Cuscuta

Greater dodder Cuscuta europaea on dwarf elder Sambucus ebulus, copyright Bogdan.

Belongs within: Convolvulaceae.

Cuscuta, the dodders, is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitic vines. They lack both roots and chlorophyll, and grow as slender, twining stems attached to hosts by haustoria.

Characters (from Stefanović et al. 2003): Plants parasitic, with little or no chlorophyll, attached to hosts by haustoria. Roots absent. Stems twining, slender, pale to bright orange, with no internal phloem. Leaves reduced, scale-like. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, with infrastaminal fimbriate scales. Sepals equal, non-accrescent. Styles entire or partially to completely divided. Stigmas elongate, capitate, ovoid. Fruit dehiscent, capsular, 2-locular, 1–4-seeded. Embryo spirally coiled, almost acotyledonous. Pollen 3-colpate or pantocolpate, non-echinate.

Cuscuta Linnaeus 1753 [Cuscutaceae, Cuscuteae, Cuscutoideae] A61
    |--C. americana L. 1753 L95
    |--C. approximata ST98 [incl. C. epithymum H93, C. novae-zelandiae Kirk 1888 (n. n.) C06, A61]
    |    |--C. a. ssp. approximata ST98
    |    |--C. a. ssp. episonchum ST98
    |    `--C. ‘epithymum’ var. trifolii C06
    |--C. australis ST98
    |--C. californica H93
    |    |--C. c. var. californica H93
    |    |--C. c. var. apiculata H93
    |    |--C. c. var. breviflora (see below for synonymy) H93
    |    `--C. c. var. papillosa H93
    |--C. campestris Yuncker 1932 [incl. C. pentagona var. calycosa Engelmann 1843] L95
    |--C. cephalanthi H93
    |--C. chinensis LK14
    |    |--C. c. var. chinensis S72
    |    `--C. c. var. ciliaris S72
    |--C. corymbosa C55
    |--C. denticulata [incl. C. veatchii] H93
    |--C. epilinum Weihe 1824 C06
    |--C. europaea SAO03
    |    |--C. e. var. europaea O88
    |    `--C. e. var. indica O88
    |--C. exaltata MS10
    |--C. globulosa Benth. 1845 L95
    |--C. howelliana H93
    |--C. hyalina S72
    |--C. indecora Choisy 1842 L95
    |    |--C. i. var. indecora [incl. C. jepsonii] H93
    |    `--C. i. var. neuropetala H93
    |--C. japonica SAO03
    |--C. lupuliformis CS77
    |--C. obtusiflora Kunth 1819 L95
    |    |--C. o. var. obtusiflora L95
    |    `--C. o. var. glandulosa Engelm. 1859 [=C. glandulosa (Engelm.) Small 1903] L95
    |--C. palaestina ST98
    |--C. pentagona H93
    |--C. planiflora AGF98
    |--C. racemosa C06
    |    |--C. r. var. racemosa C06
    |    `--C. r. var. chiliana [incl. C. hassiaca Pfeiff. 1843] C06
    |--C. reflexa D07
    |--C. salina H93
    |    |--C. s. var. salina H93
    |    |--C. s. var. major H93
    |    `--C. s. var. papillata H93
    |--C. suaveolens Sér. 1840 A61
    |    |--C. s. var. suaveolens A61
    |    `--C. s. var. densiflora (Hooker) Yuncker 1932 [=C. densiflora Hooker 1854] A61
    |--C. subinclusa H93
    |--C. tasmanica BR65
    |--C. umbellata HBK. 1818 L95
    `--C. victoriana BR65

Cuscuta californica var. breviflora [incl. C. brachycalyx var. apodanthera, C. brachycalyx, C. occidentalis, C. suksdorfii var. subpedicellata, C. suksdorfii] H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[L95] Liogier, H. A. 1995. Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta-Dicotyledoneae vol. 4. Melastomataceae to Lentibulariaceae. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MS10] Moore, M. J., P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, J. G. Burleigh & D. E. Soltis. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (10): 4623–4628.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[S72] Singh, N. P. 1972. Cuscuta campestris Yuncker: a new record for western India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 456.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791–806.

Last updated: 31 December 2021.

Convolvulus

Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis, copyright Matt Lavin.

Belongs within: Convolvuloideae.

Convolvulus is a cosmopolitan genus of tufted or twining herbs with flowers bearing one style, two stigmas and unlobed ovaries (Hickman 1993); members of this genus have historically been divided between the genera Convolvulus and Calystegia but phylogenetic analysis indicates that the latter is nested within the former (Stefanović et al. 2003).

