Venturiaceae

Apple scab Venturia inaequalis, copyright Luke Milliron.

Belongs within: Pleosporomycetidae.

The Venturiaceae are a group of fungi that are usually biotrophic or nectrophic on the leaves or stems of plants (Kirk et al. 2001).

Characters (from Kirk et al. 2001): Ascomata perithecial, becoming superficial, usually small, more or less globose, sometimes aggregated into stromata, often setose or hairy, opening by a well-defined lysigenous pore; peridium composed of more or less small pseudoparenchymatous cells. Interascal tissue of narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses, sometimes evanescent. Asci more or less cylindrical, fissitunicate. Ascospores variously pigmented, usually asymmetrical, 1-septate, sometimes with a sheath. Anamorphs usually prominent, hyphomycetous.

Venturiaceae
    |--Antennularia Rchb. 1828 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--Arkoola Walker & Stovold 1986 KC01
    |--Atopospora Petr. 1925 KC01
    |--Botryostroma Höhn. 1911 [incl. Parodiellina Viégas 1944 non Henn. ex Arnaud 1918, Robledia Chardón 1929] KC01
    |--Caproventuria Braun 1998 KC01
    |--Coleroa Rabenh. 1850 [incl. Aphysa Theiss. & Syd. 1917, Cyphospilea Syd. 1926, Hormotheca Bonord. 1864] KC01
    |--Crotone Theiss. & Syd. 1915 KC01
    |--Lasiobotrys Kunze 1823 KC01
    |--Lineostroma Swart 1988 KC01
    |--Metacoleroa Petr. 1927 KC01
    |--Phragmogibbera Samuels & Rogerson 1990 KC01
    |--Platychora Petr. 1925 KC01
    |--Polyrhizon Theiss. & Syd. 1914 KC01
    |--Pseudoparodia Theiss. & Syd. 1917 KC01
    |--Pseudoparodiella Stevens 1927 KC01
    |--Pyrenobotrys Theiss. & Syd. 1914 KC01
    |--Rhizogene Syd. & Syd. 1921 KC01
    |--Rosenscheldiella Theiss. & Syd. 1915 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--Trichodothella Petr. 1946 KC01
    |--Trichodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1914 KC01
    |--Uleodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1915 [=Didothis Clem. 1931] KC01
    |--Fusicladium Bonord. 1851 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--Gibbera Fr. 1825 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--Piggotia Berk. & Broome 1851 [incl. Basiascella Bubák 1914] KC01
    |--Acantharia Theiss. & Syd. 1918 [incl. Arnaudia Bat. 1960, Neogibbera Petr. 1947] KC01
    |    `--‘Fusicladium’ carpophilum [=Cladosporium carpophilum] KC01
    |--Apiosporina Höhn. 1910 [incl. Parodiodia Bat. 1960] KC01
    |    `--A. collinsii KC01
    |--Dibotryon Theiss. & Syd. 1915 KC01
    |    `--D. morbosum [=Apiosporina morbosa] KC01
    |--Xenomeris Syd. 1924 KC01
    |    `--X. abietis KC01
    |--Phaeocryptopus Naumov 1915 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |    |--P. gaeumannii KC01
    |    `--‘Rhizosphaera’ kalkhoffii KC01
    `--Venturia Sacc. 1882 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) KC01
         |--V. cerasi KC01
         |--V. chlorospora KC01
         |--V. inaequalis DAF07
         |--V. liriodendri E99
         |--‘Spilocaea’ oleaginea L98
         |--V. pirina KC01
         |--‘Spilocaea’ pomi [incl. S. dendriticum] KC01
         `--‘Polliccia’ radiosa KC01

Antennularia Rchb. 1828 [incl. Aloysiella Mattir. & Sacc. 1908, Antennaria Link 1809 non Gaertn. 1791, Antennataria Rchb. 1841, Antennina Fr. 1849, Cryptoparodia Petr. 1950, Dimerosporiopsis Henn. 1901, Melanostromella Petr. 1953, Periline Syd. 1939, Protoventuria Berl. & Sacc. 1887, Venturia De Not. 1844 (nom. rej.) non Sacc. 1882 (nom. cons.)] KC01

Fusicladium Bonord. 1851 [incl. Fusicladiopsis Karak. & Vassiljevsky 1937 non Maire 1907, Karakulinia Golovina 1964, Megacladosporium Vienn.-Bourg. 1949, Ramalia Bat. 1957] KC01

Gibbera Fr. 1825 [=Montagnina Höhn. 1910; incl. Dictyodochium Sivan. 1984, Maireella Syd. ex Maire 1908, Pseudotthia Henn. 1900, Winteromyces Speg. 1912] KC01

Phaeocryptopus Naumov 1915 [incl. Adelopus Theiss. 1918, Cryptopus Theiss. 1914 non Lindl. 1824, Ectosticta Speg. 1912, Gelatosphaera Bat. & Maia 1959, Rhizophoma Petr. & Syd. 1927, Rhizosphaera Mangin & Har. 1907 non Haeckel 1860 (ICZN)] KC01

Rosenscheldiella Theiss. & Syd. 1915 [incl. Botryothecium Syd. 1937, Monopus Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Scutelloidea Tim 1971] KC01

Venturia Sacc. 1882 (nom. cons.) [incl. Actinodothidopsis Stevens 1925, Actinonema Fr. 1849 non Pers. 1822, Asterula (Sacc.) Sacc. 1891, Basiascum Cavara 1888, Cycloconium Castagne 1845, Endocoleroa Petr. 1969, Endostigme Syd. 1923, Napicladium Thüm. 1875, Phaeosphaerella Karst. 1888, Phaeosporella Keissl. 1922, Phasya Syd. 1934, Phlyctidium Wallr. 1833, Pollaccia Bald. & Cif. 1937, Sphaerellopsis Kleb. 1918 non Cooke 1883, Spilocaea Fr. 1819, Spilosticta Syd. 1923] KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DAF07] Department of Agriculture and Food. 2007. Common Seasonal Pests. State of Western Australia.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[L98] Lienhard, C. 1998. Faune de France. France et Régions Limitrophes. 83. Psocoptères Euro-Méditerranéens. Fédération Française des Sociétés de Sciences Naturelles: Paris.

