Mydaeinae

Male Myospila meditabunda, copyright James K. Lindsey.

Belongs within: Muscidae.
Contains: Helina, Mydaea, Phaonia.

The Mydaeinae are a group of muscid flies with a bare anepimeron, long anterior presutural dorsocentral bristles, and rounded lower calypters. These features are shared with the subfamily Phaoniinae and the phylogenetic analysis of calyptrate flies by Kutty et al. (2010) suggests that the two subfamilies are not reciprocally monophyletic. Members of the combined group of the two subfamilies include the cosmopolitan genus Myospila, characterised by a bare prosternum and setulae on the dorsal surface of vein R₄₊₅ (Couri 2010).

<==Mydaeinae [Phaoniinae, Phaoniini] KP10
    |--+--Helina KP10
    |  `--+--Mydaea KP10
    |     `--+--Phaonia KP10
    |        `--Hebecnema Schnabl 1889 KP10, F92
    |             |--*H. umbratica (Meigen 1826) [=Anthomyia umbratica] F92
    |             |--H. affinis Malloch 1921 F92
    |             |--H. alba Hsue 1983 F92
    |             |--H. fulva (Bigot 1885) [=Spilogaster fulvus] H72
    |             `--H. fumosa (Meigen 1826) [=Anthomyia fumosa] F92
    `--Myospila Rondani 1856 KP10, F92 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*M. meditabunda (Fabricius 1781) F92 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--M. m. meditabunda F92
         |    |--M. m. angustifrons Malloch 1922 F92
         |    `--M. m. brunettiana Enderlein 1927 F92
         |--M. argentata (Walker 1857) (see below for synonymy) F92
         |--M. bina (Wiedemann 1830) [=Anthomyia bina] F92
         |--M. effeminata F92
         |--M. femorata (Malloch 1935) [=Xenosina femorata] F92
         |--M. flavibasis (Malloch 1925) [=Xenosia flavibasis] F92
         |--M. fuscicoxa (Li 1980) [=Eumyiospila fuscicoxa] F92
         |--M. laevis (Stein 1900) (see below for synonymy) F92
         |--M. lasiophthalma (Emden 1965) [=Xenosina lasiophthalma] F92
         |--M. lauta (Stein 1918) [=Mydaea lauta] F92
         |--M. lenticeps (Thomson 1869) [=Anthomyia lenticeps] F92
         `--M. tenax (Stein 1918) [=Mydaea tenax] F92

Mydaeinae incertae sedis:
  Opsolasia Coquillett 1910 F92
    `--O. orichalcea HV87
  Lasiopelta Malloch 1928 [incl. Pandleburyia Malloch 1928] F92
    |--*L. orientalis Malloch 1928 F92
    `--L. longicornis (Stein 1915) [=Mydaea longicornis] F92
  Brontaeini F92
    |--Rhynchomydaea Malloch 1922 F92
    `--Brontaea Kowarz 1873 [incl. Anaclysta Brauer & Bergenstamm 1894, Gymnodia Robineau-Desvoidy 1863] F92
         |--*B. polystigma (Meigen 1826) [=Anthomyia polystigma] F92
         |--B. ascendens (Stein 1915) [=Limnophora ascendens; incl. Gymnodia spilogaster Séguy 1932] F92
         |--B. distincta (Stein 1909) [=Limnophora distincta] F92
         |--B. ezensis (Shinonaga & Kano 1972) F92
         |    |--B. e. ezensis F92
         |    `--B. e. latifronta Xue & Wang in Fan 1992 F92
         |--B. genurufa (Pand. 1899) F92
         |--B. genurufoidea Xue & Wang in Fan 1992 F92
         |--B. humilis (Zetterstedt 1860) [=Aricia humilis] F92
         |--B. lasiopa (Emden 19650 [=Gymnodia lasiopa] F92
         |--B. nigrogrisea (Karl 1939) (see below for synonymy) F92
         |--B. parascendens (Hennig 1952) F92
         |--B. sichuanensis Xue & Feng in Fan 1992 F92
         |--B. tonitrui (Wiedemann 1824) [=Anthomyia tonitrui; incl. B. tonitrui variegata (Stein 1903)] F92
         `--B. yunnanensis Xue & Chen in Fan 1992 F92
  Dichaetomyia Malloch 1921 F92
    |--*D. polita Malloch 1921 F92
    |--D. alterna (Stein 1915) [=Mydaea alterna] F92
    |--D. antennata (Stein 1918) [=Mydaea antennata] F92
    |--D. apicalis (Stein 1904) [=Spilogaster apicalis] F92
    |--D. aureomarginata Emden 1965 [=D. nubiana aureomarginata] F92
    |--D. bibax (Wiedemann 1830) [=Anthomyia bibax] F92
    |--D. femorata (Stein 1915) [=Mydaea femorata] F92
    |--D. flavipalpis (Stein 1915) [=Mydaea flavipalpis] F92
    |--D. flavocaudata Malloch 1925 F92
    |--D. keiseri Emden 1965 F92
    |--D. luteiventris (Rondani 1873) (see below for synonymy) F92
    |--D. monticola Emden 1965 F92
    |--D. pallicornis (Stein 1915) [=Mydaea pallicornis] F92
    |--D. pallitarsis (Stein 1909) [=Mydaea pallitarsis] F92
    |--D. pectinipes F92
    |--D. quadrata (Wiedemann 1824) [=Anthomyia quadrata] F92
    `--D. setifemur Malloch 1928 F92