<==Convolvulus Linnaeus 1753 A61 [incl. Calystegia Br. 1810 SAO03, A61]
    |--C. althaeoides PT98
    |--C. angustissimus KM08
    |--C. argillicola CV06
    |--C. arvensis SAO03
    |--‘Calystegia’ atriplicifolia H93
    |    |--C. a. ssp. atriplicifolia H93
    |    `--C. a. ssp. buttensis [incl. Convolvulus nyctagineus] H93
    |--C. auricomus PP07
    |--C. cantabrica Linnaeus 1753 PL04
    |--C. caput-medusae ST98
    |--C. chilensis ST98
    |--C. cneorum ST98
    |--C. collinus [=Calystegia collina, Co. malacophyllus ssp. collinus] H93
    |    |--C. c. ssp. collinus H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia collina’ ssp. oxyphylla H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia collina’ ssp. tridactylosa [=Convolvulus tridactylosus] H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia collina’ ssp. venusta H93
    |--C. dissectus C55b
    |--C. elegantissimus PT98
    |--C. erubescens KM08
    |--C. fracto-saxosa Petrie 1913 A61
    |--C. glaucifolius C55a
    |--C. incanus C01
    |--C. lanuginosus C55a
    |--C. lineatus C55a
    |--C. longipes [=Calystegia longipes; incl. Co. linearilobus] H93
    |--C. macrostegius [=Calystegia macrostegia, C. occidentalis var. macrostegius] H93
    |    |--C. m. ssp. macrostegia ST98
    |    |--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. amplissima H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. arida [=Convolvulus aridus] H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. cyclostegia [=Convolvulus cyclostegius] H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. intermedia (see below for synonymy) H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. tenuifolia [=Convolvulus aridus ssp. tenuifolius] H93
    |--C. malacophyllus [=Calystegia malacophylla] H93
    |    |--C. m. ssp. malacophyllus [incl. Calystegia malacophyllus var. berryi] H93
    |    `--C. m. ssp. pedicellatus [=Calystegia malacophylla ssp. pedicellata] H93
    |--C. marginatus C06 [=Calystegia marginata Br. 1810 A61]
    |--C. minor PT01
    |--C. occidentalis [=Calystegia occidentalis] H93
    |    |--C. o. ssp. occidentalis [incl. C. fruticetorum, C. polymorphus] H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia’ o. ssp. fulcrata [=Convolvulus fulcratus; incl. Co. deltoideus] H93
    |--C. oleifolius PT98
    |--‘Calystegia’ peirsonii H93
    |--C. platanifolius C55b
    |--C. prostratus PP07
    |--‘Calystegia’ purpurata H93
    |    |--C. p. ssp. purpurata [=Convolvulus occidentalis var. purpuratus; incl. Co. occidentalis var. solanensis] H93
    |    `--C. p. ssp. saxicola [=Convolvulus occidentalis var. saxicola] H93
    |--C. purpureus C55b
    |--C. sabatius ST98
    |    |--C. s. ssp. sabatius ST98
    |    `--C. s. ssp. mauritanicus ST98
    |--C. sepium Linnaeus 1753 [=Calystegia sepium (Linnaeus) Br. 1810] A61
    |    |--C. s. ssp. sepium H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia’ s. ssp. binghamiae [=Convolvulus binghamiae; incl. Co. sepium var. dumetorum] H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia’ s. ssp. limnophila [=Convolvulus limnophilus; incl. Co. sepium var. repens] H93
    |--C. siculus PT98
    |--C. simulans H93
    |--C. sindicus Stock in Hook 1852 [incl. C. brachyphyllus Boiss. 1856] P06
    |--C. soldanella Linnaeus 1753 A61 [=Calystegia soldanella (Linnaeus) Br. 1810 A61; incl. Ca. reniformis C55b]
    |--‘Calystegia’ stebbinsii H93
    |--C. subacaulis [=Calystegia subacaulis] H93
    |    |--C. s. ssp. subacaulis H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia’ s. ssp. episcopalis H93
    |--‘Calystegia’ sylvatica H59
    |--C. tuguriorum Forster 1786 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--C. undulatus C55a
    `--C. verecundus Allan 1961 A61

‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. intermedia [=Convolvulus aridus ssp. intermedius; incl. Co. aridus ssp. longilobus] H93

Convolvulus tuguriorum Forster 1786 [=Calystegia tuguriorum (Forster) Br. ex Hooker 1854; incl. Ca. truncatella Colenso 1889] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—X. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 125–131.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P06] Parmar, P. J. 2006. Additions to the flora of Gujarat from Mehsana and Kutch districts (N. Gujarat). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 191–196.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791-806.

