Phreatoicidea

Phreatoicus typicus, copyright NIWA.

Belongs within: Eumalacostraca.

The Phreatoicidea are a group of isopods currently found in Australasia, India and South Africa. Modern species are freshwater dwellers (including a number of stygobiotic species), though fossil phreatoicids include marine species. Epigean phreatoicids are superficially amphipod-like in appearance, with high-vaulted, narrow bodies; stygobiotic species are more elongate.

See also: Southern crustacean relicts.

<==Phreatoicidea
    |  i. s.: Hesslerella shermani K86
    |         Synamphisopus K86
    |         Phreatomerus latipes K86
    |         Protamphisopus wianamattensis (Chiton 1917) K86, F71 [=Phreatoicus wianamattensis F71]
    |--Palaeophreatoicus Birstein 1962 [Palaeophreatoicidae] K86
    |    `--*P. sojanensis Birstein 1962 K86
    |--Nichollsia Chopra & Tiwari 1950 [Nichollsidae] K86
    |    |--N. kashiense Chopra & Tiwari 1950 K86
    |    `--N. menoni Tiwari 1955 K86
    |--Amphisopidae [Hypsimetopidae] K86
    |    |  i. s.: Pilbaraphreatoicus EHH05
    |    |         Amphisopus N31
    |    |           |--A. latipes N31
    |    |           `--A. lintoni N31
    |    |--Hyperoedesipus Nicholls & Milner 1923 [Metamphisopinae] K86
    |    |    `--H. plumosus Nicholls & Milner 1923 K86
    |    |--Phreatoicopsinae N46
    |    |    |--Phreatoicopsis terricola K86
    |    |    `--Uramphisopus pearsoni N46
    |    `--Hypsimetopinae [Hypsimetopidae] K86
    |         |--Hypsimetopus Sayce 1902 K86
    |         |    `--H. intrusor Sayce 1902 K86
    |         `--Phreatoicoides Sayce 1900 K86
    |              |--P. gracilis Sayce 1900 K86
    |              |--P. longicollis Nicholls 1943 K86
    |              |--P. plumosus J31
    |              `--P. wadhami Nicholls 1943 K86
    `--Phreatoicidae K86
         |--Mesacanthotelsoninae N46
         |    |--Onchotelson N46
         |    |    |--O. brevicaudatus N46
         |    |    `--O. spatulatus N46
         |    `--Mesacanthotelson N46
         |         |--M. decipiens N46
         |         |--M. fallax N46
         |         |--M. setosus N46
         |         `--M. tasmaniae N46
         |--Phreatoicinae K86
         |    |--Neophreatoicus Nicholls 1944 K86
         |    |    `--N. assimilis Chilton 1884 K86
         |    `--Phreatoicus Chilton 1882 K86
         |         |--*P. typicus Chilton 1882 G24, K86
         |         |--P. assimilis Chilton 1894 G24
         |         |--P. australis Chilton 1891 G24
         |         |--P. brevicaudatus Smith 1909 G24
         |         |--P. capensis Barnard 1914 G24
         |         |--P. kirkii G24
         |         |    |--P. k. kirkii G24
         |         |    `--P. k. dunedinensis G24
         |         |--P. latipes Chilton 1922 G24
         |         |--P. orarii Nicholls 1944 K86
         |         |--P. palustris Glauert 1924 G24
         |         |--P. shephardi Sayce 1900 G24
         |         `--P. tasmaniae Thomson 1894 [incl. P. spinosus Smith 1909] G24
         `--Paraphreatoicinae K86
              |--Paraphreatoicus relictus N46
              |--Metaphreatoicus N46
              |    |--M. affinis N46
              |    |--M. australis N46
              |    `--M. magistri N46
              `--Colubotelson N46
                   |--C. campestris N46
                   |--C. chiltoni N46
                   |    |--C. c. chiltoni N46
                   |    |--C. c. minor N46
                   |    `--C. c. saycei N46
                   |--C. evansi N46
                   |--C. fontinalis N46
                   |--C. gesmithi N46
                   |--C. huonensis N46
                   |    |--C. h. huonensis N46
                   |    `--C. h. flynni N46
                   |--C. intermedius N46
                   |--C. setiferus N46
                   |--C. tattersalli N46
                   |    |--C. t. tattersalli N46
                   |    `--C. t. dubius N46
                   `--C. thomsoni N46

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EHH05] Eberhard, S. M., S. A. Halse & W. F. Humphreys. 2005. Stygofauna in the Pilbara region, north-west Western Australia: a review. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 167-176.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[G24] Glauert, L. 1924. Contributions to the fauna of Western Australia, no. 4. A freshwater isopod, Phreatoicus palustris n. sp. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 10 (8): 49-57.

[J31] Jackson, A. 1931. The Oligochaeta of south-western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 17: 71-136.

[K86] Knott, B. 1986. Isopoda: Phreatoicidea. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 486-492. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[N31] Nicholls, G. E. 1931. Micraspides calmani, a new syncaridan from the west coast of Tasmania. Linnean Society's Journal—Zoology 37 (254): 473-488.

[N46] Nicholls, G. E. 1946. A summary of the Tasmanian phreatoicids: a contribution to the biological survey of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1945: 55-61.

Grapsoidea

Sesarma sp., copyright Rodrigo Borçato.

Belongs within: Brachyura.
Contains: Grapsinae, Varuninae.

The Grapsoidea is a diverse group of crabs including both terrestrial and aquatic taxa, with the highest diversity in the marine intertidal and supratidal zones.

