Fulgoridae

Black planthopper Desudaba psittacus, copyright Graham Wise.

Belongs within: Auchenorrhyncha.

The Fulgoridae, lanternflies, are a group of medium-sized to large planthoppers in which the head is often remarkably prolonged before the eyes.

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Large species, 15 mm or more in length; head often prolonged; clypeus with lateral carinae. Clavus open distally, running full length of fore wing, with numerous cross-veins between anal veins; anal area of hind wings reticulate. Apex of second segment of hind tarsi with ventral row of small dark spines.

<==Fulgoridae
    |--Dichoptera SP02
    |--Eurinopsyche arborea CGW91
    |--Rentinus dilatatus CGW91
    |--Scolops hesperius BM76
    |--Ormenoides venusta BM76
    |--Lycorma delicatula H01
    |--Dictyophora pannonica BM76, H01 [incl. D. pannonica var. diminuta Horváth 1901 H01]
    |--Kelisia perspicillata H01
    |--Eurybregma nigrolineata H01
    |--Metropis flavipes H01
    |--Stiroma albomarginata H01
    |--Birdantis CGW91
    |--Urvillea melanesica Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Nesocharis kalypso Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Leirioessa vitiensis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Dystheatias beecheyi Kirkaldy 1907 [incl. D. beecheyi var. fuscata Kirkaldy 1907] K08
    |--Quirosia vitiensis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Nesochlamys vitiensis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Eurystheus dilatatus WEE70
    |--Pentagramma vittatifrons S38
    |--Ormenis pruinosa S38
    |--Limois RJ93
    |--Phenax RD77
    |--Poiocera P92
    |--Galela [Aphaeninae] MC13
    |    `--G. parva MC13
    |--Phenelia K08
    |    |--P. bicuneata Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |    `--P. tristis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Callichlamys K08
    |    |--C. muiri Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |    `--C. undulata Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Haplaxius BM76
    |    |--H. crudus F11
    |    |--H. pictifrons E66
    |    `--H. radicis E66
    |--Fulgora GE05
    |    |--F. europaea G20
    |    |--F. lanternaria GE05
    |    `--F. nervosa (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Cicada nervosa L02]
    |--Desudaba C91
    |    |--D. danae C91
    |    |--D. maculata WEE70
    |    `--D. psittacus CGW91
    `--Callinesia K08
         |--C. ornata Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         |--C. pulchra Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         |--C. pusilla Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         `--C. venusta Kirkaldy 1907 K08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815 + Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[S38] Snodgrass, R. E. 1938. The loral plates and the hypopharynx of Hemiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 228–236.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Achilidae

Catonia pumila, copyright Judy Gallagher.

Belongs within: Auchenorrhyncha.

The Achilidae are a group of often flattened planthoppers whose nymphs live under bark or in cavities in dead wood (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Apical segment of rostrum distinctly longer than wide. Fore wings usually folded flat, partially overlapping at rest, occasionally tectiform; clavus rather short, ending a little beyond half-way along fore wing, making a distinct angle with it; apex of confluent anal veins of fore wing reaching apex of clavus. Apex of second segment of hind tarsus with ventral row of small dark spines.

<==Achilidae
    |--Catanidia YS01
    |--Rhotala YS01
    |--Magadha Distant 1906 [Plectoderini] S04
    |--Achilus flammeus C91
    |--Aneipo CGW91
    |--Acixiites immodesta Hamilton 1990 RJ93
    |--Protepiptera P92
    |--Niryasaburnia Szwedo 2004 [Apatesonites] S04
    |    `--*N. burmitina (Cockerell 1917) [=Liburnia burmitina] S04
    |--Hooleya [Achillini] S04
    |    `--H. indecisa Cockerell 1922 S04
    |--Synecdoche S04
    |    |--S. dimidiata WW96
    |    `--S. impunctata WW96
    |--Epiptera WW96
    |    |--E. brittoni WW96
    |    `--E. variegata WW96
    `--Catonia WW96
         |--C. cinctifrons WW96
         |--C. picta WW96
         `--C. pumila WW96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S04] Szwedo, J. 2004. Niryasaburnia gen. nov. for ‘Liburnia’ burmitina Cockerell, 1917, from Cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Achilidae). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2 (2): 105–107.

[WW96] Wheeler, A. G., Jr & S. W. Wilson. 1996. Planthoppers of pitch pine and scrub oak in pine barrens communities (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 100–108.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Flatidae

Siphanta acuta, copyright Jean & Fred Hort.

Belongs within: Auchenorrhyncha.

The Flatidae are a group of plant-sucking bugs characterised by conspicuous granules over the clavus of the fore wing (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Fore wings usually broad, triangular, steeply tectiform, opaque and brightly coloured, most commonly green; clavus with conspicuous granules. Second segment of hind tarsi small, apex rounded or pointed, without spines. Nymphs usually sessile, producing copious wax filaments.

