Gromiidae

2 mm individual of Gromia oviformis, copyright Gary McDonald.

Belongs within: Cercozoa.

The Gromiidae are a group of amoeboid protists with an organic test (note that Loeblich & Tappan, 1964, included a number of taxa in Gromiidae that are no longer regarded as closely related to the type genus Gromia; it is possible that other genera listed below are similarly misplaced).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test membranous or pseudochitinous, rigid or slightly flexible, without distinct plates or scales, but with some siliceous elements, and commonly with foreign material.

Gromiidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Micramphoraeopsis Sudzuki 1979 G86
    |    `--M. pinangensis Sudzuki 1979 G86
    |--Amoebogromia Giard 1900 LT64
    |    `--*A. cinnabarina Giard 1900 LT64
    |--Lagunculina Rhumbler 1904 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    `--*L. urnula (Gruber 1884) [=*Ovulina urnula, *Arlagunculum urnulum] LT64
    |--Urnulina Gruber 1884 [=Arurnulum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    |--*U. difflugiaeformis Gruber 1884 [=*Arurnulum difflugiaeforme] LT64
    |    `--U. compressa C40
    `--Gromia Dujardin 1835 [incl. Arcellina DuPleiss 1876 non Carter 1856, Hyalopus Schaudinn 1894] LT64
         |--*G. oviformis Dujardin 1835 LT64
         |--G. dujardinii Schultze 1854 [=*Hyalopus dujardinii] LT64
         |--G. fluvialis Dujardin 1837 [=Allogromia fluvialis] LT64
         |--‘*Arcellina’ marina DuPleiss 1876 LT64
         `--G. sphaerica C-SCL15

Gromiidae [Gromiacea, Gromiada, Gromidae, Gromiida, Gromiidea, Gromiina, Gromiinae, Grominae, Nuditestiidae, Pseudogromiinae]

Lagunculina Rhumbler 1904 [=Arlagunculum Rhumbler 1913, Ovulina Gruber 1884 nec Ehrenberg 1845 nec Schultze 1854] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-SCL15] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: new cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Testacea. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 5–16. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Thecofilosea

Difflugiella oviformis, copyright Ralf Meisterfeld.

Belongs within: Monadofilosa.
Contains: Ebriacea, Phaeodarea.

The Thecofilosea are a lineage of mostly amoeboid protists, ancestrally with a robust extracellular theca (Adl et al. 2012).

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Usually with robust organic extracellular theca; ventral filose pseudopodia emerging from ventral groove; two cilia with divergent kinetosomes, may be secondarily lost or restricted to zoospores; ancestrally benthic gliding on posterior cilium only, but some secondarily planktonic swimmers which may have lost pseudopodia; theca with perforations for cilia and for pseudopodia; silica scales absent, but hollow silica endoskeleton sometimes present.

