Neomiodontidae

Neomiodon sp., from Vullo et al. (2014). Scale bar = 5 mm.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.

The Neomiodontidae are a Late Jurassic to Cretaceous group of clams that inhabited fresh and brackish waters.

<==Neomiodontidae KC02
    |--Myrene tetoriensis KC02
    |--Musculiopsis G88
    |--Eomiodon SB93
    |    |--E. lunulatus (Yokoyama 1904) SB93
    |    `--E. matsubasensis Tamura 1977 SB93
    `--Neomiodon Fischon 1887 ZZ88
         |--N. brongniati ZZ88
         |--N. guyangensis ZZ88
         |--N. latoovatus ZZ88
         |    |--N. l. latoovatus ZZ88
         |    `--N. l. caudatus ZZ88
         |--N. liaoningensis [=Corbicula (Mesocorbicula) liaoningensis, Neomiodonoides liaoningensis] ZZ88
         |--N. pararotundus Zhu 1976 ZZ88
         |--N. rotundus (Martinson 1961) [=Limnocyrena rotunda] ZZ88
         |--N. sinensis ZZ88
         |--N. sublaevis ZZ88
         |--N. volselliformis Zhu 1980 ZZ88
         `--N. yumenensis ZZ88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[KC02] Komatsu, T., K. Chinzei, M. S. Zakhera & H. Matsuoka. 2002. Jurassic soft-bottom oyster Crassostrea from Japan. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1037–1048.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZZ88] Zhu G.-X. & Zhou Y.-Z. 1988. Fresh-water molluscan fauna across Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in southeast Jilin. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 27 (6): 713–721.

Dreissenidae

Congeria subglobosa, copyright Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Dreissenidae are a group of mussel-like bivalves found living in estuarine habitats.

Characters (from Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927): Shell mytiliform with anterior, nearly or quite terminal beaks, without a nacreous layer within. Small septum (myophore of anterior adductor) across beak cavity. Ligament immersed. Posterior adductor scar very long. Mantle margins concrescent, leaving only siphonal and small pedal openings. Byssiferous.

Dreissenidae [Dreissenacea, Dreissenoidea]
    |--Dreissenomya schroeckingeri TW07
    |--Sinucongeria TW07
    |--Mytilopsis Conrad 1857 [=Mytiloides (l. c.) non Brongniart 1822] PB27
    |    |--*M. leucophaeatus Conrad 1857 [=Dreissena leucophaeata, Mytiloides leucophaetus] PB27
    |    |--M. cira Pilsbry & Olsson 1935 G88
    |    |--M. sallei HJ08
    |    `--‘Dreissena’ scripta [=Mytiloides scriptus] PB27
    |--Dreissena Van Beneden 1835 PB27 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*D. polymorpha (Pallas 1771) PB27, M12 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--D. bugensis Andrusov 1897 SS97
    |    |--‘Dreissensia’ caspia Eichw. 1855 S01
    |    |--D. rostriformis KC11
    |    |--D. sallei [=Mytilus sallei] C64
    |    `--D. stankovici PC11
    `--Congeria Partsch 1836 BV86 [incl. Enocephalus v. Münster 1831 (n. n.) PB27, Praxis Adams & Adams 1857 PB27]
         |--*C. subglobosa Partsch 1836 PB27
         |--C. africana (Van Beneden 1835) [=Dreissena africana, *Praxis africana] PB27
         |--‘Mytilus’ cochleatus Kickx in Nyst 1835 PB27
         |--C. cyanea (Van Beneden 1837) [=Dreissena cyanea] PB27
         |--C. gibberosa (Preston 1909) [=Dreissensia gibberosa] PB27
         |--C. holmi (d’Ailly 1896) [=Dreissensia holmi] PB27
         |--C. kusceri Bole 1962 BV86
         |--C. lacustris (Morelet 1860) [=Dreissena lacustris, Dreissensia lacustris] PB27
         |--C. lunata Hedley 1902 H09
         `--C. ornata (Morelet 1885) [=Dreissensia ornata; incl. D. bananaensis Preston 1909] PB27

Nomina nuda: Enocephalus carditaeformis von Münster 1831 PB27
             Enocephalus mytiloides von Münster 1831 PB27

Dreissena Van Beneden 1835 PB27 [=Dreissensia PB27, Mytilina Cantraine 1837 non Bory de St Vincent 1826 PB27, Mytilomya Cantraine in Bronn 1838 PB27; incl. Tichogonia Rossmäsler 1835 G40]

*Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas 1771) PB27, M12 [=Mytilus polymorphus PB27, *Mytilina polymorpha PB27, *Mytilomya polymorpha PB27; incl. Mytilus arca G40, Mytilus chemnitzii G40, Tichogonia chemnitzii G40, Mytilus hagenii G40, Mytilus lineatus G40, Mytilus toreyi G40, Mytilus volgae G40, Mytilus volgensis G40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 177–208. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[KC11] Kocot, K. M., J. T. Cannon, C. Todt, M. R. Citarella, A. B. Kohn, A. Meyer, S. R. Santos, C. Schander, L. L. Moroz, B. Lieb & K. M. Halanych. 2011. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships. Nature 477: 452–456.

[M12] Morton, B. 2012. The biology and functional morphology of Nucula pusilla (Bivalvia: Protobranchia: Nuculidae) from Western Australia, Australia: primitive or miniature simplicity? Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 85–100.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[SS97] Schloesser, D. W., R. D. Smithee, G. D. Longton & W. P. Kovalak. 1997. Zebra mussel induced mortality of unionids in firm substrata of western Lake Erie and a habitat for survival. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 67–74.

[S01] Sturany, R. 1901. Csigák és kagylók [Mollusken]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 69–74. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Macoma

White-sand macoma Macoma secta, photographed by Jan Delsing.

Belongs within: Tellinoidea.

Macoma is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalves with an inaequilateral, mostly thin shell with a deciduous periostracum and a slightly twisted posterior end.

