Aporum

Aporum leonis, from MillFa Wild Orchid.

Belongs within: Dendrobium.

Aporum is a genus of orchids with fleshy, equitant leaves found in south-east Asia and Malesia (Clements 2003).

See also: Succulent orchids.

Characters (from Clements 2003): Erect, porrect or pendulous, small to large, epiphytic or lithophytic, herbs. Roots thin wiry, divided. Stems thin, wiry, covered with lead sheaths for most of their length but exposed in most species towards the apex, often branching. Leaves equitant, hard, fleshy, broadest near the basal half of each stem, then tapering towards the apex, with a distinct abscission layer, apices acute, persistent for several years, those nearest the apex becoming increasingly smaller and bract like. Inflorescence lateral on exposed apical part of stem, the bract from successive flowering forming a tuft at each node, comprising one or a few flowers. Flowers solitary arising from a lateral meristematic persistent inflorescence, lasting only a few days, synchronous with other plants of the same species in the immediate vicinity; fleshy. Lateral sepals connate at base and spreading towards the apices, together with the labellum and column-foot forming a small spur or saccate base. Dorsal sepal free often much smaller than the lateral sepals. Petals free and often smaller than the dorsal sepal. Labellum fleshy, sessile, rigid with distinct thickened callus of small glands on the laminar surface. Column short with truncate apex, and prominent staminodes. Pollinia small, hard waxy, yellow in two globose hemipollinia. Protocorm-seedling type narrowly isobilateral.

Aporum Blume 1825 (see below for synonymy) C03
    |--A. leonis Lindley in Edwards 1840 [=Dendrobium leonis] C03
    `--+--A. confusum (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium confusum Schlechter 1911] C03
       `--+--A. aloifolium (Blume) Brieger 1981 [=*Macrostomium aloifolium Blume 1825, Dendrobium aloifolium] C03
          `--+--A. anceps (Swartz) Lindley 1830 [=Dendrobium anceps, *Ditulima anceps Rafinesque 1838] C03
             `--A. indivisum Blume 1825 [=Dendrobium indivisum] C03