Convolvuloideae

Elephant creeper Argyreia nervosa, copyright Loi Miao.

Belongs within: Convolvulaceae.
Contains: Merremieae, Convolvulus, Ipomoea.

The Convolvuloideae are a clade of plants defined by Stefanović et al. (2003) as the smallest clade including Convolvulus arvensis, Ipomoea pes-tigridis and Aniseia martinicensis.

Characters (from Stefanović et al. 2003): Plants mainly herbaceous; predominantly cordate leaf base; cymes nearly always dichasial; corolla with five interplical veins; style single, undivided; pollen grains of medium to large size (≥50 µm in diameter).

Convolvuloideae SAO03
    |--Aniseieae SAO03
    |    |--Odonellia hirtiflora SAO03
    |    |--Tetralocularia SAO03
    |    `--Aniseia [incl. Iseia] SAO03
    |         |--‘Iseia’ luxurians ST98
    |         `--A. martinicensis SAO03
    `--+--Merremieae SAO03
       |--Convolvuleae SAO03
       |    |--Convolvulus SAO03
       |    `--Polymeria SAO03
       |         |--P. ambigua LK14
       |         |--P. calycina PWP96
       |         |--P. distigma LK14
       |         |--P. longifolia BR65
       |         `--P. pusilla SAO03
       `--Ipomoeeae [Argyreieae] SAO03
            |  i. s.: Lepistemonopsis SAO03
            |--Astripomoeinae SAO03
            |    |--Astripomoea SAO03
            |    |    |--A. lachnosperma SAO03
            |    |    `--A. malvacea SAO03
            |    `--‘Ipomoea’ coccinea SAO03
            `--Argyreiinae SAO03
                 |--Stictocardia campanulata SAO03, ST98
                 |--Paralepistemon SAO03
                 |--Blinkworthia SAO03
                 |--Ipomoea SAO03
                 |--Lepistemon binectariferum SAO03, ST98
                 |    |--L. b. var. binectariferum ST98
                 |    `--L. b. var. borneense ST98
                 |--Turbina SAO03
                 |    |--T. abutiloides ST98
                 |    `--T. corymbosa ST98
                 `--Argyreia [incl. Rivea] SAO03
                      |--A. argentea BB07
                      |--A. capitata ST98
                      |--A. hookeri ST98
                      |--‘Rivea’ hypocrateriformis PP07
                      |--A. mollis ST98
                      |--A. nervosa ST98
                      |--A. obtusifolia SAO03
                      `--‘Rivea’ tiliaefolia [=Convolvulus tiliaefolius] C55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PWP96] Palmer, W. A., B. W. Willson & K. R. Pullen. 1996. The host range of Aconophora compressa Walker (Homoptera: Membracidae): a potential biological control agent for Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 617–624.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791–806.

Cresseae

Brazilian dwarf morning-glory Evolvulus glomeratus, copyright Dinesh Valke.

Belongs within: Convolvulaceae.

The Cresseae are a group of convolvulaceous plants with two or bifid styles in each flower and fruits a dehiscent capsule.

Characters (from Stefanović et al. 2003): Plants suffrutescent herbs to shrubs, less often lianas. Leaf base not cordate. Flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual (unisexual in Hildebrandtia). Sepals equal or unequal, usually non-accrescent (accrescent in Hildebrandtia female flowers and some Seddera spp.) Styles two or bifid. Stigmas globose, reniform, or lobed. Filaments usually straight, glabrous. Fruit dehiscent, capsular (rarely utricular), 1–4 locular, 1–4-seeded. Pollen 3-colpate or pantocolpate, non-echinate.