<==Macoma Leach 1819 [Macominae] F26
    |--M. balthica T95
    |    |--M. b. balthica TW07
    |    `--M. b. rubra (da Costa 1778) TW07
    |--M. calcarea CS77
    |--M. candida (Lamarck 1818) [=Psammotoea candida] H09
    |--M. edentula [=Tellina edentula] C64
    |--M. edgari [=Tellina edgari] F26
    |--M. eugonia [=Tellina eugonia] F26
    |--M. expansa C64
    |--M. fusca C64
    |--M. gaimardi [=Tellina gaimardi] F26
    |--M. huttoni [=Tellina huttoni; incl. T. huttoni var. sterrha] F26
    |--M. incongrua XZ10
    |--M. indentata Carpenter 1864 C64
    |--M. inequivalvis (Sowerby 1867) [=Tellina inequivalvis] H09
    |--M. inquinata (Deshayes 1854) R78
    |--M. lata [incl. M. sordida, M. suensoni] C64
    |--M. lipara Dall 1916 R78
    |--M. mazatlanica C64
    |--M. moretonensis (Deshayes 1855) [=Tellina moretonensis] H09
    |--M. nasuta (Conrad 1837) TW07 [incl. Tellina tersa C64]
    |--M. perfrigida PP64
    |--M. proxima C64
    |--M. robini (Finlay 1924) [=Tellina robini] F26
    |--M. scarlatia [incl. M. orientalis] GAS03
    |--M. secta (Conrad 1837) R78 [incl. M. edulis C64, Tellina japonica C64, T. ligamentina Desh. 1843 C64]
    |--M. solidula C64
    |--M. spenceri [=Tellina spenceri] F26
    |--M. tenuis M62
    |--M. truncata F66
    `--M. yoldiformis Carpenter 1864 C64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[F26] Finlay, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[R78] Reid, R. G. B. 1978. The systematic, adaptive and physiological significance of proteolytic enzyme distribution in bivalves. Veliger 20 (3): 260–265.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

[T95] Tilot, V. 1995. An ecologically important type of biological activity in a deep-sea ferro-manganese nodule environment of the tropical north east Pacific. Mésogée 54: 101–120.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Ungulinidae

Diplodonta globus, copyright Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Ungulinidae are a group of infaunal bivalves commonly found in muddy sand or gravel. Members have rounded shells with a low beak, the external sculpture being smooth, punctate or concentrically ribbed.

Ungulinidae [Diplodontidae, Ungulinoidea]
    |  i. s.: Phlyctiderma (Phlyctiderma) discrepans (Carpenter 1857) PP78
    |         Felaniella MG-H11
    |           |--F. usta L10
    |           `--F. zelandica HS01
    |         Joannisiella F27a
    |           |--J. moretonensis (Deshayes 1855) [=Cyrenella moretonensis] H09
    |           |--J. novozelandica [=Lucina novozelandica, L. novaezelandiae (l. c.), Diplodonta striata] F27a
    |           `--J. sphaericula (Deshayes 1855) [=Cyrenella sphaericula] H09
    |         Brachymeris alta Conrad 1875 SB93
    |--Cycladicama cumingi (Hanley 1844) TW07
    `--+--Ungulina cuneata (Spengler 1798) TW07
       `--Diplodonta Brown 1831 TW07, G79
            |  i. s.: D. adamsi (Angas 1867) [=Mysia adamsi] H09
            |         D. ampla (Hutton 1885) F27a
            |         D. balcombensis Pritchard 1906 [=D. subquadrata Tate 1887 nec Carpenter 1855 nec Gabb 1873] F27b
            |         D. brasiliensis G79
            |         D. calculus C64
            |         D. candeana G79
            |         D. conspicua Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. corpulenta Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. ethima Melvill & Standen 1899 H09
            |         D. gabbi [=D. subquadrata Gabb 1873 non Carpenter 1855] F27b
            |         D. globosa Adams 1856 H09
            |         D. scalpta Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. semiaspera C64
            |         D. semiasperoides L10
            |         D. subcrassa Smith 1884 H09
            |         D. subglobosa Smith 1885 H09 [=Felania subglobosa C64]
            |         D. sublateralis Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. subquadrata Carpenter 1855 F27b
            |         D. suborbicularis (Tate 1887) [=Sacchia suborbicularis] F27b
            |         D. suprema Olsson 1961 PP78
            |         D. tasmanica F27a
            |--D. (Felania) TW07
            |    |--D. (F.) circularis Dunker 1846 TW07
            |    |--‘Felania’ tellinoides C64
            |    `--‘Mysia’ (F.) usta Gould 1861 C64
            |--D. (Sphaerella) orbella [=Lucina orbella; incl. Mysia tumida, Sphaerella tumida] C64
            |--D. (Zemysia Finlay 1927) P61
            |    |--D. (*Z.) zelandica (Gray 1835) [=Lucina zelandica] P61
            |    |--D. (Z.) infrequens Marwick 1926 F27a
            |    `--D. (Z.) rakiura (Powell 1939) P61
            `--D. (Zemysina Finlay 1927) P61
                 |--D. (*Z.) globus Finlay 1927 P61 [=Zemysia (*Z.) globus F27a]
                 |--D. (Z.) globularis Lamarck 1818 [=Zemysia (Z.) globularis] F27a
                 |--D. (Z.) globulosa [=Zemysia (Z.) globulosa] F27a
                 `--D. (Z.) striatula (Finlay 1927) P61 [=Zemysia (Z.) striatula F27a]

Nomen nudum: Diplodonta newtoni Cossmann 1907 F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[L10] Lebedev, E. B. 2010. Diversity of soft-bottom mollusks in the Far Eastern Marine Reserve (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 169–173. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Gaimardiidae

Kidderia aupouria, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Gaimardiidae are a group of small, thin-shelled bivalves that commonly live attached to floating seaweed.

