--G. kubaryi JT12
    |--G. menagei JT12
    |--G. norfolciensis (Latham 1802) [=Columba norfolciensis, Carpophaga norfolciensis] CC10
    |--G. platenae JT12
    |--G. rubescens JT12
    |--G. rufigula JT12
    |--G. salamonis HSS13
    |--G. sanctaecrucis JT12
    |--G. stairi JT12
    |--G. tristigmata JT12
    `--G. xanthonura JT12

Gallicolumba Heck 1849 [=Plegoenas Reichenbach 1851; incl. Pampusanna Pucheran in Dumont d’Urville 1853; Gallicolumbinae] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

Cuculus

Common cuckoo Cuculus canorus, copyright Ron Knight.

Belongs within: Cuculinae.

Cuculus is a genus of Old World cuckoos with dark grey or black heads and upperparts and usually a barred breast.

<==Cuculus Linnaeus 1758 CC10
    |--+--C. fugax JT12
    |  |    |--C. f. fugax VP89
    |  |    `--C. f. nisicolor VP89
    |  `--+--C. sparverioides JT12
    |     `--C. varius JT12
    `--+--C. clamosus JT12
       `--+--C. solitarius JT12
          `--+--+--C. crassirostris JT12
             |  `--C. poliocephalus JT12
             `--+--C. micropterus JT12
                `--+--+--C. gularis JT12 [=C. canorus gularis RN72b]
                   |  `--C. rochii JT12 [=C. poliocephalus rochii RN72a]
                   `--+--*C. canorus Linnaeus 1758 CC10, JT12, ME04
                      |    |--C. c. canorus VP89
                      |    |--C. c. bakeri RN72b
                      |    |--C. c. bangsi RN72b
                      |    |--C. c. fallax VP89
                      |    |--C. c. johanseni RN72b
                      |    |--C. c. kleinschmidti RN72b
                      |    |--C. c. subtelephonus RN72b
                      |    `--C. c. telephonus RN72b
                      `--+--C. saturatus Hodgson 1843 JT12, CC10
                         `--C. vagans JT12 [=Hierococcyx vagans BKB15]

Cuculus incertae sedis:
  C. americanus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. auratus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. cineraceus R66
  C. csarnotanus Jánossy 1979 M02
  C. glandarius Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. inornatus R87
  C. lepidus JT12
  C. niger Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. optatus Gould 1845 (see below for synonymy) CC10
  C. persa Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. vetula Linnaeus 1758 L58

Cuculus optatus Gould 1845 [=C. saturatus optatus; incl. C. horsfieldi Moore 1858, C. saturatus horsfieldi] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1–2): 1–17.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[R66] Ramsay, E. P. 1866. Notes on the most frequent fosterparents of the cuckoos of Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 571–577.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[RN72a] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972a. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[RN72b] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972b. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

Columbigallina

Common ground-dove Columbigallina passerina, copyright Alan Vernon.

Belongs within: Columbidae.

Columbigallina is a Neotropical genus of small ground-doves, currently usually treated as a synonym of Columbina.

<==Columbigallina
    |--C. buckleyi T62
    |--C. cruziana T62
    |--C. minuta T62
    |--C. passerina T62
    |    |--C. p. passerina T62
    |    |--C. p. bahamensis T62
    |    |--C. p. insularis T62
    |    |--C. p. nigrirostris T62
    |    `--C. p. portoricensis T62
    `--C. talpacoti T62
         |--C. t. talpacoti T62
         |--C. t. caucae T62
         |--C. t. eluta T62
         `--C. t. rufipennis T62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

Streptopelia

Red-eyed dove Streptopelia semitorquata, copyright Atamari.

Belongs within: Columbidae.

Streptopelia, the turtledoves, is a genus of pigeons found in Africa and southern Asia. Members of this genus generally have pinkish underparts and a distinctive collar of black or black and white patterning around the nape. The Barbary dove S. risoria is a domesticated derivative of either the Eurasian collared dove S. decaocto or the African collared dove S. roseogrisea.

See also: The voice of the turtle.

