Belongs within: Pan-Angiospermae.
Contains: Aquilapollenites, Austrobaileyales, Mesangiospermae, Nymphaeales.
The Angiospermae are the flowering plants, one of the most speciose clades of plants alive today. Cantino et al. (2007) defined the angiosperms as a crown clade (specifically, the most inclusive crown clade containing Zea mays but not Cycas, Ginkgo, Gnetum or Pinus). Within the angiosperms, recent phylogenies are in agreement that the so-called 'ANITA grade' (named as an acronym for its component taxa: Amborella, Nymphaeales, Illicium, Trimenia, Austrobaileya) contains the outgroup(s) to the remaining angiosperms (dubbed the Mesangiospermae by Cantino et al. 2007). Within the ANITA grade, the Austrobaileyales (the -ITA) are most often identified as the direct sister group to the mesangiosperms, with Nymphaeales and Amborella as successively more distant sister groups. Amborella trichopoda is a small sprawling understorey shrub endemic to New Caledonia, previously classified with the Laurales before its recognition as the basalmost living angiosperm. It has apparently two-ranked exstipulate leaves, and is dioecious with small flowers with an undifferentiated perianth. Amborella trichopoda is distinguished from many other angiosperms in that its xylem lacks vessels, cells with perforated ends allowing for direct transmission of fluids between cells, and contains only tracheids, cells with pits in the end walls. However, vessels are also absent in Hydatellaceae, and the vessel morphology of Nymphaeales differs from that of Mesangiospermae and Austrobaileyales, so it remains uncertain when and how often vessels originated in flowering plants (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website).
Recent studies have also identified the Hydatellaceae as closely related to Nymphaeales within the ANITA grade, though they had previously been treated as monocotyledons (Saarela et al. 2007). Hydatellaceae are small, superficially grass-like aquatic plants that only reach a few centimetres in height. They have been classified into two genera based on whether individual flower-heads bear both male and female flowers (Trithuria), or male and female flowers are born on separate heads (Hydatella); this distinction is not universally recognised.
Synapomorphies (from Cantino et al. 2007): Closed carpel developing into a fruit; ovule with two integuments; female gametophyte highly reduced, usually with no more than eight nuclei; endosperm resulting from double fertilisation; microgametophyte with three nuclei; two or more orders of leaf venation; axially aligned companion cells derived from same mother cells as sieve elements; pollen with unlaminated endexine; stamen with two pairs of pollen sacs.
Angiospermae (see below for synonymy)
|--Amborella [Amborellaceae, Amborellales] SR07
| `--A. trichopoda Baill. 1869 CD07
`--+--+--Austrobaileyales SR07
| `--Mesangiospermae SR07
`--+--Nymphaeales SR07
`--Hydatellaceae [Hydatellales, Hydatellanae] SR07
|--Hydatella Diels 1904 ME70
| |--*H. australis ME70
| `--H. inconspicua (Cheesem.) Cheesem. 1907 [=Trithuria inconspicua Cheesem. 1906] ME70
`--Trithuria SR07 [incl. Juncella Mueller ex Hieronymus 1888 ME70]
|--T. bibracteata GK00
`--T. submersa SR07
Angiospermae incertae sedis:
Tristerix tetrandrus BS01
Kagenkia oblonga BS01
Acroptilon repens BC01
Santolina marchii R-CT01
×Citrofortunella microcarpa C-R02
Dicotilophyllum GT02
|--D. altenburgense JD05
|--D. pusillum Z02
`--D. spatulatium GT02
Phyllites GT02
|--P. platanoides GT02
`--P. proteaceus Bozzi 1891 GT02
Carcophyllum leogianense GT02
Mancuna deeringiana KH02
Adenocalymma paulistarum HH03
Dunalia HH03
|--D. breviflora HH03
`--D. lycioides HH03