<==Grapsoidea
    |--Grapsidae CH03
    |    |--Grapsinae SCF02
    |    `--Varuninae CH03
    |--Glyptograpsidae SCF02
    |    |--Platychirograpsus spectabilis de Man 1896 (see below for synonymy) SCF02
    |    `--Glyptograpsus SCF02
    |         |--G. impressus Smith 1870 [incl. G. spinipes Cano 1889] SCF02
    |         `--G. jamaicensis (Benedict 1892) [=Areograpsus jamaicensis] SCF02
    |--Gecarcinidae SCF02
    |    |--Cardisoma Latreille 1825 SCF02, B55
    |    |    |--C. crassum Smith 1870 B55
    |    |    `--C. guanhumi Latreille 1825 H86
    |    |--Gecarcinus Leach 1814 B55
    |    |    |--G. lateralis (de Fréminville 1835) SCF02 [=Ocypoda lateralis B55; incl. G. quadratus Saussure 1853 B55]
    |    |    `--G. ruricola (Linnaeus 1758) H86
    |    `--Ucides Rathbun 1897 B55
    |         |--U. cordatus (Linnaeus 1763) [=Cancer cordatus] B55
    |         `--U. occidentalis (Ortmann 1897) [=Oedipleura occidentalis] B55
    |--Plagusiidae SCF02
    |    |--Percnon [Percninae] TSH09
    |    |    |--P. abbreviatum (Dana 1851) TSH09
    |    |    |--P. guinotae Crosnier 1965 TSH09
    |    |    `--P. planissimum (Herbst 1804) TSH09
    |    `--Plagusiinae SCF02
    |         |--Euchirograpsus americanus Milne Edwards 1880 SCF02
    |         `--Plagusia SCF02
    |              |--P. chabrus (Linnaeus 1764) (see below for synonymy) B64
    |              |--P. dentipes de Haan 1835 SCF02
    |              `--P. depressa B64
    |                   |--P. d. depressa B64
    |                   `--P. d. tuberculata B64
    `--Sesarmidae [Sesarminae] SCF02
         |--Armases ricordi (Milne Edwards 1853) SCF02
         |--Epigrapsus politus B64
         |--Chiromantes SCF02
         |    |--C. buettikoferi de Man 1883 SCF02
         |    `--C. haematocheir (de Haan 1835) SCF02
         `--Sesarma Say 1817 B55
              |  i. s.: S. bidentatum Benedict 1892 H86
              |         S. catenata B64
              |         S. rectum HN-F08
              |         S. reticulatum (Say 1817) SCF02
              |         S. roberti Milne Edwards 1853 H86
              |         S. smithii F71
              |--S. (Sesarma) sulcatum Smith 1870 [=S. sulcata] B55
              `--S. (Holometopus) B55
                   |--S. (H.) angustum Smith 1870 [=S. angusta] B55
                   |--S. (H.) miersii Rathbun 1897 B55, H86
                   |--S. (H.) occidentalis Smith 1870 [incl. S. (H.) biolleyi Rathbun 1906] B55
                   `--S. (H.) tampicense Rathbun 1914 B55

Plagusia chabrus (Linnaeus 1764) [=Cancer chabrus; incl. P. capensis Balss 1935, Marestia mawsoni Rathbun 1918] B64

Platychirograpsus spectabilis de Man 1896 [incl. P. typicus Rathbun 1914, Areograpsus typicus Krøyer ms] SCF02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B64] Bennett, E. W. 1964. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Crustacea Brachyura. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 153: 1-120.

[B55] Bott, R. 1955. Dekapoden (Crustacea) aus El Salvador. 2. Litorale Dekapoden, außer Uca. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 45-70.

[CH03] Chu, K. H., H. Y. Ho, C. P. Li & T.-Y. Chan. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of the mitten crab species in Eriocheir, sensu lato (Brachyura: Grapsidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 738-746.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[HN-F08] Hirose, G. L., & M. L. Negreiros-Franzoso. 2008. Growth and juvenile development of Uca maracoani Latreille 1802-1803 in laboratory conditions (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Ocypodidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (2): 161-168.

[H86] Holthuis, L. B. 1986. Decapoda. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 589-615. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[SCF02] Schubart, C. D., J. A. Cuesta & D. L. Felder. 2002. Glyptograpsidae, a new brachyuran family from Central America: Larval and adult morphology, and a molecular phylogeny of the Grapsoidea. Journal of Crustacean Biology 22 (1): 28-44.

[TSH09] Titelius, M. A., A. Sampey & C. G. Hass. 2009. Crustaceans of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, north Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 145-176.

Euchaetidae

Paraeuchaeta barbara, from Russ Hopcroft.

Belongs within: Copepoda.

The Euchaetidae are a group of bathypelagic copepods characterised by a prominent supralabrum bearing a rake formed from long stiff hairs.

Characters (from Park 1995): Supralabrum anterior to labrum, highly prominent with rows of long stiff hairs forming a 'rake'; antennule with segments 8 and 9 fused, extremely long seta on each of segments 3, 7, 9, 14, 18, 21, 24; second exopodal segment of male left P5 extending distally into serrated lamella and with a digitiform process; appendicular caudal setae highly developed, straight, smoothly curved, or geniculated, usually longer than marginal caudal setae.

