Onchocercidae

Onchocerca volvulus, from here.

Belongs within: Spiruromorpha.

The Onchocercidae are a group of parasitic nematodes whose life cycles alternate between insect and tetrapod hosts. The early larval stages lack spines and accumulate in host tissues, and the adults have a smooth and rounded head.

<==Onchocercidae
    |--Litomosoides L07
    |    |--L. oxymycteri L07
    |    `--L. sigmodontis PB07 [incl. L. carinii J02]
    `--Onchocerca PB07
         |--O. armillata G02
         |--O. cervicalis B02
         |--O. gutturosa B02
         |--O. lienalis L02
         |--O. ochengi B02
         `--O. volvulus PB07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B02] Behm, C. A. 2002. Metabolism. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 261–290. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[G02] Gibbons, L. M. 2002. General organisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 31–59. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 73–119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L07] Lareschi, M. 2007. Seasonal occurrence of ectoparasites associated with the water rat Scapteromys aquaticus (Muridae, Sigmodontinae) from Punta Lara, Argentina. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congres, pp. 233–240. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[L02] Lee, D. L. 2002. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 171–209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[PB07] Philippe, H., H. Brinkmann, P. Martinez, M. Riutort & J. Baguña. 2007. Acoel flatworms are not Platyhelminthes: evidence from phylogenomics. PloS One 2 (8): e717.

Plectida

Head of Plectus sp., from Colorado State University.

Belongs within: Nematoda.
Contains: Aphanolaimidae.

The Plectida are a group of terrestrial and aquatic free-living nematodes with cephalic setae, a cylindrical stoma and unispiral amphids.

<==Plectida [Leptolaimina]
    |--Haliplectoidea LB02
    |    |--Haliplectidae LB02
    |    |--Aulolaimidae LB02
    |    `--Manunema Gerlach 1957 L86 [Peresianidae LB02]
    |         `--M. proboscidis L86
    |--Ceramonematoidea LB02
    |    |--Tarvaiidae LB02
    |    |--Tubolaimoididae LB02
    |    `--Ceramonema [Ceramonematidae] LB02
    |         `--C. carinatum L02b
    |--Plectoidea LB02
    |    |  i. s.: Anaplectus FB90
    |    |         Wilsonema FB90
    |    |--Chronogaster FB10 [Chronogasteridae LB02]
    |    |--Metateratocephalidae LB02
    |    `--Plectidae LB02
    |         |--Oligoplectus Taylor 1935 H62
    |         |    `--*O. succini (Duisburg 1862) [=Anguillula succini] H62
    |         |--Vetus Taylor 1935 H62
    |         |    `--*V. duisburgi Taylor 1935 H62
    |         `--Plectus Bastian 1865 H62
    |              |--*P. parientinus Bastian 1865 H62
    |              |--P. antarcticus W02
    |              |--P. aquatilis GD00
    |              |--P. palustris L02a
    |              |--P. rhizophilus BG-M11
    |              `--P. tenuis BG-M11
    `--Leptolaimoidea [Halaphanolaimidae] LB02
         |--Rhadinematidae LB02
         |--Aegialoalaimidae LB02
         |--Diplopeltoididae LB02
         |--Paramicrolaimidae LB02
         |--Ohridiidae LB02
         |--Bastianiidae LB02
         |--Odontolaimidae LB02
         |--Rhabdolaimus FB90 [Rhabdolaimidae LB02]
         |--Aphanolaimidae HZ02
         `--Leptolaimidae HZ02
              |  i. s.: Anomonema Hopper 1963 L86
              |           `--A. haplostoma L86
              |         Setostephanolaimus Tchesunov 1994 HZ02
              |         Antomicron Cobb 1920 HZ02
              |         Leptolaimoides Vitiello 1971 HZ02
              |         Procamacolaimus Gerlach 1954 HZ02
              |         Stephanolaimus Ditlevsen 1919 HZ02
              |--Anguinoides Chitwood 1936 [Camacolaimidae, Camacolaiminae] HZ02
              `--Leptolaiminae HZ02
                   |--Halaphanolaimus Southern 1914 HZ02
                   |    `--H. luridus HZ02
                   `--Leptolaimus de Man 1880 HZ02
                        |--L. (Alveolaimus Alekseev & Rassadnikova 1977) HZ02
                        |--L. (Boveelaimus Alekseev & Rassadnikova 1977) HZ02
                        `--L. (Dermatolaimus Steiner 1916) [incl. Tubulaimus Alekseev & Rassadnikova 1977] HZ02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BG-M11] Borgonie, G., A. García-Moyano, D. Litthauer, W. Bert, A. Bester, E. van Heerden, C. Möller, M. Erasmus & T. C. Onstott. 2011. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature 474: 79–82.

