Oecanthinae

Prognathogryllus in stem of tree fern Cibotium menziesii, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.

The Oecanthinae, tree crickets, are a group of crickets easily distinguished from other grylloides by their deltoid appearance, pale coloration, prognathous mouthparts and bifurcate tarsal claws (Rentz 1996).

<==Oecanthinae R96
    |  i. s.: Paraphasius O94
    |         Lerneca varipes Walker 1869 R18
    |--Oecanthini O94
    |    |--Viphius O94
    |    |--Oecanthodes O94
    |    `--Oecanthus R96
    |         |--O. adyeri MC13
    |         |--O. angustus R96
    |         |--O. filiger O94
    |         |--O. fultoni O94
    |         `--O. rufescens R96
    `--Xabini O94
         |--Xabea leai O94, R96
         |--Neoxabea Kirby 1906 O94
         `--+--+--Thaumatogryllus Perkins 1899 O94
            |  |    |--*T. variegatus Perkins 1899 O94
            |  |    |--T. cavicola Gurney & Rentz 1978 O94
            |  |    |--T. conanti Otte 1994 O94
            |  |    `--T. mauiensis Otte 1994 O94
            |  `--Leptogryllus Perkins 1899 O94
            |       |  i. s.: L. apicalis Perkisn 1910 O94
            |       |         L. deceptor Perkins 1910 O94
            |       |         L. kipahulu Otte 1994 O94
            |       |         L. perkisni Otte 1994 O94
            |       |--+--+--L. poamoho Otte 1994 O94
            |       |  |  `--+--L. nigromaculatus Perkins 1899 O94
            |       |  |     `--L. haupu Otte 1994 O94
            |       |  `--+--+--L. mauumae Otte 1994 O94
            |       |     |  `--L. nigrolineatus Perkins 1899 [incl. L. cylindricus Perkins 1910 non Perkins 1899] O94
            |       |     `--+--L. kainalu Otte 1994 O94
            |       |        `--+--L. luteus Otte 1994 O94
            |       |           `--L. ookala Otte 1994 O94
            |       `--+--+--L. kauaiensis Perkins 1899 [incl. L. cylindricus Perkins 1899] O94
            |          |  `--+--L. kaala Otte 1994 O94
            |          |     `--L. oahuensis Otte 1994 O94
            |          `--+--+--+--L. elongatus Perkins 1899 O94
            |             |  |  `--L. kohala Otte 1994 O94
            |             |  `--+--L. mauiensis Otte 1994 O94
            |             |     `--L. waikemoi Otte 1994 O94
            |             `--+--L. fusconotatus Perkins 1899 O94
            |                |--L. lanaiensis Otte 1994 O94
            |                |--+--*L. forficularis (Brunner 1895) [=Prognathogryllus forficularis] O94
            |                |  `--L. similis Perkins 1899 O94
            |                |--+--L. kawela Otte 1994 O94
            |                |  `--L. molokai Otte 1994 O94
            |                `--+--L. hanaula Otte 1994 O94
            |                   |--L. montgomeri Otte 1994 O94
            |                   `--L. simillimus Perkins 1899 O94
            `--Prognathogryllus Brunner von Wattenwyl 1895 (see below for synonymy) O94
                 |  i. s.: P. apteryx (Perkins 1899) (n. d.) [=*Aphonogryllus apteryx] O94
                 |--+--P. epimeces Otte 1994 O94
                 |  |--P. haupu Otte 1994 O94
                 |  |--P. kahili Otte 1994 O94
                 |  |--P. parakahili Otte 1994 O94
                 |  `--+--P. elongatus Perkins 1899 O94
                 |     `--P. hypomacron Otte 1994 O94
                 |--+--*P. alatus Brunner von Wattenwyl 1895 O94
                 |  |--P. giganteus Otte 1994 O94
                 |  |--P. pihea Otte 1994 O94
                 |  |--P. victoriae Otte 1994 O94
                 |  |--+--P. flavidus Otte 1994 O94
                 |  |  `--P. hea Otte 1994 O94
                 |  `--+--P. pararobustus Otte 1994 O94
                 |     `--P. robustus Perkins 1899 O94
                 `--+--+--+--P. awili Otte 1994 O94
                    |  |  `--P. kahea Otte 1994 O94
                    |  `--+--P. alapa Otte 1994 O94
                    |     |--P. alternatus Otte 1994 O94
                    |     |--+--P. makai Otte 1994 O94
                    |     |  `--P. weli Otte 1994 O94
                    |     `--+--P. olympus Otte 1994 O94
                    |        `--P. opua Otte 1994 O94
                    `--+--P. aphrastos Otte 1994 O94
                       |--P. makakapua Otte 1994 O94
                       |--+--P. oahuensis Perkins 1899 O94
                       |  `--+--P. spadix Otte 1994 O94
                       |     `--P. stridulans (Perkins 1899) [=*Nesogryllus stridulans] O94
                       `--+--+--P. kukui Otte 1994 O94
                          |  `--P. parakukui Otte 1994 [=P. neokukui (l. c.)] O94
                          |--+--P. hana Otte 1994 O94
                          |  |--P. kipahulu Otte 1994 O94
                          |  `--P. waikemoi Otte 1994 O94
                          `--+--P. kohala Otte 1994 O94
                             `--+--P. mauka Otte 1994 O94
                                `--P. puna Otte 1994 O94