<==Euchaetidae
    |--Euchaeta Philippi 1843 P95
    |    |  i. s.: E. ovata Sato 1913 P95
    |    |         E. wrighti Park 1968 P95
    |    |--E. spinosa Giesbrecht 1892 P95
    |    `--+--+--E. acuta Giesbrecht 1892 P95
    |       |  |--E. magniloba Park 1978 P95
    |       |  |--E. media Giesbrecht 1888 [incl. E. diegensis Esterly 1911, E. acuta var. pacifica Esterly 1911] P95
    |       |  |--E. paracuta Tanaka 1973 P95
    |       |  |--E. pubera Sars 1907 P95
    |       |  `--E. tenuis Esterly 1906 [incl. E. solida Esterly 1911] P95
    |       `--+--+--*E. marina (Prestandrea 1833) [=Cyclops marinus] P95
    |          |  |--E. indica Wolfenden 1905 [incl. E. wolfendeni Scott 1909] P95
    |          |  |--E. marinella Bradford 1974 P95
    |          |  `--E. rimana Bradford 1974 P95
    |          `--+--E. concinna Dana 1849 [incl. E. consimilis Farran 1936] P95
    |             |--E. longicornis Giesbrecht 1888 P95
    |             |--E. paraconcinna Fleminger 1957 [incl. E. gladiofera Gaudy 1963] P95
    |             `--E. plana Mori 1937 [incl. E. murrayi Sewell 1947] P95
    `--Paraeuchaeta Scott 1909 P95
         |  i. s.: P. abyssaloides Heptner 1987 P95
         |         P. affinis (Cleve 1904) [=Euchaeta affinis] P95
         |         P. bulbirostris Heptner 1987 P95
         |         P. flava (Giesbrecht 1888) [=Euchaeta flava] P95
         |         P. perplexa Heptner 1987 P95
         |         P. rotundirostris Heptner 1987 P95
         |         P. tridentata Heptner 1987 P95
         |--+--P. bisinuata (Sars 1907) [=Euchaeta bisinuata] P95
         |  `--+--P. antarctica (Giesbrecht 1902) [=Euchaeta antarctica] P95
         |     |--P. austrina (Giesbrecht 1902) [=Euchaeta austrina] P95
         |     |--P. erebi Farran 1929 P95
         |     |--P. similis (Wolfenden 1908) [=Euchaeta similis] P95
         |     `--P. tycodesma (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta tycodesma] P95
         `--+--+--P. elongata (Esterly 1913) [=Euchaeta elongata; incl. E. japonica Marukawa 1921] P95
            |  |--P. hebes (Giesbrecht 1888) [=Euchaeta hebes] P95
            |  |--P. russelli (Farran 1936) [=Euchaeta russelli; incl. E. daitomarui Mori 1937] P95
            |  `--P. simplex Tanaka 1958 P95
            `--+--+--P. glacialis (Hansen 1887) [=Euchaeta glacialis] P95
               |  `--P. tumidula (Sars 1905) (see below for synonymy) P95
               `--+--P. grandiremis (Giesbrecht 1888) [=Euchaeta grandiremis] P95
                  `--+--+--P. biloba Farran 1929 P95
                     |  `--+--*P. norvegica (Boeck 1872) [=Euchaeta norvegica] P95
                     |     |--P. exigua (Wolfenden 1911) [=Euchaeta exigua] P95
                     |     |--P. gracilis (Sars 1905) [=Euchaeta gracilis; incl. E. quadrata Farran 1908] P95
                     |     |--P. incisa (Sars 1905) [=Euchaeta incisa] P95
                     |     |--P. pseudotonsa (Fontaine 1967) [=Euchaeta pseudotonsa] P95
                     |     |--P. tonsa (Giesbrecht 1895) [=Euchaeta tonsa; incl. E. spinifera Esterly 1906] P95
                     |     |--P. tuberculata Scott 1909 [incl. Euchaeta scaphula Fontaine 1967] P95
                     |     `--P. weberi Scott 1909 P95
                     `--+--+--P. dactylifera (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta dactylifera] P95
                        |  |--P. pavlovskii Brodsky 1955 P95
                        |  |--P. scopaeorhina Park 1995 P95
                        |  |--P. sesquipedalis Park 1995 P95
                        |  `--P. vervoorti (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta vervoorti] P95
                        `--+--P. abbreviata (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta abbreviata] P95
                           |--P. abrikosovi Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. abyssalis Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. aequatorialis Tanaka 1958 P95
                           |--P. alaminae (Park 1975) [=Euchaeta alaminae] P95
                           |--P. altibulla Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. anfracta Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. barbata (Brady 1883) (see below for synonymy) P95
                           |--P. birostrata Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. bradyi (With 1915) [=Euchaeta bradyi] P95
                           |--P. brevirostris Brodsky 1950 [incl. P. laudabilis Tanaka & Omori 1968] P95
                           |--P. californica (Esterly 1906) [=Euchaeta californica; incl. E. dubia Esterly 1906] P95
                           |--P. calva Tanaka 1958 (see below for synonymy) P95
                           |--P. comosa Tanaka 1958 P95
                           |--P. confusa Tanaka 1958 P95
                           |--P. copleyae Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. eltaninae (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta eltaninae] P95
                           |--P. eminens Tanaka & Omori 1968 P95
                           |--P. euryrhina Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. gracilicauda Scott 1909 P95
                           |--P. guttata Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. hansenii (With 1915) [=Euchaeta hansenii; incl. P. withi Sewell 1947] P95
                           |--P. hastata Heptner 1987 P95
                           |--P. implicata Heptner 1987 P95
                           |--P. investigatoris Sewell 1929 P95
                           |--P. kurilensis Heptner 1971 [incl. Euchaeta longissima Park 1978] P95
                           |--P. longisetosa Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. malayensis Sewell 1929 P95
                           |--P. megaloba Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. mexicana Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. modesta Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. oculata Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. orientalis Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. papilliger Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. parabbreviata Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. paraprudens Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. parvula (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta parvula] P95
                           |--P. plaxiphora Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. plicata Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. polaris Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. prima Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. propinqua (Esterly 1906) [=Euchaeta propinqua] P95
                           |--P. prudens Tanaka & Omori 1968 P95
                           |--P. rasa Farran 1929 P95
                           |--P. regalis (Grice & Hulsemann 1968) [=Euchaeta regalis] P95
                           |--P. robusta (Wolfenden 1911) [=Euchaeta robusta] P95
                           |--P. rubicunda (Farran 1908) [=Euchaeta rubicunda] P95
                           |--P. rubra Brodsky 1950 [incl. P. crassa Tanaka 1958] P95
                           |--P. sarsi (Farran 1908) [=Euchaeta sarsi; incl. P. dentata Scott 1909] P95
                           |--P. scotti (Farran 1908) [=Euchaeta scotti] P95
                           |--P. sibogae Scott 1909 P95
                           |--P. subtilirostris Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. triloba Park 1995 P95
                           `--P. vorax (Grise & Hulsemann 1968) (see below for synonymy) P95

Paraeuchaeta barbata (Brady 1883) [=Euchaeta barbata; incl. E. farrani With 1915, E. porrecta Sars 1905] P95

Paraeuchaeta calva Tanaka 1958 [incl. P. polita Tanaka & Omori 1968, P. simulantis Tanaka & Omori 1968] P95

Paraeuchaeta tumidula (Sars 1905) [=Euchaeta tumidula; incl. E. biconvexa Park 1978, Paraeuchaeta pseudotumidula Brodsky 1950] P95

Paraeuchaeta vorax (Grise & Hulsemann 1968) [=Euchaeta vorax; incl. P. striata Tanaka & Omori 1968] P95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P95] Park, T. 1995. Taxonomy and distribution of the marine calanoid copepod family Euchaetidae. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 29: i-xi, 1-203.