Thecofilosea
    |  i. s.: Ventricleftida AS12
    |           |--Ventrifissura AS12
    |           `--Verrucomonas AS12
    |         Ebriacea AS12
    |         Botuliforma AS12
    |         Mataza AS12
    |--Cryomonadida BM05
    |    |--Cryothecomonadidae [Protaspidae] BM05
    |    |    |--Cryothecomonas BM05
    |    |    |    |--C. aestivalis BM05
    |    |    |    `--C. longipes BM05
    |    |    `--Protaspa AS12 [incl. Protaspis Skuja 1939 (preoc. ICZN) AS12, C-S93]
    |    |         |--‘Protaspis’ glans Skuja 1939 S73
    |    |         `--‘Protaspis’ tanyopsis Norris 1961 S73
    |    `--Rhizaspididae AS12
    |         |--Rhizaspis Skuja 1948 C-S93
    |         `--Rhogostoma Bělař 1921 AS12, LT64
    |              `--*R. schuessleri Bělař 1921 [=Capsellina schuessleri] LT64
    `--Tectofilosida BM05
         |  i. s.: Volutellidae AS12
         |           |--Volutella Sudzuki 1979 C-SC03, G86
         |           |    `--V. cochlea Sudzuki 1979 G86
         |           `--Pseudovolutella Sudzuki 1979 AS12, G86
         |                `--P. iriomotensis Sudzuki 1979 G86
         |--Pseudodifflugiidae [Pseudodifflugiinae] C-SC03
         |    |--Pseudowailesella Sudzuki 1979 G86
         |    |    `--P. japonica Sudzuki 1979 G86
         |    |--Petalopella Loeblich & Tappan 1961 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |    |    `--*P. diffluens (Claparède & Lachmann 1859) [=*Petalopus diffluens] LT64
         |    |--Pseudodifflugia Schlumberger 1845 G86
         |    |    |--*P. gracilis Schlumberger 1845 LT64 [incl. P. gracilis var. terricola LB90]
         |    |    `--P. andreevi Golemansky 1976 G86
         |    `--Difflugiella Cash 1904 G86
         |         |--*D. apiculata Cash 1904 LT64
         |         |--D. collum Chardez 1971 G86
         |         |--D. lamingerae Chardez 1977 G86
         |         |--D. oviformis [incl. D. oviformis var. fusca] LB90
         |         `--D. psammophila Golemansky 1970 G86
         `--+--Chlamydophryidae NB04
            |    |--Chlamydophrys Cienkowski 1876 LT64 [Chlamydophryinae]
            |    |    `--*C. stercorea Cienkowski 1876 LT64
            |    |--Capsellina Penard 1909 AS12, LT64
            |    |    `--*C. bryorum Penard 1909 LT64
            |    |--Lecythium Hertwig & Lesser 1874 AS12, LT64 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |    |--*L. hyalinum (Ehrenberg 1838) (see below for synonymy) LT64
            |    |    |--‘*Pamphagus’ mutabilis Bailey 1853 [=*Baileya mutabilis] LT64
            |    |    |--‘*Phonergates’ vorax Buck 1878 LT64
            |    |    `--‘*Troglodytes’ zoster Gabriel 1876 LT64
            |    |--Clypeolina Penard 1902 AS12, LT64
            |    |    `--*C. marginata Penard 1902 LT64
            |    |--Diaphorodon Archer 1869 AS12, LT64
            |    |    `--*D. mobile Archer 1869 LT64
            |    |--Leptochlamydophrys AS12
            |    `--Penardeugenia Deflandre in Deflandre-Rigaud 1958 AS12, LT64 (see below for synonymy)
            |         `--*P. bathybiotica (Penard 1904) [=Pamphagus bathybioticus, *Eugenia bathybiotica] LT64
            `--Phaeodarea NB04

Lecythium Hertwig & Lesser 1874 AS12, LT64 [incl. Baileya Averintsev in Schouteden 1906 LT64, Pamphagus Bailey 1853 non Thunberg 1815 LT64, Phonergates Buck 1878 non Stål 1853 LT64, Troglodytes Gabriel 1876 nec Vieillot 1807 nec Geoffroy 1812 LT64]

*Lecythium hyalinum (Ehrenberg 1838) [=Arcella hyalina, Pamphagus hyalinus; incl. Plagiophrys spherica] LT64

Penardeugenia Deflandre in Deflandre-Rigaud 1958 AS12, LT64 [=Eugenia Averintsev 1906 nec Gould 1855 nec Martens 1860 nec Robineau-Desvoidy 1863 nec Hall 1867 LT64]

Petalopella Loeblich & Tappan 1961 [=Petalopus Claparède & Lachmann 1859 nec Kirby & Spence 1828 nec Motschoulsky 1845] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BM05] Bass, D., D. Moreira, P. López-García, S. Polet, E. E. Chao, S. von der Heyden, J. Pawlowski & T. Cavalier-Smith. 2005. Polyubiquitin insertions and the phylogeny of Cercozoa and Rhizaria. Protist 156: 149–161.

[C-S93] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1993. The protozoan phylum Opalozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40 (5): 609–615.

[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa. Protist 154: 341–358.

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Testacea. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 5–16. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LB90] Lousier, J. D., & S. S. Bamforth. 1990. Soil protozoa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 97–136. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[NB04] Nikolaev, S. I., C. Berney, J. F. Fahrni, I. Bolivar, S. Polet, A. P. Mylnikov, V. V. Aleshin, N. B. Petrov & J. Pawlowski. 2004. The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (21): 8066–8071.

[S73] Sournia, A. 1973. Catalogue des espèces et taxons infraspécifiques de Dinoflagellés marins actuels publiés depuis la révision de J. Schiller. I. Dinoflagellés libres. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 48: 1–92.