Gaimardiidae [Gaimardioidea]
    |--Costokidderia Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--*C. costata (Odhner 1924) [=Kidderia costata] P61
    |    |--C. lyallensis Finlay 1927 P61
    |    `--C. pedica Finlay 1927 P61
    |--Neogaimardia Odhner 1924 P61
    |    |--*N. rostellata [=Kellia rostellata] P61
    |    |--N. finlayi Powell 1933 P61
    |    |--N. minutissima (Iredale 1908) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--N. tasmanica Beddome 1881 [=Modiolarca tasmanica] F27
    |--Gaimardia Gould 1852 P61
    |    |--*G. trapezina (Lamarck 1818) P61, TW07 [=Modiolarca trapesina P61]
    |    |    |--G. t. trapezina P61
    |    |    `--G. t. coccinea Hedley 1916 P61
    |    |--G. aucklandica Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--G. finlayi HS01
    |    `--G. forsteriana Finlay 1927 P61
    `--Kidderia Dall 1876 P61
         |--*K. minuta P61
         |--K. acrobeles (Suter 1913) P61 [=Gaimardia acrobeles F27, Modiolarca acrobeles F27]
         |--K. aupouria Powell 1933 P61
         |    |--K. a. aupouria P61
         |    `--K. a. fiordlandica Fleming 1948 P61
         |--K. campbellica Odhner 1924 P61
         |--K. hamiltoni Finlay 1927 P61 [=Mytilus pusillus Gould 1916 non Macgillivray 1843 F27, Modiolarca pusilla F27]
         |--K. macquariensis Hedley 1916 P61
         |--K. marshalli Fleming 1948 P61
         |--K. rakiura Powell 1939 P61
         `--K. smithi Suter 1913 P61 [=Modiolarca smithi F27]

Neogaimardia minutissima (Iredale 1908) P61 [=Modiolarca minutissima F27, Gaimardia minutissima F27, Lasaea minutissima F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Montacutidae

Mysella bidentata, copyright Hans Hillewaert.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.

The Montacutidae are a group of small bivalves with a thin, rounded, inequilateral shell bearing the resilium in a large hollow or socket under the beaks.

<==Montacutidae P61
    |--Laseoneara radiata (Deshayes 1824) SB93
    |--Laubriereia emarginata (Deshayes 1860) SB93
    |--Namnetia discoides Cossmann 1905 SB93
    |--Coriareus Hedley 1907 P61
    |    |--*C. vitreus P61
    |    `--C. neozelanicus Dell 1956 P61
    |--Tahunanuia Powell 1952 P61
    |    |--*T. alata Powell 1952 P61
    |    `--T. trigonia Powell 1952 P61
    |--Rochefortula Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--*R. reniformis (Suter 1908) [=Rochefortia reniformis] P61
    |    |--R. bidentifera (Powell 1933) P61
    |    |--R. decapitata Powell 1939 P61
    |    |--R. profunda Dell 1952 P61
    |    |--R. quadrata Dell 1956 P61
    |    `--R. taieriensis Powell 1939 P61
    |--Notolepton Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--*N. antipodum (Filhol 1880) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--N. citrinum (Hutton 1883) P61
    |    |--N. novacambrica (Hedley 1915) [=Neolepton novacambrica] F27a
    |    |--N. sanguineum (Hutton 1883) P61
    |    |--N. sublaevigatum Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--N. subobliquum Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--N. triangulare Dell 1956 P61
    |    `--N. umbonatum (Smith 1885) P61
    |--Montacuta F27a
    |    |--M. chalcedonica C64
    |    |--M. dawsoni N79
    |    |--M. divaricata Gould 1861 C64
    |    |--M. echinocardiophila BK77
    |    |--M. ferruginosa (Montagu 1803) [=Mya ferruginosa, Tellimya ferruginosa] BK77
    |    |--M. herberti Aldrich 1921 SB93
    |    |--M. obtusa C64
    |    |--M. phascolionis H64
    |    |--M. semiradiata BK77
    |    |--M. substriata (Montagu 1803) [=Mya substriata; incl. Erycina seminulum] BK77
    |    |--M. tenella BK77
    |    |--M. triquetra Verrill & Bush 1898 F27b
    |    `--M. tumidula N79
    |--Rochefortia Velain 1878 non Sw. 1788 (ICBN) F27a
    |    `--R. (Pythinella) cuneata (Verrill & Bush 1898) [=Montacuta cuneata, Mysella (P.) cuneata] H64
    `--Mysella Angas 1877 TW07, P61
         |--*M. anomala P61
         |--‘Montacuta’ acuminata Smith 1885 [=Rochefortia acuminata] H09
         |--M. alpha Powell 1937 P61
         |--M. attenuata Dell 1956 P61
         |--M. aupouria Powell 1937 P61
         |--M. beta Powell 1937 P61
         |--M. bidentata (Montagu 1803) [=Mya bidentata, Montacuta bidentata] BK77
         |--M. charcoti (Lamy 1906) P61 [=Rochefortia charcoti F27a]
         |--M. donaciformis [=Rochefortia donaciformis] F27a
         |--‘Tellimya’ ephippiolum Melvill & Standen 1899 [=Rochefortia ephippiolum] H09
         |--M. henryi (Fleming 1948) P61
         |--M. hounselli (Powell 1931) P61
         |--M. lachlani Dell 1952 P61
         |--M. larochei Powell 1940 P61
         |--M. macquariensis Hedley 1916 P61 [=Rochefortia macquariensis F27a]
         |--M. minuta (Aldrich 1921) SB93
         |--M. morioria Dell 1952 P61
         |--‘Pythina’ paula Adams 1856 [=Rochefortia paula] H09
         |--M. pedroana Dall 1889 B02
         |--M. tellinula (Odhner 1924) P61 [=Montacuta tellinula F27a]
         |--M. unidentata Odhner 1924 P61 [=Montacuta unidentata F27a]
         `--M. vitrea Laseron 1956 TW07

*Notolepton antipodum (Filhol 1880) P61 [=Kellia antipoda P61, Neolepton antipodum F27a; incl. K. sanguinea F27a, Ne. sanguineum F27a]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B02] Boyko, C. B. 2002. A worldwide revision of the recent and fossil sand crabs of the Albuneidae Stimpson and Blepharipodidae, new family (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Hippoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 272: 1–396.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[H64] Hampson, G. R. 1964. Redescription of a commensal pelecypod, Rochefortia cuneata, with notes on ecology. Nautilus 77 (4): 125–128.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Nemocardium

Nemocardium bechei, copyright James St. John.