<==Streptopelia Bonaparte 1855 CC10 [incl. Turtur Selby 1835 non Boddaert 1783 T62]
    |  i. s.: *S. risoria (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 [=Columba risoria CC10, S. decaocto risoria FP64, Turtur risorius CC10]
    |         S. lugens (Rüppell 1837) S05 [=Columba lugens S05, Turtur lugens T62]
    |           |--S. l. lugens T62
    |           `--S. l. funebrea T62
    |         S. reichenowi JT12
    |--+--S. capicola JT12
    |  |    |--S. c. capicola T62
    |  |    |--S. c. anceps T62
    |  |    |--S. c. bailundensis T62
    |  |    |--S. c. damarensis T62
    |  |    |--S. c. dryas T62
    |  |    |--S. c. electa T62
    |  |    |--S. c. hilgerti T62
    |  |    |--S. c. somalica T62
    |  |    `--S. c. tropica T62
    |  `--S. vinacea JT12
    |       |--S. v. vinacea T62
    |       |--S. v. barbaru T62
    |       |--S. v. erythreae T62
    |       |--S. v. grotei T62
    |       |--S. v. savannae T62
    |       `--S. v. schoana T62
    `--+--+--S. semitorquata JT12
       |  |    |--S. s. semitorquata T62
       |  |    |--S. s. erythrophrys T62
       |  |    |--S. s. maxima T62
       |  |    `--S. s. minor T62
       |  `--+--S. decipiens JT12
       |     |    |--S. d. decipiens T62
       |     |    |--S. d. ambigua T62
       |     |    |--S. d. elegans T62
       |     |    |--S. d. griseiventris T62
       |     |    |--S. d. logonensis T62
       |     |    |--S. d. permista T62
       |     |    |--S. d. perspicillata T62
       |     |    `--S. d. shelleyi T62
       |     `--+--S. decaocto (Frivaldszky 1838) JT12, I92
       |        |    |--S. d. decaocto T62
       |        |    |--S. d. stoliczkae T62
       |        |    `--S. d. xanthocyclus T62
       |        `--S. roseogrisea (Sundevall 1857) JT12, CC10 [=Columba roseogrisea CC10]
       `--+--S. tranquebarica BKB15 [=Oenopopelia tranquebarica T62]
          |    |--S. t. tranquebarica T62
          |    |--S. t. humilis T62
          |    `--S. t. murmensis T62
          `--+--S. bitorquata (Temminck in Knip 1811) BKB15, CC10 [=Columba bitorquata CC10]
             |    |--S. b. bitorquata L81
             |    `--S. b. dusumieri L81
             `--+--S. orientalis JT12 [=Turtur orientalis T62]
                |    |--S. o. orientalis T62
                |    |--S. o. agricola [=Columba agricola] T62
                |    |--S. o. meena T62
                |    |--S. o. orii T62
                |    `--S. o. stimpsoni T62
                `--+--S. hypopyrrha JT12 [=S. lugens hypopyrrha T62]
                   `--S. turtur (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 [=Columba turtur CC10, Turtur turtur CC10]
                        |--S. t. turtur S05
                        |--S. t. arenicola T62
                        |--S. t. hoggara T62
                        |--S. t. isabellina (Bonaparte 1856) S05 [=Turtur isabellinus T62]
                        `--S. t. loei T62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

Last updated: 23 August 2019.

Columbidae

Great cuckoo dove Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi, photographed by Rob Hutchinson.

Belongs within: Columbaves.
Contains: Columbigallina, Aplopelia, Leptotila, Zenaida, Geotrygon, Macropygia, Patagioenas, Columba, Streptopelia, Stigmatopelia, Treroninae, Columbina.

The Columbidae include the pigeons and doves, a distinctive family of mostly herbivorous, strong-flying birds found worldwide. Earlier authors mostly divided this family between the Treroninae for the palaeotropical fruit pigeons and Columbinae for the remaining 'true pigeons', with a few more small subfamilies for certain distinctive taxa, but this scheme has not been supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses (Shapiro et al. 2002; Jetz et al. 2012). Instead, a clade of New World taxa including the genera Geotrygon (quail-doves), Leptotila and Zenaida (mourning doves) may form one of the basal divisions within the columbids. Its sister-clade, containing the remaining species, is most diverse in the Old World, though it does include the New World ground doves (Claravis, Columbina and related genera). The now-extinct passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius of North America may be a relatively basal member of this clade; the passenger pigeon was a slender, long-winged and -tailed pigeon adapted for strong, rapid flight.

Characters (from Austin 1961): Stout-bodied, neck rather short, head small. Bill short, slender, rounded, usually thickening toward tip and thinner in the middle; nostrils emerging through fleshy cere at base of bill. Plumage a thick, heavy coat of strong-shafted feathers, loosely attached to thin skin so as to drop out easily.

Columbidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--+--+--‘Geotrygon’ veraguensis BKB15
    |  |  |  `--Leptotila SS02
    |  |  `--+--Zenaida SS02
    |  |     `--Geotrygon SS02
    |  `--+--+--‘Geotrygon’ purpurata BKB15
    |     |  `--‘Geotrygon’ saphirina BKB15
    |     `--+--‘Geotrygon’ versicolor BKB15
    |        `--+--‘Geotrygon’ montana BKB15
    |           |    |--G. m. montana MS55
    |           |    `--G. m. martinica MS55
    |           `--‘Geotrygon’ violacea BKB15
    `--+--+--Ectopistes Swainson 1827 BKB15, B94 [Ectopistinae]
       |  |    `--E. migratorius SS02
       |  `--+--+--Macropygia SS02
       |     |  `--Reinwardtoena JT12
       |     |       |--R. browni JT12
       |     |       |--R. crassirostris JT12
       |     |       `--R. reinwardtsi JT12
       |     |            |--R. r. reinwardtsi T62
       |     |            |--R. r. albida T62
       |     |            |--R. r. brevis T62
       |     |            `--R. r. griseotincta T62
       |     `--+--Patagioenas BKB15
       |        `--+--Columba SS02
       |           `--+--Streptopelia SS02
       |              `--+--Stigmatopelia JT12
       |                 `--Nesoenas SS02
       |                      |--N. mayeri SS02
       |                      `--N. picturata JT12 [=Streptopelia picturata BKB15, Turtur picturatus S66]
       |                           |--N. p. picturata L81
       |                           |--‘Streptopelia’ p. aldabrana L81
       |                           |--‘Streptopelia’ p. chuni L81
       |                           |--‘Streptopelia’ p. comorensis L81
       |                           |--‘Streptopelia’ p. rostrata L81
       |                           `--‘Streptopelia’ p. saturata L81
       `--+--Treroninae SS02
          `--+--Claravis Oberholser 1899 JT12, B94 [incl. Peristera Swainson 1827 B94]
             |    |--C. geoffroyi HSS13
             |    |--C. godefrida JT12
             |    |--C. mondetoura JT12
             |    |--C. pretiosa JT12
             |    |--‘Peristera’ principalis Hartlaub in Dohrn 1866 D66
             |    |--‘Peristera’ simplex D66
             |    `--‘Peristera’ tympanistria S66
             `--+--Uropelia campestris JT12
                `--+--Columbina SS02
                   `--Metriopelia JT12
                        |--M. aymara JT12
                        `--+--M. melanoptera JT12
                           `--+--M. ceciliae JT12 [=Gymnopelia ceciliae T62]
                              |    |--M. c. ceciliae T62
                              |    |--M. c. obsoleta T62
                              |    `--M. c. zimmeri [=Gymnopelia ceciliae zimmeri] T62
                              `--M. morenoi JT12

Columbidae incertae sedis:
  Zenaidura T62
    |--Z. auriculata T62
    |    |--Z. a. auriculata T62
    |    `--Z. a. stenura T62
    |--Z. graysoni RN72
    `--Z. macroura T62
         |--Z. m. macroura T62
         |--Z. m. carolinensis T62
         `--Z. m. marginella T62
  Columbigallina T62
  Tympanistria tympanistria T62
    |--T. t. tympanistria T62
    `--T. t. fraseri T62
  Oreopeleia T62
    |--O. chiriquensis RN72
    |--O. chrysia RN72
    |--O. martinica RN72
    |--O. montana S18
    `--O. mystacea T62
         |--O. m. mystacea T62
         `--O. m. sabae T62
  Aplopelia JT12
  Coryphoenas T62
  Nesopelia galapagoensis RN72
  Oxypelia T62
  Lophophaps T62
    |--L. ferruginea Gould 1865 WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    `--L. leucogaster R87
  Osculatia T62
  Melopelia asiatica FS55
  Starnoenas Bonaparte 1838 [Starnoenadinae] B94
    `--S. cyanocephala JT12
  Erythroenas pulcherrima B66
  Scardafella SS02
    |--S. inca L81
    `--S. squammata (Lesson 1831) ME04
  Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos HSS13
  Rupephaps Worthy, Hand et al. 2009 CC10
    `--*R. taketake Worthy, Hand et al. 2009 CC10
  Calopelia puella PB27
    |--C. p. puella PB27
    `--C. p. brehmeri PB27

Columbidae [Claravinae, Columbae, Columbiformes, Columbinae, Columbini, Palumbinae, Peristeridae, Peristerinae, Turturidae]

Lophophaps ferruginea Gould 1865 WS48 [=Geophaps plumifera ferruginea M03; incl. L. ferruginea mungi Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B66] Bartlett, A. D. 1866. Notes on the breeding of several species of birds in the Society's gardens during the year 1865. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 76–79.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324–332.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1–2): 1–17.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3–4): 241–265.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[SS02] Shapiro, B., D. Sibthorpe, A. Rambaut, J. Austin, G. M. Wragg, O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, P. L. M. Lee & A. Cooper. 2002. Flight of the dodo. Nature 295: 1683.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 29 August 2019.