Aporum incertae sedis:
  *A. lobatum Blume 1825 C03
  A. acinaciforme (Roxburgh) Griffiths 1845 C03
  A. albayense (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium albayense Ames 1912] C03
  A. auyongii (Yukawa) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium auyongii Yukawa 1998] C03
  A. babiense (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. banaense (Gagnepain) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. basilanense (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium basilanense Ames 1912] C03
  A. bicornutum (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. bilobulatum (Seidenf.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium bilobulatum Seidenf. 1985] C03
  A. brevimentum (Seidenf.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium brevimentum Seidenf. 1985] C03
  A. calceolariae (König) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  A. capitellatoides (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. capitellatum (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. cochinchinense (Ridl.) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. compressistylum (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. concavum (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. crucilabre (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. curviflorum (Rolfe) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium curviflorum Rolfe 1805] C03
  A. dalatense (Gagnepain) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. diaphanum (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. distichum (Presl.) Rauschert 1983 [=*Schismoceras disticha Presl 1827] C03
  A. escritorii (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium escritorii Ames 1915] C03
  A. ferdinandi (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium ferdinandi Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910] C03
  A. flexile (Ridl.) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. fuscum (O’Byrne) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium indivisum var. fuscum O’Byrne 1997] C03
  A. grande (Hooker) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. jenkinsii Griffiths 1854 [incl. Dendrobium parciflroum Reichenb. ex Lindley 1859] C03
  A. jennae (O’Byrne) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium jennae O’Byrne 1996] C03
  A. keithii (Ridl.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium keithii Ridl. 1896] C03
  A. kentrophyllum (Hooker) Brieger 1981 C03
  A. kiauense (Ames & Schweinfurth) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium kiauense Ames & Schweinfurth 1920] C03
  A. kjellbergii (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. korthalsii (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. kuyperi (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. litoreum (Bailey) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium litoreum Bailey 1906] C03
  A. lobbii Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lobbii Lindley 1859 non Teijsm. & Binn. 1853] C03
  A. lobulatum (Rolfe ex Smith) Brieger 1981 C03
  A. lunatum (Lindley) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lunatum Lindley 1859] C03
  A. macgregorii Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  A. mannii (Ridl.) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. marivelense (Ames) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. merrillii (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium merrillii Ames 1908] C03
  A. mindanaense (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium mindanaense Ames 1914] C03
  A. mirandum (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. modestissimum (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium modestissimum Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910] C03
  A. nathanielis (Reichenb.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium nathanielis Reichenb. in Schill. 1857] C03
  A. nycteridoglossum (Reichenb.) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. pendulicaule (Hayata) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. porphyrophyllum (Guillaumin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium porphyrophyllum Guillaumin 1955] C03
  A. prostratum (Ridl.) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. pseudoaloifolium (Wood) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium pseudoaloifolium Wood 1984] C03
  A. pseudoequitans (Fessel & Lückel) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  A. quadrilobatum (Carr) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. ramificans (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. reflexibarbatulum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium reflexibarbatulum Smith 1927] C03
  A. reflexitepalum (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. rhodostele (Ridl.) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. rhombopetalum (Kraenzlin) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. rosellum (Ridl.) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. roseonervatum (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. roseostriatum (Ridl.) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. sagittatum (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. salicornioides (Teijsm. & Binn.) Brieger in Schlechter 1981 C03
  A. sambasanum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium sambasanum Smith 1909] C03
  A. shompenii (Sinha & Rao) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium shompenii Sinha & Rao 1998] C03
  A. sinuosum (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium sinuosum Ames 1922] C03
  A. smithianum (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. spatella (Reichenb.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium spatella Reichenb. 1865] C03
  A. sphenochilum (von Mueller & Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  A. subpandifolium (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. subulatoides (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. subulatum (Blume) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. teloense (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. teres Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. terminale (Par. & Reichenb.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium terminale Par. & Reichenb. 1874] C03
  A. tetralobum (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. thysanophorum (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. uncatum (Lindley) Brieger in Schlechter 1981 C03
  A. vanhulstijnii (Smith) Rauschert 1983 C03
  A. wenzelii (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium wenzelii Ames 1915] C03
  A. xanthoacron (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium xanthoacron Schlechter 1906] C03
  A. xiphophyllum (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium xiphophyllum Schlechter 1911] C03

Aporum Blume 1825 [=Dendrobium sect. Aporum (Blume) Lindl. in Paxt. 1851; incl. Ditulima Rafinesque 1836, Macrostomium Blume 1825, Aporum sect. Macrostomium (Blume) Bieger 1981, Schismoceras Presl 1827] C03

Aporum calceolariae (König) Clements 2003 [=Epidendrum calceolariae König 1791; incl. Dendrobium acerosum Lindley 1841] C03

Aporum macgregorii Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium macgregorii Ames 1912 non von Mueller & Kraenzlin 1894, D. quisumbingii Hawkes & Heller 1957] C03

Aporum pseudoequitans (Fessel & Lückel) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium pseudoequitans Fessel & Lückel 2000, Ceraia pseudoequitans (Fessel & Lückel) Clements 2003] C03

Aporum sphenochilum (von Mueller & Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium sphenochilum von Mueller & Kraenzlin 1894] C03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C03] Clements, M. A. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic systematics in the Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on Dendrobium section Pedilonum. Telopea 10 (1): 247–298.

Epidendroideae

Common twayblade Listera ovata, copyright Orchi.

Belongs within: Monandrae.
Contains: Corallorhizinae, Pleurothallidinae, Dendrobieae, Gastrodieae, Coelogyninae, Arethuseae, Malaxideae, Cymbidieae, Epidendreae, Eriinae, Vandeae.

The Epidendroideae are a group of mostly epiphytic orchids in which roots bear a multi-layered, spongy epidermis (the velamen), and floral abscission often occurs (Freudenstein & Rasmussen 1999).