Belongs within: Cardiidae.

Nemocardium is a genus of cockles with shells bearing a radial sculpture of narrow ribs, usually no wider than they are high, with the posterior ribs more prominent than those elsewhere on the shell, at least early in ontogeny (Schneider 2002).

<==Nemocardium
    |  i. s.: N. alatum (Suter 1917) [=Protocardia alata] F27
    |         N. centifilosum S59
    |         N. patulum (Hutton 1873) [=Cardium patulum, Protocardia patula; incl. P. sera Hutton 1873] F27
    |         N. semitectum Marwick 1926 F27
    |--N. (Nemocardium) S02
    |    |--*N. (N.) semiasperum [=Cardium semiasperum] F27
    |    `--N. (N.) bechei (Reeve 1847) S02
    `--N. (Pratulum Iredale 1924) P61
         |--N. (*P.) thetidis (Hedley 1902) P61, MG-H11 [=Cardium striatulum thetidis F27]
         |--‘Pratulum’ hemimeris (Tate 1887) [=Cardium hemimeris] DK08
         `--N. (P.) pulchellum (Gray 1843) P61 (see below for synonymy)

Nemocardium (Pratulum) pulchellum (Gray 1843) P61 [=Cardium pulchellum F27, Protocardia pulchella F27; incl. C. striatulum F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S02] Schneider, J. A. 2002. Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 321–369.

[S59] Stohler, R. 1959. Range extensions of some west N. A. marines. Nautilus 72 (4): 127–130.

Panope

New Zealand geoduck Panope zelandica, photographed by Graham Bould.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.

Panope, geoducks, are a genus of bivalves found from the Late Cretaceous to the present day in Europe, North America and the South Pacific. Representatives have a large, muscular siphon that is permanently extruded from the gaping shell. Some species are prized as food.

<==Panope Ménard de la Groye 1807 G77, S98 [=Panopea F27a]
    |--P. glycimeris (Born 1778) SB93 [=Mya glycymeris S98; incl. *P. aldrovandi Ménard de la Groye 1807 S98]
    |--P. abrupta (Conrad 1849) TW07
    |--P. agnewi F27a
    |--P. angusta Nyst 1836 F27b
    |--P. ‘angusta’ (d’Orbigny 1850) non Nyst 1836 [=Pleuromya angusta] F27b
    |--P. awaterensis F27a
    |--P. bitruncata C66
    |--P. clausa F27a
    |--P. fragilis Gould 1861 C64
    |--P. generosa (Gould 1850) G77 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. hedleyi Finlay 1927 [=P. angusta Hedley 1915 nec Nyst 1836 nec Pleuromya angusta Agassiz 1845] F27b
    |--P. malvernensis Woods 1917 [=Panopea malvernensis] S98
    |--P. neozelanica H86
    |--P. orbita F27a
    |--P. plicata H79
    |--P. ralphi Finlay 1927 F27a
    |--P. reflexa C64
    |--P. smithae Powell 1950 P61
    |--P. thomasi von Ihering 1914 S98
    |--P. worthingtoni F27a
    `--P. zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard 1835) P61

Panope generosa (Gould 1850) G77 [=Panopea generosa C64; incl. Glycimeris estrellanus C64, Panopaea generosa var. sagrinata C64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C66] Clench, W. J. 1966. Panopea bitruncata (Conrad). Nautilus 80 (1): 36.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[G77] Goodwin, L. 1977. The effects of season on visual and photographic assessment of subtidal geoduck clam (Panope generosa Gould) populations. Veliger 20 (2): 155–158.

[H79] Haast, J. von. 1879. Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. "Times" Office: Christchurch.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Last updated: 30 October 2021.

Heterodonta

Wrinkled rock borer Hiatella arctica, copyright FWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute.

Belongs within: Bivalvia.
Contains: Hippuritacea, Neomiodontidae, Cyamiidae, Gastrochaenidae, Montacutidae, Lasaeidae, Sportellidae, Thyasira, Lucinidae, Solenoidea, Tellinoidea, Neoheterodontei, Cardiidae, Panope.

The Heterodonta are one of the major living clades of bivalves, with their earliest representatives appearing in the Ordovician. In the past, the living members of the clade were divided between the orders Veneroida and Myoida (the latter including burrowing forms with thin shells and reduced dentition) but molecular analyses have indicated that the myoidans are polyphyletic (Giribet & Wheeler 2002). Previous authors have also included the clades Carditoida and/or Anomalodesmata within their concept of Heterodonta but recent molecular analyses support their exclusion (Plazzi et al. 2011). The Hippuritoida are a fossil group known from the Silurian to the Cretaceous, primitively with a hinge of a few thick and amorphous teeth, that have been recognised as a third order of heterodonts.

Modern representatives of the Heterodonta include the Hiatellidae, a family of small, quadrate to trapezoidal, burrowing or nestling clams. They have more or less gaping valves and only one or two weak teeth in the hinge. The Galeommatoidea are burrowing clams with the shell commonly thin and more or less covered externally by the mantle. A number of species of this group live in association with other invertebrates, either attached to their body surface or within their burrows. The Thyasiridae are a group of thin-shelled clams with a distinct dorsal anterior depression near the hinge.

