Octopus

Common octopus Octopus vulgaris, copyright Kevin Bryant.

Belongs within: Octopodidae.

Octopus is a diverse genus of benthic octopuses with biserial suckers and a large crop. The genus may be divided between a number of morphologically distinct groups but its taxonomy remains uncertain owing to the unclear identity of the type species (O'Shea 1999).

<==Octopus Lamarck 1798 O99 [incl. Paroctopus Naef 1923 P61]
    |--*O. vulgaris Lamarck 1798 O99, L98
    |--O. africanus (Robson 1929) [=O. fontanianus var. africanus] O99
    |--O. alpheus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. americanus G79
    |--O. apollyon S72
    |--O. aspilosomatis Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. australis Hoyle 1885 O99
    |--O. berrima Stranks & Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. bimaculatus SRT18
    |--O. bimaculoides C-S18
    |--O. bunorong O99
    |--O. campbelli (Smith 1902) [=Polypus campbelli, Joubinia campbelli, Robsonella campbelli] O99
    |--O. cirrhosus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. cyaneas Gray 1929 BW09
    |--O. dierythraeus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. fontanianus d’Orbigny 1835 O99
    |--O. gibbsi O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. granulatus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. graptus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. hummelincki O99
    |--O. huttoni (Benham 1943) (see below for synonymy) O99
    |--O. joubini Robson 1929 M88
    |--O. kaharoa O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. kaurna O99
    |--O. macropus O99
    |--O. mernoo O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. moschatus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. oliveri (Berry 1914) [=Polypus oliveri] O99
    |--O. ornatus O99
    |--O. oshimae Sasaki 1929 O99
    |--O. pallidus O99
    |--O. punctatus Gabb 1862 C64
    |--O. rapanui Voss 1979 O99
    |--O. rubescens AFL84
    |--O. rugosus (Bosc 1792) O99
    |--O. variabilis PP64
    `--O. zealandicus (Benham 1944) P61

Octopus huttoni (Benham 1943) [=Robsonella huttoni; incl. O. adamsi Benham 1944, O. otagoensis Benham 1943, O. warringa Stranks 1989] O99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AFL84] Antonelis, G. A., Jr., C. H. Fiscus & R. L. de Long. 1984. Spring and summer prey of California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, at San Miguel Island, California, 1978-79. Fishery Bulletin 82 (1): 67–76.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C-S18] Cavalier-Smith, T. 2018. Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. Protoplasma 255: 297–357.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[L98] Lamarck, C. 1798. Extrait d'un mémoire sur le genre de la sèche, du calmar et du poulpe, vulgairement nommés, polypes de mer. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (17): 129–131.

[M88] McKinstry, D. M. 1988. Bite by Octopus joubini: a case report. Nautilus 102 (3): 127–128.

[O99] O’Shea, S. 1999. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Octopoda (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 112: 1–280.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SRT18] Schiffer, P. H., H. E. Robertson & M. J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids are highly degenerate annelid worms. Current Biology 28: 1970–1974.

[S72] Stunkard, H. W. 1972. Clarification of taxonomy in the Mesozoa. Systematic Zoology 21 (2): 210–214.

Sepiida

Common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, copyright Diego Delso.

Belongs within: Neocoleoidea.

The Sepiida, cuttlefishes, are a group of broad-bodied, often benthic cephalopods with the tentacles retractile into large pockets on the head.

Sepiida MG-H11
    |  i. s.: Ceratisepia YVD98
    |--Belosepia [Belosaepiidae] YVD98
    |--Sepiadariidae MG-H11
    |    |--Sepiadarium gracilis Voss 1962 V62
    |    `--Sepioloidea d’Orbigny 1839 P61
    |         |--*S. lineolata (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) P61, MG-H11 [=Sepiola lineolata P61]
    |         `--S. pacifica (Kirk 1882) P61
    `--Sepiidae MG-H11
         |--Archaeosepia naefi Szörenyi 1933 D93
         `--Sepia Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |  i. s.: S. chirotrema Berry 1918 MG-H11
              |         S. cottoni Adam 1979 MG-H11
              |         S. cultrata Hoyle 1885 MG-H11
              |         S. elegans GW02
              |         S. esculenta Hoyle 1886 H09
              |         S. latimanus Quoy & Gaimard 1832 BW09
              |         S. media Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |         S. octopodia Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |         S. opipara (Iredale 1926) MG-H11
              |         S. pfefferi Hoyle 1885 H09
              |         S. pharaonis Ehrenberg 1831 BW09
              |         S. prionota Voss 1962 V62
              |         S. rhoda (Iredale 1954) MG-H11
              |         S. tuberculata Lamarck 1798 L98
              |--S. (Sepia) officinalis Linnaeus 1758 G20, L58
              |--S. (Amplisepia Iredale 1926) P61
              |    `--S. (*A.) apama Gray 1849 P61
              `--S. (Solitosepia Iredale 1926) P61
                   |--S. (*S.) liliana P61
                   `--S. (S.) plangon Gray 1849 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Bryce, C. & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[D93] Doyle, P. 1993. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 229–236. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[L98] Lamarck, C. 1798. Extrait d'un mémoire sur le genre de la sèche, du calmar et du poulpe, vulgairement nommés, polypes de mer. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (17): 129–131.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[V62] Voss, G. L. 1962. Six new species and two new subspecies of cephalopods from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 169–176.