Tantulocarida

Diagnostic figures of the tantulus larva of Austrotantulus lincolni from Boxshall (1988). The mature male can be seen developing within the trunk sac.

Belongs within: Vericrustacea.

The Tantulocarida are a group of minute marine crustaceans ectoparasitic on other crustaceans: they have been recorded from copepods, cumaceans, isopods, ostracods and tanaids (Boxshall 1988). Other than paired antennules at one stage of the life cycle, tantulocaridans completely lack cephalic appendages (Martin & Davis 2001).

Tantulocarida
    |  i. s.: Stygotantulus stocki MD01
    |--Microdajidae B88
    |--Doryphallophoridae MD01
    |--Onceroxenidae MD01
    |--Basipodella [Basipodellidae] B88
    |    |--B. atlantica B88
    |    `--B. harpacticola B88
    `--Deoterthridae B88
         |--Austrotantulus Boxshall 1988 B88
         |    `--*A. lincolni Boxshall 1988 B88
         `--Deoterthron B88
              |--*D. dentatum B88
              |--D. aselloticola B88
              |--D. harrisoni B88
              `--D. megacephala B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Boxshall, G. A. 1988. A new genus of tantulocaridan (Crustacea: Tantulocarida) parasitic on a harpacticoid copepod from Tasmania. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series 54 (6): 271-274.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1-124.

Siphonostomatoida

Specimens of Cancerilla on the disc of the brittle star Ophiacantha antarctica, photographed by Rafael Martín-Ledo.

Belongs within: Podoplea.
Contains: Asterocheridae, Nicothoidae, Dyspontiidae, Caligoida.

The Siphonostomatoida are a group of parasitic marine copepods with sucking mouthparts.

Characters (from Nicholls 1944): Second antenna usually with an exopod; mouth-parts suctorial; maxillae and maxillipeds sub-chelate.

<==Siphonostomatoida [Siphonostoma, Siphonostomata]
    |--Brychiopontius [Brychiopontiidae] BO01
    |    `--B. falcatus BO01
    `--+--+--Calverocheres [Calverocheridae] BO01
       |  |    `--C. globosus BO01
       |  `--+--Codoba Heegaard 1951 [Codobidae] BO01
       |     |    `--*C. discoveryi Heegaard 1951 B88
       |     `--Cancerillidae BO01
       |          |--Ophiopsyllus reductus BO01
       |          |--Parophiopsyllus ligatus BO01
       |          |--Parartotrogus Scott & Scott 1893 BO01
       |          |    |--P. arcticus BO01
       |          |    `--P. richardi BK77
       |          `--Cancerilla IFS01
       |               |--C. durbanensis BK77
       |               |--C. neozelanica BK77
       |               `--C. tubulata Dalyell 1851 IFS01 [incl. Caligidium vagabundum Claus 1889 BK77]
       `--+--Micropontius [Micropontiidae] BO01
          |    |--M. glaber BO01
          |    `--M. ovoides BO01
          `--+--Stellicomitidae BO01
             |    |--Stellicomes tumidulus BO01
             |    `--Onychopygus impavidus BO01
             `--+--Dichelina Stephensen 1933 [Dichelinidae] BO01
                |    |--D. phormosomae Stephensen 1933 BO01
                |    `--D. seticauda BO01
                `--Nanaspididae [Nanaspidae] BO01
                     |--Allantogynus Changeux 1958 BO01
                     |    `--A. delamarei BO01
                     |--Stephopontius Thompson & Scott 1903 BO01
                     |    `--S. typicus BO01
                     `--Nanaspis Humes & Cressey 1959 BO01
                          |--N. mixta BO01
                          `--N. ninae BK77

Siphonostomatoida incertae sedis:
  Scottomyzon Giesbrecht 1897 [Scottomyzontidae] IFS01
    `--*S. gibberum (Scott & Scott 1894) [=Dermatomyzon gibberum] IFS01
  Asterocheridae IFS01
  Dioithona oculata (Farran 1913) IFS01
  Bariaka IFS01
  Jushyus IFS01
  Nicothoidae BH88
  Artotrogidae MD01
    |--Dystrogus uncinatus Brady 1910 N44
    `--Artotrogus Boeck 1859 N44
         |--*A. orbicularis N44
         |--A. australis Wilson 1923 N44
         |--A. gigas Brady 1910 N44
         |--A. latifurcatus Nicholls 1944 N44
         `--A. sphaericus Brady 1910 N44
  Dyspontiidae N44
  Myzopontius Giesbrecht 1895 [Myzopontiidae] N44
    |--*M. pungens N44
    `--M. australis Nicholls 1944 N44
  Acontiophorus Brady 1880 [=Solenostoma Brady & Robertson 1873 (preoc.); Acontiophoridae] N44
    |--A. attenuatus Hansen 1923 N44
    |--A. ornatus (Brady & Robertson 1875) [incl. A. armatus Brady 1880] N44
    |--A. scutatus (Brady & Robertson 1873) [incl. A. angulatus Thompson 1888] N44
    `--A. zealandicus Nicholls 1944 N44
  Archidactylinidae MD01
  Caligoida MD01
  Cecrops K-M02d [Cecropidae MD01]
    `--C. latereilli K-M02d
  Coralliomyzontidae MD01
  Dichelesthium M02 [Dichelesthiidae MD01]
    `--D. oblongum M02
  Dinopontiidae MD01
  Dirivultidae MD01
  Dissonidae MD01
  Ecbathyriontidae MD01
  Entomolepididae MD01
  Eudactylinidae MD01
  Euryphoridae MD01
  Hatschekia K-M02c [Hatschekiidae MD01]
    `--H. reinhardtii K-M02c
  Hyponeoidae MD01
  Kroyeriidae MD01
  Lernaeopoda B02 [Lernaeopodidae MD01]
    `--L. centroscyllii B02
  Lernanthropus D83 [Lernanthropidae MD01]
    |--L. gisleri D83
    |--L. pomatomi K-M02a
    |--L. trachuri K-M02b
    `--L. tylosuri C02
  Megapontiidae MD01
  Pandaridae MD01
  Pennellidae MD01
    |--Cardiodectes H01
    |--Haemobaphaes cyclopterina K-MC02b
    `--Penella W81
         |--P. balaenopterae W81
         `--P. filosa K-M02d
  Pontoeciellidae MD01
  Pseudocycnidae MD01
  Rataniidae MD01
  Sphyrion [Sphyriidae MD01]
    `--S. lumpi K-MC02a
  Sponginticolidae MD01
  Spongiocnizontidae MD01
  Tanypleuridae MD01
  Trebiidae MD01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