<==Flatidae
    `--Flatinae MC13
         |--Falcophantis [Phantiini] MC13
         |    `--F. westcotti MC13
         |--Flata B35
         |    |--F. candelaria G20
         |    |--F. doryca Boisduval 1835 B35
         |    `--F. io Boisduval 1835 [incl. Ricania oculata] B35
         |--Siphanta [Siphantini] MC13
         |    |--S. acuta CGW91
         |    |--S. eberhardi CGW91
         |    |--S. hebes K89
         |    `--S. patruelis MC13
         |--Barsac MC13
         `--Massila sicca MC13, CGW91

Flatidae incertae sedis:
  Sephena cinerea M83
  Anzora unicolor CGW91
  Geisha YS01
  Cenestra affinis B88
  Dworena hyacintha CGW91
  Mimophantia stictica CGW91
  Colgar peracuta R70
  Phromnia marginella RD77
  Euryphantia cinerascens K89
  Dascalina K89

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K89] Kathirithamby, J. 1989. Descriptions and biological notes of the Australian Elenchidae (Strepsiptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 175–195.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 622–635. Melbourne University Press.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Auchenorrhyncha

Reconstruction of Permocicada integra, from here.

Belongs within: Hemiptera.
Contains: Fulgoridae, Issidae, Tropiduchidae, Meenoplidae, Dictyopharidae, Delphacidae, Achilidae, Flatidae, Derbidae, Cixiidae, Clypeata.