Cresseae [Evolvuleae, Neuropeltidae, Neuropeltideae, Wilsonieae, Wilsoniinae, Wilsonioideae] SAO03
    |--Hildebrandtia [incl. Cladostigma, Sabaudiella; Hildebrandieae, Hildebrandtieae] SAO03
    |--Seddera latifolia SAO03, PP07
    |--Stylisma SAO03
    |--Itzaea sericea SAO03
    |--Neuropeltis racemosa SAO03
    |--Neuropeltopsis SAO03
    |--Cressa SAO03
    |    |--C. australis LK14
    |    |--C. creteica SAO03
    |    `--C. truxillensis [incl. C. truxillensis var. vallicola] H93
    |--Wilsonia SAO03
    |    |--W. backhousei BR65
    |    |--W. humilis SAO03
    |    `--W. rotundifolia BR65
    |--Bonamia SAO03
    |    |--B. media LK14
    |    |--B. pannosa LK14
    |    |--B. semidigyna ST98
    |    `--B. spectabilis ST98
    `--Evolvulus SAO03
         |--E. alsinoides Linnaeus 1762 [incl. E. linifolius] BR65
         |    |--E. a. var. alsinoides LK14
         |    |--E. a. var. decumbens LK14
         |    `--E. a. var. villosicalyx LK14
         |--E. argyreus ST98
         |--E. glomeratus OB08
         `--E. nummularius P03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OB08] Olmstead, R. G., L. Bohs, H. A. Migid, E. Santiago-Valentin, V. F. Garcia & S. M. Collier. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae. Taxon 57 (4): 1159–1181.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791–806.

Dichondreae

Dichondra repens, copyright Harry Rose.

Belongs within: Convolvulaceae.

The Dichondreae are a group of mat-forming herbs and lianas characterised by fruits that are indehiscent utricles (Stefanović et al. 2003).

Characters (from Stefanović et al. 2003): Plants prostrate herbs to lianas. Leaf base usually cordate, sometimes cuneate. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual. Sepals equal, accrescent to non-accrescent. Filaments dilated, pubescent. Styles partially to completely divided. Stigmas globose. Fruits indehiscent, utricles. Pollen 3-colpate, non-echinate.

Dichondreae (see below for synonymy) SAO03
    |--Metaporana SAO03
    |--Calycobolus SAO03
    |--Dipteropeltis poranoides SAO03
    |--Rapona SAO03
    |--Porana SAO03
    |    |--*P. volubilis SAO03
    |    |--P. paniculata KJ05
    |    `--P. speirii CBH93
    `--Dichondrineae SAO03
         |--Petrogenia repens SAO03
         |--Falkia repens SAO03, ST98
         |--Nephrophyllum SAO03
         `--Dichondra Forster & Forster 1776 A61
              |--D. brevifolia Buchan. 1871 [=D. repens var. brevifolia (Buchan.) Kirk 1878] A61
              |--D. donelliana H93
              |--D. micrantha H93
              |--D. occidentalis H93
              `--D. repens Forster & Forster 1776 A61 [incl. D. carolinensis C55]

Dichondreae [Dichondraceae, Dichondrinae, Dichondroideae, Dipteropeltideae, Lepistemonopseae, Nephrophylleae, Poraneae, Prevosteae] SAO03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791–806.

Nicotiana

Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, copyright Joachim Müllerchen.

Belongs within: Solanaceae.

Nicotiana, the tobaccos, is a genus of flowering plants, most diverse in the Americas, with funnel-shaped flowers borne in racemes or panicles (Hickman 1993). The leaves of several species, most notably N. tabacum, have a stimulant effect when smoked and they are widely cultivated for this purpose.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual to small tree. Leaves entire. Inflorescence a raceme or panicle, terminal. Flower with calyx five-lobed, more or less enlarging, not fully enclosing fruit; corolla generally radial, generally funnel-shaped to salverform; stamens 5, equal or one smaller. Fruit a capsule. Seeds many, minute, angled.

Nicotiana
    |--+--N. glutinosa OB08
    |  `--N. paniculata OB08
    `--+--N. acuminata OB08
       |    |--N. a. var. acuminata H93
       |    `--N. a. var. multiflora H93
       `--+--N. africana OB08
          |--N. glauca OB08
          |--N. tabacum Linnaeus 1753 OB08, CD07
          `--+--N. gossei Domin 1929 OB08, BR65
             `--N. suaveolens Lehmann 1818 OB08, BR65
                  |--N. s. var. suaveolens OB08
                  `--N. s. var. excelsior Black 1915 OB08, BR65 (see below for synonymy)