Ptilinopus

Yellow-breasted fruit dove Ptilinopus occipitalis, photographed by Talalak.

Belongs within: Treroninae.

Ptilinopus includes the fruit doves, an assemblage of generally compact, short-tailed, brightly coloured doves found in southeast Asia and Australasia. Fruit doves are diverse in appearance, and some authors have divided them between separate genera. Phylogenetic analysis also suggests that the cloven-feathered dove Drepanoptila holosericea of New Caledonia and the blue pigeons Alectroenas of Madagascar and the Mascarenes are nested within Ptilinopus in the broad sense. Members of the genus include the wompoo pigeon Ptilinopus magnificus of New Guinea and eastern Australia, which is mostly green in coloration with a paler head, purple breast and yellow bill with red base.

<==Ptilinopus Swainson 1825 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. magnificus BKB15 [=Carpophaga magnifica T62, Megaloprepia magnifica T62]
    |    |--P. m. magnificus T62
    |    |--‘Megaloprepia’ m. alaris T62
    |    |--P. m. assimilis M03 [=Megaloprepia magnifica assimilis T62]
    |    |--‘Megaloprepia’ m. interposita T62
    |    |--P. m. keri M03 [=Megaloprepia magnifica keri T62]
    |    |--‘Megaloprepia’ m. poliura T62
    |    |--‘Megaloprepia’ m. puella T62
    |    `--‘Megaloprepia’ m. septentrionalis T62
    `--+--+--P. leclancheri BKB15 [=Leucotreron leclancheri RN72b]
       |  |    |--P. l. leclancheri R62
       |  |    |--P. l. longialis Manuel 1936 R62
       |  |    `--P. l. taiwanus Ripley 1962 R62
       |  `--P. occipitalis JT12 [=Leucotreron occipitalis RN72b]
       `--+--P. melanospilus BKB15
          |    |--P. m. melanospilus T62
          |    |--P. m. margaretha T62
          |    `--P. m. xanthorrhoa R02
          `--+--+--P. luteovirens BKB15
             |  `--P. victor JT12 [=Chrysoena victor A61]
             `--+--+--Drepanoptila holosericea (Temminck 1811) BKB15, CC10
                |  `--Alectroenas Gray 1840 JT12, B94 [Alectroenadinae]
                |       |--A. madagascariensis JT12 [=Ptilopus madagascariensis S66]
                |       |--A. nitidissima FS01
                |       |--A. pulcherrima JT12
                |       |--A. rodericana FS01
                |       `--A. sganzini JT12 [=Ptilopus sganzini S66]
                `--+--+--P. solomonensis JT12
                   |  `--+--P. rivoli JT12
                   |     `--P. superbus JT12 [=Columba superba CC10, *Lamprotreron superbus CC10, Ptilopus superbus R87]
                   `--+--P. pulchellus JT12
                      |    |--P. p. pulchellus T62
                      |    `--P. p. decorus T62
                      `--+--*P. regina Swainson 1825 CC10, JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                         |    |--P. r. regina T62
                         |    `--P. r. flavicollis T62
                         `--+--P. rarotongensis JT12
                            `--P. richardsii JT12
                                 |--P. r. richardsii T62
                                 `--P. r. cyanopterus T62

Ptilinopus incertae sedis:
  P. arcanus JT12
  P. aurantiifrons JT12
  P. bernsteinii JT12
  P. chalcurus JT12
  P. cinctus JT12 [=Leucotreron cincta A61]
  P. coralensis JT12
  P. coronulatus JT12
  P. dohertyi JT12
  P. dupetithouarsii JT12
  P. eugeniae JT12
  P. ewingii Gould 1842 WS48 [=P. regina ewingii M03, *Reginopus ewingii CC10]
  P. fischeri JT12 [=Leucotreron fischeri RN72a]
  ‘Megaloprepia’ formosa T62
  P. granulifrons JT12
  P. greyii JT12 [=Ptilopus greyi S13]
  P. huttoni JT12
  P. hyogastrus JT12
  P. insolitus JT12
  P. insularis JT12
  P. iozonus JT12
  P. jambu JT12
  P. layardi JT12
  P. marchei JT12
  P. mercierii FS01
  P. merrilli JT12
  P. monacha JT12
  P. naina JT12
  P. ornatus JT12
  P. pelewensis JT12
  P. perlatus JT12
  P. perousii JT12
  P. porphyraceus JT12 [=Ptilopus porphyraceus S13]
    |--P. p. porphyraceus S13
    |--‘Ptilopus’ p. clementinae S13
    `--P. p. fasciatus RN72 [=Ptilopus fasciatus S13]
  P. porphyreus JT12
  P. purpuratus JT12
  P. roseicapilla JT12
  P. subgularis JT12
  P. tannensis JT12
  P. viridis JT12
    |--P. v. viridis J06
    |--P. v. lewisii J06
    `--P. v. pectoralis J06
  P. wallacii JT12