[B88] Boxshall, G. A. 1988. A review of the copepod endoparasites of brittle stars. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series 54 (6): 261-270.

[BH88] Boxshall, G. A., & K. Harrison. 1988. New nicothoid copepods (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) from an amphipod and from deep-sea isopods. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology series 54 (6): 285-299.

[BO01] Boxshall, G. A., & S. Ohtsuka. 2001. Two new families of copepods (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on echinoderms. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 96-105.

[B02] Burgess, G. H. 2002. Spiny dogfishes. Family Squalidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 48-57. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[C02] Collette, B. B. 2002. Needlefishes. Family Belonidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 287-289. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[D83] Darovec, J. E. 1983. Sciaenid fishes (Osteichthyes: Perciformes) of western penisular Florida. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 6 (3): 1-73.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: A case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106-156.

[IFS01] Ivanenko, V. N., F. D. Ferrari & A. V. Smurov. 2001. Nauplii and copepodids of Scottomyzon gibberum (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Scottomyzontidae, a new family), a symbiont of Asterias rubens (Asteroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 (1): 237-261.

[K-M02a] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Bluefish. Family Pomatomidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 400-406. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02b] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Jacks. Family Carangidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 411-427. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02c] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002c. Righteye flounders. Family Pleuronectidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 560-587. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02d] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002d. Ocean sunfishes. Family Molidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 603-607. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-MC02a] Klein-MacPhee, G., & B. B. Collette. 2002a. Scorpionfishes. Family Scorpaenidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 331-338. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-MC02b] Klein-MacPhee, G., & B. B. Collette. 2002b. Eelpouts. Family Zoarcidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 466-474. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1-124.

[M02] Musick, J. A. 2002. Sturgeons. Family Acipenseridae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 83-88. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[N44] Nicholls, A. G. 1944. Littoral Copepoda from South Australia. (II) Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida and Caligoida. Records of the South Australian Museum 8 (1): 1-62.

[W81] Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Hutchinson: London.

Pseudanthessius

Diagnostic figures of Pseudanthessius tenuis, from Nicholls (1944).

Belongs within: Poecilostomatoida.

Pseudanthessius is a genus of marine parasitic copepods associated with a wide range of invertebrate hosts of numerous phyla.

Characters (from Humes & Stock 1973): Body cyclopiform. Urosome in female 5-segmented (occasionally 4-segmented), in male 6-segmented (occasionally 5-segmented). Caudal ramus with six setae. Rostrum not well developed. First antenna 7-segmented, in female with armature 4, 13, 6, 3, 4 + 1 aesthete, 2 + 1 aesthete, and 7 + 1 aesthete; in male with same armature or in some species with additional aesthete on second segment. Second antenna 4-segmented, with formula 1,1,3 and variable terminal armature (1-4 claws or clawlike spines and a few setae; or, in P. tortuosus, two lamelliform elements, one seta, and three spines; or, in P. mucronatus, all elements setiform). Labrum deeply incised medially. Mandible with basal region having its convex edge smooth or with a weak scalelike area or a process and on concave edge a row of spinules; lash long or short. Paragnath a small lobe. First maxilla with three or four elements. Second maxilla of usual lichomolgid type. Maxilliped in female 3-segmented, with pointed tip; in male 4-segmented (assuming that proximal part of the claw represents a fourth segment). Legs 1-4 with 3-segmented rami, except leg 4 endopod which is 1-segmented with two distal elements. Leg 1 endopod of male same armature as in female, or with same formula but with slight differences in form of processes or elements, or in P. deficiens 1,1,4 or in both P. tortuosus and P. aestheticus 1,1,1,4. Leg 5 represented by three elements (subterminal seta and terminal spine and seta); no free segment. Leg 6 represented by two setae near genital openings.

<==Pseudanthessius Claus 1889 [Pseudanthessiidae] N44
    |--P. assimilis Sars 1917 N44
    |--P. concinnus Thompson & Scott 1903 N44
    |--P. dubius Sars 1918 N44
    |--P. gracilis Claus 1889 N44
    |--P. liber (Brady & Robertson 1875) N44 [=Lichomolgus liber BK77]
    |--P. mucronatus Gurney 1927 N44
    |--P. nemertophilus Gallien 1935 N44
    |--P. obscurus Scott 1909 N44
    |--P. sauvagei Canu 1891 N44
    |--P. tenuis Nicholls 1944 N44
    |--P. thorelli (Brady & Robertson 1875) N44 [=Lichomolgus thorelli BK77]
    `--P. weberi Scott 1909 N44

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

Humes, A. G., & J. H. Stock. 1973. A revision of the family Lichomolgidae Kossmann, 1877, cyclopoid copepods mainly associated with marine invertebrates. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 127.

[N44] Nicholls, A. G. 1944. Littoral Copepoda from South Australia. (II) Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida and Caligoida. Records of the South Australian Museum 8 (1): 1-62.

Poecilostomatoida

Drawing of Paranthessius anemoniae, from here.

Belongs within: Podoplea.
Contains: Splanchnotrophidae, Clausiidae, Clausidiidae, Lichomolgidae, Pseudanthessius.

The Poecilostomatoida are a group of copepods that are generally parasitic on other marine animals.