Epidendroideae [Coelogyneae, Limodorinae, Neottioideae, Pleuranthae, Sympodiales, Vandoideae]
    |--+--Palmorchideae [Palmorchidinae] RG07
    |  |    |--Palmorchis RG07
    |  |    `--Diceratostele A86
    |  `--+--Epipactis RG07
    |     |    |--E. gigantea H93
    |     |    `--E. helleborine DS04
    |     `--Listera [Listerinae] RG07
    |          |--L. auriculata V72
    |          |--L. caurina H93
    |          |--L. convallarioides H93
    |          |--L. cordata
    |          |--L. kuanshanensis CP02
    |          |--L. ovata TG88
    |          `--L. × veltmanii [L. auriculata × L. convallarioides] V72
    `--+--Cephalanthera austiniae FR99, H93 [=Eburophyton austiniae H93]
       `--+--Tropidioideae [Tropidieae, Tropidiinae] FR99
          |    |--Corymborkis FR99
          |    `--Tropidia FR99
          |         |--T. curculigoides P03
          |         `--T. effusa FR99
          `--+--+--Gastrodieae FR99
             |  |--Epipogieae A86
             |  |    |--Epipogium roseum (Don) Lindley 1857 FR99, SBY02 (see below for synonymy)
             |  |    `--Stereosandra A86
             |  `--Sobraliinae A86
             |       |--Sobralia RG07
             |       |--Elleanthus tetrogeiton A86, RJ11
             |       |--Sertifera A86
             |       `--Xerorchis A86
             `--+--Glomerinae A86
                |    |--Glomera erythrosma FR99, P03
                |    |--Aglossorhyncha A86
                |    |--Glossorhyncha A86
                |    |--Ischnocentrum A86
                |    |--Sepalosiphon A86
                |    `--Earina Lindl. 1834 A86, ME70
                |         |--*E. mucronata Lindl. 1834 (see below for synonymy) ME70
                |         `--E. autumnalis (Forst. f.) Hook. f. 1853 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
                `--+--+--Coelogyninae RG07
                   |  `--+--Wullschlaegelia [Wullschlaegelieae] RG07
                   |     `--Arethuseae EN20
                   `--+--Malaxideae EN20
                      `--+--Cymbidieae EN20
                         `--+--+--Masdevallia RG07
                            |  `--Epidendreae EN20
                            `--+--Collabieae EN20
                               `--+--Podochileae EN20
                                  |    |--Eriinae RG07
                                  |    `--Podochilinae C03
                                  |         |--Podochilus gracilis P03
                                  |         |--Pseuderia C03
                                  |         |--Chitonochilus A86
                                  |         |--Cyphochilus A86
                                  |         `--Poaephyllum A86
                                  `--+--Telipogoninae A86
                                     |    |--Telipogon FR99
                                     |    |--Dipterostele A86
                                     |    |--Stellilabium A86
                                     |    `--Trichoceros A86
                                     `--+--Vandeae EN20
                                        `--Polystachyeae [Polystachyinae] A86
                                             |--Neobenthamia A86
                                             |--Hederorkis A86
                                             |--Imerinaea A86
                                             `--Polystachya FR99
                                                  |--P. luteola C55
                                                  `--P. zeylanica [=Dendrobium polystachyum] C55

Epidendroideae incertae sedis:
  Limodorum abortivum A86, H91
  Thaia [Thaieae] A86
  Neottia nidus-avis R02
  Govenia FR99
  Jensoa FR99
  Corallorhizinae FR99
  Adrorhizinae A86
    |--Adrorhiza A86
    `--Sirhookera FR99
  Cryptarrhena [Cryptarrheneae] FR99
  Eriodes FR99
  Ceratostylis FR99
  Isochilus FR99
  Pleurothallidinae FR99
  Dendrobieae FR99
  Dactylostalix FR99
  Thelasiinae A86
    |--Thelasis pygmaea FR99
    |--Chitonanthera A86
    |--Octarrhena A86
    |--Oxyanthera A86
    |--Phreatia A86
    |--Rhynchophreatia A86
    `--Ridleyella A86

Earina autumnalis (Forst. f.) Hook. f. 1853 ME70 [=Epidendrum autumnale Forst. f. 1786 ME70, Cymbidium autumnale Swartz 1799 C06; incl. Ea. alba Col. 1886 ME70, Ea. suaveolens Lindl. 1843 ME70]

*Earina mucronata Lindl. 1834 [incl. E. aestivalis Cheesem. 1919, E. quadrilobata Col. 1883] ME70

Epipogium roseum (Don) Lindley 1857 FR99, SBY02 [=Limodorum roseum Don 1825 SBY02, Galera rosea Bl. 1825 SBY02; incl. Epipogium nutans Reichenbach 1890 SBY02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A86] Atwood, J. T. 1986. The size of the Orchidaceae and the systematic distribution of epiphytic orchids. Selbyana 9: 171–186.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.