<==Heterodonta (see below for synonymy) PC11
    |--Thyasiridae [Thyasiroidea] TW07
    |    |--Axinopsida Cram96
    |    |    |--A. bongraini N65
    |    |    |--A. magellanica N65
    |    |    `--A. subquadrata GAS03
    |    |--Thyasira P61
    |    |--Storthodon Giebel 1856 TW07
    |    |    `--S. liscaviensis Giebel 1856 SB93
    |    |--Maorithyas Fleming 1950 P61
    |    |    |--*M. marama Fleming 1950 P61
    |    |    `--M. flemingi Powell 1955 P61
    |    `--Genaxinus Iredale 1930 P61
    |         |--*G. albigena [=Thyasira albigena] P61
    |         |--G. cookianus Fleming 1950 P61
    |         `--G. otagoensis (Suter 1913) P61
    `--+--Lucinacea PB27
       |    |--Lucinidae TW07
       |    `--Cyrenoida de Joannis 1835 PB27 (see below for synonymy)
       |         |--*C. dupontia de Joannis 1835 (see below for synonymy) PB27
       |         |--C. rhodopyga v. Martens 1891 [=Cyrenoidea rhodopyga] PB27
       |         |--C. rosea (d’Ailly 1896) [=Cyrenella rosea] PB27
       |         |    |--C. r. rosea PB27
       |         |    `--C. r. brevidentata Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927 PB27
       |         `--C. senegalensis (Deshayes 1854) [=Cyrenella senegalensis] PB27
       `--+--Solenoidea PC11
          |--Tellinoidea PC11
          |--Neoheterodontei PC11
          `--Cardiidaa PC11
               |--Cardiidae PC11
               `--Hiatellidae [Hiatelloidea] PC11
                    |--Panope S98
                    |--Cyrtodaria siliqua JB12, N79
                    `--Hiatella Daudin in Bosc 1801 P61
                         |--*H. arctica (Linnaeus 1767) P61, GO78 (see below for synonymy)
                         |--H. antarctica (Philippi 1845) P61
                         |--H. australis (Lamarck 1818) P61
                         |--H. gallicana (Lamarck 1818) GO78
                         |--H. minuta G20
                         `--H. solida (Sowerby 1834) GO78

Heterodonta incertae sedis:
  Hippuritoida JB12
    |  i. s.: Plagioptychidae SB93
    |           |--Coralliochama JB12
    |           `--Plagioptychus SB93
    |                |--P. arnaudi Douvillé 1888 SB93
    |                |--P. paradoxus Matheron 1843 SB93
    |                `--P. toucasianus Matheron 1843 SB93
    |         Antillocaprina [Antillocaprinidae] SB93
    |           `--A. occidentalis (Whitfield 1897) SB93
    |         Dictyoptychidae [Trechmannellinae] SB93
    |           |--Eodictyoptychus arumaensis Skelton & El-Asa’ad 1992 SB93
    |           `--Dictyoptychus morgani (Douvillé 1904) SB93
    |--Hippuritacea P98
    `--Pachyrisma SB93 [Megalodontidae, Megalodontoidea JB12]
         `--P. grande Morris & Lycett 1853 SB93
  Phaxas pellucidus GO06
  Neomiodontidae G88
  Cyamiidae M96
  Coralliophaga JB12
  Cardiniidae SB93
    |--Balantioselena gairi Speden 1962 SB93
    |--Nidarica slatteri (Wilson & Crick 1889) SB93
    `--Cardinia F71
         |--C. attenuata Stutchbury 1842 SB93
         |--C. concinna (Sowerby 1817) SB93
         |--C. cuneata Dana 1849 [=Stutchburia cuneata] F71
         `--C. exilis M’Coy 1847 F71
  Potamomya [Erodonidae] SB93
    `--P. plana (Sowerby 1814) SB93
  Raetomyidae SB93
    |--Amotapus arbolensis (Woods 1922) SB93
    `--Raetomya schweinfurthi (Mayer-Eymar 1887) SB93
  Anatellidae SB93
  Cardiliide SB93
    |--Cardilia semisulcata (Lamarck 1819) [=Isocardia semisulcata] H09
    |--Hemicyclonosta michelini Deshayes 1850 SB93
    `--Cardilona bensoni Marwick 1943 SB93
  Sowerbya [Sowerbyidae] SB93
    `--S. triangularis (Phillips 1848) SB93
  Quenstedtia [Quenstedtiidae] SB93
    `--Q. laevigata (Phillips 1848) SB93
  Unicardiopsis [Unicardiopsidae] SB93
    |--U. aceste (d’Orbigny 1850) SB93
    `--U. incertum (Phillips 1848) SB93
  Icanotiidae SB93
    |--Scittila nasuta Casey 1961 SB93
    `--Icanotia SB93
  Bernardinidae SB93
  Euloxidae SB93
    |--Euloxa latisulcata (Conrad 1840) SB93
    `--Cabralista schmitzi (Böhm 1899) SB93
  Pollicidae SB93
    |--Pollex obesus Stephenson 1953 SB93
    `--Neritra polliciformis Stephenson 1954 SB93
  Dicerocardiidae SB93
    |--Agelasina plenodonta Riedel 1932 SB93
    `--Dicerocardium SB93
         |--D. curionii Stoppani 1865 SB93
         |--D. dolomiticum SB93
         `--D. jani Stoliczka 1871 SB93
  Lajonkairia [Cooperellidae] SB93
    `--L. rupestris (Brocchi 1814) SB93
  Rzehakiidae SB93
    |--Ergenica cimlanica (Popov 1959) SB93
    |--Urbnisia lata Goncharova 1981 SB93
    `--Rzehakia dubiosa (Hörnes 1859) SB93
  Pleurodesma [Pleurodesmatidae] SB93
    |--P. mayeri Hörnes 1859 SB93
    `--P. moulinsi (Potiez & Michaud 1844) SB93
  Spheniopsis [Spheniopsidae] SB93
    `--S. scalaris (Braun 1851) SB93
  Tancrediidae TW07
    |--Tancredia JB12
    `--Sakawanella triadica Ichikawa 1950 SB93
  Gastrochaenoidea M96
    |  i. s.: Eufistulana M96
    `--Gastrochaenidae TW07
  Galeommatoidea TW07
    |  i. s.: Planktomya hensoni Crag96
    |--Montacutidae TW07
    |--Lasaeidae GW02
    |--Sportellidae TW07
    `--Erycinidae GW02
         |--Parabornia squillina Boss 1965 MB66
         |--Mylitta deshayesii M54
         |--Erycina (Erycina) pellucida Lamarck 1805 SB93
         `--Semierycina (Erycinopsis) semipecten (Cossmann 1887) SB93
  Fistulana G20
    |--F. clavata [=Teredo (Fistulana) clavata] G20
    `--F. mumia (Spengler 1783) [=Gastrochaena mumia] H09
  Byssomya pholadis G20
  Corbis G20
    |--C. elegans H09
    `--C. fimbriata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Venus fimbriata] H09
  Capsa rugosa G20
  Isocardia cor [=Chama (Isocardia) cor] G20
  Tellidora G79
    |--T. burneti C64
    `--T. schrammi G79
  Lucinopsis Forbes 1848 G79
    |--L. tenuis G79
    `--L. undata [=Venus undata] J64