Characters (from Nicholls 1944): First antenna not hinged in male; second antenna without an exopod; mouth parts non-suctorial, non-raptorial, mandible lacking palp.

<==Poecilostomatoida [Poecilostoma]
    `--Lichomolgoidea [Lichomolginae] K03
         |--Lichomolgidae K03
         |--Pseudanthessius K03
         `--Rhynchomolgidae K03
              |--Critomolgus anthopleurus Kim 1996 K03
              |--Doridicola longicauda K03
              `--Paranthessius Claus 1889 K03, N44 [Sabelliphilidae, Sabelliphilinae]
                   |--P. anemoniae K03
                   |--‘Heteranthessius’ dubius (Scott 1903) N44
                   |--‘Pestalichomolgus’ pectinis (Pesta 1908) N44
                   `--P. propinquus Nicholls 1944 N44

Poecilostomatoida incertae sedis:
  Pionodesmatidae BO01
  Synapticolidae MD01
  Antheacheridae MD01
  Echiurophilus [Echiurophilidae] H01
  Splanchnotrophidae H01
  Gastrodelphyidae H01
  Clausiidae HK03
  Micrallecto Stock 1971 [incl. Nannallecto Stock 1973; Micrallectidae] H09
    |--*M. uncinata Stock 1971 H01
    `--M. fusii Stock 1973 [=*Nannallecto fusii] H01
  Synaptiphilus Canu & Cuénot 1892 [Synaptiphilidae] HK03
    |--S. cantacuzenei BK77
    |--S. luteus [incl. Colaceutes mulleri Hartmann 1856] BK77
    `--S. tridens (Scott & Scott 1893) [=Remigulus tridens] BK77
  Chondracanthidae H01
    |  i. s.: Diocus lycenchelus K-MC02
    |--Pharodinae [Pharodidae] H01
    |--Lernentominae H01
    `--Chondracanthus K-M02c [Chondracanthinae H01]
         |--C. cottunculi K-M02c
         `--C. merluccii K-M02b
  Philoblennidae H01
    |--Philoblenna arabici K03
    |--Chondrocarpus Bassett-Smith 1903 H01
    |    `--*C. reticulosus H01
    `--Briarella Bergh 1876 H01
         |--*B. microcephala Bergh 1876 H01
         |--B. disphaerocephala Monod & Dollfus 1932 H01
         `--B. risbeci Monod 1928 H01
  Clausidiidae MD01
  Lernaeosoleidae [Lernaeosoleinae] MD01
  Ergasilidae [Amazonicopeidae] MD01
    |--Neoergasilus japonicus K03
    `--Ergasilus K03
         |--E. briani K03
         |--E. funduli K-M02a
         |--E. labracis K-M02d
         `--E. sieboldi K03
  Anchimolgidae MD01
  Anomoclausiidae MD01
  Anthessiidae MD01
  Bomolochidae MD01
  Chitonophilidae MD01
  Corallovexiidae MD01
  Corycaeus B26 [Corycaeidae MD01]
    |--C. carinatus B26
    |--C. elongatus B26
    |--C. ovalis B26
    `--C. speciosus B26
  Entobiidae MD01
  Erebonasteridae MD01
  Eunicicolidae MD01
  Herpyllobiidae MD01
  Intramolgidae MD01
  Lamippidae MD01
  Lubbockiidae MD01
  Mesoglicolidae MD01
  Pseudomyicola K03 [Myicolidae MD01]
    `--P. spinosus K03
  Trochicola H01 [Mytilicolidae MD01]
    `--T. entericus Dollfus 1914 H01
  Nereicolidae [Anomopsyllidae] MD01
    |--Anomopsyllus pranizoides N44
    `--Dysgenopsyllus Nicholls 1944 N44
         `--*D. reevesbyensis Nicholls 1944 N44
  Nucellicolidae MD01
  Oncaea B26 [Oncaeidae MD01]
    |--O. conifera B26
    |--O. minuta B26
    `--O. venusta B26
  Paralubbockiidae MD01
  Philichthyidae MD01
  Phyllodicolidae MD01
  Polyankylidae MD01
  Saccopsidae MD01
  Sapphirinidae MD01
  Serpulidicolidae MD01
  Shiinoidae MD01
  Spiophanicolidae MD01
  Taeniacanthus K03 [Taeniacanthidae MD01]
    |--T. balistae K-M02e
    `--T. lagocephali K03
  Tegobomolochidae MD01
  Telsidae MD01
  Thamnomolgidae MD01
  Tucca K-M02f [Tuccidae MD01]
    `--T. impressus K-M02f
  Urocopiidae MD01
  Vahiniidae MD01
  Ventriculinidae MD01
  Xarifia H94 [Xarifiidae MD01]
    |--X. diminuta Humes & Ho 1967 H94
    |--X. finitima Humes 1985 H94
    `--X. longipes Humes 1962 H94
  Xenocoelomatidae MD01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1-509.

[BH88] Boxshall, G. A., & A. G. Humes. 1988. A new genus of Lichomolgidae (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) associated with a phoronid in Hong Kong. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series 54 (6): 301-307.

[BO01] Boxshall, G. A., & S. Ohtsuka. 2001. Two new families of copepods (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on echinoderms. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 96-105.

[HK03] Ho, J.-S., & I.-H. Kim. 2003. New clausiid copepods (Poecilostomatoida) associated with polychaetes of Korea, with cladistic analysis of the family Clausiidae. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 568-581.

[H94] Humes, A. G. 1994. Two species of Paramolgus (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Lichomolgidae) associated with the scleractinian Pavona in New Caledonia with a key to the females of Paramolgus. Beaufortia 44 (1): 1-9.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: A case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106-156.

[K03] Kim, I.-H. 2003. Copepodid stages of Critomolgus anthopleurus (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida, Rhynchomolgidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 558-567.