[C03] Clements, M. A. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic systematics in the Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on Dendrobium section Pedilonum. Telopea 10 (1): 247–298.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[FR99] Freudenstein, J. V., & F. N. Rasmussen. 1999. What does morphology tell us about orchid relationships?—a cladistic analysis. American Journal of Botany 86: 225–248.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[P03] Partomihardjo, T. 2003. Colonisation of orchids on the Krakatau Islands. Telopea 10 (1): 299–310.

[RG07] Ramírez, S. R., B. Gravendeel, R. B. Singer, C. R. Marshall & N. E. Pierce. 2007. Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448: 1042–1045.

[R02] Raven, J. A. 2002. Selection pressures on stomatal evolution. New Phytologist 153: 371–386.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SBY02] Sardesai, M. M., M. P. Bachulkar & S. R. Yadav. 2002. Additions to the orchid flora of Maharashtra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 564–566.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Ceraia

Pigeon orchid Ceraia saaronica, copyright Eric Guinther.

Belongs within: Dendrobium.

Ceraia is a genus of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids found from south-east Asia to Papua New Guinea, characterised by the presence of at least three or four swollen, leafless internodes at the base of the stem (Clements 2003).

Characters (from Clements 2003): Epiphytic or lithophytic herb; pseudobulbous stems to c. 1m long, the swollen part comprising three or four nodes and internodes at least four nodes from the base of a shoot; aerial growths arising above the swollen pseudobulb, capable of forming a swollen pseudobulb; roots arising from the nodes at the base of each shoot; sheaths overlapping; inflorescence enclosed in a covering sheath, a highly reduced indeterminate, raceme; flowers one to three per inflorescence, spontaneous at any time following a drop in air temperature, and synchronous for all plants in the same area; flowers lasting only a few hours in a single day, of superficial substance; very fragrant perfume; labellum non-articulate, attached directly to base of column-foot where it forms a short spur containing nectar; column-foot longer than column. Stelidia reduced not divided. Pollinia four, obliquely elliptical, loosely held together in two groups of two. Capsule fusiforme. Protocorm-seedling type, narrowly isobilateral.

Ceraia Loureiro 1790 (see below for synonymy) C03
    |--C. saaronica (König) Clements & Jones 2002 (see below for synonymy) C03
    `--+--+--‘Dendrobium’ (sect. Bolbidium) quadrangulare C03
       |  `--C. truncata (Lindley) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium truncatum Lindley 1859] C03
       `--+--+--C. goldfinchii (von Mueller) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium goldfinchii von Mueller 1883] C03
          |  `--C. philippinensis (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium philippinense Ames 1914] C03
          `--+--C. juncea (Lindley) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium junceum Lindley 1842] C03
             `--C. usterioides (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium usterioides Ames 1915] C03