[FB90] Freckman, D. W., & J. G. Baldwin. 1990. Nematoda. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 155–200. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[GD00] Giribet, G., D. L. Distel, M. Polz, W. Sterrer & W. C. Wheeler. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology 49: 539–562.

[HZ02] Holovachov, O., A. Zullini, P. A. A. Loof & T. Bongers. 2002. Morphology and systematics of the genus Anonchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Leptolaimina) and reappraisal of the family Aphanolaimidae Chitwood, 1936 n. rank. Nematology 4 (6): 725–757.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Life cycles. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 61–72. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 171–209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 1–30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L86] Lorenzen, S. 1986. Nematoda: Interstitial nematodes from marine brackish and hypersaline environments. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 133–142. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[W02] Wharton, D. A. 2002. Nematode survival strategies. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 389–411. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Rhabditoidea

Female Rhabditis, copyright Ken Ramos.

Belongs within: Rhabditina.

The Rhabditoidea is an assemblage of free-living nematodes, though it is probably paraphyletic to parasitic groups such as the Strongyloidea. Members of the Rhabditoidea are characterised by having the phasmid in males posterior to all other bursal rays (Ley & Blaxter 2002). The bacteriovorous Caenorhabditis elegans has become a model organism in the study of embryology.

<==Rhabditoidea
    |--Diploscapter BG-M11 [Diploscapteridae LB02]
    |    `--D. coronatus BG-M11
    `--Rhabditidae LB02
         |--Cruznema H02
         |--Teratorhabditis H02
         |--Eurhabditis CH-C06
         |--Oscheius insectivora CH-C06
         |--Pellioditis marina CH-C06
         |--Rhabditella CH-C06
         |    |--R. axei V
         |    `--R. leptura RK91
         |--Caenorhabditis H02
         |    |--C. briggsae CH-C06
         |    |--C. elegans CH-C06 [=Rhabditis elegans G02]
         |    `--C. remanei G02
         |         |--C. r. remanei G02
         |         `--C. r. vulgaris G02
         `--Rhabditis CH-C06
              |--R. adenobia MM02
              |--R. blumi CH-C06
              |--R. broughtonalcocki H02
              |--R. caussani G02
              |--R. coarctata L02a
              |--R. dolichura H02
              |--R. dubius W02
              |--R. duthiersi G02
              |--R. guignardi G02
              |--R. marionis G02
              |--R. myriophila CH-C06
              |--R. pellio L02b
              |--R. regenfussi [=Poikilolaimus regenfussi] BG-M11
              |--R. schneideri G02
              |--R. terricola H02
              |--R. tokai G02
              `--R. viguieri G02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BG-M11] Borgonie, G., A. García-Moyano, D. Litthauer, W. Bert, A. Bester, E. van Heerden, C. Möller, M. Erasmus & T. C. Onstott. 2011. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature 474: 79-82.

[CH-C06] Chilton, N. B., F. Huby-Chilton, R. B. Gasser & I. Beveridge. 2006. The evolutionary origins of nematodes within the order Strongylida are related to predilection sites within hosts. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 118-128.

[G02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 413-455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Life cycles. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 61-72. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Behaviour. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 369-387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[RK91] Royce, L. A., & G. W. Krantz. 1991. A new rearing method for nematophagous mites. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 619-622. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[W02] Wharton, D. A. 2002. Nematode survival strategies. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 389-411. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Rhabditina

Diplogaster sp., copyright Astrid Beyer.

Belongs within: Secernentea.
Contains: Rhabditoidea, Strongyloidea, Cylindrocorporidae.

The Rhabditina is a group of nematodes including both free-living and animal-parasitic forms. Possible synapomorphies of the group include the presence of a bursa with rays in the male, and a short muscular part to the stegostom, consisting of less than four muscle sets in at least the juvenile stages (Ley & Blaxter 2002).