[K-M02a] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Smelts. Family Osmeridae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 162-170. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02b] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Silver hakes. Family Merlucciidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 217-222. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02c] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002c. Fathead sculpins. Family Psychrolutidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 357-358. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02d] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002d. Temperate basses. Family Moronidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 374-389. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02e] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002e. Triggerfishes. Family Balistidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 590-592. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02f] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002f. Porcupinefishes. Family Diodontidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 601-602. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-MC02] Klein-MacPhee, G., & B. B. Collette. 2002. Eelpouts. Family Zoarcidae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds) 3^rd ed. pp. 466-474. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1-124.

[N44] Nicholls, A. G. 1944. Littoral Copepoda from South Australia. (II) Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida and Caligoida. Records of the South Australian Museum 8 (1): 1-62.

Thoracica

Individuals of Calantica spinosa, photographed by Peter E. Smith.

Belongs within: Thecostraca.
Contains: Balanomorpha.

The Thoracica are the barnacles, sessile crustaceans in which the legs have been modified into a filter-feeding fan, while the body is armoured with calcareous plates. The Thoracica have been divided into the Pedunculata (goose barnacles, etc.) in which the body is supported by a fleshy peduncle, and Sessilia (acorn barnacles, etc.) in which there is no peduncle between the body and the substrate; however, it seems likely that the Pedunculata is paraphyletic (Martin & Davis 2001).

<=-=Thoracica
    |  i. s.: Conopea C79
    |         Octolasmis C79
    |         Alepas minuta BK77
    |         Trilasmis kaempferi [incl. Poecilasma aurantium Richard 1903] BK77
    |         Euraphia withersi C03
    |         Tetraclitella karandei Ross 1971 C03
    |         Chamaesipho Y03
    |           |--C. brunnea Y03
    |           |--C. columna Y03
    |           `--C. tasmanica Y03
    |         Octomeris sulcata Y03
    |         Catomerus Y03
    |         Cryptolepas rachianecti W81
    |         Conchoderma auritum W81
    |         Xenobalanus W81
    |           |--X. globicipitis W81
    |           `--X. strictus W81
    |         Austrominius modestus HS01
    |         Striatobalanus amaryllis (Darwin 1854) WMJ09
    |         Austromegabalanus nigrescens WMJ09
    |--Sessilia MD01
    |    |--Neobrachylepadidae [Brachylepadomorpha] MD01
    |    |--Balanomorpha MD01
    |    `--Verrucomorpha MD01
    |         |--Neoverrucidae MD01
    |         `--Verrucidae MD01
    `--Pedunculata MD01
         |--Ibla [Iblidae, Iblomorpha] MD01
         |--Lepadomorpha MD01
         |    |--Oxynaspididae MD01
         |    |--Poecilasmatidae MD01
         |    `--Lepas R85 [Lepadidae MD01]
         |         |--L. anserifera Linnaeus 1767 WMJ09
         |         `--L. australis R85
         |--Heteralepadomorpha MD01
         |    |--Anelasmatidae MD01
         |    |--Heteralepadidae MD01
         |    |--Koleolepadidae MD01
         |    |--Malacolepadidae MD01
         |    |--Microlepadidae MD01
         |    `--Rhizolepadidae MD01
         `--Scalpellomorpha MD01 [Scalpelliformes]
              |--Calanticidae [Calanticinae] JH09
              |    |--Calantica Gray 1825 [incl. Protomitella Broch 1922] JH09
              |    |    |--C. villosa (Leach 1824) [incl. *C. homii Gray 1825] JH09
              |    |    |--C. darwini Jones & Hosie 2009 JH09
              |    |    |--C. moskalebi Zevina & Galkin 1989 JH09
              |    |    |--C. pusilla Utinomi 1970 JH09
              |    |    `--C. spinosa (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) JH09
              |    |--Scillaelepas Seguenza 1876 JH09
              |    |    `--S. ginginensis [=Calantica (Scillaelepas) ginginensis] W26
              |    |--Pisiscalpellum Utinomi 1958 JH09
              |    |--Euscalpellum Hoek 1907 JH09
              |    |--Paracalantica Utinomi 1949 JH09
              |    |--Smilium Gray 1825 JH09
              |    |    |--S. horridum Pilsbry 1912 JH09
              |    |    `--S. hypocrites (Barnard 1924) JH09
              |    |--Capitulum Oken 1815 JH09
              |    |    `--C. mitella C03
              |    |--Zeugmatolepas Withers 1913 JH09
              |    |--Titanolepas Withers 1913 JH09
              |    |--Aurivillialepas Newman 1980 JH09
              |    |--Gruvelialepas Newman 1980 JH09
              |    |--Newmanilepas Zevina & Yakhontov 1987 JH09
              |    |--Cretiscalpellum Withers 1922 JH09
              |    |--Pachyscalpellum Buckeridge 1991 JH09
              |    |--Virgiscalpellum Withers 1935 JH09
              |    |--Zeascalpellum Buckeridge 1983 JH09
              |    `--Crosnieriella Jones 1998 JH09
              |         `--C. acanthosubcarinae Jones 1998 JH09
              |--Pollicipes Leach 1817 JH09 [Pollicipedidae MD01, Pollicipinae]
              |    |--P. acuminatus Darwin 1851 W26
              |    |--P. cornucopia BBB-S95
              |    `--P. spinosus B79
              `--Scalpellum Leach 1817 W26 [Scalpellidae MD01]
                   |--*S. (Scalpellum) scalpellum BK77
                   `--S. (Neoscalpellum Pilsbry 1907) W26
                        |--S. (*N.) dicheloplax W26
                        `--S. (N.) glauerti Withers 1926 W26

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

[BBB-S95] Boubezari, K., G. Bitar & D. Bellan-Santini. 1995. Structure et organisation de trois moulières (Mytilus galloprovincialis et Perna perna) de la région d'Alger. Mésogée 54: 63-72.

[B79] Buss, L. W. 1979. Habitat selection, directional growth and spatial refuges: Why colonial animals have more hiding places. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds) pp. 459-497. Academic Press: London.

[C03] Chan, B. K. K. 2003. Studies on Tetraclita squamosa and Tetraclita japonica (Cirripedia: Thoracica) II: Larval morphology and development. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 522-547.

[C79] Crisp, D. J. 1979. Dispersal and re-aggregation in sessile marine invertebrates, particularly barnacles. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds) pp. 319-327. Academic Press: London.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45-80.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1-44.