Ceraia incertae sedis:
  *C. simplicissima Loureiro 1790 [incl. Dendrobium podagraria Hooker 1890] C03
  C. acaciifolia (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium acaciifolium Smith 1917] C03
  C. acicularis (Lindley) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium aciculare Lindley 1840] C03
  C. alabensis (Wood) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium alabense Wood 1990] C03
  C. aurantiflammea (Wood) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium aurantiflammeum Wood 1998] C03
  C. batanensis (Ames & Quisumb.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium batanense Ames & Quisumb. 1932] C03
  C. boothii (Teijsm. & Binn.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium boothii Tijsm. & Binn. 1862] C03
  C. bukidnonensis (Ames & Quisumb.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium bukidnonense Ames & Quisumb. 1936] C03
  C. calceola (Roxburgh) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium calceolum Roxburgh 1832] C03
  C. carinata (Linnaeus) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  C. chrysotainia (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium chrysotainium Schlechter 1910] C03
  C. cinnabarina (Reichenb.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium cinnabarinum Reichenb. 1880] C03
  C. clavator (Ridl.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium clavator Ridl. 1896] C03
  C. compressicaulis (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium compressicaule Smith 1928] C03
  C. confunda (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium confundens Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910] C03
  C. cultrifolia (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium cultrifolium Schlechter 1919] C03
  C. cuneata (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium cuneatum Schlechter 1906] C03
  C. cuneilabra (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium cuneilabrum Smith 1906] C03
  C. cymbulipes (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium cymbulipes Smith 1927] C03
  C. dentata (Seidenf.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium dentatum Seidenf. 1981] C03
  C. eboracensis (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium eboracense Kraenzlin 1894] C03
  C. ephemera (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium ephemerum Smith in Merrill 1917] C03
  C. equitans (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium equitans Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910] C03
  C. exilis (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium exile Schlechter 1906] C03
  C. facifera (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium faciferum Smith 1908] C03
  C. fimbriata (Blume) Clements 2003 [=Onychium fimbriatum Blume 1825, Dendrobium blumei Lindley 1830] C03
  C. fugax Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium fugax Schlechter 1906 non Reichenb. 1871] C03
  C. gedeana (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium gedeanum Smith 1907] C03
  C. gerlandiana (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium gerlandianum Kraenzlin 1909] C03
  C. gracilis (Blume) Clements 2003 [=Onychium gracile, Aporum (sect. *Linearifolia) gracile] C03
  C. grootingsii (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium grootingsii Smith 1917] C03
  C. gynoglottis (Carr) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium gynoglottis Carr 1935] C03
  C. humboldtensis (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium humboldtense Smith 1912] C03
  C. hymenocentra (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium hymenocentrum Schlechter 1912] C03
  C. hymenopetala (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium hymenopetalum Schlechter 1911] C03
  C. hypopoga (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium hypopogon Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910] C03
  C. inconcinna (Ridl.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium inconcinnum Ridl. 1896] C03
  C. inconspicua (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium inconspicuum Smith in Gibbs 1917] C03
  C. incurvociliata (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium incurvociliatum Smith 1931] C03
  C. juncifolia (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium juncifolium Schlechter 1911] C03
  C. koeteiana (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium koeteianum Schlechter 1906] C03
  C. kohlmeyeriana (Teijsm. & Binn.) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  C. kurashigei (Yakawa) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium kurashigei Yakawa 1998] C03
  C. lagara (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lagarum Seidenf. 1985] C03
  C. lamatochila (Seidenf.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lamatochilum Seidenf. 1981] C03
  C. lamellifera (Carr) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium cinnabarinum var. lamelliferum Carr 1935] C03
  C. lamellulifera (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lamelluliferum Smith 1927] C03
  C. lanciloba (Wood) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lancilobum Wood 1990] C03
  C. lawiensis (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lawiense Smith 1912] C03
  C. limii (Wood) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium limii Wood in Wood & Cribb 1994] C03
  C. linearifolia (Teijsm. & Binn.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium linearifolium Teijsm. & Binn. 1862] C03
  C. litoralis (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium litorale Schlechter 1912] C03
  C. macfarlanei (von Mueller) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  C. macrapora (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium macraporum Smith 1912] C03
  C. maleolens (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium maleolens Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910] C03
  C. minima (Ames & Schweinfurth) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium minimum Ames & Schweinfurth 1920] C03
  C. modesta (Reichenb.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium modestum Reichenb. 1855] C03
  C. multiramosa (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium multiramosum Ames 1915] C03
  C. odorata (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium odoratum] C03
  C. ovatipetala (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium ovatipetalum Smith 1932] C03
  C. papilionifera (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium papilioniferum Smith 1905] C03
  C. parviflora (Ames & Schweinfurth) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  C. patentiloba (Ames & Schweinfurth) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium patentilobum Ames & Schweinfurth 1920] C03
  C. peculiaris (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium peculiare Smith 1928] C03
  C. planibulbis (Lindley) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium (sect. *Ampullaria) planibulbe Lindley 1843] C03
  C. platybasis (Ridl.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium platybasis Ridl. 1916] C03
  C. plebeja (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium plebejum Smith 1907] C03
  C. polytricha (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium polytrichum Ames 1908] C03
  C. pseudocalceola (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium pseudocalceolum Smith 1907] C03
  C. pseudotenella (Guillaumin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium pseudotenellum Guillaumin 1965] C03
  C. puberilinguis (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium puberilingue Smith 1927] C03
  C. ridleyana Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium ridleyanum Kerr 1927 non Schlechter 1905] C03
  C. robinsonii (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium robinsonii Ames 1914] C03
  C. sanguinea Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium sanguineum Rolfe 1895 non Swartz 1799] C03
  C. scirpoides (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium scirpoides Schlechter 1911] C03
  C. setifera Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  C. setifolia (Ridl.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium setifolium Ridl. 1896] C03
  C. stelidiifera (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium stelidiiferum Smith 1920] C03
  C. strigosa (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium strigosum Schlechter 1911] C03
  C. tenella (Blume) Clements 2003 [=Onychium tenellum Blume 1825] C03
  C. tenuis (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium tenue Smith 1917] C03
  C. tenuicaulis (Hooker) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium tenuicaule Hooker 1890] C03
  C. tetraedris (Blume) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
  C. torajaensis (O’Byrne) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium torajaense O’Byrne 1999] C03
  C. tricuspis (Blume) Clements 2003 [=Onychium tricuspe Blume 1825] C03
  C. tridentata (Ames & Schweinfurth) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium tridentatum Ames & Schweinfurth 1920] C03
  C. usterii (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium usterii Schlechter 1906] C03
  C. ventricosa (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium ventricosum Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910] C03
  C. ventripes (Carr) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium ventripes Carr 1935] C03