Brontaea nigrogrisea (Karl 1939) [=Limnophora (Gymnodia) nigrogrisea; incl. Gymnodia interposita Emden 1965] F92

Dichaetomyia luteiventris (Rondani 1873) [=Anthomyia luteiventris; incl. D. lineata (Stein 1904), D. nubiana (Bigot 1885)] F92

Myospila Rondani 1856 KP10, F92 [incl. Eumyiospila Malloch 1926 F92, Helinella Malloch 1926 F92, Parapictia Pont 1968 F92, Sinomusina Séguy 1937 F92, Xenosia Malloch 1921 F92, Xenosina Malloch 1925 F92]

Myospila argentata (Walker 1857) [=Aricia argentata; incl. Eumydaea attenta Stein 1918, Spilogaster pellucida Stein 1928, Eumyiospila spinifemarata Malloch 1926] F92

Myospila laevis (Stein 1900) [=Spilogaster laevis; incl. S. arminervis Stein 1900, Xenosia scutellaris Malloch 1935, X. tarsalia Malloch 1935] F92

*Myospila meditabunda (Fabricius 1781) F92 [=Musca meditabunda F92; incl. Curtonevra anthomydea Bigot 1887 H72, C. nigriceps Bigot 1887 H72]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[H72] Huckett, H. C. 1972. Notes on Bigot's North American type-specimens at the University Museum, Oxford (Diptera: Anthomyiidae, Muscidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 81–85.

[HV87] Huckett, H. C., & J. R. Vockeroth. 1987. Muscidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1115–1131. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

Last updated: 9 July 2021.

Coenosiinae

Spilogona surda, copyright JariF.

Belongs within: Muscidae.
Contains: Lispini, Limnophora, Coenosiini.

The Coenosiinae are a group of muscid flies with carnivorous larvae adapted for aquatic habitats. Members include the cosmopolitan genus Spilogona, characterised by the basisternum of the prosternum and the posterior surface of the hind coxa being bare, and the antenna being shortly pubescent with the hairs no longer than the basal diameter of the arista. Paralimnophora is a genus endemic to New Zealand in which the face has a high gena, about half the height of the eye (Couri 2010).

<==Coenosiinae [Limnophorini, Lispinae] KP10
    |--+--Lispini KP10
    |  `--Limnophora KP10
    `--+--Coenosiini KP10
       `--+--Villeneuvia aestuum KP10
          `--Spilogona Schnabl 1911 KP10, F92 [incl. Mydaeina HV87]
               |--*S. carbonella (Zetterstedt 1845) [=Aricia carbonella, Limnophora (*Spilogona) carbonella] F92
               |--S. almqvistii (Holmgren 1880) [=Aricia almqvistii] F92
               |--S. anthrax (Bigot 1885) [=Limnophora anthrax] H72
               |--S. caliginosa KP10
               |--S. costalis (Stein 1907) [=Limnophora costalis] F92
               |--S. dispar KP10
               |--S. leptocerci Mou in Fan 1992 F92
               |--S. litorea (Fallen 1823) [=Musca litorea] F92
               |    |--S. l. litorea F92
               |    `--S. l. yaluensis Ma & Wang in Fan 1992 F92
               |--S. littoralis Mou in Fan 1992 F92
               |--S. obscura HV87
               |--S. setigera (Stein 1907) [=Limnophora setigera] F92
               |--S. spinicosta (Stein 1907) [=Limnophora spinicosta] F92
               |--S. surda (Zetterstedt 1845) [=Aricia surda] F92
               `--S. taheensis Ma & Cui in Fan 1992 F92