Parapiptadenia excelsa HH03
Forrestia griffithii K03
Helecia serrata K03
Micromelum minatum K03
Parashorea malaanonan K03
Schindapsus perakensis K03
Pentastemona [Pentastemonaceae] H03
Appomattoxia T00
Codon T00
Zippelia T00
Corynocarpus Forster & Forster 1776 [Corynocarpaceae] A61
|--C. cribbianus (Bailey) Smith 1956 (see below for synonymy) F78
`--C. laevigatus Forster & Forster 1776 A61
Haptanthus T00
Heteranthia T00
Pteleocarpa T00
Cynocrambe [Cynocrambaceae] YY22
Pileus conica RN72
Plectritis congesta GM96
Osmaronia dioica GM96
‘Doliostrobus’ rerollei Marion 1884 K02
Pemphis acidula P88
Tristellateia australasiae P88
Mira undulata Colenso 1845 C45
Lesquerella fendleri KIW98
Afropollis I02
|--A. jardinus (Brenner) Doyle et al. 1982 I02
`--A. kahramanensis Ibrahim & Schrank 1995 I02
Diporocolpopollenites Yi & Batten 2002 YB02
`--*D. kachiensis Yi & Batten 2002 YB02
Dilwynites Harris 1965 YB02
`--*D. granulatus Harris 1965 YB02
Retitricolpites anguloluminosus (Anderson) Yi & Batten 2002 (see below for synonymy) YB02
Aquilapollenites YB02
Alnipollenites YB02
|--A. trina (Stanley) Norton in Norton & Hall 1969 YB02
`--A. verus (Potonié) Potonié 1960 YB02
Bratzevaea amurensis (Bratzeva) Takahashi in Takahashi & Shimono 1982 YB02
Callistopollenites YB02
|--C. comis Srivastava 1969 YB02
`--C. tumidoporus Srivastava 1969 YB02
Caryapollenites YB02
|--C. scabratus Groot & Groot 1962 YB02
`--C. triangulus (Pflug) Krutzsch 1961 YB02
Cranwellia YB02
|--C. edmontonensis Srivastava 1967 YB02
`--C. striata (Couper) Srivastava 1967 YB02
Fibulapollis mirificus (Chlonova) Chlonova 1961 YB02
Jianghanpollis YB02
|--J. mikros Wang & Zhao 1979 YB02
`--J. radiatus Wang & Zhao 1979 YB02
Leptopecopites pocockii (Srivastava) Srivastava 1978 YB02
Loranthacites catterallii Srivastava 1969 YB02
Penetetrapites inconspicuus Sweet 1986 YB02
Porocolpopollenites vestibulum (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug 1953 YB02
Proteacidites YB02
|--P. magnus Samoilovitch 1961 YB02
|--P. retusus Anderson 1960 YB02
`--P. thalmannii Anderson 1960 YB02
Retitrescolpites Sah 1967 YB02
Tricolpites Cookson ex Couper 1953 YB02
|--T. microreticulatus Belsky, Boltenhagen & Potonié 1965 CP02
|--T. parvus Stanley 1965 I02
|--T. reticulatus Cookson 1947 YB02
`--T. vulgaris (Pierce) Srivastava 1969 I02
Tricolporites prolata Cookson 1947 YB02
Wodehouseia spinata Stanley 1961 YB02
Brenneripollis peroreticulatus (Brenner) Juhász & Góczán 1985 I02
Cretacaeiporites I02
|--C. densimurus Schrank & Ibrahim 1995 I02
`--C. polygonalis I02
Dichastopollenites ghazalatensis Ibrahim 1996 I02
Integritetradites porosus Schrank & Mahmoud 2000 I02
Retimonocolpites variplicatus Schrank & Mahmoud 1998 I02
Rousea I02
|--R. delicipollis Srivastava 1977 I02
`--R. miculipollis Srivastava 1975 I02
Striatopollis trochuensis (Srivastava) Farabee & Canright 1986 I02
Delinea indica YZ02
Payena lucida CK06
Dolichoglottis scorzoneroides W91
Aegopodium podagraria HM07
Rhoipites cryptoporus Srivastava 1972 YB02
Strepsolon jamesonii MM96
Macadamia integrifolia B88
Lambertia inermis R96
Acomastylis rossii GS99
Chilopsis linearis BM76
Nomen nudum: Juncella tasmanica Mueller 1854 ME70
Angiospermae [Angiospermophyta, Angiospermopsida, Annonanae, Annoniflorae, Anthophyta, Archichlamydeae, Chloranthineae, Dicotyledoneae, Magnolianae, Magnoliopsida, Nymphaeidae]
Corynocarpus cribbianus (Bailey) Smith 1956 [=Cyanocarpus cribbiana Bailey 1897, Helicia cribbiana (Bailey) Bailey 1901; incl. Corynocarpus australasica White 1933] F78
Retitricolpites anguloluminosus (Anderson) Yi & Batten 2002 [=Tricolporites anguloluminosus Anderson 1960] YB02
*Type species of generic name indicated
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