Nicotiana incertae sedis:
  N. acutiflora C06
  N. alata D51
  N. attenuata H93
  N. auriculata C55
  N. australasiae [incl. N. undulata] C55
  N. benthamiana LK14
  N. bonariensis D51
  N. chinensis [incl. N. fruticosa] C55
  N. clevelandii H93
  N. debneyi P82
  N. digluta D37
  N. goodspeedii Wheeler 1935 BR65
  N. ingulba Black 1933 BR65
  N. langsdorfii D51
  N. longiflora C55
  N. maritima Wheeler 1935 BR65
  N. megalosiphon M99
  N. obtusifolia [incl. N. trigonophylla] H93
  N. occidentalis Wheeler 1935 BR65
    |--N. o. ssp. occidentalis KM08
    `--N. o. ssp. hesperis KM08
  N. persica C55
  N. plumbaginifolia VB02
  N. quadrivalvis [incl. N. bigelovii, N. bigelovii var. wallacei] H93
  N. rotundifolia Lindley 1838 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  N. rusbyi D37
  N. rustica BR65
    |--N. r. var. rustica D51
    |--N. r. var. humilis D51
    `--N. r. var. texana D51
  N. sylvestris D51
  N. tomentosa D37
  N. tomentosiformis GM96
  N. velutina Wheeler 1935 BR65

Nicotiana rotundifolia Lindley 1838 [=N. suaveolens var. rotundifolia Comes 1899; incl. N. fastigiata Nees 1844, N. suaveolens var. rosulata Moore 1898, N. rosulata Domin 1929] BR65

Nicotiana suaveolens var. excelsior Black 1915 OB08, BR65 [=N. excelsior Black 1926 BR65; incl. N. macrocalyx Domin 1929 BR65]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[GM96] Griffiths, A. J. F., J. H. Miller, D. T. Suzuki, R. C. Lewontin & W. M. Gelbart. 1996. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis 6^th ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[OB08] Olmstead, R. G., L. Bohs, H. A. Migid, E. Santiago-Valentin, V. F. Garcia & S. M. Collier. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae. Taxon 57 (4): 1159–1181.

[P82] Pickard, J. 1982. Catastrophic disturbance and vegetation on Little Slope, Lord Howe Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 161–170.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.

Last updated: 3 April 2020.

Merremieae

Hairy woodrose Merremia aegyptia, copyright J. M. Garg.

Belongs within: Convolvuloideae.

The Merremieae are a pantropical group of herbaceous vines characterised by globose stigmas (Stefanović et al. 2003).

Characters (from Stefanović et al. 2003): Plants herbaceous, vines. Leaf base usually cordate. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual. Filaments dilated, usually pubescent. Styles entire. Stigmas globose. Fruits dehiscent, capsular, valvate to operculate. Pericarp chartaceous. Pollen 3-colpate or pantoporate, non-echinate.

<==Merremieae ST98
    |--Hewittia sublobata SAO03, ST98
    |--Hyalocystis SAO03
    |--Decalobanthus SAO03
    |--Xenostegia tridentata SAO03, GYD14
    |--Operculina SAO03
    |    |--O. aequisepala LK14
    |    |--O. brownii LK14
    |    |--O. pteripes ST98
    |    |--O. riedeliana ST98
    |    |--O. triquetra ST98
    |    `--O. turpethum ST98
    `--Merremia SAO03
         |--M. aegyptia PP07
         |--M. aurea ST98
         |--M. bipinnatipartita CV06
         |--M. cissoides ST98
         |--M. dissecta LK14
         |--M. gemella LK14
         |--M. guerichii CV06
         |--M. hederacea P88
         |--M. incisa LK14
         |--M. kimberleyensis LK14
         |--M. medium ST98
         |--M. multisecta CV06
         |--M. peltata SAO03
         |--M. quinata LK14
         |--M. quinquefolia ST98
         |--M. tuberosa ST98
         `--M. umbellata ST98
              |--M. u. ssp. umbellata LK14
              `--M. u. ssp. orientalis LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[GYD14] Gibson, L. A., S. Yates & P. Doughty (eds) 2012–2014. Biodiversity Values on Selected Kimberley Islands, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791–806.

Ipomoea

Morning glory Ipomoea violacea, from here.

Belongs within: Convolvuloideae.

Ipomoea is a cosmopolitan genus of twining herbs, many of which are commonly referred to as morning glories. Notable members include the kumara or sweet potato I. batatas, widely grown for its edible tubers. Water spinach or kangkong I. aquatica is cultivated in Asia as a vegetable green. The beach morning glory I. pes-caprae is a pantropical species found growing on the upper parts of sandy shores; its seeds are tolerant of salt water and may be widely dispersed by oceanic currents.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Twining prostrate or scrambling herbs, often lianoid, with alternate, variously cut leaves. Flowers pentamerous, large, ebracteate, axillary, solitary or in cymes. Outer calyx-lobes or sepals usually larger than inner, erect. Corolla usually broad-funnelform, limb sometimes angled or lobed. Staminal filaments filiform, stigma capitate or with two globose lobes. Capsule usually subglobose, four-valved. Seeds glabrous or pubescent.