The Auchenorrhyncha are a diverse clade of plant-feeding bugs characterised by modification of the antennal flagellum into an annulate or segmented arista. The hind legs are often modified for leaping and bear spines on the tibiae. They are divided between the Fulgoromorpha (planthoppers) and Cicadomorpha (cicadas and leafhoppers). Fulgoromorpha have the mid coxae elongate and widely separated, and the antennae are ventral to the eyes and bear an enlarged pedicel that is often covered with warty sensilla. Cicadomorpha have the mid coxae short and not widely separated, and antennae are anterior to the eyes and the pedicel is not enlarged (Carver et al. 1991). Stem-group members of the Cicadomorpha are first known from the Permian, with the Prosbolopseidae known from the Early Permian and other groups appearing in the Late Permian (Shcherbakov & Popov 2002). The Permian Coleoscytidae are possible predecessors of the Fulgoroidea within the Fulgoromorpha. Families of fulgoroids include the Meenoplidae, characterised by having one or both of the anal veins of the forewing granulate. The Dictyopharidae are medium-sized fulgoroids with rather narrow wings that commonly have the head strongly prolonged anteriorly (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Auchenorrhyncha [Cicadariae, Cicadina] SP02
    |  i. s.: Errastunus ocellaris K09
    |         Stobaera concinna PWP96
    |         Protoprosbole [Protoprosbolidae] RD77
    |           `--P. straeleni Laurentiaux 1952 NR13
    |         Listra lanata G20
    |         Poeciloptera phalaenoides G20
    |--Fulgoromorpha GE05
    |    |  i. s.: Boreocixius K-P91
    |    |         Tricrosbia K-P91
    |    |--Coleoscytidae [Coleoscytoidea] SP02
    |    `--Fulgoroidea SP02
    |         |  i. s.: Surijokocixius K-P91 [Surijokocixiidae SP02]
    |         |         Fulgoridae SP02
    |         |         Issidae SP02
    |         |         Nogodinidae SP02
    |         |           |  i. s.: Salona panorpaeformis CGW91
    |         |           |         Nurunderia chrysopoides CGW91
    |         |           `--Lipocalliini [Lipocalliinae, Nogodininae] FM08
    |         |                |--Lipocallia Kirkaldy 1906 FM08
    |         |                `--Bilbilicallia Jacobi 1928 FM08
    |         |         Kinnaridae RD77
    |         |           |--Bytrois nemoralis RD77
    |         |           `--Oeclidius RH88
    |         |                |--O. antricola RH88
    |         |                |--O. hades RH88
    |         |                `--O. minos RH88
    |         |         Tropiduchidae SP02
    |         |         Tettigometridae E02
    |         |           |--Tetigometra virescens G20
    |         |           `--Phalix titan RD77
    |         |         Meenoplidae RH88
    |         |         Hypochthonella [Hypochthonellidae] RH88
    |         |           `--H. caeca RH88
    |         |         Lalacidae GE05
    |         |           |--Carpopodus difficilis GE05
    |         |           `--Lalax mutabilis Hamilton 1990 RJ93
    |         |         Pyrilla B88
    |         |           |--P. aberrans B88
    |         |           `--P. perpusilla B88
    |         |         Dictyopharidae F05
    |         |         Eurybrachyidae K91
    |         |           |  i. s.: Gelastopsis insignis C91
    |         |           |         Eurybrachys tomentosa RD77
    |         |           `--Platybrachyini [Platybrachinae] CGW91
    |         |                |--Olonia CGW91
    |         |                |--Dardus abbreviatus CGW91, R70b
    |         |                `--Platybrachys K91
    |         |                     |--P. decemmacula K91
    |         |                     |--P. leucostigma C91
    |         |                     `--P. maculipennis CGW91
    |         |         Achilixiidae CGW91
    |         |         Acanaloniidae CGW91
    |         |           |--Acanalonia L88
    |         |           `--Philatis RD77
    |         |         Lophopidae CGW91
    |         |           |--Lophops saccharicida CGW91
    |         |           `--Kasserota CGW91
    |         |         Gengidae CGW91
    |         |           |--Gengis panoplites RD77
    |         |           `--Microeurybrachys vitrifrons RD77
    |         |         Caliscelis RD77 [Caliscelidae FM08]
    |         |         Mundopoides aptianus P92
    |         |--Delphacidae E02
    |         `--+--Achilidae E02
    |            |--Flatidae E02
    |            |--Derbidae E02
    |            |--+--Cixiidae E02
    |            |  `--Valvifulgoria RJ93 [Fulgoridiidae GE05]
    |            |       `--V. tiantungensis Lin 1986 RJ93
    |            `--Ricaniidae E02
    |                 |--Scolypopa australis (Walker 1851) CGW91, H82
    |                 |--Ricania japonica E02
    |                 |--Orosanga YS01
    |                 |--Qiyangiricania cesta Lin 1986 RJ93
    |                 `--Tritophania P92
    `--Cicadomorpha [Prosboloidea] GE05
         |  i. s.: Dysmorphoptiloides elongata K-P91
         |--Prosbolopseidae [Ivaiidae, Mundidae, Prosbolopsidae] SP02
         |    |--Mundus NR13
         |    `--Prosboloneura kondomensis RJ93
         |--Pereborioidea SP02
         |    |--Ignotalidae [Ignatolidae] SP02
         |    |--Scytophara RJ93 [Pereboriidae SP02]
         |    |    `--S. extensa RJ93
         |    `--Curvicubitus RJ93 [Curvicubitidae SP02]
         |         `--C. triassicus Hong 1984 RJ93
         `--+--Dysmorphoptilidae [Dismorphoptilidae, Eoscarterellidae] SP02
            |--Clypeata SP02
            |--Prosbolidae [Cicadopsyllidae, Permocicadopsidae, Permoglyphidae, Sojanoneuridae] SP02
            |    |--Prosbole reducta R70a
            |    |--Permoglyphis belmontensis Tillyard 1926 F71
            |    |--Sinisbole juvensis Lin 1986 RJ93
            |    `--Permocicada RJ93
            |         |--P. borealis R70a
            |         `--P. integra RJ93
            `--Palaeontinoidea SP02
                 |--Dunstaniidae SP02
                 |--Mesogereon K-P91 [Mesogereonidae SP02]
                 |    `--M. superbum K-P91
                 `--Paleontinidae [Palaeontinidae] GE05
                      |--Pseudocossus SP02
                      |--Fletcheriana triassica Evans 1956 GE05, F71
                      |--Suljuktaja NR13
                      |--Suljuktocossus NR13
                      `--Asiocossus costalis RJ93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E02] Emeljanov, A. F. 2002. Contribution to classification and phylogeny of the family Cixiidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Denisia 2002: 103–112.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[FM08] Fletcher, M. J., & M. L. Moir. 2008. Gunawardenea, a new genus of squat leafhoppers from Western Australia, with description of two new species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 429–436.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H82] Helmore, D. W. 1982. Drawings of New Zealand insects. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 8: 1–52.

[K91] Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 684–695. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[K09] Köhler, G. 2009. Heuschrecken (Saltatoria) und Ohrwürmner (Dermaptera) im Immissionsgebiet des Düngemittelwerkes Steudnitz/Thüringen—eine Langzeitstudie (1978–2001). Mauritiana 20 (3): 601–646.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L88] Liebherr, J. K. 1988. General patterns in West Indian insects, and graphical biogeographic analysis of some circum-Caribbean Platynus beetles (Carabidae). Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 385–409.

[NR13] Nel, A., P. Roques, P. Nel, A. A. Prokin, T. Bourgoin, J. Prokop, J. Szwedo, D. Azar, L. Desutter-Grandcolas, T. Wappler, R. Garrouste, D. Coty, D. Huang, M. S. Engel & A. G. Kirejtshuk. 2013. The earliest known holometabolous insects. Nature 503: 257–261.