Cyrenoida de Joannis 1835 PB27 [=Cyrenella Deshayes 1836 PB27, Cyrenodonta Adams & Adams 1858 PB27, Cyrenoidea (l. c.) PB27, Cyrenoides (l. c.) PB27; Cyrenoidacea, Cyrenoididae G88]

*Cyrenoida dupontia de Joannis 1835 [=*Cyrenella (*Cyrenoida) dupontiae d’Ailly 1896, Cyrenoides dupontii Woodward 1854] PB27

Heterodonta [Arcticacea, Arcticoidea, Cardiacea, Corbiculacea, Corbiculoidea, Euheterodonta, Gastropempta, Lucinina, Myacea, Myoida, Teleodesmacea] PC11

*Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus 1767) P61, GO78 [=Mya arctica P61, Saxicava arctica F26; incl. M. byssifera J64, S. groenlandica J64, S. arctica var. uddevallensis J64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[Crag96] Cragg, S. M. 1996. The phylogenetic significance of some anatomical features of bivalve veliger larvae. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 371–380. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[Cram96] Crame, J. A. 1996. Evolution of high-latitude molluscan faunas. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 119–131. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[F26] Finlay, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GO78] Gallardo S., C., & C. Osorio R. 1978. Hiatella solida (Sowerby, 1834) (Mollusca: Hiatellidae) on Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) and other substrates. Veliger 20 (3): 274–278.

[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723–7728.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MB66] Moore, D. R., & K. J. Boss. 1966. Records for Parabornia squillina. Nautilus 80 (1): 34–35.

[M96] Morton, B. 1996. The evolutionary history of the Bivalvia. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 337–359. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[N65] Nicol, D. 1965. A new Thyasira (Pelecypoda) from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Nautilus 78 (3): 79–80.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[P98] Prothero, D. R. 1998. Bringing Fossils to Life: An introduction to paleobiology. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Last updated: 6 March 2022.

Mactroidea

Toheroa Amphidesma ventricosum, from McLintock (1966).

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.
Contains: Mactra, Mesodesmatidae, Lutrarinae.

The Mactroidea are a group of infaunal bivalves first recorded from the Upper Cretaceous. Members of the family Mactridae have the siphons united to their tips whereas they are more or less separated in the Amphidesmatidae. The shell of Mactridae is often slightly or widely gaping. The cosmopolitan genus Spisula, however, lacks a gape in the shell; shells of this genus are trigonal to ovate and concentrically striate. Paphies is a South Pacific assemblage of ovate-elongate clams with a small, internal ligament and long, narrow, projecting resilifer.

Mactroidea [Mactracea]
    |--Amphidesma Lamarck 1818 P98, P61 [Amphidesmatidae P61]
    |    |  i. s.: A. angusta M54
    |    |         A. corrugatum [incl. Amphidesma proximum, Semele proxima] C64
    |    |         A. crassiformis M. & M. 1920 F26
    |    |         A. ellipticum C64
    |    |         A. pliocenica Oliver 1923 F26
    |    |         A. striosum C64
    |    |         A. ventricosum C64
    |    |--A. (Paphies Lesson 1830) P61
    |    |    `--A. (*P.) australe (Gmelin 1791) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         |--A. a. australe P61
    |    |         `--A. a aucklandicum (von Martens 1879) P61 [=Paphies australis aucklandica F26]
    |    `--A. (Taria Adams 1858) P61
    |         |--A. (T.) subtriangulatum (Wood 1828) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--A. (T.) forsterianum Finlay 1927 P61
    |         `--A. (T.) ventricosum (Gray 1843) P61 [=Mesodesma ventricosum F26, Paphies ventricosa HS01]
    `--Mactridae P61
         |  i. s.: Tanysiphon G88
         |         Rangia cuneata G88
         |         Standella C96
         |           |--S. californica C64
         |           |--S. falcata C64
         |           |--S. fragilis C64
         |           |--S. nasuta C64
         |           |--S. nicobarica (Gmelin 1791) [=Mactra nicobarica] H09
         |           `--S. planulata C64
         |         Oxyperas C96
         |         Longimactra Finlay 1928 P61
         |           `--*L. elongata (Quoy & Gaimard 1835) [=Mactra elongata] P61
         |         Maorimactra Finlay 1928 P61
         |           `--*M. oridinaria (Smith 1898) [=Mactra ordinaria] P61
         |         Scalpomactra Finlay 1928 P61
         |           `--*S. scalpellum (Reeve 1854) [=Mactra scalpellum] P61
         |         Resania Gray 1852 P61
         |           `--*R. lanceolata Gray 1852 P61
         |         Cyclomactra Dall 1895 P61
         |           |--*C. tristis (Reeve 1854) [=Mactra tristis; incl. C. rudis] P61
         |           `--C. ovata (Gray 1843) P61
         |         Zenatia Gray 1853 P61
         |           |--*Z. zelandica P61
         |           `--Z. acinaces (Quoy & Gaimard 1835) P61
         |         Mulinia LS80
         |           |--M. angulata C64
         |           |--M. carinulata [incl. Mactra modesta Sloat ms] C64
         |           |--M. congesta LS80
         |           |--M. densata C64
         |           |--M. lateralis LS80
         |           `--M. notata H79
         |         Sarmatimactra JB12
         |         Raeta Gray 1853 JB12, F26
         |           |--R. canaliculata F26
         |           |--R. pellicula (Reeve 1853) XZ10
         |           |--R. perspicua F26
         |           |--R. pulchella GAS03
         |           |--R. tenuiplicata Bartrum 1919 F26
         |           `--R. undulata C64
         |         Nelltia elliptica (Whitfield 1891) SB93
         |--Mactra TW07
         `--+--Meropesta nicobarica (Gmelin 1791) TW07
            `--+--Mesodesmatidae TW07
               `--+--Lutrarinae TW07
                  `--Spisula TW07
                       |  i. s.: S. elliptica M62
                       |         S. parva (Petit 1853) [=Gnathodon parva] H09
                       |         S. planulata B56
                       |         S. sachalinensis L10
                       |         S. solida (Linnaeus 1758) TW07
                       |         S. solidissima (Dillwyn 1817) F77
                       |         S. spisula PC11
                       |         S. subtruncata GW02
                       |         S. trigonella (Lamarck 1818) HJ08
                       `--S. (Crassula Marwick 1948) P61
                            `--S. (*C.) aequilateralis (Deshayes 1854) [=Mactra aequilateralis] P61