Nomen nudum: Leptogryllus kilauea Otte 1994 O94
             Prognathogryllus polani Otte 1994 O94
             Prognathogryllus unia Otte 1994
             Prognathogryllus wahiawa Otte 1994 O94

Prognathogryllus Brunner von Wattenwyl 1895 [incl. Aphonogryllus Perkins 1899, Nesogryllus Perkins 1899] O94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

Trigonidium

Unidentified Trigonidium, copyright Muhammad Mahdi Karim.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.

Trigonidium is a widespread genus of sword-tailed crickets in Asia and the Pacific, with the highest diversity currently recognised from the Hawaiian Islands.

Characters (from Otte 1994): Body colour often spotted or variegated, often with dark spots and markings on head, pronotum, forewings and abdomen; basal body colour usually pale brown, sometimes reddish or greenish, rarely blackish; fore and mid-legs usually banded, rarely unbanded, sometimes blackish; male genitalia wide with long narrow prongs; songs usually consisting of rapid trills, rarely slower.

<==Trigonidium R96
    |  i. s.: *T. cicindeloides Rambur 1838 O94
    |         T. australis MC13
    |         T. canberrae R96
    |         T. meekappa MC13
    |--+--T. sylvaticum Otte 1994 [=T. sylvatica (l. c.)] O94
    |  |--+--T. akaka Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |--T. hamakua Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  `--T. kalopa Otte 1994 O94
    |  |--+--+--T. holomua Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |  `--T. makani Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  `--+--T. aka Otte 1994 O94
    |  |     |--T. halulu Otte 1994 O94
    |  |     `--T. kulana Otte 1994 O94
    |  |--+--+--T. kapipi Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |  `--T. malanai Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |--+--T. excultatum Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |  |--T. improbum Otte 1994 [=T. improba (l. c.)] O94
    |  |  |  `--T. incongruum Otte 1994 [=T. incongrua (l. c.)] O94
    |  |  `--+--T. exuberans Otte 1994 O94
    |  |     |--T. roseum (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium roseum, T. rosea (l. c.)] O94
    |  |     `--T. wahoi Otte 1994 O94
    |  |--+--T. kau Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |--+--T. hoku Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |  `--T. neovarians Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |--+--T. hyperkona Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |  |--T. kahua Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  |  `--T. makapala Otte 1994 O94
    |  |  `--+--T. kohala Otte 1994 O94
    |  |     |--T. nani Otte 1994 O94
    |  |     `--T. pavidum Otte 1994 O94
    |  `--+--+--T. ookala Otte 1994 O94
    |     |  `--T. pololu Otte 1994 O94
    |     |--+--T. awiwi Otte 1994 O94
    |     |  |--T. kolekole Otte 1994 O94
    |     |  `--T. ola Otte 1994 O94
    |     `--+--T. filicum (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium filicum] O94
    |        |--T. fritinnium Otte 1994 O94
    |        |--T. grande (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium grande] O94
    |        |--T. kona Otte 1994 O94
    |        |--T. mahina Otte 1994 O94
    |        |--T. mauka Otte 1994 O94
    |        |--T. neogrande Otte 1994 O94
    |        |--T. varians (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium varians] O94
    |        |--T. viridiscens (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium viridescens] O94
    |        `--T. waimea Otte 1994 O94
    `--+--+--T. octonalis Otte 1994 O94
       |  |--+--T. flectens Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  `--T. robustum (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium robustum, T. robusta (l. c.)] O94
       |  |--+--T. septimum Otte 1994 [=T. septima (l. c.)] O94
       |  |  `--T. sextum Otte 1994 [=T. sexta (l. c.)] O94
       |  |--+--T. acuste Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  |--T. crepitans (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium crepitans] O94
       |  |  `--T. pahiwa Otte 1994 O94
       |  |--+--T. hopo Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  |--T. novagintum Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  `--T. olomea Otte 1994 O94
       |  |--+--T. huapala Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  |--T. makau Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  `--T. malela Otte 1994 O94