Rhabditina
    |  i. s.: Rhabditoides LB02
    |         Rhitis inermiformis RK91
    |--Bunonematomorpha [Bunonematoidea] LB0
    |    |--Bunonema [Bunonematidae] LB02
    |    `--Pterygorhabditidae LB02
    |--Rhabditomorpha LB02
    |    |  i. s.: Carabonematidae LB02
    |    |         Agfidae LB02
    |    |--Rhabditoidea LB02
    |    |--Strongyloidea LB02
    |    `--Mesorhabditoidea LB02
    |         |--Mesorhabditis BG-M11 [Mesorhabditidae LB02]
    |         |    |--M. longespiculosa BG-M11
    |         |    `--M. miotki BG-M11
    |         `--Pelodera [Peloderidae] LB02
    |              |--P. coarctata L02b
    |              |--P. strongyloides L02b
    |              `--P. teres L02b
    `--Diplogasteromorpha [Diplogasterida] LB02
         |  i. s.: Eudiplogaster MM02
         |           |--E. aphodii MM02
         |           `--E. paramatus L02a
         |--Odontopharyngidae [Odontopharyngoidea] LB02
         `--Diplogastroidea PJ03
              |--Pseudodiplogasteroididae LB02
              |--Diplogasteroididae LB02
              |--Neodiplogasteridae LB02
              |--Mehdinematidae LB02
              |--Cephalobiidae LB02
              |--Longibucca Chitwood 1933 [Longibuccidae] PJ03
              |    |--*L. vivipara Chitwood 1933 PJ03
              |    `--L. lasiura McIntosh & Chitwood 1934 [incl. L. eptesica Elsea 1953] PJ03
              |--Cylindrocorporidae PJ03
              `--Diplogasteridae LB02
                   |--Pristionchus pacificus H02
                   `--Diplogaster H02
                        |--D. aerivora G02
                        |--D. longicauda H02
                        |--D. minor G02
                        `--D. robustus G02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BG-M11] Borgonie, G., A. García-Moyano, D. Litthauer, W. Bert, A. Bester, E. van Heerden, C. Möller, M. Erasmus & T. C. Onstott. 2011. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature 474: 79-82.

[G02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 413-455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Life cycles. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 61-72. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Behaviour. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 369-387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[PJ03] Poinar, G. O., T. A. Jackson, N. L. Bell & M. B. Wahid. 2003. Cylindrocorpus inevectus sp. n. associated with the oil palm weevil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with a synopsis of the family Cylindrocorporidae and establishment of Longibuccidae n. fam. (Diplogastroidea: Nematoda). Nematology 5 (2): 183-190.

[RK91] Royce, L. A., & G. W. Krantz. 1991. A new rearing method for nematophagous mites. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 619-622. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Tylenchoidea

Southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, from the United States Department of Agriculture.

Belongs within: Tylenchina.
Contains: Heteroderinae.

The Tylenchoidea are a group of nematodes including free-living feeders on soil fungi and algae, and parasites (both external and internal) of plant tissues.

Characters (from Maggenti et al. 1987): Lip region generally hexaradiate and distinguished from general body contour. Labial region supported by a cuticularized skeleton that may or may not be well developed. Procorpus generally set off from metacorpus, usually slender and cylindrical. Isthmus narrow and leads to the expanded glandular region almost always wider than the metacorpus. Glandular region consists of three glands ending at the beginning of the intestine or variously overlapping this structure. Phasmids commonly adanal, on the tail or erratically on body.

<==Tylenchoidea
    |  i. s.: Meloidodera floridensis J02
    |         Ekphymatodera thomasoni J02
    |         Punctodera chalcoensis J02
    |--Belonolaimus [Belonolaimidae] LB02
    |    `--B. longicaudatus KH02
    |--Tylenchidae LB02
    |    |--Tylenchus MM02
    |    |    |--T. davainei MM02
    |    |    |--T. emarginatus Ge02
    |    |    `--T. farwicki MM02
    |    `--Ditylenchus H02
    |         |--D. destructor MM02
    |         |--D. dipsaci Wh02
    |         |--D. myceliophagus Wh02
    |         |--D. phyllobius [=Orrina phyllobius] Wh02
    |         `--D. triformis Ge02
    |--Pratylenchidae LB02
    |    |--Nacobbus [Nacobbinae] Wy02
    |    |    |--N. aberrans Wy02
    |    |    `--N. serendipiticus H02
    |    `--Pratylenchinae Wy02
    |         |--Hirschmaniella gracilis Wy02, L02a
    |         |--Radopholus similis Wy02
    |         `--Pratylenchus Wy02
    |              |--P. agilis MM02
    |              |--P. brachyurus SZA-T91
    |              |--P. coffere SZA-T91
    |              |--P. neglectus L02b
    |              |--P. penetrans Wy02
    |              |--P. scribneri J02
    |              |--P. thornei Wh02
    |              `--P. zeae KH02
    |--Meloidogyne [Meloidogynidae] LB02
    |    |  i. s.: M. acronea J02
    |    |         M. artiellia MG06
    |    |         M. carolinensis Gi02
    |    |         M. exigua Gi02
    |    |         M. graminicola J02
    |    |         M. megatyla Gi02
    |    |         M. naasi Wh02
    |    |         M. nataliei Gi02
    |    |         M. oryzae J02
    |    |         M. triticoryzae P02
    |    |--M. chitwoodi SB05
    |    `--+--M. hapla SB05
    |       `--+--M. arenaria SB05
    |          `--+--M. incognita SB05
    |             |    |--M. i. incognita J02
    |             |    `--M. i. wartellei J02
    |             `--M. javanica SB05
    `--Hoplolaimidae LB02
         |  i. s.: Tylenchorhynchus H02
         |           |--T. dubius Wy02
         |           |--T. latus SZA-T91
         |           |--T. martini SZA-T91
         |           `--T. nothus SZA-T91
         |--Heteroderinae LB02
         |--Rotylenchulus [Rotylenchulinae] Wy02
         |    |--R. macrodoratus Wy02
         |    |--R. parvus H02
         |    `--R. reniformis Wy02
         `--Hoplolaiminae Wy02
              |--Hoplolaimus galeatus Wy02
              |--Rotylenchus reniformis Wy02, L02b
              |--Helicotylenchus Wy02
              |    |--H. dihystera Wh02
              |    `--H. multicinctus J02
              `--Scutellonema Wy02
                   |--S. brachyurum Wy02
                   `--S. cavenessi Wh02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[Ge02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 413-455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[Gi02] Gibbons, L. M. 2002. General organisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 31-59. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 73-119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[KH02] Kerry, B. R., & W. M. Hominick. 2002. Biological control. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 483-509. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 171-209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Behaviour. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 369-387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Maggenti, A. R., M. Luc, D. J. Raski, R. Fortuner & E. Geraert. 1987. A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nemata). 2. Classification of the suborder Tylenchina (Nemata: Diplogasteria). Revue Nématol. 10 (2): 135-142.