Ceraia Loureiro 1790 [=Ceraja; incl. Dendrobium sect. Ampullaria Pfitzer in Engl. & Prantl. 1889, D. subsect. Aporopsis Schlechter 1912 (n. n.), Aporum sect. Aporopsis (Schlechter) Brieger 1981 (nom. inv.), Aporopsis (Schlechter) Clements & Jones 2002 (nom. inv.), Dendrobium sect. Ceraia Schlechter 1914, D. sect. Crumenata Pfitzer in Engl. & Prantl. 1889, Aporum sect. Crumenata (Pfitzer) Brieger 1981, D. subg. Crumenata Kraenzl. in Engl. 1910, Aporum sect. Linearifolia Brieger in Schlechter 1981, D. sect. Rhopalanthe] C03

Ceraia carinata (Linnaeus) Clements 2003 [=Epidendrum carinatum Linnaeus 1753, Dendrobium carinatum (Linnaeus) von Willdenow 1805] C03

Ceraia kohlmeyeriana (Teijsm. & Binn.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium kohlmeyerianum Teijsm. & Binn. ex Miquel 1867] C03

Ceraia macfarlanei (von Mueller) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium macfarlanei von Mueller 1875, *Aporopsis [(Schlechter) Clements & Jones] macfarlanei] C03

Ceraia parviflora (Ames & Schweinfurth) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium crumenatum var. parviflorum Ames & Schweinfurth 1920] C03

Ceraia saaronica (König) Clements & Jones 2002 [=Epidendrum saaronicum König 1791; incl. Angraecum crumenatum Rumphius 1750 (nom. illeg.), Dendrobium (sect. *Crumenata) crumenatum Swartz 1799, Aporum crumenatum, D. (subg. *Rhopalobium) crumenatum] C03

Ceraia setifera Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium tenellum var. setifolium Guillaumin 1956 non D. setifolium Ridl. 1896] C03

Ceraia tetraedris (Blume) Clements 2003 [=Onychium tetraedre Blume 1825, Aporum (sect. *Aporopsis (Schlechter) Brieger) tetraedre] C03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C03] Clements, M. A. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic systematics in the Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on Dendrobium section Pedilonum. Telopea 10 (1): 247–298.

Eriinae

Oxystophyllum carnosum, copyright Gerard Chartier.

Belongs within: Epidendroideae.

The Eriinae are a group of orchids bearing flowers with a hinged, motile lip and a usually short, massive column with a prominent column foot.