Amphidesma (Taria) subtriangulatum (Wood 1828) P61 [=Mesodesma subtriangulatum F26, Paphies subtriangulata HS01; incl. Amphidesma gaymardi F26, Mesodesma latum P61, A. (*Taria) latum P61, F26, A. quoyi F26, A. spissa F26]

Amphidesma (Paphies) australe (Gmelin 1791) P61 [=Mya australis P61, Mesodesma australe F26, Paphies australis F26, A. novaezelandiae F26]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C96] Crame, J. A. 1996. Evolution of high-latitude molluscan faunas. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 119–131. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[F26] Finlay, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F77] Franz, D. R. 1977. Size and age-specific predation by Lunatia heros (Say, 1822) on the surf clam Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817) off western Long Island, New York. Veliger 20 (2): 144–150.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.

[H79] Haast, J. von. 1879. Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. "Times" Office: Christchurch.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[L10] Lebedev, E. B. 2010. Diversity of soft-bottom mollusks in the Far Eastern Marine Reserve (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 169–173. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[LS80] Levinton, J. S., & C. M. Simon. 1980. A critique of the punctuated equilibria model and implications for the detection of speciation in the fossil record. Systematic Zoology 29 (2): 130–142.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[P98] Prothero, D. R. 1998. Bringing Fossils to Life: An introduction to paleobiology. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Last updated: 5 March 2022.

Sphaeriidae

Pisidium henslowanum, from here.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.
Contains: Sphaerium.

The Sphaeriidae is a family of small freshwater bivalves, first definitely recorded from the Cretaceous. They live attached to a substrate by a number of mucous threads; because of their small size, potential substrates may include other invertebrates or the surface water film as well as aquatic plants or rocks. In the cosmopolitan genus Pisidium, the beak is behind the middle of the valve so the almost wholly immersed ligament is on the shorter end of the hinge (Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927).

Characters (from Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927): Shell oval, squarish, or subtriangular, of small or minute size, rather thin, porcelanous within, the adductor scars not impressed. Pallial line simple. Hinge curved, narrow, with anterior and posterior lateral teeth in both valves; cardinals very small, not more than two in each valve; those of the right valve united into an inverted V or a straight lamella; those of the left valve wholly separate, the posterior obliquely above the anterior (or sometimes absent); ligament narrowly exposed or more or less completely immersed. Mantle margins united posteriorly to form siphons. Viviparous and hermaphroditic.

Sphaeriidae [Cycladae, Cycladia, Pisidiadae, Pisidiidae, Sphaeridae, Sphaerioidea]
    |--+--Sphaerium TW07
    |  `--Musculium TW07
    |       |--M. heterodon T59
    |       |--M. lacustre (Muller 1774) TW07 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |    |--M. l. lacustre B65
    |       |    `--‘Sphaerium’ l. ryckholti B65
    |       |--M. partumeium T63 [=Sphaerium partumeium T63; incl. M. truncatum H64]
    |       |--M. securis (Prime 1852) KM88 [=Sphaerium securis H65]
    |       `--M. transversum (Say 1829) KM88 [=Sphaerium transversum H65]
    `--Pisidium Pfeiffer 1821 TW07, BV86 [incl. Pseudeupera Germain 1913 PB27]
         |  i. s.: P. abditum W79 (see below for synonymy)
         |         P. adamsi W79
         |         P. aequilaterale W79
         |         P. aucklandica Suter 1907 P61
         |         P. casertanum (Poli 1795) KM88 [incl. P. casertanum var. thermale PB27]
         |         P. cinereum G40 [=P. fontinale var. cinerea A79]
         |         P. compressum [incl. P. kirklandi] PF15
         |         P. conventus T59
         |         P. dubium (Say 1816) KM88
         |         P. dulvertonensis Tennison Woods 1875 P79
         |         P. ferrugineum (Prime 1852) KM88
         |         P. giraudi Bourguignat 1885 PB27
         |         P. henslowanum (Sheppard 1825) KM88 (see below for synonymy)
         |         P. hermosum Bourguignat 1888 PB27
         |         P. hodgkini Suter 1905 P61
         |         P. katangense Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927 PB27
         |         P. kenianum Preston 1911 PB27
         |         P. landeroini Germain 1909 [=P. (*Pseudeupera) landeroini] PB27
         |         P. langleyanum Melvill & Ponsonby 1891 PB27
         |         P. lilljeborgi (Esmark & Hoyer 1886) KM88
         |         P. nitidum (Jenyns 1832) KM88
         |         P. novaezelandiae Prime 1862 P61
         |         P. obtusale (Lamarck 1818) TW07 (see below for synonymy)
         |           |--P. o. obtusale B65
         |           `--P. o. robusta B65
         |         P. occidentale Newcomb 1861 C64
         |         P. ovampicum Ancey 1890 PB27
         |         P. pauperculum PF15
         |         P. personatum T63
         |         P. pirothi Jickeli 1881 PB27
         |         P. pusillum G40 (see below for synonymy)
         |         P. punctatum (Sterki 1895) KM88
         |         P. punctiferum H65
         |         P. randolphii E68
         |         P. ruwenzoriense Germain 1911 PB27
         |         P. supinum H65
         |         P. tasmanicum Tennison Woods 1875 P79
         |         P. tenuilineatum H65
         |         P. variabile (Prime 1852) KM88
         |         P. ventricosum [incl. P. rotundatum] H65
         |         P. walkeri (Sterki 1895) KM88
         |--P. (Pisidium) BV86
         |    |--*P. (P.) amnicum P61 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--P. (P.) cavaticum Shadin 1952 BV86
         |    |--P. (P.) ljovuschkini Starobogatov 1962 BV86
         |    `--P. (P.) subterraneum Shadin 1932 BV86
         `--P. (Neopisidium Odhner 1921) BV86
              `--P. (N.) cavernicum Mori 1938 BV86