Ptilinopus Swainson 1825 CC10 [incl. Chrysoena Bonaparte 1854 B94, Lamprotreron Bonaparte 1854 CC10, Leucotreron Bonaparte 1854 B94, Megaloprepia Reichenbach 1853 B94, Ptilopus Strickland 1841 B94, Reginopus Mathews 1913 CC10; Chrysoeninae, Leucotreroninae, Megaloprepiinae, Ptilinopodinae, Ptilopodinae]

*Ptilinopus regina Swainson 1825 CC10, JT12, CC10 [=*P. purpuratus var. regina CC10; incl. P. swainsonii Gould 1842 CC10, P. regina yorki Mathews 1922 CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. Descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1141–1152, pl. 19.

[R02] Riley, J. 2002. Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International 12: 53–78.

[R62] Ripley, S. D. 1962. A new subspecies of the black-chinned fruit pigeon. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 315–316.

[RN72a] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972a. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[RN72b] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972b. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 25 August 2019.

Treroninae

Diamond dove Geopelia cuneata, photographed by Chris Watson.

Belongs within: Columbidae.
Contains: Treron, Chalcophaps, Turtur, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Gallicolumba.

The Treroninae as recognised herein are a clade of pigeons supported by molecular analysis (Shapiro et al. 2002) found in Africa, Asia and Australasia. The name has been used in the past for the grouping of fruit pigeons and fruit doves (centred around the genera Treron, Ptilinopus and Ducula) but these taxa alone do not form a monophyletic clade. Instead, the green pigeons of the genus Treron may form a clade with the emerald doves Chalcophaps and two African genera, the African wood doves Turtur and the Namaqua dove Oena capensis. Ducula and Ptilinopus form an Indo-Australasian clade with the topknot pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticus, the New Zealand pigeons Hemiphaga and the mountain pigeons Gymophaps. Also falling within the Treroninae is a potential clade of large-bodied doves including the tooth-billed pigeon Didunculus strigirostris of Samoa, the crested pigeons Goura of New Guinea, the Nicobar pigeon Caloenas nicobarica found from the Nicobar Islands to the Solomon Islands and Palau, and the extinct dodo Raphus cucullatus and solitaire Pezophaps solitaria of the Mascarenes. A clade of mostly Australasian pigeons includes the bronzewings Phaps and the rock pigeons Petrophassa.