       |  |--+--T. anoe Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  |--T. haupu Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  |--T. pseudonoe Otte 1994 O94
       |  |  `--T. triens Otte 1994 O94
       |  |--+--T. attenuatum (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium attenuatum, T. attenuata (l. c.)] O94
       |  |  |--T. crustum Otte 1994 [=T. crusta (l. c.)] O94
       |  |  |--T. octavum Otte 1994 [=T. octava (l. c.)] O94
       |  |  `--T. procrustum Otte 1994 [=T. procrusta (l. c.)] O94
       |  `--+--T. novena Otte 1994 O94
       |     |--T. paranoe Otte 1994 O94
       |     |--T. paroctonalis Otte 1994 O94
       |     `--T. virens Otte 1994 O94
       `--+--+--T. atroferrugineum (Brunner 1895) [=Paratrigonidium atroferrugineum] O94
          |  |--T. puiwa Otte 1994 O94
          |  |--+--T. awawa Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  |--T. ua Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  `--T. wai Otte 1994 O94
          |  `--+--T. kupono Otte 1994 O94
          |     |--T. molokaiense (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium molokaiense] O94
          |     `--T. pipili Otte 1994 O94
          |--+--+--T. ilex Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  `--T. pudicum Otte 1994 [=T. pudica (l. c.)] O94
          |  |--+--T. kaeka Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  `--T. wiki Otte 1994 O94
          |  |--+--T. ahiu Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  |--T. imitans Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  `--T. nele Otte 1994 O94
          |  |--+--T. freycinetiae (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium freycinetiae] O94
          |  |  |--T. hapapa Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  `--T. saltator (Perkins 1994) [=Paratrigonidium saltator] O94
          |  `--+--T. iuka Otte 1994 O94
          |     |--T. lena Otte 1994 O94
          |     `--T. paranoho Otte 1994 O94
          |--+--+--T. exiguum (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium exiguum] O94
          |  |  `--T. haawina Otte 1994 O94
          |  |--+--T. hehelo Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  `--T. liula Otte 1994 O94
          |  |--+--T. ignavum Otte 1994 [=T. ignava (l. c.)] O94
          |  |  `--T. languidum Otte 1994 [=T. languida (l. c.)] O94
          |  |--+--T. subroseum (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium subroseum] O94
          |  |  `--T. venatum Otte 1994 [=T. venata (l. c.)] O94
          |  |--+--T. fortuitum Otte 1994 [=T. fortuita (l. c.)] O94
          |  |  |--T. paraspilos Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  `--T. pseudoli Otte 1994 O94
          |  |--+--T. laupele Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  |--T. makanina Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  |--T. puukani Otte 1994 O94
          |  |  `--T. sibilans Otte 1994 O94
          |  `--+--T. debile (Perkins 1899) [=Paratrigonidium debile] O94
          |     |--T. ligna Otte 1994 O94
          |     |--T. ohaka Otte 1994 O94
          |     |--T. palai Otte 1994 O94
          |     `--T. spilos Otte 1994 O94
          `--+--T. waikua Otte 1994 O94
             |--+--T. eumeles Otte 1994 O94
             |  `--T. ulaino Otte 1994 O94
             |--+--T. hoahoa Otte 1994 O94
             |  |--T. proalina Otte 1994 O94
             |  `--T. waialina Otte 1994 O94
             |--+--T. hamumu Otte 1994 O94
             |  |--T. kupinai Otte 1994 O94
             |  |--T. paramana Otte 1994 O94
             |  `--T. silvicola Otte 1994 O94
             |--+--T. iao Otte 1994 [=T. rufa Otte 1994 (n. n.)] O94
             |  |--T. kukui Otte 1994 O94
             |  |--T. mauiensis Otte 1994 O94
             |  |--T. neokukui Otte 1994 O94
             |  `--T. promana Otte 1994 O94
             `--+--T. alina Otte 1994
                |--T. kewai Otte 1994 O94
                |--T. kolea Otte 1994 O94
                |--T. kua Otte 1994 O94
                |--T. mana Otte 1994 O94
                |--T. pseudokua Otte 1994 O94
                `--T. waipuna Otte 1994 O94

Nomina nuda: Trigonidium halulu Otte 1994 O94
             Trigonidium infrequens Otte 1994 O94
             Trigonidium kokio Otte 1994 O94
             Trigonidium koolignava Otte 1994 O94
             Trigonidium kuikawa Otte 1994 O94
             Trigonidium welau Otte 1994 O94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney

Eneopterinae

Female Insulascirtus nythos, copyright D. C. F. Rentz.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.