<==Ipomoea Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--I. sect. Batatas ST98
    |    |--‘Batatas’ acetosaefolia C55a
    |    |--I. batatas ST98 [incl. Convolvulus chrysorhizus C06]
    |    |--‘Batatas’ edulis [incl. Convolvulus batatas] C55b
    |    |--‘Batatas’ littoralis [=Convolvulus littoralis] C55b
    |    |--‘Batatas’ paniculata [=Convolvulus paniculatus; incl. Ipomoea insignis] C55b
    |    `--‘Batatas’ pentaphylla [=Ipomoea pentaphylla] C55b
    |--I. sect. Calonyction ST98
    |    |--I. alba ST98
    |    |--‘Calonyction’ speciosum [incl. Ipomoea bona-nox] C55b
    |    `--I. turbinata ST98
    |--I. sect. Eriospermum ST98
    |    |--I. anisomeres ST98
    |    |--I. batatoides ST98
    |    |--I. eremnobrocha ST98
    |    |--I. habeliana ST98
    |    |--I. horsfalliae ST98
    |    |--I. reticulata ST98
    |    `--I. umbraticola ST98
    |--I. sect. Erpipomoea ST98
    |    |--I. aquatica ST98
    |    `--I. violacea ST98
    |--I. sect. Mina ST98
    |    |--I. hederifolia ST98
    |    `--I. neei ST98
    |--I. (sect. Orthipomoea) cairica ST98
    |    |--I. c. ssp. cairica ST98
    |    `--I. c. ssp. brasiliensis ST98
    `--I. sect. Pharbitis ST98
         |--‘Pharbitis’ cathartica C38
         |--I. eriocarpa ST98
         |--I. nil P88 [=Convolvulus nil C55b, Pharbitis nil C55b]
         `--I. setifera ST98

Ipomoea incertae sedis:
  *I. pes-tigridis SAO03
  I. abrupta VT13
  I. biloba YZ02
  I. calobra ST98
  I. carnea ST98
    |--I. c. ssp. carnea H06
    `--I. c. ssp. fistulosa H06
  I. coptica C55a
  I. costata VT13
  I. diamantinensis Black ex Eardley 1965 E65
  I. diversifolia LK14
  I. fastigiata [=Convolvulus fastigiatus] C55b
  I. filicaulis C55b
  I. gracilis E65
  I. graminea VT13
  I. hastata BR65
  I. hederacea GR98 [=Pharbitis hederacea C55b]
  I. heterophylla BR65
  I. indica H06
  I. involucrata C55a
  I. lonchophylla BR65
  I. macrantha VT13
  I. malvaeoides F11
  I. mammosa [=Batata mammosa, Convolvulus mammosus] C55b
  I. mauritiana LC02
  I. muelleri BR65
  I. muricata C55a
  I. mutabilis H93 [incl. I. acuminata H93, Pharbitis acuminata C55a]
  I. oligantha C55a
  I. palmata Forsk. 1775 A61 (see below for synonymy)
  I. pes-caprae (Linnaeus) Roth 1821 [=Convolvulus pes-caprae Linnaeus 1753] A61
    |--I. p. ssp. pes-caprae P88
    `--I. p. ssp. brasiliensis P88
  I. plebeja E65
  I. polpha ST98
  I. polymorpha M99
  I. purpurea H06
  I. quamoclit LK14
  I. racemigera BR65
  I. sagittata C55b
  I. sessiliflora C55b
  I. sidaefolia C55b
  I. sindica PP07
  I. sinuata C55b
  I. staphylina RS02
  I. stolonifera C74
  I. tamnifolia C55a
  I. tiliacea G38
  I. trichosperma LK14
  I. tricolor TG88
  I. triloba LK14
  I. tuberosa C55b
  I. umbellata C55b
  I. vagans GC05
  I. verticillata PP07

Ipomoea palmata Forsk. 1775 A61 [incl. I. pendula Br. 1810 A61, I. pulchella ME70, I. tuberculata Roem. & Schult. 1819 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. Some new or little known Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 35–43.