<==Treroninae [Osmotreroninae, Phalacrotreroninae, Sphenocercinae, Treronidae, Vinagininae]
    |--+--Treron SS02
    |  `--+--Chalcophaps SS02
    |     `--+--Turtur SS02
    |        `--Oena Swainson 1837 SS02, B94 [Oeninae]
    |             `--O. capensis (Linnaeus 1766) [=Columba capensis] CC10
    |                  |--O. c. capensis T62
    |                  `--O. c. aliena T62
    `--+--+--Ducula SS02
       |  `--+--Ptilinopus SS02
       |     `--+--Lopholaimus Gould 1841 BKB15, B94 [Lopholaiminae]
       |        |    `--L. antarcticus JT12
       |        `--+--Hemiphaga Bonaparte 1854 BKB15, CC10 [Hemiphaginae]
       |           |    |--*H. novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |           |    |--H. chathamensis (Rothschild 1891) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |           |    `--H. spadicea (Latham 1802) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |           `--Gymnophaps BKB15
       |                |--G. albertisii JT12
       |                |--G. mada JT12
       |                `--G. solomonensis JT12
       |--+--Didunculus Peale 1848 SS02, B94 [incl. Gnathodon Jardine 1845 B94; Didunculinae, Gnathodontinae]
       |  |    `--D. strigirostris SS02
       |  `--+--Gourinae [Lophyrinae, Megapeliinae, Ptilophyrinae] B94
       |     |    |--Microgoura Rothschild 1904 [Microgourinae] B94
       |     |    |    `--M. meeki Rothschild 1904 CC10
       |     |    `--Goura Stephens 1819 SS02, B94 (see below for synonymy)
       |     |         |--G. cristata JT12
       |     |         |--G. scheepmakeri JT12
       |     |         `--G. victoria SS02
       |     `--+--Caloenas Gray 1840 SS02, B94 [Caloenadinae]
       |        |    |--C. maculata HSS13
       |        |    `--C. nicobarica SS02 [incl. Columba gouldiae B66, Ca. gouldiae B66]
       |        `--Raphidae [Dididae] SS02
       |             |--Pezophaps Strickland 1848 SS02, B94 [Pezophabidae]
       |             |    `--P. solitaria (Gmelin 1789) U93
       |             `--Raphus Brisson 1760 SS02, B94 [incl. Didus Linné 1766 B94]
       |                  |--R. cucullatus (Linnaeus 1758) U93 [incl. Didus ineptus SS02]
       |                  `--R. solitaria (Selys-Lonchamps 1846) U93
       `--+--+--Otidiphaps Gould 1870 SS02, B94 [Otidiphabinae]
          |  |    `--O. nobilis SS02
          |  `--Trugon Gray 1849 JT12, B94 [Trugoninae]
          |       `--T. terrestris JT12
          `--+--Gallicolumba SS02
             `--+--Henicophaps JT12
                |    |--H. albifrons JT12
                |    `--H. foersteri JT12
                `--+--+--+--‘Gallicolumba’ beccarii JT12
                   |  |  `--‘Gallicolumba’ jobiensis JT12
                   |  `--‘Geopelia’ striata (Linnaeus 1766) BKB15, WS48 [=Columba striata WS48]
                   |       |--G. s. striata T62
                   |       |--G. s. audacis T62
                   |       `--G. s. tranquilla T62
                   `--+--Ocyphaps Gray 1842 SS02, B94 [Ocyphabinae]
                      |    `--O. lophotes (Temminck in Temminck & Laugier de Chartrouse 1822) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--+--Phaps Selby 1835 SS02, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                         |  |    |--P. chalcoptera (Latham 1790) [=Columba chalcoptera] CC10
                         |  |    |    |--P. c. chalcoptera T62
                         |  |    |    |--P. c. consobrina Mathews 1912 T62, WS48
                         |  |    |    `--P. c. murchisoni Mathews 1912 T62, WS48
                         |  |    |--P. elegans (Temminck 1810) WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                         |  |    `--P. histrionica (Gould 1841) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                         |  `--Petrophassa Gould 1841 JT12, B94
                         |       |--P. albipennis Gould 1840 WS48
                         |       |    |--P. a. albipennis [incl. P. albipennis alisteri Mathews 1912] WS48
                         |       |    `--P. a. boothi M03
                         |       `--P. rufipennis M03
                         `--+--Geopelia Swainson 1837 SS02, B94 [Geopeliinae]
                            |    |--G. cuneata (Latham 1802) CC10 [=Columba cuneata WS48]
                            |    |    |--G. c. cuneata T62
                            |    |    `--G. c. mungi Mathews 1912 T62, WS48
                            |    |--G. humeralis (Temminck 1821) (see below for synonymy) WS48
                            |    |--G. maugeus JT12
                            |    `--G. placida Gould 1844 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                            `--+--Leucosarcia Gould 1843 BKB15, B94 [Leucosarciinae]
                               |    `--L. melanoleuca (Latham 1802) (see below for synonymy) CC10
                               `--Geophaps Gray 1842 JT12, B94 [Geophabinae]
                                    |--G. plumifera Gould 1842 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                                    |    |--G. p. plumifera M03
                                    |    `--G. p. leucogaster M03 [=Petrophassa plumifera leucogaster L81]
                                    |--G. scripta (Temminck 1821) [=Columba scripta] CC10
                                    |    |--G. s. scripta M03
                                    |    `--G. s. peninsulae M03
                                    `--G. smithii (Jardine & Selby 1830) CC10 (see below for synonymy)

Treroninae incertae sedis:
  Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa T62, JT12
  Butreron T62
  Phapitreron Bonaparte 1854 [Phapitreroninae] B94
    |--P. amethystinus JT12
    |--P. brunneiceps JT12
    `--P. cinereiceps JT12
  Phaenorhina goliath [=Carpophaga (Phaenorhina) goliath] S13
  Globicera pacifica S13
  Sphenurus T62
    |--S. apicauda T62
    |    |--S. a. apicauda T62
    |    |--S. a. laotinus T62
    |    `--S. a. lowei T62
    |--S. formosae [=Sphenocercus formosae] T62
    |    |--S. f. formosae T62
    |    `--S. f. medioximus T62
    |--S. oxyura T62
    `--S. sphenurus T62