Granofilosea

Hedriocystis pellucida, copyright Proyecto Agua.

Belongs within: Cercozoa.

The Granofilosea are a group of amoeboid protists bearing granular reticulopodia.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): With very fine branching or unbranched granuloreticulopodia bearing obvious extrusomes as granules at frequent rather regular intervals, or with radiating, sometimes branched, axopodia with similar granules; pseudopodia supported by internal microtubules and typically appressed to substratum during feeding, in semi-immobile state; pseudopodia usually not anastomosing; occasionally with biciliated swimming or gliding stage.

Granofilosea [Proteomyxidea]
    |  i. s.: Pseudosporidae [Pseudosporida] C-SC03b
    |           |--Pseudospora Cienkowski 1865 C-S93
    |           |--Protomonas G00
    |           |--Pseudosporopsis G00
    |           `--Barbetia G00
    |         Limnofila borokensis AS12, C-SCL15
    |         Mesofila AS12
    |         Minimassisteria diva AS12, C-SCL15
    |         Nanofila AS12
    |--+--Leucodictyida C-SC03b
    |  |    |--Massisteria Patterson & Fenchel 1990 C-S93 [Massisteriidae C-SC03b]
    |  |    |    `--M. marina M00b
    |  |    `--Leucodictyidae C-SC03b
    |  |         |--Leucodictyon Grell 1991 C-S93
    |  |         `--Reticulamoeba C-SC03b
    |  `--Gymnophryidae [Araudia, Biomyxida, Gymnophrea, Reticulosida] C-SC03b
    |       |--Gymnophrys cometa NB04
    |       |--Borkovia desaedeleeri C-SC03b, M00a
    |       `--Biomyxa Leidy 1875 C-SC03b, LT64 [Biomyxidae]
    |            `--*B. vagans Leidy 1875 LT64
    `--+--Gymnosphaerida C-SC03a
       |    |--Actinocoryne contractilis M00b
       |    |--Gymnosphaera M00b
       |    `--Hedraiophrys AS12
       `--Clathrulinidae [Desmothoracida] AS12
            |--Clathrulina elegans BM05
            |--Hedriocystis BM05
            |    |--H. pellucida M00b
            |    |--H. reticulata BM05
            |    `--H. spinifera NB04
            |--Cienkowskia AS12
            `--Servetia AS12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BM05] Bass, D., D. Moreira, P. López-García, S. Polet, E. E. Chao, S. von der Heyden, J. Pawlowski & T. Cavalier-Smith. 2005. Polyubiquitin insertions and the phylogeny of Cercozoa and Rhizaria. Protist 156: 149–161.

[C-S93] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1993. The protozoan phylum Opalozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40 (5): 609–615.

[C-SC03a] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003a. Molecular phylogeny of centrohelid heliozoa, a novel lineage of bikont eukaryotes that arose by ciliary loss. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 387–396.

[C-SC03b] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003b. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa. Protist 154: 341–358.

[C-SCL15] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: new cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362.

[G00] Gromov, B. V. 2000. Algal parasites of the genera Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, and Pseudaphelidium from Cienkovski’s “Monadinea” group as representatives of a new class. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 79 (5): 517–525 (transl. Entomological Review 80 (Suppl. 1): S26–S34).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M00a] Mikrjukov, K. A. 2000a. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa: Should this taxon exist in modern classification of Protista? Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 79 (8): 883–897 (transl. Entomological Review 80 (Suppl. 1): S35–S50).

[M00b] Mikrjukov, K. A. 2000b. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. II. The order Dimorphida Siemensma, 1991 (Cercomonadea classis n.): diversity and relatedness with cercomonads. Acta Protozoologica 39: 99–115.

[NB04] Nikolaev, S. I., C. Berney, J. F. Fahrni, I. Bolivar, S. Polet, A. P. Mylnikov, V. V. Aleshin, N. B. Petrov & J. Pawlowski. 2004. The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (21): 8066–8071.

Euglyphida

Cyphoderia ampulla, copyright Picturepest.

Belongs within: Monadofilosa.
Contains: Psammonobiotidae, Euglyphidae.