[MG06] Mallatt, J., & G. Giribet. 2006. Further use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA genes to classify Ecdysozoa: 37 more arthropods and a kinorhynch. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 772-794.

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[SB05] Scholl, E. H., & D. M. Bird. 2005. Resolving tylenchid evolutionary relationships through multiple gene analysis derived from EST data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 536-545.

[SZA-T91] Sweelam, M. E., M. A. Zaki & S. M. Abo-Taka. 1991. Efficacy of some pesticides in field control of soil mites and nematodes infesting potato plants. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 713-717. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[Wh02] Wharton, D. A. 2002. Nematode survival strategies. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 389-411. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[Wy02] Wyss, U. 2002. Feeding behaviour of plant-parasitic nematodes. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 233-259. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Dorylaimia

Whipworm Trichuris trichiura, from here.

Belongs within: Nematoda.
Contains: Mermithida, Mononchida, Dorylaimina.

The Dorylaimia is a clade of freshwater and soil-dwelling nematodes supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Ley & Blaxter 2002).

<==Dorylaimia
    |  i. s.: Isolaimiidae [Isolaimida, Isolaimoidea] LB02
    |         Dioctophymatida [Dioctophymatina] LB02
    |           |  i. s.: Eustrongylides ignatus MM02
    |           |--Soboliphymatidae LB02
    |           `--Dioctophyma [Dioctophymatidae] LB02
    |                `--D. renale MM02
    |         Muspiceida [Muspiceina] LB02
    |           |--Muspiceidae LB02
    |           `--Robertdollfusiidae LB02
    |         Marimermithidae [Marimermithida] LB02
    |--+--+--Mermithida LB02
    |  |  `--Mononchida LB02
    |  `--Dorylaimida LB02
    |       |  i. s.: Eudorylaimus H02
    |       |         Mesodorylaimus H02
    |       |--Dorylaimina LB02
    |       |--Campydoridae [Campydorina, Campydoroidea] LB02
    |       `--Nygolaimina [Nygolaimoidea] LB02
    |            |--Nygellidae LB02
    |            |--Aetholaimidae LB02
    |            |--Nygolaimellidae LB02
    |            `--Nygolaimus [Nygolaimidae] LB02
    |                 `--N. predacius TG02
    `--Trichinellida [Trichinelloidea, Trichocephalida, Trichosyringidae, Trichurida] LB02
         |  i. s.: Trichocephalus trichuris H02
         |--Anatrichosomatidae LB02
         |--Cystoopsidae LB02
         |--Trichosomoididae LB02
         |--Capillaria [Capillariidae] LB02
         |    |--C. gracilis K-M02
         |    |--C. hepatica J02
         |    `--C. philipinensis MN02
         |--Trichinella [Trichinellidae] LB02
         |    |--T. nativa J02
         |    |--T. pseudospiralis L02
         |    `--T. spiralis TG02
         `--Trichuris [Trichuridae] LB02
              |--T. muris MN02
              |--T. myocastoris L02
              |--T. ovis P02
              |--T. parvispicularis G02
              |--T. suis P02
              |--T. trichiurus MN02
              `--T. vulpis J02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G02] Gibbons, L. M. 2002. General organisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 31-59. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 73-119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Cods. Family Gadidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 223-261. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[L02] Lee, D. L. 2002. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 171-209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[MN02] Maruyama, H., & Y. Nawa. 2002. Immunology of nematode infection. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 457-481. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[P02] Perry, R. N. 2002. Hatching. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 147-169. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[TG02] Thompson, D. P., & T. G. Geary. 2002. Excretion/secretion, ionic and osmotic regulation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 291-320. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Mononchida

Head of Mylonchulus, photographed by Laurentiu.