The Eneopterinae, bush crickets, are a diverse group of crickets characterised by adhesive pads on the tarsi. They may be divided into tribes that mostly differ in the form of the auditory tympana on the fore tarsi. In members of the Itarini, both the anterior and posterior tympana are large and well-developed whereas in the Eneopterini the anterior tibia is reduced. The Podoscirtini vary in tympanal morphology. Podoscirtini have the middle outer apical spur on the hind tibia nearly equal in length to its adjacent spur whereas in the other two tribes the former spur is more than twice as long as the latter (Rentz 1996).

Characters (from Rentz 1996): Males often with elongate hind wings; females winged or wingless. Head usually without dorsal bristles. Hind tibia with spines between most spurs. Middle tarsal segment with an adhesive pad.

<==Eneopterinae R96
    |--Itarini [Itarinae] R96
    |    |--Phaloria anapina R96
    |    `--Tremellia australis R96
    |--Eneopterini R96
    |    |--Cardiodactylus novaeguineae R96
    |    |--Eurepa R96
    |    |--Eurepella mjobergi R96, MC13
    |    |--Lebinthus miripara R96
    |    |--Salmonites wittiliko R96
    |    |--Myara R96
    |    |    |--M. aperta R91
    |    |    |--M. pakaria R96
    |    |    `--M. wintrena R96
    |    `--Arilpa R96
    |         |--A. gidya R96
    |         |--A. milkappa R96
    |         |--A. panaroo R96
    |         |--A. pitanae R96
    |         `--A. wirrilla R96
    `--Podoscirtini [Euscyrtinae, Podoscirtinae] R96
         |--Hemiphonus R96
         |--Mundeicus tindalei R96
         |--Unka boreena R96
         |--Riatina callosifrons R96
         |--Tamborina australis R96
         |--Madasumma R96
         |--Merrinella tandanya R96
         |--Turana kiwani R96, MC13
         |--Tozeria R96
         |--Patiscus R96
         |--Euscyrtus hemelytrus R96
         |--Adenopterus norfolkensis R96
         |--Matuanus O94
         |--Archenopterus O94
         |--Umbulgaria R96
         |    |--U. hillimunga R96
         |    `--U. ita R96
         |--Aphonoides R96
         |    |--A. angustissimus R96
         |    |--A. debilis R96
         |    `--A. weeronga R96
         `--Insulascirtus R96
              |--I. christiani R96
              |--I. ellops R96
              `--I. nythos R96

Eneopterinae incertae sedis:
  Tafalisca lurida O94
  Hapithus O94
    |--H. brevipennis O94
    `--H. melodius O94
  Aphonomorphus R18
    |--A. conspersus R18
    |--A. griseus Chopard 1912 R18
    |--A. lividus R18
    |--A. major Chopard 1912 R18
    |--A. surdus Rehn 1918 R18
    `--A. variegatus R18
  Orocharis BM76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

Last updated: 23 May 2022.

Laupala

Laupala kohalensis. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.

Laupala is a diverse genus of crickets found on the Hawaiian Islands. The numerous species are morphologically very similar to each other, and until 1994 were thought to belong to a single species. The existence of multiple species was realised when it was discovered that each species had a distinctive song (often together with variations in male genitalia). Laupala may be divided between three species groups, one of which (the L. kauaiensis group) is found on the island of Kauai, whereas the other two groups are each distributed over the remaining four major Hawaiian islands.

See also: A question of taste.

Characters (from Otte 1994): Male genitalia with narrow epiphallic process and short prongs; body colour generally uniform brown to dark brown or black (without dark spots and markings on head, pronotum, forewings or abdomen); legs I and II largely unbanded; song consisting of a slow train of pulses, males singing mainly in daytime (particularly morning).

<==Laupala Otte 1994 O94
    |--L. kauaiensis group O94
    |    |--L. kanaele Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. kauaiensis Otte 1994 [=L. kawaiensis (l. c.)] O94
    |    |--L. kokeensis Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. koloa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. makaweli Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. olohena Otte 1994 O94
    |    `--L. wailua Otte 1994 O94
    |--L. cerasina group O94
    |    |--L. cerasina Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. eukolea Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. fugax Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. kolea Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. mediaspisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. neospisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--L. spisa Otte 1994 O94
    |    `--L. waikemoi Otte 1994 O94
    `--L. pacifica group O94
         |--*L. nui Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. eupacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. hapapa Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. hualalai Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. kai Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. kohalensis Otte 1994 [=L. kohalina (l. c.)] O94
         |--L. kona Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. lanaiensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. media Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. molokaiensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. nigra Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. oahuensis Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. pacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. paranigra Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. parapacifica Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. paraprosea Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. prosea Otte 1994 O94
         |--L. pruna Otte 1994 [=L. kaumana (l. c.)] O94
         |--L. tantalis Otte 1994 [=L. antalis (l. c.)] O94
         `--L. vespertina Otte 1994 O94

Nomen nudum: Laupala orientalis Otte 1994 O94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.