[YVD98] Young, R. E., M. Vecchione & D. T. Donovan. 1998. The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology. South African Journal of Marine Science 20: 393–420.

Teuthida

Giant squid Architeuthis dux, copyright NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet.

Belongs within: Neocoleoidea.
Contains: Loliginidae, Spirulida, Onychoteuthidae, Ommastrephidae, Histioteuthidae.

The Teuthida, squids, are a group of elongate-bodied cephalopods with the shell reduced to an internal, feather- or rod-shaped, gladius, and with ten circum-oral appendages including two contractile tentacles. The Cranchiidae, glass squids, have the coelom modified into a large buoyancy chamber that allows the squid to float passively in the water column.

Teuthida [Oegopsida] MG-H11
    |--Cranchiidae P61
    |    |--Cranchia scabra Leach 1817 GO06, MG-H11
    |    |--Liocranchia MG-H11
    |    |--Megalocranchia Pfeiffer 1884 P61
    |    |    |--*M. maxima P61
    |    |    `--M. pardus Berry 1916 P61
    |    |--Teuthowenia Chun 1910 P61
    |    |    |--*T. megalops P61
    |    |    `--T. antarctica Chun 1910 P61
    |    `--Pyrgopsis de Rochebrune 1884 P61
    |         |--*P. rhynchophora P61
    |         `--P. pacificus (Issel 1908) P61
    `--+--Loliginidae GO06
       `--+--+--Spirulida GO06
          |  `--+--Onychoteuthidae GO06
          |     `--Ommastrephidae GO06
          `--+--Histioteuthidae GO06
             `--+--Lepidoteuthis GO06 [Lepidoteuthididae YVD98]
                |    `--L. grimaldii GO06
                `--Architeuthis Steenstrup 1857 GO06, P61 [Architeuthidae]
                     |--*A. dux P61
                     |--A. kirki Robson 1887 P61
                     |--A. longimanus Kirk 1888 P61
                     |--A. stockii Kirk 1882 P61
                     `--A. verrilli Kirk 1882 P61

Teuthida incertae sedis:
  Chiroteuthididae YVD98
    |--Chiroteuthis veranyi H04
    |--Asperoteuthis YVD98
    `--Grimalditeuthis YVD98
  Mastigoteuthis [Mastigoteuthidae] MG-H11
    |--M. cordiiformis Chun 1908 MG-H11
    |--M. inermis YVD98
    `--M. magna YVD98
  Chtenopterygidae YVD98
  Bathyteuthididae YVD98
  Enoploteuthidae YVD98
    |--Enoploteuthis MG-H11
    `--Pterygioteuthis Fischer 1895 P61
         `--*P. giardi Fischer 1895 P61
  Gonatidae YVD98
    |--Gonatus fabricii W81
    `--Gonatopsis YVD98
  Thysanoteuthididae YVD98
  Jobiniteuthis [Jobiniteuthididae] YVD98
    `--J. portieri YVD98
  Octopoteuthididae YVD98
  Neoteuthididae YVD98
  Lycoteuthididae YVD98
  Pyroteuthididae YVD98
  Ancistrocheiridae YVD98
  Glochinomorpha [Glochinomorphidae] D93
    `--G. stifeli Gordon 1971 D93
  Plesioteuthididae [Prototeuthina] D93
    |--Maioteuthis maestrichtensis (Binkhorst van den Binkhorst 1862) D93
    `--Paraplesioteuthis D93
         |--P. hastata (Münster 1843) D93
         `--P. sagitata (Münster 1843) D93
  Mesoteuthina D93
    |--Palaeololiginidae D93
    |    |--Teudopsis glevensis (Smithe 1877) D93
    |    `--Parateudopsis libanotica (Naef 1922) D93
    `--Trachyteuthididae D93
         |--Actinosepia canadensis Whiteaves 1897 D93
         `--Trachyteuthis D93
              |--T. hastiformis M79
              `--T. palmeri (Schevill 1950) D93
  Muensterellidae [Kelaenina] D93
    |--Muensterella scutellaris (Münster 1843) D93
    |--Calaenoteuthis incerta Naef 1922 D93
    `--Tusoteuthis longa Logan 1898 D93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D93] Doyle, P. 1993. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 229–236. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723–7728.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M79] Müller, A. H. 1979. Fossilization (taphonomy). In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A2–A78. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[W81] Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Hutchinson: London.