<==Eriinae
    |  i. s.: Epiblastus A86
    |         Mediocalcar A86
    |         Porpax A86
    |         Sarcostoma A86
    |         Stolzia A86
    |--Eria C03
    |    |--E. alba SS72
    |    |--E. andamanica DAC05
    |    |--E. annulata P03
    |    |--E. bractescens DAC05
    |    |    |--E. b. var. bractescens DAC05
    |    |    `--E. b. var. kurzii DAC05
    |    |--E. (sect. Conchidium) extinctoria (Lindley) Oliv. 1871 [=Dendrobium extinctorium Lindley 1836] DAC05
    |    |--E. javanica C03
    |    |--E. oblitterata P03
    |    |--E. retusa P03
    |    `--E. verruculosa P03
    `--+--Bryobium pubescens C03
       `--Oxystophyllum Blume 1825 (see below for synonymy) C03
            |--*O. rigidum Blume 1825 (see below for synonymy) C03
            |--O. acanthium (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium acanthium Schlechter 1912] C03
            |--O. ambotiense (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium ambotiense Smith 1928] C03
            |--O. araneum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium araneum Smith 1913] C03
            |--O. atropurpureum Blume 1858 [=Dendrobium atropurpureum (Blume) Miquel 1855] C03
            |--O. atrorubens (Ridl.) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium atrorubens Ridl. 1896] C03
            |--O. bipulvinatum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium bipulvinatum Smith 1913] C03
            |--O. buruense (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium excavatum var. buruense Smith 1928] C03
            |--O. capitellatum Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium capitellatum Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910 non Smith 1906] C03
            |--O. carnosum Blume 1825 (see below for synonymy) C03
            |--O. changjiangense (Cheng & Tang) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium changjiangense Cheng & Tang 1980] C03
            |--O. cultratum (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium cultratum Schlechter 1911] C03
            |--O. cuneatipetalum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium cuneatipetalum Smith 1927] C03
            |--O. deliense (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium deliense Schlechter 1912] C03
            |--O. elmeri (Ames) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium elmeri Ames 1912] C03
            |--O. excavatum Blume 1825 [=Dendrobium excavatum (Blume) Miquel 1855] C03
            |--O. floridanum (Guillaumin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium floridanum Guillaumin 1965] C03
            |--O. govidjoae (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium govidjoae Schlechter 1912] C03
            |--O. hagerupii (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium hagerupii Smith 1922] C03
            |--O. helvolum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium helvolum Smith 1912] C03
            |--O. hypodon (Schlechter) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
            |--O. kaudernii (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium kaudernii Smith 1927] C03
            |--O. lepoense (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lepoense Schlechter 1911] C03
            |--O. lockhartioides (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium lockhartioides Schlechter 1910] C03
            |--O. longipecten (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium longipecten Smith 1928] C03
            |--O. minutigibbum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium minutigibbum Smith 1914] C03
            |--O. moluccense (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium moluccense Smith 1914] C03
            |--O. nitidiflorum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium nitidiflorum Smith 1913] C03
            |--O. oblongum (Ames & Schweinfurth) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium oblongum Ames & Schweinfurth 1920] C03
            |--O. oligadenium (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium oligadenium Schlechter 1910] C03
            |--O. paniferum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium paniferum Smith 1914] C03
            |--O. sinuatum (Lindley) Clements 2003 [=Aporum sinuatum Lindley 1841, Dendrobium sinuatum] C03
            |--O. speculigerum (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium speculigerum Schlechter 1910] C03
            |--O. subsessile (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium subsessile Schlechter 1912] C03
            |--O. torricellianum (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 (see below for synonymy) C03
            |--O. tropidoneuron (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium tropidoneuron Schlechter 1911] C03
            |--O. tumoriferum (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium tumoriferum Smith 1910] C03
            `--O. validipecten (Smith) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium validipecten Smith 1928] C03

Oxystophyllum Blume 1825 [=Aporum sect. Oxystophyllum (Blume) Brieger 1981, Dendrobium sect. Oxystophyllum (Blume) Miq. 1855] C03

Oxystophyllum carnosum Blume 1825 [=Dendrobium carnosum (Blume) Reichenb. in Walpers 1861 nec Presl. 1827 nec Teijsm. & Binn. 1853] C03