[JH09] Jones, D. S. & A. M. Hosie. 2009. A new species of Calantica from Western Australian waters (Thoracica: Scalpellomorpha: Calanticidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 239-246.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1-124.

[R85] Robertson, C. J. R. (ed.) 1985. Reader’s Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. Reader’s Digest: Sydney.

[W81] Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Hutchinson: London.

[WMJ09] Wells, F. E., M. Mulligan & D. S. Jones. 2009. Prevention of introduction of species brought into Geraldton Harbour, Western Australia, by the dredge Leonardo da Vinci. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (2): 153-158.

[W26] Withers, T. H. 1926. The crinoid Marsupites, and a new cirripede from the Upper Cretaceous of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 12 (11): 97-104, pl. XI.

[Y03] Yan, Y. 2003. Larval development of the barnacle Chinochthmalus scutelliformis (Cirripedia: Chthmalidae) reared in the laboratory. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 513-521.

Lichomolgidae

Dorsal view of Paramolgus politus, from here.

Belongs within: Poecilostomatoida.

The Lichomolgidae are a family of marine parasitic copepods that have been found on a wide variety of hosts, including molluscs, polychaetes and cnidarians. Most species are relatively cyclopiform, though many have somewhat modified females (Humes & Stock 1973).

Characters (from Humes & Stock 1973): Legs 1-4 usually with all rami 3-segmented except the endopod of leg 4 which is 1- or 2-segmented. Reduction occurs in a posterior to anterior series. Leg 5 present in both sexes, with a free segment (occasionally not clearly delimited from the body).

<==Lichomolgidae
    |--Stellicola clausi (Rosoll 1888) (see below for synonymy) BK77
    |--Aspidomolgus BH88
    |--Haplomolgus BH88
    |--Lichomolgella BH88
    |--Octopicola [Octopicolidae] BH88
    |--Paramacrochiron BH88
    |--Pseudomacochiron BH88
    |--Sewellochiron BH88
    |--Telestacicola BH88
    |--Macrochiron [Macrochironidae] BH88
    |--Boholia cerianthiphila (n. d.) BH88
    |--Astericola asterinae (Bocquet 1952) K03
    |--Modiolicola insignis Aurivillius 1882 K03
    |--Zygomolgus poucheti (Canu 1891) K03
    |--Phoronicola Boxshall & Humes 1988 BH88
    |    `--*P. spinulatus Boxshall & Humes 1988 BH88
    |--Herrmannella Canu 1891 N94
    |    |--H. cynthiae Brian 1924 N84
    |    `--H. rostrata Canu 1891 K03
    |--Odontomolgus H94
    |    |--O. actinophorus (Humes & Frost 1964) [=Lichomolgus actinophorus] H94
    |    `--O. rhadinus [=Lichomolgus rhadinus] H94
    |--Lichomolgus K03
    |    |--L. canui Sars 1917 K03
    |    |--L. forficula Thorell 1860 K03
    |    `--L. maximus BK77
    |--Kelleria Gurney 1927 BH88, N44 [Kelleriidae]
    |    `--‘Pseudanthessius’ fucicolus Scott 1912 N44
    `--Paramolgus Humes & Stock 1972 H94
         |--P. abruptus Humes 1990 H94
         |--P. accinctus Humes 1980 H94
         |--P. alcyoniicus Humes 1990 H94
         |--P. ampullaceus Humes 1992 H94
         |--P. angustus Humes 1992 H94
         |--P. antillianus Stock 1975 H94
         |--P. centor Humes 1990 H94
         |--P. clavatus Humes & Ho 1968 H94
         |--P. congruus Humes 1990 H94
         |--P. constrictus Humes 1969 H94
         |--P. dapsilis Humes 1993 H94
         |--P. delicatulus Humes 1992 H94
         |--P. ellisellae Humes 1974 H94
         |--P. eniwetokensis Humes 1973 H94
         |--P. eparmatoides Humes 1992 H94
         |--P. extendens Humes & Dojiri 1979 H94
         |--P. gibberulus Humes 1992 H94
         |--P. inconstans Humes & Dojiri 1979 H94
         |--P. insectus Humes 1969 H94
         |--P. litophyticus Humes & Dojiri 1979 H94
         |--P. modicus Humes 1990 H94
         |--P. nephtheanus Humes 1980 H94
         |--P. ostentus Humes 1973 H94
         |--P. pavonae Humes 1994 H94
         |--P. politus Humes & Ho 1967 H94
         |--P. pollicaris Humes & Dojiri 1979 H94
         |--P. prominulus Humes 1980 H94
         |--P. quadrangulus Humes 1990 H94
         |--P. resectus Humes & Dojiri 1979 H94
         |--P. setellus Humes 1992 H94
         |--P. simulans Humes & Ho 1967 H94
         |--P. spathophorus Humes & Ho 1968 H94
         |--P. subincisus Humes 1990 H94
         `--P. timendus Humes 1990 H94

Stellicola clausi (Rosoll 1888) [=Astericola clausii; incl. Lichomolgus asterinae Bocquet 1952, Stellicola asterinae] BK77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

[BH88] Boxshall, G. A., & A. G. Humes. 1988. A new genus of Lichomolgidae (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) associated with a phoronid in Hong Kong. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series 54 (6): 301-307.

[H94] Humes, A. G. 1994. Two species of Paramolgus (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Lichomolgidae) associated with the scleractinian Pavona in New Caledonia with a key to the females of Paramolgus. Beaufortia 44 (1): 1-9.

Humes, A. G., & J. H. Stock. 1973. A revision of the family Lichomolgidae Kossmann, 1877, cyclopoid copepods mainly associated with marine invertebrates. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 127.

[K03] Kim, I.-H. 2003. Copepodid stages of Critomolgus anthopleurus (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida, Rhynchomolgidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 558-567.

[N44] Nicholls, A. G. 1944. Littoral Copepoda from South Australia. (II) Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Notodelphyoida, Monstrilloida and Caligoida. Records of the South Australian Museum 8 (1): 1-62.