[YVD98] Young, R. E., M. Vecchione & D. T. Donovan. 1998. The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology. South African Journal of Marine Science 20: 393–420.

Last updated: 18 November 2021.

Octopodidae

Graneledone boreopacifica, from NOAA/MBARI.

Belongs within: Octopoda.
Contains: Benthoctopus, Octopus.

The Octopodidae is a diverse group of benthic octopuses, including the majority of familiar octopus species. Suckers on the arms are biserial in Octopodinae and Bathypolypodinae but uniserial in the deep-sea Graneledoninae (O'Shea 1999).

Characters (from O'Shea 1999): Body muscular to gelatinous; suckers uniserial or biserial; radula heterodont, occasionally homodont; digestive gland anterior to stomach and caecum; hectocotylised arm not autotomised at maturity; mantle-locking apparatus absent; shell vestige occasionally present as stylets in mantle; ink sac present or absent; light organs absent.

<==Octopodidae [Heteroglossa, Octopodoidea]
    |  i. s.: Megaleledone O99
    |         Hapalochlaena O99
    |         Pteroctopus tetracirrus O99, PP64
    |         Cistopus O99
    |         Vosseledone H88
    |         Scaegurus MG-H11
    |--Bathypolypodinae O99
    |    |--Benthoctopus O99
    |    |--Grimpella thaumastocheir O99
    |    `--Bathypolypus O99
    |         |--B. arcticus O99
    |         |--B. faeroensis (Russell 1909) O99
    |         `--B. spondalis S72
    |--Eledone [Eledoninae] O99
    |    |  i. s.: E. caparti Adam 1950 H88
    |    |         E. cirrhosa (Lamarck 1798) H88
    |    |         E. gaucha Haimovici 1988 H88
    |    |         E. massyae Voss 1964 H88
    |    |         E. palari Lu & Stranks 1991 MG-H11
    |    |         E. thysanophora Voss 1962 H88
    |    |--E. (Eledone) moschata (Lamarck 1798) G20, H88
    |    `--E. (Ocithoe) G20
    |         |--E. (O.) antiquorum G20
    |         `--E. (O.) cranchii G20
    |--Octopodinae O99
    |    |--Octopus O99
    |    |--Ameloctopus Norman 1992 O99
    |    |--Pinnoctopus d’Orbigny 1845 O99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--*P. cordiformis (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) (see below for synonymy) O99
    |    |    |--‘Robsonella’ australis (Hoyle 1885) P61
    |    |    |--‘Octopus fontanianus’ Robson 1929 (see below for synonymy) O99
    |    |    `--P. kermadecensis (Berry 1914) [=Polypus kermadecensis] O99
    |    `--Enteroctopus Gould 1852 O99
    |         |--*E. megalocyathus Gould 1852 O99
    |         |--E. dofleini [=Octopus dofleini] O99
    |         |--E. magnificus O99
    |         `--E. zealandicus (Benham 1944) [=Paroctopus zealandicus] O99
    `--Graneledoninae [Pareledoninae] O99
         |--Pareledone O99
         |--Bentheledone albida O99
         |--Velodona togata O99
         |--Thaumeledone Robson 1930 O99
         |    |--*T. brevis (Hoyle 1885) [=Eledone brevis] O99
         |    |--T. gunteri O99
         |    |--T. marshalli O’Shea 1999 O99
         |    `--T. zeiss O’Shea 1999 O99
         `--Graneledone Joubin 1918 O99
              |--*G. verrucosa (Verrill 1881) [=Eledone verrucosa, Moschites verrucosa] O99
              |    |--G. v. verrucosa O99
              |    `--G. v. media Joubin 1918 O99
              |--G. antarctica Voss 1976 O99
              |--G. boreopacifica O99
              |--G. challengeri (Berry 1916) (see below for synonymy) O99
              |--G. macrotyla O99
              |--G. pacifica Voss & Pearcy 1990 O99
              `--G. taniwha O’Shea 1999 O99
                   |--G. t. taniwha O99
                   `--G. t. kubodera O’Shea 1999 O99