Oxystophyllum hypodon (Schlechter) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium hypodon Schlechter 1910, Aporum hypodon (Schlechter) Rauschert 1983] C03

*Oxystophyllum rigidum Blume 1825 [=Dendrobium rigidum (Blume) Miquel 1859 nec Brown 1810 nec Lindley 1830, Aporum rigidum (Blume) Brieger 1981] C03

Oxystophyllum torricellianum (Kraenzlin) Clements 2003 [=Dendrobium torricellianum Kraenzlin in Engl. 1910, Aporum torricellianum (Kraenzlin) Rauschert 1983; incl. D. atrorubens Schlechter in Schumann & Lauterb. 1905 non Ridl. 1896, D. simile Schlechter 1906 non Schlechter 1905] C03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A86] Atwood, J. T. 1986. The size of the Orchidaceae and the systematic distribution of epiphytic orchids. Selbyana 9: 171–186.

[C03] Clements, M. A. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic systematics in the Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on Dendrobium section Pedilonum. Telopea 10 (1): 247–298.

[DAC05] Diwakar, P. G., D. K. Agrawala & H. J. Chowdhery. 2005. Eria extinctoria (Lindl.) Oliv. (Orchidaceae)—a new record for India from Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 197–200.

[P03] Partomihardjo, T. 2003. Colonisation of orchids on the Krakatau Islands. Telopea 10 (1): 299–310.

[SS72] Singh, V., & H. Singh. 1972. A contribution to the flora of Gangolihat block in Pithoragarh District. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 352–368.

Epidendreae

Cattleya labiata, copyright Tarciso Leão.

Belongs within: Epidendroideae.

The Epidendreae are a group of orchids bearing pollinia fused with sticky caudicles.

<==Epidendreae [Epidendrinae, Laeliinae]
    |--Appendicula FR99
    |    |--A. hexandra FR99
    |    `--A. reflexa P03
    `--+--Agrostophyllum FR99
       |    |--A. bicuspidatum P03
       |    |--A. denbergeri P03
       |    `--A. majus P03
       `--+--Arpophyllum FR99
          `--+--Epidendrum FR99
             |    |--E. atropurpureum H04
             |    `--E. nocturnum FS90
             `--+--+--Schomburgkia FR99
                |  `--+--Chysis FR99
                |     `--Meiracyllium [Meiracylliinae] FR99
                `--Cattleya FR99
                     |--C. ballantiniana H04
                     |--C. labiata H04
                     |--C. mendellii H04
                     `--C. rochellensis H04

Epidendreae incertae sedis:
  Alamania A86
  Artorima A86
  Basiphyllaea A86
  Brassavola A86
  Broughtonia A86
  Caularthron A86
  Constantia A86
  Dilomilis A86
  Dimerandra A86
  Diothonaea A86
  Domingoa A86
  Encyclia A86
  Epidanthus A86
  Hagsatera A86
  Helleriella A86
  Hexisea A86
  Homalopetalum A86
  Isabelia Barbosa-Rodrigues 1877 A86, FT93
  Jacquiniella A86
  Loefgrenianthus A86
  Nageliella A86
  Neocogniauxia A86
  Neowilliamsia A86
  Nidema A86
  Oerstedella A86
  Orleanesia A86
  Pinelia A86
  Platyglottis A86
  Pseudolaelia A86
  Quisqueya A86
  Reichenbachanthus A86
  Rhyncholaelia A86
  Scaphyglottis A86
  Sophronitis A86
  Tetramicra A86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A86] Atwood, J. T. 1986. The size of the Orchidaceae and the systematic distribution of epiphytic orchids. Selbyana 9: 171–186.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[FS90] Fleutiaux, E., & A. Sallé. 1890. Liste des coléoptères de la Guadeloupe et descriptions d’espèces nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 351–484.

[FR99] Freudenstein, J. V., & F. N. Rasmussen. 1999. What does morphology tell us about orchid relationships?—a cladistic analysis. American Journal of Botany 86: 225–248.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[P03] Partomihardjo, T. 2003. Colonisation of orchids on the Krakatau Islands. Telopea 10 (1): 299–310.