[PWP96] Palmer, W. A., B. W. Willson & K. R. Pullen. 1996. The host range of Aconophora compressa Walker (Homoptera: Membracidae): a potential biological control agent for Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 617–624.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RH88] Remane, R., & H. Hoch. 1988. Cave-dwelling Fulguroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from the Canary Islands. Journal of Natural History 22: 403–412.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70a] Riek, E. F. 1970a. Fossil history. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 168–186. Melbourne University Press.

[R70b] Riek, E. F. 1970b. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 622–635. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815 + Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Last updated: 7 May 2022.

Tibicinidae

Features of Aedeastria latifrons, from De Boer (1993).

Belongs within: Clypeata.
Contains: Melampsalta.

The Tibicinidae include often smaller cicadas in which the males lack tymbal covers on the abdomen so the tymbals are completely exposed (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Tibicinidae [Tibicininae]
    |--Prasiini DB93
    |    |--Arfaka Distant 1905 DB93
    |    |--Jacatra Distant 1905 DB93
    |    |--Prasia Stål 1863 DB93
    |    `--Lembeja Distant 1892 DB93
    |         `--L. brunneosa WEE70
    `--+--Gymnotympana Stål 1861 DB93
       |--Venustria Goding & Froggatt 1904 DB93
       |--Baeturia Stål 1866 DB93, DB91
       |    |--B. flava Goding & Froggatt 1904 DB93
       |    |--B. kuroiwae (Matsumura 1913) I92
       |    `--B. loriae DB91
       |--Scottotympana De Boer 1991 DB93
       |    |--*S. biardae De Boer 1991 DB91
       |    |--S. huibregtsae De Boer 1991 DB91
       |    `--S. sahebdivanii De Boer 1991 DB91
       `--+--+--Chlorocysta Westwood 1851 DB93
          |  |--Glaucopsaltria Goding & Froggatt 1904 DB93
          |  `--Owra Ashton 1912 DB93
          `--+--+--Cystopsaltria Goding & Froggatt 1904 DB93
             |  `--Cystosoma Westwood 1842 DB93
             |       `--C. saundersii CGW91
             `--+--+--‘Baeturia’ humilis Blöte 1960 DB93
                |  `--‘Baeturia’ viridicata Distant 1897 DB93
                `--+--Thaumastopsaltria Kirkaldy 1900 DB93, DB91
                   |    |--T. lanceola DB93
                   |    |--T. sarissa DB93
                   |    `--T. sicula DB93
                   `--Aedeastria De Boer 1990 DB93
                        |--*A. cobrops DB93
                        |--A. bullata De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. cheesmanae De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. digitata (Blöte 1960) [=Baeturia digitata] DB93
                        |--A. dilobata De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. hastulata De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. kaiensis De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. latifrons (Blöte 1960) [=Baeturia latifrons] DB93
                        |--A. moluccensis De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. obiensis De Boer 1993 DB93
                        |--A. sepia DB93
                        `--A. waigeuensis De Boer 1993 DB93

Tibicinidae incertae sedis:
  Heuchys fusca ZA05
  Scieroptera splendidula ZA05
  Abroma ZA05
    |--A. maculicollis ZA05
    |--A. pumila (Dist. 1892) [=Tibicen pumilus] D14
    `--A. tahanensis ZA05
  Lemuriana ZA05
  Muda obtusa ZA05
  Ueana D14
    |--U. harmonia Kirk 1905 [incl. U. polymnia Kirk 1905] D14
    |--U. lifuana (Montr. 1861) [=Cicada lifuana] D14
    `--U. rosacea (Dist. 1892) [=Melampsalta rosacea] D14
  Kanakia typica Dist. 1892 D14
  Melampsalta D14
  Taurella viridis MC13
  Urabunana CGW91
  Cicadetta CGW91
    |--C. crucifera CGW91
    |--C. melete C91
    |--C. montana RD77
    |--C. rubricincta C70
    `--C. tympanistria Kirkaldy 1907 K08
  Froggattoides typicus CGW91
  Abricta curvicosta CGW91
  Tibicen E66
    |--T. canicularis E66
    |--T. chloromera E66
    |--T. dealbata E66
    |--T. dorsata E66
    |--T. linnei E66
    |--T. lyricen E66
    |--T. marginalis E66
    |--T. pruinosa E66
    |--T. robinsoniana E66
    `--T. vitripennis E66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C70] CSIRO. 1970. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne University Press.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[DB91] De Boer, A. J. 1991. Scottotympana, a new cicad genus from New Guinea, with the description of three new species, their taxonomy and biogeography (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Beaufortia 42 (1): 1–11.