Belongs within: Dorylaimia.

The Mononchida are a group of mostly soil-dwelling (rarely freshwater) predatory nematodes.

Characters (from Ahmad & Jairajpuri 2010): Medium to large nematodes, generally well over 1 mm long. Lip region expanded, lips and labial papillae well expanded. Buccal cavity spacious, strongly sclerotised, posterior quarter or entire length embedded in pharyngeal tissue, provided with tooth or teeth, with or without ventral longitudinal ridges. Subventral walls either smooth or provided with large teeth or small denticles arranged in longitudinal ridges or scattered irregularly. Amphids small, goblet-shaped, aperture post-labial. Pharynx long, cylindrical, strongly muscular, with greatly thickened lumen. Pharyngo-intestinal junction tuberculate or non-tuberculate. Pharyngeal glands uninucleate; one dorsal and two pairs of subventrals, their orifices located posterior to nerve ring. Excretory system, when visible, with an ampulla and a pair of excretory ducts each terminating in a large uninucleate cell, the renette. Female genital system amphidelphic, mono-prodelphic or mono-opisthodelphic, with or without vulval papillae. Males lacking adanal pair of supplements but with a series of ventromedian papillae. Spicules paired and identical, gubernaculum and lateral accessory pieces present. Caudal glands three, uninucleate. Spinneret terminal or subterminal.

<==Mononchida
    |  i. s: Prionchulus H02
    |--Bathyodontina LB02
    |    |--Mononchulidae [Mononchuloidea] LB02
    |    `--Cryptonchoidea LB02
    |         |--Bathyodontidae LB02
    |         `--Cryptonchidae LB02
    `--Mononchina LB02
         |--Anatonchidae [Anatonchoidea] LB02
         `--Mononchoidea LB02
              |--Mononchus Bastian 1865 E86 [Mononchidae LB02]
              |    `--M. italicus Andrassy 1959 E86
              `--Mylonchulus (Cobb 1916) E86 [Mylonchulidae LB02]
                   |--M. arenicolus KH02
                   |--M. cavensis (Schneider 1940) [=Mononchus cavensis] E86
                   |--M. nainitalensis J02
                   `--M. subterraneus (Schneider 1940) [=Mononchus subterraneus] E86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Ahmad, W., & M. S. Jairajpuri. 2010. Mononchida: The predatory soil nematodes. Brill.

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 125-132. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 73-119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[KH02] Kerry, B. R., & W. M. Hominick. 2002. Biological control. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 483-509. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Diphtherophorina

Trichodorus, from here.

Belongs within: Enoplia.

The Diphtherophorina are a group of plant-parasitic nematodes whose head bears a protrusible piercing spear (Ley & Blaxter 2002).

Diphtherophorina [Diphtherophoroidea]
    |--Diphtherophoridae LB02
    `--Trichodoridae LB02
         |--Paratrichodorus W02
         |    |--P. allius [=Trichodorus allius] W02
         |    `--P. porosus [=Trichodorus porosus] W02
         `--Trichodorus W02
              |--T. borneoensis J02
              |--T. californicus J02
              |--T. cedarus J02
              |--T. coomansi J02
              |--T. cottieri J02
              |--T. cylindricus J02
              |--T. dilatatus J02
              |--T. eburnens J02
              |--T. elegans J02
              |--T. intermedius J02
              |--T. primitivus J02
              |--T. proximus J02
              |--T. similis W02
              |--T. taylori J02
              |--T. variopapillatus J02
              `--T. viruliferus L02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 73-119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02] Lee, D. L. 2002. Behaviour. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 369-387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[W02] Wyss, U. 2002. Feeding behaviour of plant-parasitic nematodes. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 233-259. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Tobrilina

Tooth extrusion by Kinonchulus sattleri, from Lorenzen (1985) via here.

Belongs within: Enoplia.

The Tobrilina is a clade of nematodes supported by SSU rDNA analysis, though no obvious morphological characters unite them (Ley & Blaxter 2002).

Tobrilina
    |--Tobriloidea LB02
    |    |--Tobrilus [Tobrilidae] LB02
    |    |--Triodontolaimidae LB02
    |    |--Rhabdodemaniidae LB02
    |    `--Pandolaimidae LB02
    `--Prismatolaimidae [Prismatolaimoidea] LB02
         |--Prismatolaimus de Man 1880 E86
         |    `--P. verrucosus Hirschmann 1952 E86
         |--Kinonchulus Riemann 1972 E86
         |    `--K. sattleri Riemann 1972 E86
         |--Paronchulus Altherr 1972 E86
         |    `--P. straticauda Altherr 1972 E86
         |--Pseudonchulus Altherr 1972 E86
         |    `--P. inermis Altherr 1972 E86
         `--Stenonchulus Schneider 1940 E86
              `--S. troglodytes Schneider 1940 E86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 125-132. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Ironina

Halalaimus, from here.