Graneledone challengeri (Berry 1916) [=Moschites challengeri, Eledone challengeri, M. verrucosa var. challengeri] O99

‘Octopus fontanianus’ Robson 1929 non d’Orbigny 1835 [=*Joubinia fontanianus, *Robsonella fontanianus] O99

Pinnoctopus d’Orbigny 1845 O99 [incl. Callistoctopus O99, Joubinia Robson 1930 (preoc.) O99, Macroctopus Robson 1928 O99, P61, Robsonella Adam 1938 O99]

*Pinnoctopus cordiformis (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) [=Octopus cordiformis; incl. O. (Macroctopus) communis Park 1885, Polypus communis, O. flindersi Cotton 1932, O. maorum Hutton 1880, *Macroctopus maorum, Polypus maorum] O99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H88] Haimovici, M. 1988. Eledone gaucha, a new species of eledonid octopod (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) from southern Brazil. Nautilus 102 (2): 82–87.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O99] O’Shea, S. 1999. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Octopoda (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 112: 1–280.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S72] Stunkard, H. W. 1972. Clarification of taxonomy in the Mesozoa. Systematic Zoology 21 (2): 210–214.

Last updated: 18 November 2021.

Octopoda

Blanket octopus Tremoctopus violaceus, copyright Cassandra L. Cox.

Belongs within: Neocoleoidea.
Contains: Grimpoteuthididae, Opisthoteuthididae, Octopodidae.

The Octopoda, octopuses, are a group of stout-bodied cephalopods with eight arms and no tentacles. A small internal shell is present in members of the suborder Cirrata which also have a pair of fins on the head and cilia-like cirri associated with the suckers on the arms; all three features are absent in the suborder Incirrata.