Myriangiales

Elsinoe veneta on raspberry leaf, copyright James Lindsey.

Belongs within: Dothideomyceta.

The Myriangiales are a group of mostly plant-pathogenic fungi, characterised by the development of a single ascus in each chamber of a well-developed, often gelatinous stroma.

Myriangiales
    |--Myriangiaceae EB03
    |    |--Myriangium duriaei EB03, PA-W02
    |    |--Anhellia EB03
    |    `--Eurytheca EB03
    `--Elsinoaceae EB03
         |--Beelia EB03
         |--Butleria EB03
         |--Hemimyriangium EB03
         |--Hyalotheles EB03
         |--Micularia EB03
         |--Molleriella EB03
         |--Saccardinula EB03
         |--Stephanotheca EB03
         |--Xenodium EV03
         `--Elsinoe EB03
              |  i. s.: E. fawcetti RA07
              |--E. veneta SS09
              `--+--E. centrolobi SS09
                 `--E. phaseoli SS09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031–1042.

[RA07] Rodrigues, J. C. V., D. Achor, E. W. Kitajima, N. L. Nogueira & C. C. Childers. 2007. Plant diseases and injuries associated with Brevipalpus mites. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 381–390. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

Mycosphaerellaceae

Mycosphaerella graminicola on leaves of wheat, photographed by Maccheek.

Belongs within: Capnodiales.

The Mycosphaerellaceae are a group of often plant-pathogenic fungi including the genus Cercospora and related taxa, commonly associated with spot formation on leaves.

Mycosphaerellaceae
    |--Achorodothis EB03
    |--Cymadothea EB03
    |--Euryachora EB03
    |--Melanodothis EB03
    |--Placocrea EB03
    |--Sphaerellothecium EB03
    |--Stigmidium peltideae EB03, A96
    |--Sphaerulina EB03 [incl. Micronectriella von Höhnel 1906 RS99]
    |    `--S. pterocarpi (Racib.) Arx & Müller 1975 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--Wernerella Navarro-Rosines, Roux & Giralt 1998 EB03, E99
    |    `--*W. maheui (Werner) Navarro-Rosines, Roux & Giralt 1998 [=Leptosphaeria maheui] E99
    `--Mycosphaerella LH04
         |  i. s.: M. africana SH05
         |         M. bellula SH05
         |         M. castanopsidis D03
         |         M. citri VC07
         |         M. confusa SH05
         |         M. fibrillosa SH05
         |         M. holuoaloana SH05
         |         M. konae SH05
         |         M. microspora SH05
         |         M. mycopappi SL02
         |         M. nubilosa SH05
         |         M. thermopsidis D03
         |         M. waimeana SH05
         |--+--M. fijiensis SS09
         |  `--Cercospora SS09
         |       |--C. apii MC03
         |       |--C. beticola SS09
         |       |--C. fusimaculans P99
         |       |--C. kikuchii SH05
         |       |--C. nicotianae BL00
         |       |--C. oryzae BH98
         |       |--C. septentrionalis ZB01
         |       `--C. vestita DP72
         `--+--M. graminicola SS09
            `--M. punctiformis SS09

Sphaerulina pterocarpi (Racib.) Arx & Müller 1975 [=Micronectria pterocarpi Racib. in Koorders 1907, *Micronectriella pterocarpi (Racib.) von Höhnel 1918] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A96] Alstrup, V. 1996. Nectria tatrensis sp. nov. and other lichenicolous fungi found on the bryo-lichenological excursion in Slovakia 1993. Biologia 51: 13–14.

[BH98] Bhutta, A. R., & S. A. Hussain. 1998. Seed-bourne fungi associated with rice seed lots in Pakistan. International Rice Research Notes 28: 26–27.

[BL00] Bilski, P., M. Y. Li, M. Ehrenshaft, M. E. Daub & C. F. Chignell. 2000. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivatives are efficient singlet oxygen quenchers and potential fungal antioxidants. Photochemistry and Photobiology 71 (2): 129–134.

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: The problem of –opsis and –botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[LH04] Liu, Y. J., & B. D. Hall. 2004. Body plan evolution of ascomycetes, as inferred from an RNA polymerase II phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101: 4507–4512.

[MC03] Mostert, L., P. W. Crous, J. Z. Groenewald, W. Gams & R. C. Summerbell. 2003. Togninia (Calosphaeriales) is confirmed as teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility and DNA phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 646–659.

[P99] Pinto, N. F. J. de A. 1999. Avaliação de fungicidas no controle de Sphacelia sorghi (Claviceps africana) agente etiológico da “ergot” ou doença açucarada do sorgo. Summa Phytopathologica 25: 4–8.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[SH05] Selbmann, L., G. S. de Hoog, A. Mazzaglia, E. I. Friedman & S. Onofri. 2005. Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert. Studies in Mycology 51: 1–32.

[VC07] Villanueva, R. T., & C. C. Childers. 2007. Insect predators of eriophyids on Florida citrus including a new predacious Lepidoptera and two cecidomyiids. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 391–395. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[ZB01] Zhang, N., & M. Blackwell. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of dogwood anthracnose fungus (Discula destructiva) and the Diaporthales. Mycologia 93 (2): 355–365.