Belongs within: Enoplia.

The Ironina is a group of free-living nematodes with a muscular esophagus, of which the Ironidae is mostly freshwater and the Leptosomatidae and Oxystominidae mostly marine.

Ironina [Ironoidea]
    |--Ironus MM02 [Ironidae LB02]
    |--Leptosomatidae LB02
    |    |--Leptosomatum Bastain 1865 B94
    |    |--Thoracostoma Marion 1870 L86
    |    |    `--T. californicum L02
    |    `--Barbonema Filipjev 1927 L86
    |         `--B. flagrum Gerlach 1957 L86
    `--Oxystominidae LB02
         |--Oxystomina clavicauda (Filipjev 1918) L86
         |--Thalassoalaimus de Man 1893 E86
         |    `--T. aquaedulcis Schneider 1940 E86
         `--Halalaimus de Man 1888 E86
              |--H. dimorphus J02
              |--H. leptoderma L02
              |--H. stammeri Schneider 1940 E86
              |--H. striatus Gerlach 1956 L86
              `--H. supercirrhatus Gerlach 1956 L86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 125-132. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 73-119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02] Lee, D. L. 2002. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 171-209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L86] Lorenzen, S. 1986. Nematoda: Interstitial nematodes from marine brackish and hypersaline environments. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 133-142. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Desmoscolecida

Specimen of Greeffiella, from here.

Belongs within: Nematoda.

The Desmoscolecida are a group of mostly marine nematodes with a heavily ornamented cuticle and sclerotised head cap.

Characters (from Carlton 2007): Cuticle usually striated, with or without prominent setae on peduncles, spines, scales, wart-like protrusions or desmens; inner and outer labial cephalic sensilla obscure, paralabials setiform, or if outer labials apparent, then often situated on peduncles; amphids vesiculate or circular; stoma very small, unarmed; rugae absent; caudal glands not projected anterior to rectum; female reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, gonoducts outstretched or reflexed; male reproductive system monorchic or diorchic.

<==Desmoscolecida [Desmoscolecina, Desmoscolecoidea]
    |--Cyartonematidae LB02
    |--Desmoscolecidae LB02
    |    |--Greeffiella dasyura Cobb 1922 L86
    |    `--Desmoscolex Claparède 1863 [Desmoscolecinae] E86
    |         `--D. aquaedulcis Stammer 1935 E86
    `--Meyliidae LB02
         |--Haptotricoma Lorenzen 1977 L86
         |    `--H. arenaria L86
         `--Desmotimmia Freudenhammer 1975 L86
              `--D. mirabilis L86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Carlton, J. T. 2007. The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon, 4th ed. University of California Press.

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 125-132. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L86] Lorenzen, S. 1986. Nematoda: Interstitial nematodes from marine brackish and hypersaline environments. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 133-142. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Monhysterida

Head of Theristus, photographed by Hanny van Megen.

Belongs within: Nematoda.

The Monhysterida are a group of free-living nematodes, often characterised by their outstretched female reproductive system though this has been shown to occur in members of other nematode lineages.

Characters (from Coomans & Eyualem-Abebe 2006): Small to medium-sized, more or less slender nematodes. Body slightly attenuated towards the rounded or truncated anterior body end, more strongly attenuated towards tail end. Cuticle finely striated (often appearing smooth under light microscopy) or clearly annulated. Anterior sensilla 6 + 10 or 6 + 6 + 4; six inner labial sensilla papilli- or setiform; six outer labial sensilla and four cephalic sensilla usually setiform; setae may be jointed. Amphids typically with round fovea (sometimes described as unispiral or pseudospiral). Dorsal or subdorsal ocelli may be present. Female reproductive system outstretched, either with two ovaries or only one (anterior) ovary. Male reproductive system with either two testes or only one (anterior) testis. Pre-anal genital papillae (supplements) rarely present. Caudal glands mostly confined to tail, opening separately or through a common pore.