[DB93] De Boer, A. J. 1993. Ten species added to the genus Aedeastria De Boer, 1990, with the description of eight new species and notes on the taxonomy and biogeography (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Beaufortia 43 (9): 140–167.

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[ZA05] Zaidi, M. I., & S. Azman. 2005. Cicada fauna (Homoptera: Cicadoidea) of the National Park of Peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1–2): 49–58.

Cercopoidea

Cercopis vulnerata, copyright Frank Vassen.

Belongs within: Clypeata.

The Cercopoidea, froghoppers, are a group of plant-sucking bugs with relatively soft-bodied nymphs that live concealed in masses of spittle or calcareous tubes (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Head variously shaped, sometimes narrowly produced anteriorly; antennae anterior to eyes; tentorium complete; paired ocelli, when present, always on the crown. Fore wing usually with short Sc; M usually basally incorporated in the same vein as CuA, never proximally associated with R; base of wing with ventral flange; hind wing with M unbranched. Mid coxae short, not widely separated. Hind coxae short, conical, laterally dilated; hind tibiae short, cylindrical, with one or two strong, lateral spines and flared apical pecten. Nymph bearing a ventral abdominal channel terminating anteriorly near openings of large mesothoracic spiracles.

<==Cercopoidea
    |--Procercopoidae GE05
    |--Cercopion RJ93 [Cercopionidae GE05]
    |    `--C. reticulata Hamilton 1990 RJ93
    |--Clastoptera BMW13 [Clastopteridae GE05]
    |    |--C. obtusa E66
    |    `--C. proteus BMW13
    |--Macherotidae GE05
    |    |  i. s.: Hindoloides appendiculata SS10
    |    |--Machaerota [Machaerotinae] CGW91
    |    |    `--M. finitima CGW91
    |    `--Enderleiniinae CGW91
    |         |--Chaetophyes compacta CGW91
    |         `--Pectinariophyes stalii CGW91
    |--Aphrophoridae [Aphrophorinae] GE05
    |    |--Perinoia speiseri Distant 1914 D14
    |    |--Philagra parva CGW91
    |    |--Bathylus albicinctus CGW91
    |    |--Anyllis leiala CGW91
    |    |--Neophilaenus lineatus RD77
    |    |--Philaenus RD77
    |    |    |--P. leucophthalmus RD77
    |    |    |--P. lineatus E66
    |    |    `--P. spumarius BM76
    |    |--Aphrophora YS01
    |    |    |--A. alni H01
    |    |    |--A. parallela BM76
    |    |    |--A. salicis H01
    |    |    `--A. spumaria RD77
    |    `--Ptyelus RD77
    |         |--P. distinctus Lucas 1847 E12
    |         |--P. goudoti RD77
    |         |--P. lineatus H01
    |         `--P. spumarius (see below for synonymy) H01
    `--Cercopidae GE05
         |--Eoscartopis YS01
         |--Aufidus trifasciatus CGW91
         |--Cercopsis vulnerata I92
         |--Lepyronia coleoptrata H01, BMW13
         |--Megastethodon urvillei CGW91
         |--Euryaulax carnifex CGW91
         |--Petyllis deprivata CGW91
         |--Tonnoiria CGW91
         |--Cephisus siccifolius S38
         |--Tomaspis RD77
         |--Eoscarta C91
         |    |--E. assimilis BM76
         |    `--E. carnifex C91
         `--Cercopis B35
              |--C. discolor Boisduval 1835 B35
              |--C. lapeyrousei Boisduval 1835 B35
              |--C. spumaria L02
              |--C. vulnerata RD77
              `--C. xanthorhina Boisduval 1835 B35

Ptyelus spumarius [incl. P. spumarius var. apicalis, P. spumarius var. fasciatus, P. spumarius var. leucocephalus] H01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S38] Snodgrass, R. E. 1938. The loral plates and the hypopharynx of Hemiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 228–236.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Delphacidae

Delphax collina, copyright Gernot Kunz.

Belongs within: Auchenorrhyncha.

The Delphacidae are a group of planthoppers, characterised by the presence of a large movable spur at the apex of the hind tibia, that mostly feed on monocots (Carver et al. 1991). Many species exhibit intraspecific dimorphism with both macropterous and brachypterous forms occurring in a population. Some are significant agricultural pests and may act as vectors for viral diseases. These include the sugarcane planthopper Perkinsiella saccharicida and the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens.