Octopoda [Octopodida]
    |  i. s.: Polypus H09
    |           |--P. octopodia [=Eledone (Polypus) octopodia] G20
    |           |--P. pictus (Brock 1882) [=Octopus pictus] H09
    |           |--P. polyzenia (Gray 1849) [=Octopus polyzenia] H09
    |           `--P. tenebricus (Smith 1884) [=Octopus tenebricus] H09
    |         Amphioctopus marginatus KVF11
    |--Cirrata [Cirroctopoda] O99
    |    |  i. s.: Chunioteuthis gilchristi (Robson 1924) [=Cirrhoteuthis gilchristi] O99
    |    |         Cirroteuthopsis massayae Grimpe 1920 O99
    |    |         Frokenia clara Hoyle 1904 O99
    |    |--Grimpoteuthididae O99
    |    |--Opisthoteuthididae O99
    |    |--Stauroteuthis GO06 [Stauroteuthididae YVD98]
    |    |    `--S. syrtensis GO06
    |    |--Luteuthis O’Shea 1999 [Luteuthididae] O99
    |    |    |--*L. dentatus O’Shea 1999 O99
    |    |    `--‘Grimpoteuthis’ tuftsi Voss & Pearcy 1990 O99
    |    `--Cirroteuthididae O99
    |         |--Cirroteuthis Eschricht 1836 O99
    |         |    `--*C. muelleri Eschricht 1836 O99
    |         `--Cirrothauma Chun 1911 O99
    |              |--*C. murrayi Chun 1911 O99
    |              `--C. magna (Hoyle 1885) [=Cirroteuthis magna] O99
    `--Incirrata O99
         |  i. s.: Palaeoctopodidae D93
         |           |--Palaeoctopus newboldi (Woodward 1896) YVD98, D93
         |           `--Proteroctopus ribeti Fischer & Riou 1982 D93
         |--Octopodidae O99
         |--Vitreledonella Joubin 1918 [Vitreledonellidae] O99
         |    `--*V. richardi Joubin 1918 O99
         |--Amphitretus Hoyle 1885 [Amphitretidae] O99
         |    |--*A. pelagicus Hoyle 1885 [incl. Idioctopus gracilipes Taki 1964] O99
         |    `--A. thielei Robson 1930 [=A. pelagicus thielei] O99
         |--Bolitaenidae [Bathypelagoctopoda, Bolitaenoidea] O99
         |    |--Haliphron atlanticus YVD98, O99 [incl. Alloposus mollis O99]
         |    |--Bolitaena Steenstrup 1859 O99
         |    |    `--*B. microtyla Steenstrup in Hoyle 1886 O99
         |    |--Japetella Hoyle 1885 O99
         |    |    `--J. diaphana (Hoyle 1885) [=Eledonella diaphana, Bolitaena diaphana, Chunella diaphana] O99
         |    `--Eledonella Verrill 1884 O99
         |         `--*E. pygmaea Verrill 1884 (see below for synonymy) O99
         `--Argonautoidea YVD98
              |--Alloposidae YVD98
              `--+--Tremoctopus delle Chiaje 1830 O99 [Tremoctopodidae YVD98]
                 |    |--*T. violaceus delle Chiaje 1830 O99
                 |    |    |--T. v. violaceus O99
                 |    |    `--T. v. gracilis O99
                 |    |--T. gelatus O99
                 |    `--T. robsonianus Kirk 1883 [=T. robsoni (l. c.)] O99
                 `--+--Ocythoe Rafinesque 1814 O99 [Ocythoidae YVD98]
                    |    `--*O. tuberculata Rafinesque 1814 O99
                    `--Argonautidae YVD98
                         |--Obinautilus Kobayashi 1954 D93, K64
                         |    `--*O. pulcher Kobayashi 1954 K64
                         `--Argonauta Linnaeus 1758 O99
                              |--*A. argo Linnaeus 1758 O99 [incl. A. bulleri Kirk 1885 O99, A. papyracea C64]
                              |--A. boettgeri Maltzan 1881 P61
                              |--A. cymbiu Linnaeus 1758 L58
                              |--A. hians Solander 1786 P61
                              |--A. navicula Lightfoot 1786 K65
                              `--A. nodosa Solander 1786 [incl. A. gracilis Kirk 1885, A. tuberculata Shaw 1791] O99

*Eledonella pygmaea Verrill 1884 [incl. E. ijimae Sasaki 1929, Bolitaena ijimai, E. massayae Robson 1924, B. massayae, Japetella prismatica Hoyle 1885, B. massayae purpurea Robson 1932, Eledonella sheardi Allan 1945] O99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[D93] Doyle, P. 1993. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 229–236. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723–7728.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[K65] Kay, E. A. 1965. The Reverend John Lightfoot, Daniel Solander, and the Portland Catalogue. Nautilus 79 (1): 10–19.

[KVF11] Kröger, B., J. Vinther & D. Fuchs. 2011. Cephalopod origin and evolution: a congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules. Bioessays 33: 602–613.

[K64] Kummel, B. 1964. Nautiloidea—Nautilida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K383–K457. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[O99] O’Shea, S. 1999. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Octopoda (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 112: 1–280.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[YVD98] Young, R. E., M. Vecchione & D. T. Donovan. 1998. The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology. South African Journal of Marine Science 20: 393–420.

Last updated: 20 November 2021.

Coleoidea

Hematites barbarae, from here.

Belongs within: Ammonoidea.
Contains: Belemnitida, Neocoleoidea, Xiphoteuthididae.

The cephalopod clade Coleoidea includes all living cephalopods except the Nautilidae. The main character separating the coleoids from other cephalopods was the reduction and internalisation of the shell (phragmocone); modern coleoids are active hunters, their lack of an external shell giving them great motility. Basal fossil members of the clade possessed an internal guard formed of calcite. The earliest cephalopods with an undoubted internal phragmocone belong to the Early Carboniferous Hematites (Kröger et al. 2011). Species of Hematites have a narrow, straight phragmocone with a short living chamber and a short, ridged rostrum of combined aragonite and organic material. The Carboniferous to Jurassic Aulacoceratida possess a long, tube-shaped living chamber on the phragmocone with a simple peristome.