Hybrid: Geopelia shortridgei Ogilvie Grant 1909 [G. cuneata × G. striata] WS48

Geopelia humeralis (Temminck 1821) [=Columba humeralis; incl. G. humeralis headlandi Mathews 1912, G. humeralis inexpectata Mathews 1912] WS48

Geopelia placida Gould 1844 JT12, WS48 [=G. striata placida T62; incl. G. placida clelandi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Geophaps plumifera Gould 1842 JT12, WS48 [=Lophophaps plumifera WS48, Petrophassa plumifera L81; incl. L. plumifera pallida Mathews 1912 WS48]

Geophaps smithii (Jardine & Selby 1830) CC10 [=Columba smithii WS48, Petrophassa smithii L81; incl. Geophaps smithii blaauwi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Goura Stephens 1819 SS02, B94 [incl. Lophyrus Vieillot 1816 non Poli 1791 B94, Megapelia Kaup 1836 B94, Ptilophyrus Swainson 1837 B94]

Hemiphaga chathamensis (Rothschild 1891) [=Carpophaga chathamensis, C. chathamica, C. chathamiensis, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae chathamensis] CC10

*Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) [=Columba novaeseelandiae, Carpophaga novaezealandiae, Co. novaezealandiae, Hemiphaga novaezealandiae; incl. Co. argetraea Forster 1794, Co. zealandica Latham 1790] CC10

Hemiphaga spadicea (Latham 1802) [=Columba spadicea, Carpophaga spadicea, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea, Columba gigas Ranzani 1821, Co. leucogaster Wagler 1827; incl. Co. princeps Vigors 1833] CC10

Leucosarcia melanoleuca (Latham 1802) [=Columba melanoleuca; incl. C. picata Latham 1802, Leucosarcia picata, Phaps picata] CC10

Ocyphaps lophotes (Temminck in Temminck & Laugier de Chartrouse 1822) CC10 [=Columba lophotes CC10; incl. O. lophotes whitlocki Mathews 1912 WS48]

Phaps Selby 1835 SS02, B94 [incl. Cosmopelia Sundevall 1873 B94; Cosmopeliinae, Phabinae]

Phaps elegans (Temminck 1810) WS48 [=Columba elegans WS48; incl. P. elegans occidentalis M03]

Phaps histrionica (Gould 1841) CC10 [=Peristera histrionica CC10, Columba (Peristera) histrionica WS48, Histriophaps histrionica WS48; incl. Phaps histrionica alisteri Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bartlett, A. D. 1866. Notes on the breeding of several species of birds in the Society's gardens during the year 1865. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 76–79.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[SS02] Shapiro, B., D. Sibthorpe, A. Rambaut, J. Austin, G. M. Wragg, O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, P. L. M. Lee & A. Cooper. 2002. Flight of the dodo. Nature 295: 1683.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 29 August 2019.

Columba

Stock pigeons Columba oenas, photographed by Ulrike Brütting.

Belongs within: Columbidae.

Columba is a cosmopolitan genus of medium-sized to large pigeons, including the domestic pigeon or rock dove Columba livia. Columba species have a slightly rounded tail that is much shorter than the wings, and feathers with broad and rounded or nearly truncated tips (Ridgway 1887). The native range of the genus covers Eurasia and Africa, with New World species previously included in Columba now recognised as a distinct genus Patagioenas.

<==Columba Linnaeus 1758 CC10 [incl. Palumbus Kaup 1829 B94, Verrulia Flemming 1822 (nom. inv.) B94; Verruliinae]
    |--C. junoniae JT12
    `--+--C. arquatrix BKB15
       |    |--C. a. arquatrix T62
       |    `--C. a. sjoestedti T62
       `--+--+--C. pulchricollis BKB15
          |  `--C. vitiensis JT12
          |       |--C. v. vitiensis M03
          |       `--C. v. godmanae M03
          `--+--+--C. bollii JT12 [=C. trocaz bollii T62]
             |  `--C. palumbus Linnaeus 1758 JT12, M02
             |       |--C. p. palumbus T62
             |       |--C. p. azorica T62
             |       |--C. p. excelsa T62
             |       |--C. p. iranica T62
             |       |--C. p. kirmanica T62
             |       |--C. p. kleinschmidti T62
             |       `--C. p. maderensis T62
             `--+--C. guinea JT12
                |    |--C. g. guinea T62
                |    |--C. g. bradfieldi T62
                |    |--C. g. dilloni T62
                |    |--C. g. phaeonotus T62
                |    `--C. g. uhehensis T62
                `--+--*C. oenas Linnaeus 1758 CC10, JT12, M02
                   |    |--C. o. oenas T62
                   |    |--C. o. hyrcana T62
                   |    |--C. o. tianshanica T62
                   |    `--C. o. yarkandensis T62
                   `--+--C. livia Gmelin 1789 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      |    |--C. l. livia T62
                      |    |--C. l. domestica (Gmelin 1789) T62, HRS06
                      |    |--C. l. neglecta T62
                      |    `--C. l. rustica T62
                      `--C. rupestris JT12
                           |--C. r. rupestris T62
                           `--C. r. turkestanica T62