<==Delphacidae [Araeopidae, Asiracidae]
    |--Asiraca Latreille 1802 L02 [Asiracinae CGW91]
    |    |--A. clavicornis [=Delphax clavicornis] L02
    |    |--A. crassicornis [=Delphax crassicornis] L02
    |    `--A. longicornis [=Delphax longicornis] L02
    `--Delphacini [Delphacinae] CGW91
         |--Toya drope GF13, K89
         |--Sardia GF13
         |    |--S. pluto (Kirkaldy 1906) K08 [=Hadeodelphax pluto K08, S. rostrata pluto MC13]
         |    `--S. rostrata MC13
         `--Delphax H01
              |--D. collina H01
              |--D. disonymos Kirkaldy 1907 K08
              |--D. dryope Kirkaldy 1907 K08
              |--D. eupompe Kirkaldy 1907 K08
              |--D. flaveola H01
              |--D. limbata G20
              |--D. matanitu Kirkaldy 1907 K08
              |--D. ochrias Kirkaldy 1907 K08
              |--D. pellucida H01
              |--D. puella K08
              `--D. striatella H01

Delphacidae incertae sedis:
  Conomelus anceps A71
  Neopunana saba E02
  Eumetopina flavipes MHG04
  Notuchus larvalis RH88
  Nesodyne O94
  Sogata BM76
    |--S. furcifera BM76
    `--S. orizicola AS07
  Sulix M83
    |--S. insecutor M83
    `--S. tasmani (Muir 1923) H82
  Alohini F62
    |--Nesothoe F62
    |--Nesodryas laocoon F62
    `--Nesorthia Fennah 1962 F62
         `--*N. paronychiae Fennah 1962 F62
  Nilaparvata lugens K91
  Javesella K91
    |--J. dubia K91
    `--J. pellucida K91
  Sogatella K91
    |--S. furcifera K91
    `--S. kolophon K91
  Ugyops K08
    |--U. kinbergi E02
    `--U. vitiensis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
  Melanesia pacifica Kirkaldy 1907 [incl. M. pacifica var. strigata Kirkaldy 1907] K08
  Peregrinus maidis K08
  Dicranotropis K08
    |--D. anderida Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--D. flavipes H01
    |--D. koebelei Kirkaldy 1906 K08
    `--D. muiri A71
  Perkinsiella Kirkaldy 1903 DFP08
    |--P. pseudomaidis Kirkaldy 1906 K08
    |--P. saccharicida Kirkaldy 1903 DFP08
    |--P. vastatrix B88
    `--P. vitiensis Kirkaldy 1906 K08
  Stenocranus pacificus Kirkaldy 1907 K08
  Megamelus proserpina Kirkaldy 1907 K08
  Delphacodes striatella WEE70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS07] Almaguel, L, A. Santos, P. de la Torre, J. Hernández, I. Cáceres, A. Ginarte, E. Botta & E. G. Estrada-Venegas. 2007. Population dynamics and ecological indicators of Steneotarsonemus spinki (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on irrigated rice in Cuba. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 397–405. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[DFP08] Dyková, I., I. Fiala & H. Pecková. 2008. Neoparamoeba spp. and their eukaryotic endosymbionts similar to Perkinsela amoebae (Hollande, 1980): coevolution demonstrated by SSU rRNA gene phylogenies. European Journal of Protistology 44 (4): 269–277.

[E02] Emeljanov, A. F. 2002. Contribution to classification and phylogeny of the family Cixiidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Denisia 2002: 103–112.

[F62] Fennah, R. G. 1962. A new alohine delphacid from San Ambrosio I. (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 177–180.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GF13] Gopurenko, D., M. Fletcher, H. Löcker & A. Mitchell. 2013. Morphological and DNA barcode species identifications of leafhoppers, planthoppers and treehoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) at Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 253–285.

[H82] Helmore, D. W. 1982. Drawings of New Zealand insects. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 8: 1–52.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K89] Kathirithamby, J. 1989. Descriptions and biological notes of the Australian Elenchidae (Strepsiptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 175–195.

[K91] Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 684–695. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[RH88] Remane, R., & H. Hoch. 1988. Cave-dwelling Fulguroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from the Canary Islands. Journal of Natural History 22: 403–412.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Last updated: 7 May 2022.

Cicadidae

Chremistica ochracea, copyright KUO1968.

Belongs within: Clypeata.

The Cicadidae include the large cicadas, characterised by the presence in males a pair of covers completely or partially covering the tymbal drum. Members include the periodical cicadas of North America, famed for their mass synchronous emergences after multi-year growth periods.