Coleoidea [Gamochonia] D93
    |--+--Belemnitida KVF11
    |  `--Neocoleoidea KVF11
    |--Hematites [Hematitida] KVF11
    |    |--H. barbarae Flower & Gordon 1959 P68
    |    |--H. burbankensis Flower & Gordon 1959 P68
    |    `--H. girtyi Flower & Gordon 1959 D93
    `--Aulacoceratida [Protobelemnoidea] KVF11
         |  i. s.: Choanoteuthis E64
         |--Xiphoteuthididae D93
         |--Palaeobelemnopsis [Palaeobelemnopsidae] D93
         |    `--P. sinensis Chen 1982 D93
         |--Chitinoteuthis [Chitinoteuthididae] D93
         |    |--C. crassicristata Müller-Stol 1936 D93
         |    `--C. decidua Müller-Stoll 1936 D93
         `--Aulacoceratidae D93
              |--Aulacoceras E64
              |--Paleoconus bakeri Flower & Gordon 1959 D93
              |--Bactrimimus ulrichi Flower & Gordon 1959 D93
              |--Prographularia triadica Frech 1890 D93
              `--Austroteuthis kuehni Jeletzky & Zapfe 1967 D93

Coleoidea incertae sedis:
  Illex W81
    |--I. coindeti B26
    `--I. illecebrosus W81 [=Ommastrephes illecebrosus B26]
  Dosidicus gigas W81
  Phragmoteuthididae [Phragmoteuthida] KVF11
    |  i. s.: ‘Belemnoteuthis’ montefiorei (Buckman 1880) GD00
    |--Permoteuthis groenlandica Rosenkrantz 1946 D93
    `--Phragmoteuthis GD00
         |--P. conocauda (Quenstedt 1849) GD00
         `--P. ticinensis Rieber 1970 GD00
  Bactritimimus H87
    |--B. girtyi Flower & Gordon 1959 P68
    `--B. ulrichi Flower & Gordon 1959 P68
  Todarodes filipovae H01
  Psychoteuthis glacialis H01
  Allouroteuthis antarcticus H01
  Abraliopsis felis SC10
  Helicocranchia pfefferi SC10
  Ostenoteuthidae GD00
    |--Ostenoteuthis Garassino & Donovan 2000 GD00
    |    `--*O. siroi Garassino & Donovan 2000 GD00
    `--Uncinoteuthis Garassino & Donovan 2000 GD00
         `--*U. cuvieri Garassino & Donovan 2000 GD00
  Protoaulacoceras [Protoaulacoceratidae] D93
    `--P. longirostris Bandel, Reitner & Stürmer 1983 D93
  Belospirula compressa Ayyasami & Jagandha Rao 1987 D93
  Bayanoteuthis [Bayanoteuthididae] D93
    `--B. rugifer (Schloenbach 1868) D93
  Boletzkyida [Palaeoteuthomorpha] D93
    |--Naefiteuthis [Naefiteuthididae] D93
    |    `--N. breviphragmoconus Bandel et al. 1983 D93
    `--Boletzkya [Boletzkyidae] D93
         |--B. hunsrueckensis Bandel et al. 1983 D93
         `--B. longa Bandel et al. 1983 D93
  ‘Bactrites’ quadrilineatus M17
  Rugobactrites M17

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[D93] Doyle, P. 1993. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 229–236. Chapman & Hall: London.

[E64] Erben, H. K. 1964. Bactritoidea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K491–K505. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[GD00] Garassino, A., & D. T. Donovan. 2000. A new family of coleoids from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno, northern Italy. Palaeontology 43 (6): 1019–1038.

[H01] Harcourt, R. G. 2001. Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990-2000: pinnipeds. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31 (1): 135–160.

[H87] Holland, C. H. 1987. The nautiloid cephalopods: a strange success story. Journal of the Geological Society 144 (1): 1–15.

[KVF11] Kröger, B., J. Vinther & D. Fuchs. 2011. Cephalopod origin and evolution: a congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules. Bioessays 33: 602–613.

[M17] Mutvei, H. 2017. The new order Mixosiphonata (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) and related taxa; estimations of habitat depth based on shell structure. GFF 139 (3): 219–232.

[P68] Purnell, L. R. 1968. Catalog of the type specimens of invertebrate fossils. Part I: Paleozoic Cephalopoda. United States National Museum Bulletin 262: 1–198.

[SC10] Smith, M. R., & J.-B. Caron. 2010. Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian. Nature 465: 469–472.

[W81] Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Hutchinson: London.