[E65] Eardley, C. M. 1965. Diagnoses to new taxa. In: Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae pp. 945–946. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[GC05] Granjon, L., J.-F. Cosson, E. Quesseveur & B. Sicard. 2005. Population dynamics of the multimammate rat Mastomys huberti in an annually flooded agricultural region of central Mali. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 997–1008.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[LC02] Långström, E., & M. W. Chase. 2002. Tribes of Boraginoideae (Boraginaceae) and placement of Antiphytum, Echiochilon, Ogastemma and Sericostoma: a phylogenetic analysis based on atpB plastid DNA sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 234: 137–153.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RS02] Radhakrishna, S., & M. Singh. 2002. Activity schedule and habitat use of the slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 400–407.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791–806.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[VT13] Vigilante, T., J. Toohey, A. Gorring, V. Blundell, T. Saunders, S. Mangolamara, K. George, J. Oobagooma, M. Waina, K. Morgan & K. Doohan. 2013. Island country: aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 145–182.

[YZ02] Yahya, H. S. A., & A. A. Zarri. 2002. Status, ecology and behaviour of Narcondam hornbill (Aceros narcondami) in Narcondam Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 434–445.

Last updated: 4 April 2020.

Solanales

Montinia caryophyllacea, copyright Alexey Yakovlev.

Belongs within: Lamiidae.
Contains: Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae.

The Solanales is a large clade of flowering plants, with most of its members being divided between the Convolvulaceae, the morning glories and related taxa, and the Solanaceae, including nightshades, tobacco, etc. Other members of the Solanales include the Montiniaceae, a small group of shrubs and small trees with small, waxy flowers found in southern and eastern Africa. Fruits are drupes in Kaliphora but capsules in Grevea and Montinia. These capsules are indehiscent in Grevea and loculicidally dehiscent in Montinia. Hydrolea is a genus of semi-aquatic herbs and shrubs found in tropical Asia and the Americas. Sphenoclea is a genus of erect, succulent annual herbs found in the Old World tropics.

Synapomorphies (from www.mobot.org): O-methyl flavonols present; inflorescence terminal; pollen tube usually with callose; calyx persistent in fruit.

See also: My flower is a trumpet (Taxon of the Week: Solanales).

Solanales [Solanineae]
    |--Hydrolea [Hydroleaceae] LC02
    |    `--H. zeylanica LK14
    |--Sphenoclea T00 [Sphenocleaceae APG16]
    |    `--S. pongatium C55
    |--+--Convolvulaceae OB08
    |  `--Solanaceae OB08
    `--Montiniaceae OB08
         |--Grevea T00
         |--Kaliphora T00
         `--Montinia Thunb. 1776 KC01
              `--M. caryophyllacea OB08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LC02] Långström, E., & M. W. Chase. 2002. Tribes of Boraginoideae (Boraginaceae) and placement of Antiphytum, Echiochilon, Ogastemma and Sericostoma: a phylogenetic analysis based on atpB plastid DNA sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 234: 137–153.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OB08] Olmstead, R. G., L. Bohs, H. A. Migid, E. Santiago-Valentin, V. F. Garcia & S. M. Collier. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae. Taxon 57 (4): 1159–1181.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Last updated: 4 April 2020.

Solanoideae

Blue potato bush Lycianthes rantonnei, copyright Paul Venter.

Belongs within: Solanaceae.
Contains: Hyoscyameae, Lycium, Datureae, Solanum, Physaleae.

The Solanoideae is a clade within the Solanaceae characterised by the production of fleshy fruits with flattened seeds containing curved embryos (Olmstead et al. 2008). The derived succulent genus Nolana, sometimes recognised as a separate family from Solanaceae, is shown by molecular analysis to be positioned within the Solanoideae as part of a clade Atropina. Species of Nolana are native to coastal deserts of western South America and possess fruits comprised of five or more carpels with individual ovules intruding into the ovary wall to give rise to a series of single-seeded mericarps. Also belonging to the Atropina is the primarily Argentine genus Sclerophylax which bears dry, indehiscent fruits containing one or a few seeds.

Other notable members of the Solanoideae include the genus Capsicum, bell peppers and chilis, of which various species are grown for their hot-flavoured fruit. The tomato Lycopersicon esculentum is also widely cultivated for its edible fruit which form an integral part of many cuisines around the world. The tree tomato or tamarillo Cyphomandra betacea is a small tree producing reddish, egg-shaped fruits that is primarily grown in subtropical regions. All three of these last examples originated in South America.

Mandragora, the mandrakes, is a Eurasian genus of perennial herbs noted for their toxicity, leading to the folkloric belief in Europe that a mandrake's root could produce a fatal scream when pulled from the ground. Lycianthes is a genus of shrubs, vines and herbs found in South America and Asia of which the blue potato bush L. rantonnei is widely grown as an ornamental.