Columba incertae sedis:
  C. albinucha JT12
  C. albitorques Rüppell 1837 S05
  C. argentina JT12
  C. asiatica Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. aurita Temminck 1811 [=Turtur auritus] CC10
  C. caribaea RN72
  C. cayennensis ZJM03
  C. chlorophaea Hartlaub in Dohrn 1866 D66
  C. corensis RN72
  C. cucullata Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. cyanocephala Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. delegorguei JT12
  C. duboisi FP64
  C. elphinstonii JT12 [=Palumbus elphinstonei B66]
  C. eversmanni JT12
  C. fasciata T62
    |--C. f. fasciata T62
    |--C. f. letonai T62
    |--C. f. parva T62
    `--C. f. vioscae T62
  C. gutturosa Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. hispanica Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. hispida Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. hodgsonii JT12
  C. hypoenochroa S13
    |--C. h. hypoenochroa S13
    `--C. h. uveaensis Sarasin 1913 S13
  C. inornata SWK87
    |--C. i. inornata SWK87
    `--C. i. wetmorei SWK87
  C. intermedia D59
  C. iriditorques JT12
  C. janthina Temminck 1830 I92
    |--C. j. janthina I92
    |--C. j. nitens (Stejneger 1887) I92
    `--C. j. stejnegeri (Kuroda 1923) I92
  C. jouyi (Stejneger 1887) I92
  C. leucocephala Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. leucomela JT12
  C. leuconota JT12
    |--C. l. leuconota T62
    `--C. l. gradaria T62
  C. leucoptera Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. macroura Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. maculosa RN72
  C. malherbii JT12
  C. melitensis Lydekker 1891 M02
  C. montana Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. nicobarica Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. nigrirostris S18
  C. oliviae JT12
  C. pallidiceps JT12
  C. palumboides JT12
  C. passerina Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. picazuro T62
    |--C. p. picazuro T62
    `--C. p. marginalis T62
  C. pisana (Portis 1889) [=Falco pisanus; incl. C. omnisanctorum Ballmann 1976] M02
  C. pollenii JT12
  C. punicea JT12
  C. rufina [=Chloroenas rufina] SS66
    |--C. r. rufina S18
    `--C. r. pallidicrissa S18
  C. semitorquata Rüppell 1837 S05
  C. sinica Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. sjostedti JT12
  C. speciosa ZJM03
  C. squamosa T62
  C. subvinacea S18
  C. tabellaria Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. thomensis JT12
  C. torringtoniae JT12
  C. tremula Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. trocaz JT12
  C. turbita Linnaeus 1758 L58
  C. unicincta JT12
  C. versicolor Kittlitz 1832 I92
  C. vinacea [=Chloroenas vinacea] SS66

Inorganic: Columba janthina minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Columba livia Gmelin 1789 JT12, CC10 [=C. domestica livia CC10; incl. C. livia lazaretensis Mourer-Chauviré 1975 M02, C. livia minuta Mourer-Chauviré 1975 nec C. minuta Linnaeus 1758 nec Temminck 1838-1843 M02, C. livia occitana Mourer-Chauviré 1975 M02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B66] Bulger, G. E. 1866. List of birds observed at Wellington, Neilgherry Hills, about 6000 feet above the level of the sea, during the months of April and May, 1866. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 568–571.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[D59] Darwin, C. 1859. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life 1^st ed. John Murray: London.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324–332.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HRS06] Hahn, I., U. Römer & R. P. Schlatter. 2006. Population numbers and status of land birds of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (Aves: Falconiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Passeriformes). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 109–125.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

Ridgway, R. 1887. A Manual of North American Birds. J. B. Lippincott Company: Philadelphia.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461–484.

Last updated: 25 August 2019.