Coenosiinae incertae sedis:
  Heliographa Malloch 1921 F92
    `--‘Hydrotaea’ javana Macquart 1851 [incl. Limnophora tonsa Stein 1909, *Heliographa intonsa] C10
  Pseudolimnophora Strobl 1893 F92
  Neolimnophora Schnabl & Dziedzicki 1911 F92
  Exsul Hutton 1901 C10
    `--*E. singularis Hutton 1901 C10
  Limnohelina Malloch 1930 C10
    `--*L. debilis [=Cordylura debilis] C10
  Paracoenosia Malloch 1938 C10
    `--*P. tonnoiri Malloch 1938 C10
  Paralimnophora Lamb 1909 C10
    `--*P. depressa Lamb 1909 C10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C10] Couri, M. S. 2010. Key to the Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 54 (4): 529–544.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[H72] Huckett, H. C. 1972. Notes on Bigot's North American type-specimens at the University Museum, Oxford (Diptera: Anthomyiidae, Muscidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 81–85.

[HV87] Huckett, H. C., & J. R. Vockeroth. 1987. Muscidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1115–1131. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

Last updated: 9 July 2021.

Muscinae

Haematobosca stimulans, copyright Janet Graham.

Belongs within: Azeliinae.
Contains: Neomyia, Mesembrina, Morellia, Musca.

The Muscinae are a group of house flies with a plumose arista, the plumes being more dense (sometimes exclusively) on the upper side (Fan 1992). The lower calypter is broad and posteriorly subtruncate, and the inner corner extends slightly under the scutellum at rest. The stable flies of the genus Stomoxys and horn flies Haematobia and Haematobosca have the proboscis hardened into a stabbing organ for piercing skin. The palpus is about as long as the proboscis in Haematobia and Haematobosca but considerably shorter in Stomoxys. The arista bears both dorsal and ventral plumes in Haematobosca but dorsal plumes only in Haematobia (Couri 2010).

Muscinae [Haematobiini, Muscini, Stomoxydinae] KP10
    |--+--+--Mesembrina KP10
    |  |  `--Polietes Rondani 1866 KP10, F92
    |  |       |--*P. lardaria (Fabricius 1781) [=Musca lardaria] F92
    |  |       |--P. domitor (Harris 1780) [=Musca domitor; incl. M. albolineata Fallén 1823] F92
    |  |       |--P. fuscisquamosus Emden 1965 [incl. P. (Pseudomorellia) omeishanensis Fan 1965] F92
    |  |       |--P. hirticrura Meade 1887 F92
    |  |       |--P. koreicus Park & Shinonaga 1985 F92
    |  |       |--P. nigrolimbata (Bonsdorff 1866) [=Aricia nigrolimbata] F92
    |  |       `--P. orientalis Pont 1972 F92
    |  `--Morellia KP10
    `--+--+--Haematobia Lepeletier & Serville in Latreille et al. 1828 KP10, C10
       |  |    |--*H. irritans (Linnaeus 1758) [=Conops irritans, Lyperosia irritans] F92
       |  |    |--H. exigua de Meijere 1903 F92 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |    |--H. minuta (Bezzi 1892) [=Lyperosia minuta] F92
       |  |    |--H. stimulans A71
       |  |    `--H. titillans (Bezzi 1907) [=Lyperosia titillans] F92
       |  `--+--Musca KP10
       |     `--Eudasyphora Townsend 1911 KP10, F92
       |          |--E. cyanella (Meigen 1826) (see below for synonymy) F92
       |          |--E. cyanicolor (Zetterstedt 1845) [=Pyrellia cyanicolor, Dasyphora cyanicolor] F92
       |          |--E. dasyprosterna Fan & Qian in Fan 1992 F92
       |          |--E. kempi (Emden 1965) (see below for synonymy) F92
       |          |--E. pavlovskyi (Zimin 1951) F92
       |          `--E. tateyamensis Shinonaga 1976 F92
       `--Stomoxyini C10
          |--Haematostoma Malloch 1932 F92
          |--Stomoxys Geoffroy 1762 KP10, F92
          |    |--*S. calcitrans (Linnaeus 1758) [=Conops calcitrans] F92
          |    |--S. indicus Picard 1908 F92
          |    |--S. sitiens Rondani 1873 (see below for synonymy) F92
          |    `--S. uruma Shinonaga & Kano 1966 F92
          `--Haematobosca Bezzi 1907 C10
               |  i. s.: H. alcis HV87
               |--H. (Haematobosca) F92
               |    |--*H. (H.) atripalpis (Bezzi 1895) [=Haematobia atripalpis] F92
               |    `--H. (H.) perturbans (Bezzi 1907) [=Siphona perturbans] F92
               |--H. (Bdellolarynx Austen 1909) F92
               |    `--H. (B.) sanguinolenta (Austen 1909) (see below for synonymy) F92
               `--H. (Lyperosiops Townsend 1912) F92
                    `--H. (L.) stimulans (Meigen 1824) [=Stomoxys stimulans] F92