<==Cicadidae [Cicadinae]
    |--Rhodopsalta cruentata WFS04
    |--Mogannia sesioides ZA05
    |--Tanna Distant 1905 OK06
    |--Platypedia primigenia GE05
    |--Maua quadrituberculata ZA05
    |--Trengganua sibylla ZA05
    |--Cacama valvata C90
    |--Guineapsaltria flava ZS10
    |--Illyria major MC13
    |--Cyclochila australasiae CGW91
    |--Parnkalla muelleri CGW91
    |--Psaltoda CGW91
    |--Arunta CGW91
    |--Cosmopsaltria vitiensis (Distant 1906) [=Sawda vitiensis] K08
    |--Acanthodelphax denticaudi W96
    |--Henicopsaltria perulata E66
    |--Diceroprocta C90
    |    |--D. apache C90
    |    `--D. semicincta VLM14
    |--Thopha CGW91
    |    |--T. saccata WEE70
    |    `--T. sessiliba ZS10
    |--Cryptotympana ZA05
    |    |--C. aquila ZA05
    |    `--C. robinsoni ZA05
    |--Pomponia ZA05
    |    |--P. adusta ZA05
    |    `--P. imperatoria ZA05
    |--Platypleura ZA05
    |    |--P. albivannata Hayashi 1974 I92
    |    |--P. kaempferi ZA05
    |    `--P. pulverea E66
    |--Macrotristria CGW91
    |    |--M. angularis [=Cicada angularis] K08
    |    |--M. extrema MC13
    |    `--M. intersecta ZS10
    |--Platylomia ZA05
    |    |--P. abdulla ZA05
    |    |--P. flavida ZA05
    |    `--P. spinosa ZA05
    |--Dundubia ZA05
    |    |--D. euterpe ZA05
    |    |--D. jacoona ZA05
    |    |--D. rufivena ZA05
    |    `--D. vaginata ZA05
    |--Orientopsaltria ZA05
    |    |--O. padda ZA05
    |    |--O. ruslani Duffels & Zaidi 1998 ZA05
    |    |--O. saudarapadda Duffels & Zaidi 1998 ZA05
    |    `--O. vanbreei Duffels & Zaidi 1999 ZA05
    |--Euterpnosia TYM08
    |    |--E. chibensis I92
    |    |    |--E. c. chibensis I92
    |    |    `--E. c. daitoensis Matusumura 1917 I92
    |    `--E. inanulata Kishida 1929 TYM08
    |--+--Rhadinopyga Duffels 1985 DB93
    |  `--Diceropyga Stål 1870 D14, DB93
    |       |--D. distans K08
    |       |--D. poecilochlora (Walk. 1858) [=Dundubia poecilochlora] D14
    |       `--D. stuarti (Distant 1882) [=Cosmopsaltria stuarti] K08
    |--Maoricicada HR11
    |    |--M. ampbelli HR11
    |    |--M. cassiope O81
    |    |--M. clamitans O81
    |    |--M. nigra (Myers 1921) H82
    |    `--M. oromelaena O81
    |--Magicicada S79
    |    |--M. cassini S79
    |    |--M. septendecim S79
    |    |--M. septendecula S79
    |    |--M. tredecassini S79
    |    |--M. tredecim S79
    |    `--M. tredecula S79
    |--Purana ZA05
    |    |--P. carmente ZA05
    |    |--P. nebulilinea ZA05
    |    |--P. obducta Schouten & Duffels 2002 ZA05
    |    |--P. sagittata Schouten & Duffels 2002 ZA05
    |    |--P. tigrina ZA05
    |    `--P. ubina ZA05
    |--Chremistica YZ05
    |    |--C. biloba YZ05
    |    |--C. bimaculata YZ05
    |    |--C. germana YZ05
    |    |--C. guamusangensis Salmah & Zaidi 2002 ZA05
    |    |--C. kecil YZ05
    |    |--C. minor YZ05
    |    |--C. mixta YZ05
    |    |--C. nesiotes YZ05
    |    |--C. ochracea YZ05
    |    |--C. pontianaka [=Cicada pontianaka] YZ05
    |    |--C. siamensis YZ05
    |    |--C. tridentigera YZ05
    |    |--C. umbrosa YZ05
    |    `--C. viridis YZ05
    `--Cicada Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. albifrons Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. aptera Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. aurata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. aurita Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. bifasciata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. candelaria Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. chlorogaster Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--C. ciliaris linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. coleoptrata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. cornuta Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. crux Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. dichroa Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--C. didyma Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--C. doryca Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--C. flava Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. foliata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. fornicata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. fronditia Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. interrupta Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. knowlesi Distant 1907 K08
         |--C. kuruduadua Distant 1881 K08
         |--C. lanata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. lanternaria Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. lateralis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. leucocephala Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. leucophthalma Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. lineata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. lowei Etheridge & Olliff 1890 F71
         |--C. lucernaria Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. noctivida Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. orni Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. phalaenoides Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. phosphorea Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. plebeja E66
         |--C. quattuorfasciata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. repanda Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. reticulata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. rosae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. rubra Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. septendecim Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. spumaria Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. squamigera Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. striata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. stridula Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. tephrogaster Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--C. tibicens Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. tredecim D37
         |--C. ulmi Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. violacea Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--C. vittata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         `--C. zelandica Boisduval 1835 B35

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[DB93] De Boer, A. J. 1993. Ten species added to the genus Aedeastria De Boer, 1990, with the description of eight new species and notes on the taxonomy and biogeography (Homoptera, Tibicinidae). Beaufortia 43 (9): 140–167.