Sphaeriidae incertae sedis:
  Eupera Bourguignat 1854 [incl. Clessinella Waagen 1905, Limosina Clessin 1872; Euperinae] PB27
    |--‘Cyclas’ modioliformis (see below for synonymy) PB27
    |--E. bequaerti Dautzenberg & Germain 1914 PB27
    |--E. cubensis G88
    |--E. ferruginea (Krauss 1848) [=Cyclas ferruginea, Limosina ferruginea] PB27
    |--E. letourneuxi Bourguignat 1883 PB27
    |--E. mediafricana Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927 PB27
    |    |--E. m. mediafricana PB27
    |    `--E. m. etheriarum Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927 PB27
    |--E. parasitica (Parreyss in Deshayes 1854) (see below for synonymy) PB27
    |--E. platensis H63
    |--E. sinensis Odhner 1922 PB27
    |--E. singleyi H66
    `--E. sturanyi (Waagen 1905) [=Sphaerium (*Clessinella) sturanyi] PB27
  Pseudocorbicula Dautzenberg 1908 PB27
    `--*P. alluaudi Dautzenberg 1908 PB27
  Byssanodonta H63

‘Cyclas’ modioliformis [=*Limosina modioliformis; incl. Pisidium moquinianum, *Eupera moquiniana] PB27

Eupera parasitica (Parreyss in Deshayes 1854) [=Pisum parasiticum, Limosina parasitica; incl. Eupera jickelii Bourguignat 1883] PB27

Musculium lacustre (Muller 1774) TW07 [=Cardium lacustre G40, Cyclas lacustris G40, Sphaerium lacustre H65, Tellina lacustris G40; incl. Cy. calyculata G40]

Pisidium abditum W79 [incl. P. abditum var. abyssorum Stimpson in Walker 1879 (n. n.) W79, P. amplum C64, P. kurtzii C64, Cyclas minor Ad. 1841 C64, P. notatum Pr. 1852 C64, P. obscurum Pr. 1851 C64, P. plenum C64, P. regulare Pr. 1852 C64, P. resartum C64, P. retusum Pr. 1859 C64, P. rubrum C64, P. zonatum C64]

Pisidium henslowanum (Sheppard 1825) KM88 [=Pera henslowiana G40, Tellina henslowiana G40; incl. Cyclas appendiculata G40, Pera appendiculata G40]

Pisidium obtusale (Lamarck 1818) TW07 [=Cyclas obtusale G40, C. obtusalis G40, Pisidium pusillum var. obtusalis A79; incl. Pera gibba Leach ms G40]

Pisidium pusillum G40 [=Tellina pusilla PB27, Corneocyclas pusilla PB27, Cyclas pusilla G40; incl. Cy. gibba G40, Euglesa henslowiana Leach ms G40]

*Pisidium (Pisidium) amnicum P61 [=Tellina amnica P61, Cardium amnicum G40, Cyclas amnica G40; incl. Pera fluviatilis G40, Cy. obliqua G40, Pisidium obliquum G40, Cy. palustris G40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A79] Ashford, C. 1879. Land and freshwater shells observed in the neighborhood of Redcar. Journal of Conchology 2: 236–241.

[B65] Beetle, D. E. 1965. Molluscan fauna of some small ponds in Grand Teton National Park. Nautilus 78 (4): 125–130.

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 177–208. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[E68] Eyerdam, W. J. 1968. Fresh-water mollusks eaten by trout and other fish. Nautilus 81 (3): 103–104.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H64] Heard, W. H. 1964. Litter size in the Sphaeriidae. Nautilus 78 (2): 47–49.

[H65] Herrington, H. B. 1965. Corrections of sphaeriid nomenclature. Nautilus 79 (2): 42–45.

[H66] Hubricht, L. 1966. Habitat of Eupera singleyi Pilsbry. Nautilus 80 (1): 33.

[KM88] Kilgour, B. W., & G. L. Mackie. 1988. Factors affecting the distribution of sphaeriid bivalves in Brittania Bay of the Ottawa River. Nautilus 102 (2): 73–77.

[P79] Petterd, W. F. 1879. List of the freshwater shells of Tasmania. Journal of Conchology 2: 80–88.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PF15] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. H. Ferriss. 1915. Mollusca of the southwestern states, VII: the Dragoon, Mule, Santa Rita, Baboquivari, and Tucson Ranges, Arizona. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 363–418, pls 8–15.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

[T59] Thomas, G. J. 1959. Self-fertilization and production of young in a sphaeriid clam. Nautilus 72 (4): 131–140.

[T63] Thomas, G. J. 1963. Study of a population of sphaeriid clams in a temporary pond. Nautilus 77 (2): 37–43.

[W79] Walker, B. 1879. Catalogue of the shell-bearing Mollusca of Michigan. Journal of Conchology 2: 325–337.

Last updated: 26 February 2022.