Solanoideae
    |--Atropina OB08
    |    |--Latua pubiflora OB08
    |    |--Hyoscyameae OB08
    |    |--Jaborosa [incl. Trechonaetes] OB08
    |    |    |--J. integrifolia OB08
    |    |    `--+--J. sativa OB08
    |    |       `--J. squarrosa OB08
    |    `--+--Lycium OB08
    |       |--Sclerophylax [Sclerophylacaceae, Sclerophylacoideae] OB08
    |       |    |--S. adnatifolia OB08
    |       |    `--S. giliesii OB08
    |       `--Nolana [Nolanaceae] OB08
    |            |  i. s.: N. alba P05
    |            |--N. spathulata OB08
    |            `--+--N. linearifolia OB08
    |               `--N. paradoxa OB08
    `--+--Exodeconus miersii OB08
       `--+--Nicandra physalodes OB08
          `--+--+--Schultesianthus OB08
             |  |    |--S. leucanthus OB08
             |  |    `--S. megalandrus OB08
             |  `--+--Solandra OB08
             |     |    |--S. brachycalyx OB08
             |     |    `--S. grandiflora OB08
             |     `--Juanulloeae OB08
             |          |--Dyssochroma viridiflora OB08
             |          `--+--Juanulloa mexicana OB08
             |             |--Merinthopodium neuranthum OB08
             |             `--Markea [incl. Hawkesiophyton] OB08
             |                  |--M. panamensis OB08
             |                  `--M. ulei OB08
             `--+--Mandragora OB08
                |    |--M. autumnalis PT98
                |    |--M. caulescens O88
                |    `--M. officinarum OB08
                `--+--Datureae OB08
                   `--+--Solaneae OB08
                      |    |--Solanum A61
                      |    |--Cyphomandra betacea OB08, Z02
                      |    |--Triguera OB08
                      |    |--Jaltomata OB08
                      |    |    |--+--J. auriculata OB08
                      |    |    |  `--J. sinuosa OB08
                      |    |    `--+--J. grandiflora OB08
                      |    |       `--J. procumbens OB08
                      |    `--Lycopersicon OB08
                      |         |--L. cheesmanii W92
                      |         |--L. chilense W92
                      |         |--L. chmielewskii W92
                      |         |--L. esculentum M99
                      |         |--L. hirsutum W92
                      |         |--L. parviflorum W92
                      |         |--L. pennellii W92
                      |         |--L. peruvianum A02
                      |         `--L. pimpinellifolium RS98
                      `--+--Physaleae OB08
                         |--Salpichroina OB08
                         |    |--Nectouxia formosa OB08
                         |    `--Salpichroa BR65
                         |         |--S. diffusa HH03
                         |         `--S. origanifolia HH03 [incl. Atropa rhomboidea BR65, S. rhomboidea H93]
                         `--Lycianthes [Capsiceae] OB08
                              |  i. s.: *L. lycioides OB08
                              |         L. sanctaclarae MM96
                              |--+--L. rantonnei OB08
                              |  `--+--L. inaequilatera OB08
                              |     `--+--L. ciliolata OB08
                              |        `--L. peduncularis OB08
                              `--+--+--L. biflora OB08
                                 |  |--L. shanesii OB08
                                 |  `--+--L. heteroclita OB08
                                 |     `--+--L. glandulosa OB08
                                 |        `--L. multiflora OB08
                                 `--Capsicum OB08
                                      |  i. s.: C. annuum M99
                                      |         C. frutescens M99
                                      |--C. rhomboideum OB08
                                      `--+--C. baccatum OB08
                                         |--C. chinense OB08
                                         |--C. minutiflorum OB08
                                         `--C. pubescens OB08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A02] Atkinson, H. J. 2002. Molecular approaches to novel crop resistance against nematodes. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 569–598. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[HH03] Hernández, J. R., & J. F. Hennen. 2003. Rust fungi causing galls, witches’ brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina. Mycologia 95 (4): 728–755.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[OB08] Olmstead, R. G., L. Bohs, H. A. Migid, E. Santiago-Valentin, V. F. Garcia & S. M. Collier. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae. Taxon 57 (4): 1159–1181.

[P05] Packer, L. 2005. A new species of Geodiscelis (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Xeromelissinae) from the Atacama Desert of Chile. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 84–91.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[RS98] Ramsey, J., & D. W. Schemske. 1998. Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 467–501.

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

[Z02] Zhang, Z.-Q. 2002. Taxonomy of Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) in New Zealand and its ecology on Sechium edule. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 27–34.

Last updated: 3 April 2020.