<==Monhysterida
    |  i. s.: Daptonema setosum H02
    |--Linhomoeina [Siphonolaimoidea] LB02
    |    |--Linhomoeidae LB02
    |    |--Fusivermidae LB02
    |    `--Siphonolaimus L86 [Siphonolaimidae LB02]
    |         |--S. obscurus Boucher & Helléouet 1977 L86
    |         `--S. tubicen Ott 1972 L86
    `--Monhysterina LB02
         |--Monhysteridae [Monhysteroidea] LB02
         |    |--Monhystera Bastian 1865 E86
         |    |--Diplolaimelloides meyli L02
         |    |--Diplolaimella dievengatensis L02
         |    |--Geomonhystera disjuncta L02
         |    `--Anguimonhystera Andrassy 1981 E86
         |         |--A. ampliceps (Goffart 1950) [=Monhystera ampliceps] E86
         |         |--A. stadleri (Goffart 1950) [=Monhystera stadleri] E86
         |         `--A. tenuissima (Goffart 1950) [=Monhystera tenuissima] E86
         `--Sphaerolaimoidea LB02
              |--Sphaerolaimus [Sphaerolaimidae] LB02
              |    `--S. hirsutus J02
              `--Xyalidae LB02
                   |--Gonionchus australis J02
                   |--Ammotheristus Lorenzen 1977 L86
                   |--Echinotheristus Thun & Riemann 1967 L86
                   |--Pseudosteineria Wieser 1956 L86
                   |--Rhynchonema Cobb 1920 L86
                   |    `--R. chiloense L86
                   |--Prorhynchonema Gourbault 1982 L86
                   |    `--P. warwicki J02
                   |--Steineria Micoletzky 1922 L86
                   |    `--S. ericia Gerlach 1955 L86
                   |--Trichotheristus L86
                   |    |--T. galeatus (Wieser & Hopper 1967) L86
                   |    |--T. mirabilis (Stekhoven & de Coninck 1933) L86
                   |    `--T. paramirabilis (Gerlach 1955) L86
                   `--Theristus Bastian 1865 L86
                        |--T. (Theristus) anisocirculus Blome 1982 L86
                        `--T. (Penzancia) L86
                             |--T. (P.) aculeatus Schulz 1935 L86
                             |--T. (P.) athesinus Andrassy 1962 E86
                             |--T. (P.) monstrosus Gerlach 1954 L86
                             |--T. (P.) ruffoi Andrassy 1959 E86
                             |--T. (P.) vesentinae Andrassy 1962 E86
                             `--T. (P.) wegelinae Andrassy 1962 E86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Coomans, A., & Eyualem-Abebe. 2006. Order Monhysterida. In: Eyualem-Abebe, W. Traunspurger & I. Andrássy. Freshwater Nematodes: Ecology and Taxonomy pp. 574-603. CABI Publishing.

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 125-132. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 73-119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02] Lee, D. L. 2002. Behaviour. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 369-387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L86] Lorenzen, S. 1986. Nematoda: Interstitial nematodes from marine brackish and hypersaline environments. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 133-142. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Chromadorida

Specimen of Neochromadora, from here.

Belongs within: Nematoda.

The Chromadorida are a mostly marine group of free-living nematodes, with a small number of members in fresh water or soil.

Characters (from Decraemer & Smol 2006): Cuticle with transverse striae and punctated ornamentation, showing a pattern of dots, rods or 'basket weave' and, usually, with lateral differentiation. Anterior sensillae arranged in two or three circlets at anterior end of body, i.e. an anterior circlet of inner labial papillae, an outer circlet of external labial sensilla (papilli- or setiform) and a third circlet of cephalic setae, second and third circlet may form a single circlet of ten cephalic sensilla. Amphideal fovea variable, simple spiral, reniform, a transverse loop or slit, or multispiral; when spiral, amphideal fovea usually located posterior to posterior circlet of cephalic setae, but sometimes lying between the four cephalic setae and difficult to observe. Head cuticle not thickened or sclerotised and hence without cephalic helmet. Cheilostom with twelve cheilorhabdia (also referred to as folds or rugae); pharyngostom of variable size, armed with single dorsal tooth and usually two smaller ventrosublateral teeth. Pharynx largely cylindrical, posteriorly usually with muscular bulb with well-cuticularised luminal wall (crescentic valve). Secretory-excretory system with terminal duct cuticularised. Female reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic with antidromously reflexed ovaries; less commonly monodelphic. Male monorchic or diorchic; spicules paired; gubernaculum present; pre-clacal supplements usually cup-shaped, may also be setose or fine tubular. Caudal glands and spinneret present.

<==Chromadorida [Chromadorina, Chromadoroidea]
    |  i. s.: Metachromadora GD00
    |         Hypodontolaimus inaequalis H02
    |         Wilsonema MM02
    |--Ethmolaimidae LB02
    |--Neotonchidae LB02
    |--Achromadoridae LB02
    |--Cyatholaimidae LB02
    |    |--Nannolaimus fusus Gerlach 1956 L86
    |    |--Paracyatholaimus Micoletzky 1924 E86
    |    |    `--P. botosaneanui Andrassy 1973 E86
    |    `--Pomponema L86
    |         |--P. carinatum Riemann 1976 L86
    |         `--P. multipapillatum (Filipjev 1922) L86
    `--Chromadoridae LB02
         |--Chromadora nudicapitata H02
         |--Chromadorita Filipjev 1922 L86
         |--Innocuonema Inglis 1969 L86
         |--Trichethmolaimus hirsutus (Gerlach 1956) [=Spiliphera hirsutus] L86
         |--Chromadorella vanmeterae Hopper & Wieser 1967 L86
         |--Trochamus Boucher & Bovée 1972 L86
         |    `--T. complexus L86
         `--Neochromadora L86
              |--N. alatocorpa Hopper 1961 L86
              |--N. angelica Riemann 1976 L86
              |--N. munita Lorenzen 1972 L86
              `--N. paramunita Boucher 1976 L86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Decraemer, W., & N. Smol. 2006. Orders Chromadorida, Desmodorida and Desmoscolecida. In: Eyualem-Abebe, W. Traunspurger & I. Andrássy. Freshwater Nematodes: Ecology and Taxonomy pp. 497-573. CABI Publishing.