Muscinae incertae sedis:
  Mitroplatia Enderlein 1935 F92
    |--*M. pygmaea Enderlein 1935 F92
    |--M. albisquama F92
    `--M. nivemaculata Fan, Fang & Yang in Fan 1992 F92
  Dasyphora Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 F92
    |--D. pratorum (Meigen 1826) RD77, F92 (see below for synonymy)
    |--D. albofasciata (Macquart in Webb & Berthelot 1839) (see below for synonymy) F92
    |--D. apicotaeniata Ni 1982 F92
    |--D. asiatica Zimin 1947 F92
    |--D. gansuensis Ni 1982 F92
    |--D. gussakovskii Zimin 1947 F92
    |--D. paraversicolor Zimin 1951 F92
    |--D. quadrisetosa Zimin 1951 [incl. D. huiliensis Ni 1982, D. sinensis Ma 1979] F92
    |--D. tianshanensis Ni 1982 F92
    `--D. trichosterna Zimin 1951 F92
  Rypellia Malloch 1931 F92
    |--*R. flavipes Malloch 1931 F92
    |--R. malaisei (Emden 1965) [=Dasyphora (Rypellia) malaisei] F92
    `--R. semilutea (Malloch 1923) (see below for synonymy) F92
  Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 F92
    |--*P. vivida Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 F92
    |--P. habaheensis Fan & Qian in Fan 1992 F92
    |--P. minuta Zimin 1951 F92
    |--P. rapax (Harris 1870) (see below for synonymy) F92
    |--P. secunda Zimin 1951 F92
    `--P. serena K01
  Neomyia F92
  Curranosia Paterson 1957 F92
  Stygeromyia Austen 1907 F92
    `--S. maculosa Austen 1907 F92
  Myiophaea Enderlein 1935 C10
    `--M. spissa (Walker 1858) [=Bengalia spissa; incl. *M. ralumensis Enderlein 1935] C10

Dasyphora albofasciata (Macquart in Webb & Berthelot 1839) [=Lucilia albofasciata; incl. D. saltuum Rondani 1862] F92

Dasyphora pratorum (Meigen 1826) RD77, F92 [=Musca pratorum F92; incl. M. agilis Meigen 1826 F92, *Dasyphora agilis F92]

Eudasyphora cyanella (Meigen 1826) [=Musca cyanella, Dasyphora cyanella; incl. Lucilia lasiophthalma Macquart 1834, *Eudasyphora lasiophthalma] F92

Eudasyphora kempi (Emden 1965) [=Dasyphora cyanicolor kempi, E. cyanicolor kempi; incl. D. qinghaiensis Ni 1982] F92

Haematobia exigua de Meijere 1903 F92 [=H. irritans exigua F04; incl. Haematobia australis Malloch 1932 F92, Lyperosia flavohirta Brunetti 1910 F92]

Haematobosca (Bdellolarynx) sanguinolenta (Austen 1909) [=Bdellolarynx sanguinolenta; incl. Haematobia aculeata Séguy 1935, Siphona carabao Bohart & Gressitt 1946, Haematobia chinensis Patton 1933, Haematobia rufipes Stein 1918] F92

Pyrellia rapax (Harris 1870) [=Musca rapax; incl. M. aenea Zetterstedt 1838, Pyrellia ignita Robineau-Desvoidy 1830] F92

Rypellia semilutea (Malloch 1923) [=Orthellia semilutea; incl. Pyrellia flavipes Enderlein 1934 non R. flavipes Malloch 1931, R. fulvipes Malloch 1932] F92

Stomoxys sitiens Rondani 1873 [=Stomoxia sitiens; incl. Stomoxys dubitalis Malloch 1932, Stomoxys separabilis Séguy 1935] F92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[C10] Couri, M. S. 2010. Key to the Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 54 (4): 529–544.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[F04] Ferrar, P. 2004. Australian entomology: isolated, or in touch with the rest of the world? Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 329–333.

[HV87] Huckett, H. C., & J. R. Vockeroth. 1987. Muscidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1115–1131. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

Last updated: 24 April 2022.