The Euglyphida are a group of testate amoeboids, often with a covering of silica scales (Adl et al. 2012).

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Test of organic material; usually with secreted silica scales held together by organic cement; tubular mitochondrial cristae.

Euglyphida [Euglyphacea]
    |  i. s.: Deharvengia AS12
    |         Matsakision AS12
    |         Psammonobiotidae AS12
    |--+--Paulinellidae AS12
    |  |    |--Paulinella Lauterborn 1895 BM05, MM05 [incl. Cyanospira Chodat 1920 LT64; Paulinellinae]
    |  |    |    |--*P. chromatophora Lauterborn 1895 MM05
    |  |    |    |--‘*Cyanospira’ aeruginosa Chodat 1920 LT64
    |  |    |    `--P. ovalis MM05
    |  |    `--Ovulinata AS12
    |  `--Cyphoderiidae [Revolventiidae] N03
    |       |--Messemvriella Golemansky 1973 N03, G86
    |       |    `--M. filosa Golemansky 1973 G86
    |       |--Pseudocyphoderia Sudzuki 1979 G86
    |       |    `--P. orientalis Sudzuki 1979 G86
    |       |--Corythionella Golemansky 1970 N03, G86
    |       |    |--C. acolla Golemansky 1970 G86
    |       |    |--C. anteroplanata Chardez 1977 G86
    |       |    |--C. minima Golemansky 1970 [incl. C. minima var. nipponica Sudzuki 1979] G86
    |       |    |--C. pontica Golemansky 1970 G86
    |       |    `--C. sudzukii Chardez 1977 G86
    |       |--Pseudocorythion Valkanov 1970 N03, G86
    |       |    |--P. acutum (Wailes 1927) [incl. P. acutum var. nipponicum Sudzuki 1979] G86
    |       |    |--P. mannei Chardez 1971 G86
    |       |    |--P. nipponicum Sudzuki 1976 G86
    |       |    |--P. undulacollis Chardez & Thomas 1980 G86
    |       |    `--P. wailesi Golemansky 1971 G86
    |       |--Cyphoderia Schlumberger 1845 G86 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |    |--C. ampulla (Ehrenberg 1840) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |       |    |    |--C. a. ampulla N03
    |       |    |    `--C. a. bicornis N03
    |       |    |--C. compressa Golemansky 1979 G86
    |       |    |--C. laevis N03
    |       |    |--‘Difflugia’ lagena Ehrenberg 1843 [=*Allodictya lagena, D. (Reticella) lagena] LT64
    |       |    |--C. littoralis Golemansky 1973 [incl. C. littoralis var. simodensis Sudzuki 1979] G86
    |       |    `--C. lunata Štĕpánek 1967 N03
    |       `--Schaudinnula Averintsev 1906 AS12, LT64
    |            `--*S. arcelloides Averintsev 1906 [=Cyphoderia arcelloides] LT64
    `--+--Tracheleuglypha Deflandre 1928 C-SC03, LT64
       |    |--*T. dentata (Vejdovský 1882) [=Euglypha dentata] LT64
       |    `--T. acolla LNB03
       `--+--Assulinidae AS12
          |    |--Assulina Ehrenberg 1872 C-SC03, LT64
          |    |    |--*A. seminulum (Ehrenberg 1848) [=Difflugia seminulum, Sphenoderia seminulum] LT64
          |    |    `--A. muscorum C-SC03
          |    |--Placocista Leidy 1879 AS12, LT64 [=Placocysta Blochmann 1886 LT64]
          |    |    `--*P. spinosa (Carter 1865) [=Euglypha spinosa, *Placocysta spinosa] LT64
          |    `--Valkanovia AS12
          `--+--Trinematidae [Trinematinae, Trinemidae, Trineminae] LT64
             |    |--Corythion Taránek 1882 LT64
             |    |    |--*C. dubium Taránek 1882 LT64
             |    |    `--C. delmarei LB90
             |    |--Trinema Dujardin 1841 BM05, LT64 [incl. Homoeochlamys Ehrenberg 1872 LT64]
             |    |    |--T. enchelys (Ehrenberg 1838) (see below for synonymy) LT64
             |    |    |--T. complanatum [incl. T. complanatum var. inaequalis] LNB03
             |    |    `--T. lineare G86
             |    |--Playfairina AS12
             |    `--Puytoracia AS12
             `--+--Trachelocorythion pulchellum C-SC03
                `--Euglyphidae BM05