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 125-132. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[GD00] Giribet, G., D. L. Distel, M. Polz, W. Sterrer & W. C. Wheeler. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology 49: 539-562.

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L86] Lorenzen, S. 1986. Nematoda: Interstitial nematodes from marine brackish and hypersaline environments. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 133-142. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 211-232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Desmodorida

Head of Desmodora, photographed by Hanny von Megen.

Belongs within: Nematoda.

The Desmodorida are a mostly marine (but sometimes freshwater) group of free-living nematodes.

Characters (from Decraemer & Smol 2006): Body appears yellowish to brownish in glycerin preparations. Body cuticle with transverse striae or annulated, rarely smooth; ornamentation present or absent, mostly without punctation. Anterior sensorial organs arranged in three circlets: the inner labial sensilla papilliform, the six outer labial sensilla and four cephalic sensilla usually setiform, with the four cephalic setae being usually longer than the six outer labial setae. Buccal cavity often with distinct dorsal tooth and smaller ventrosublateral teeth. Pharynx mostly with terminal bulb. Males mostly monorchic, occasionally diorchic. Pre-cloacal papillae or tubules may be present.

<==Desmodorida [Desmodorina]
    |--Microlaimoidea LB02
    |    |--Ixonema Lorenzen 1971 L86 [Microlaimidae LB02]
    |    |--Aponchiidae LB02
    |    `--Monoposthia [Monoposthiidae] LB02
    |         `--M. costata L02
    `--Desmodoroidea LB02
         |  i. s.: Spirina parasitifera H02
         |--Draconema [Draconematidae] LB02
         |    `--D. cephalatum L02
         |--Epsilonematidae LB02
         |    |--Perepsilonema Lorenzen 1973 L86
         |    `--Metepsilonema L86
         `--Desmodoridae LB02
              |--Robbea caelestis Gerlach 1963 L86
              |--Squanema Gerlach 1963 L86
              |--Stilbonema L02 [Stilbonematinae L86]
              |    `--S. majum L02
              `--Desmodora L02
                   |--D. ovigera L02
                   `--D. serpentulus L02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Decraemer, W., & N. Smol. 2006. Orders Chromadorida, Desmodorida and Desmoscolecida. In: Eyualem-Abebe, W. Traunspurger & I. Andrássy. Freshwater Nematodes: Ecology and Taxonomy pp. 497-573. CABI Publishing.

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 121-145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02] Lee, D. L. 2002. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 171-209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L86] Lorenzen, S. 1986. Nematoda: Interstitial nematodes from marine brackish and hypersaline environments. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 133-142. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Araeolaimida

Head of Cylindrolaimus, photographed by Peter Mullin.

Belongs within: Nematoda.

The Araeolaimida is a group of free-living nematodes found in fresh water.

Characters (from Muthumbi & Vanreusel 2006): Amphids spiral or loop-shaped. Cuticle striated or with punctations. Stoma small or long, tubular, often without teeth.

<==Araeolaimida [Axonolaimoidea]
    |  i. s.: Araeolaimus LB02
    |--Axonolaimus L02 [Axonolaimidae LB02]
    |--Comesomatidae LB02
    |--Coninckiidae LB02
    |--Cylindrolaimus de Man 1880 [Cylindrolaimidae] E86
    |    `--C. baradlanus Andrassy 1959 E86
    `--Diplopeltidae LB02
         |--Pararaeolaimus Timm 1961 L86
         `--Metaraeolaimoides de Coninck 1936 L86
              `--M. oxystoma L86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 125-132. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[L02] Lee, D. L. 2002. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 171-209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 1-30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L86] Lorenzen, S. 1986. Nematoda: Interstitial nematodes from marine brackish and hypersaline environments. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 133-142. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Muthumbi, A. W., & A. Vanreusel. 2006. Order Araeolaimida. In: Eyualem-Abebe, W. Traunspurger & I. Andrássy. Freshwater Nematodes: Ecology and Taxonomy pp. 604-610. CABI Publishing.