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H82] Helmore, D. W. 1982. Drawings of New Zealand insects. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 8: 1–52.

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[O81] O'Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.

[OK06] Özdikmen, H., & A. B. Kury. 2006. Three homonymous generic names in Araneae and Opiliones. Journal of Arachnology 34 (1): 279–280.

[S79] Simon, C. M. 1979. Evolution of periodical cicadas: phylogenetic inferences based on allozymic data. Systematic Zoology 28 (1): 22–39.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[VLM14] Van Leuven, J. T., R. C. Meister, C. Simon & J. P. McCutcheon. 2014. Sympatric speciation in a bacterial endosymbiont results in two genomes with the functionality of one. Cell 158: 1270–1280.

[W96] Wendt, F.-E. 1996. On the ecophysiology of four species of the Erythraeinae (Prostigmata: Parasitengonae) with special regard to osmotic regulation. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 697–701. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[YZ05] Yaakop, S., & M. I. Zaidi. 2005. Dorsal process of aedeagus of Chremistica Stal (Homoptera: Cicadidae) from Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1–2): 59–65.

[ZA05] Zaidi, M. I., & S. Azman. 2005. Cicada fauna (Homoptera: Cicadoidea) of the National Park of Peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1–2): 49–58.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 2 May 2022.

Clypeata

Tasmanian hairy cicada Tettigarcta tomentosa, copyright Simon Grove.

Belongs within: Auchenorrhyncha.
Contains: Cercopoidea, Tibicinidae, Cicadidae, Cicadellidae, Membracidae.

The Clypeata are the crown clade of living species of the Cicadomorpha. They are characterised by a large, swollen postclypeus, and probably ancestrally feed on xylem (some subgroups feed on phloem or mesophyll) (Shcherbakov & Popov 2002). Three ocelli are present on the crown of the head in members of the Cicadoidea whereas members of Cercopoidea and Cicadelloidea possess only two ocelli in various positions or lack ocelli entirely. Cicadelloidea have longer hind tibiae, more angular in cross section and usually more spinose, than the short, cylindrical hind tibiae of Cercopoidea (Carver et al. 1991). Within the Cicadoidea, the hairy cicadas of the Tettigarctidae differ from other cicadas in having fore wings with the radial sector (RP) arising near the base of the wing and veins CuP and 1A separated, and a long pronotum that overreaches the mesonotum (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Clypeata
    |--Hylicellidae [Hylicelloidea] SP02
    |    |--Vietocycla SP02
    |    `--Cycloscytina [incl. Mesocixiella] RJ93
    |--+--Cercopoidea SP02
    |  `--Cicadoidea SP02
    |       |  i. s.: Liassocicada GE05
    |       |         Tettigades VLM14
    |       |           |--T. auropilosa VLM14
    |       |           |--T. chilensis E66
    |       |           |--T. ulnaria VLM14
    |       |           `--T. undata VLM14
    |       |         Poecilopsaltria brancsiki E66
    |       |--Tibicinidae ZA05
    |       |--Cicadidae ZA05
    |       `--Tettigarctidae [Cicadaprosbolidae] GE05
    |            |--Turutanovia karatavica SP02
    |            |--Eotettigarcta GE05
    |            |--Cicadoprosbole K-P91
    |            |--Architettix compacta Hamilton 1990 RJ93
    |            |--Quadrisbole vieta Lin 1986 RJ93
    |            |--Lacunisbole ligonis Lin 1986 RJ93
    |            `--Tettigarcta SP02
    |                 |--T. crinita CGW91
    |                 `--T. tomentosa CGW91
    `--Cicadelloidea [Jassoidea, Membracoidea] GE05
         |--Karajassidae GE05
         |--Aetalionidae SP02
         |--Cicadellidae GE05
         |--Hylicidae CGW91
         |--Biturritiidae RD77
         |--Nicomiidae WEE74
         |--Membracidae GE05
         `--Jascopus P92 [Jascopidae GE05]
              `--J. notabilis P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815+Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[VLM14] Van Leuven, J. T., R. C. Meister, C. Simon & J. P. McCutcheon. 2014. Sympatric speciation in a bacterial endosymbiont results in two genomes with the functionality of one. Cell 158: 1270–1280.

[WEE74] Woodward, T. E., V. F. Eastop & J. W. Evans. 1974. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 52–57. Melbourne University Press.

[ZA05] Zaidi, M. I., & S. Azman. 2005. Cicada fauna (Homoptera: Cicadoidea) of the National Park of Peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1-2): 49–58.

Last updated: 3 May 2022.