Cyphoderia Schlumberger 1845 G86 [incl. Allodictya Ehrenberg 1872 LT64, Ampullaria Werneck in Ehrenberg 1872 non Lamarck 1799 LT64]

Cyphoderia ampulla (Ehrenberg 1840) [=Difflugia ampulla, *Ampullaria ampulla; incl. *Cyphoderia margaritacea Schlumberger 1845] LT64

‘Difflugia’ laevigata Ehrenberg 1842 [=*Crossopyxis laevigata, D. (Exassula) laevigata] LT64

Trinema enchelys (Ehrenberg 1838) [=Difflugia enchelys, Arcella (*Homoeochlamys) enchelys; incl. *Trinema acinus Dujardin 1841] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BM05] Bass, D., D. Moreira, P. López-García, S. Polet, E. E. Chao, S. von der Heyden, J. Pawlowski & T. Cavalier-Smith. 2005. Polyubiquitin insertions and the phylogeny of Cercozoa and Rhizaria. Protist 156: 149–161.

[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa. Protist 154: 341–358.

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Testacea. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 5–16. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[LNB03] Ledeganck, P., I. Nijs & L. Beyens. 2003. Plant functional group diversity promotes soil protist diversity. Protist 154 (2): 239–249.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LB90] Lousier, J. D., & S. S. Bamforth. 1990. Soil protozoa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 97–136. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[MM05] Melkonian, M., & D. Mollenhauer. 2005. Robert Lauterborn (1869–1952) and his Paulinella chromatophora. Protist 156: 253–262.

[N03] Nicholls, K. H. 2003. Form variation in Campascus minutus and a description of Campascus simcoei sp. n. (Testaceafilosea, Psammonobiotidae). European Journal of Protistology 39 (1): 103–112.

Psammonobiotidae

Campascus minutus, from here.

Belongs within: Thecofilosea.

The Psammonobiotidae is a family of shelled amoeboids that live in the interstitial habitat between sand grains. Most genera in the family are marine, though the majority of Campascus species inhabit fresh water (Nicholls 2003).

Characters (from Nicholls 2003): Test covered with irregularly-shaped, flat particles, apparently of exogenous origin. Flared collar present surrounding oral aperture.

Psammonobiotidae
    |--Edaphonobiotus N03
    |--Alepiella Golemansky 1970 N03, G86
    |    `--A. tricornuta Golemansky 1970 G86
    |--Chardezia Golemansky 1970 G86
    |    `--C. caudata Golemansky 1970 G86
    |--Corythionelloides Sudzuki 1979 G86
    |    `--C. fumiana Sudzuki 1979 G86
    |--Micropsammella Golemansky 1970 N03, G86
    |    |--M. minima Chardez & Thomas 1980 G86
    |    `--M. retorta Golemansky 1970 [incl. M. retorta var. japonica Sudzuki 1979] G86
    |--Psammonobiotus Golemansky 1967 G86
    |    |--P. balticus Golemansky 1973 G86
    |    |--P. communis Golemansky 1967 G86
    |    |--P. golemanskyi Chardez 1971 G86
    |    |--P. linearis Golemansky 1970 G86
    |    |--P. minutus Golemansky 1970 G86
    |    |--P. plana Chardez 1971 G86
    |    `--P. septentrionalis Chardez 1977 G86
    `--Campascus Leidy 1877 N03
         |--*C. cornutus Leidy 1877 N03
         |--C. bidens Krascheninnikov 1923 N03
         |--C. cyphoderiformis Chardez & Gaspar 1984 N03
         |--C. dentatus Edmondson & Kingman 1913 N03
         |--C. interstitialis Golemansky 1981 N03
         |--C. minutus Penard 1899 N03
         |--C. simcoei Nicholls 2003 N03
         |--C. triqueter Penard 1891 N03
         `--C. vulgaris Valkanov 1936 N03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Testacea. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 5-16. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[N03] Nicholls, K. H. 2003. Form variation in Campascus minutus and a description of Campascus simcoei sp. n. (Testaceafilosea, Psammonobiotidae). European Journal of Protistology 39 (1): 103-112.