Muscidae

Achanthiptera rohrelliformis, copyright Henk Soepenberg.

Belongs within: Calyptratae.
Contains: Atherigona, Azeliinae, Reinwardtiinae, Coenosiinae, Mydaeinae.

The Muscidae, house flies, are a cosmopolitan group of ecologically diverse flies. Members are characterised by wings with vein A₁ extending halfway to the wing margin and hind tibiae lacking a mid-dorsal bristle (Savage & Vockeroth 2010). They include Achanthiptera rohrelliformis, a yellowish fly found in the Palaearctic region whose larvae feed on decaying matter in wasp nests. Philornis is a New World genus whose larvae are associated with bird nests, varying from scavengers to subcutaneous parasites of the nestlings. Charadrella, a Neotropical genus in which the first flagellomere of the antenna is about six times as long as wide, includes at least one viviparous species whose larvae feed on dead gastropods (Savage & Vockeroth 2010).

Characters (from Savage & Vockeroth 2010): Small to large flies (body length 2–20 mm). Stout or slender, generally dull grey, black or yellow but occasionally metallic blue or green. Male frons narrow to broad, with one to many frontal bristles. Female frons at least one-fourth as wide as head, with or without pair of cruciate interfrontal bristles. Eyes bare or setulose. Antennal pedicel with distinct dorsal seam, arista almost bare to long plumose or pectinate. Proboscis generally with prementum broad and labella fleshy, but with prementum tapering to slender apex and labella reduced in some. Thoracic bristles usually distinct and long, meron without row of strong bristles. Wings well developed, with vein A₁ incomplete, not reaching wing margin, occasionally with setulae above or below R₃ and R₄₊₅. Both calypters generally well developed. Legs usually slender, occasionally with marked modifications or tufts of fine setae in males. Hind tibia without true dorsal bristle on apical half, but often with posterodorsal bristle (calcar) at about two-thirds from base. First hind tarsomere usually without sub-basal ventral seta. Abdominal sclerites 6–8 in males usually asymmetric.

<==Muscidae [Eginiidae]
    |--Achanthiptera Rondani 1856 [=Acanthiptera Lioy 1864; Achanthipterinae] F92
    |    `--*A. rohrelliformis (R.-D. 1830) F92 [=Phyllis rohrelliformis F92; incl. A. inanis RD77]
    `--+--Azeliinae F92
       `--+--Reinwardtiinae KP10
          `--+--Coenosiinae KP10
             `--Mydaeinae KP10

Muscidae incertae sedis:
  Atherigona SV10
  Lyperosia exigua A71, B88
  Dendrophaonia T90
  Philornis SV10
    |--P. downsi HSS13
    `--P. pici SWK87
  Neomuscina tripunctata SV10
  Cyrtoneuropsis SV10
  Cyrtoneurina [Cyrtoneurininae] SV10
  Cordiluroides SV10
  Cariocamyia SV10
  Neivamyia SV10
  Charadrella SV10
    |--C. macrosoma SV10
    `--C. malacophaga SV10
  Sarcopromusca arcuata SV10
  Agenamyia exotica SV10
  Biopyrellia bipuncta SV10
  Callainireinwardtia woodi SV10
  Polietina pruinosa HV87
  Hemichlora scordalus SV10
  Pseudoptilolepis SV10
  Chortinus bequaerti SV10
  Pachyceramyia SV10
  Tetramerinx littoralis SV10
  Bithoracochaeta leucoprocta SV10, HV87 [incl. Hydrophoria calopus Bigot 1885 H72, H. calopoda ms H72]
  Neodexiopsis SV10
    |--N. basalis SV10
    `--N. ovata [=Coenosia ovata] SV10
  Lispoides SV10
    |--L. aequifrons SV10
    `--L. guatemala SV10
  Pilispina medinai SV10
  Micropotamia SV10
    |--M. amazonica SV10
    `--M. fuscisquama [=Phorbia fuscisquama] SV10
  Chaetophaonia SV10
  Pentacricia aldrichii HV87
  Lophosceles cinereiventris HV87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World’s Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H72] Huckett, H. C. 1972. Notes on Bigot's North American type-specimens at the University Museum, Oxford (Diptera: Anthomyiidae, Muscidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 81–85.

[HV87] Huckett, H. C., & J. R. Vockeroth. 1987. Muscidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1115–1131. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SV10] Savage, J., & J. R. Vockeroth. 2010. Muscidae (house flies, stable flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1281–1295. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T90] Teskey, H. J. 1990. Insecta: Diptera larvae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1253–1276. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

Last updated: 9 July 2021.