Mutisioideae

African daisy Gerbera jamesonii, copyright Dinesh Valke.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.

The Mutisioideae are a cosmopolitan group of composite-flowered plants, most diverse in South America, whose members bear flowerheads with overlapping involucral bracts, disc florets with deeply incised corollas, and styles usually sticking far out of the florets.

<==Mutisioideae [Mutisieae] PF02
    |--Leucomeris PF02
    |--Nouelia PF02
    |--Schlechtendahlia S06
    |--Hyalis S06
    |--Plazia S06
    |--Onoseris S06
    |--Chuquiraga S06
    |--Flotovia S06
    |--Doniophytum S06
    |--Moquinia S06
    |--Stifftia S06
    |--Pachylaena S06
    |--Brachycladus S06
    |--Chaetanthera [incl. Carmelita, Tylloma] S06
    |--Oriastrum [incl. Egania] S06
    |--Trichocline spathulata S06, GK00
    |--Macrachaenium S06
    |--Ameghinoa S06
    |--Hyaloseris S06
    |--Proustia stenophylla S06, J87
    |--Strongylomopsis S06
    |--Triptilium S06
    |--Pamphalea S06
    |--Leuceria [incl. Chabraea] S06
    |    `--L. salina D03
    |--Trixis [incl. Cleanthes] S06
    |    `--T. californica H93
    |--Nassauvia [incl. Strongyloma] S06
    |    `--N. serpens D03
    |--Mutisia YY22
    |    |--M. decurrens D03
    |    `--M. retusa D03
    |--Perezia [incl. Clarionea, Homoianthus] S06
    |    |--P. linearis D03
    |    |--P. magellanica D03
    |    `--P. pediculariaefolia D03
    |--Chaptalia S06
    |    |--C. albicans J87
    |    |--C. (sect. Leria) incana Cuatrecasas 1961 C61
    |    |--C. meridensis C61
    |    |--C. paramensis Cuatrecasas 1961 C61
    |    `--C. runcinata C61
    |         |--C. r. var. runcinata C61
    |         `--C. r. var. graminifolia C61
    `--Gerbera M99
         |--G. discolor M30
         |--G. galpini M30
         |--G. glandulosa M30
         |--G. hybrida MN03
         |--G. jamesonii M99
         |--G. nivea O88
         |--G. piloselloides M30
         |--G. plantaginea M30
         `--G. viridifolia M30

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C61] Cuatrecasas, J. 1961. Studies on Andean Compositae V. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 7–28.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[MN03] Moffitt, M. C., & B. A. Neilan. 2003. Evolutionary affiliations within the superfamily of ketosynthases reflect complex pathway associations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 446–457.

[M30] Moss, C. E. 1930. Some natural hybrids of Clematis, Anemone, and Gerbera from the Transvaal. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 36–40.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Cichorieae

Twiggy wreath plant Stephanomeria virgata, copyright Noah Elhardt.

Belongs within: Cichorioideae.
Contains: Leontodontinae, Hieracium, Microseridinae, Crepis, Taraxacum.

The Cichorieae are a group of composite-flowered plants bearing flowerheads with all flowers ligulate and stems with milky latex.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Flowers all ligulate; plants with milky juice; leaves alternate or radial. Flower-heads homogamous, flowers all bisexual, ligules mostly shortly five-toothed at summit and outer ones often radiating; style with plano-convex branches attenuated towards summit, bearing stigmatic papillae on whole of inner side and well-developed connecting hairs on outside down to below place where branches fork; anthers acute or acuminate at base.

<==Cichorieae [Cichoriaceae, Lactuceae, Liguliflorae] PF02
    |--+--Microseridinae KJ94
    |  `--Stephanomeria [Stephanomeriinae] KJ94
    |       |--S. blairii [=Malacothrix blairii, Munzothamnus blairii] H93
    |       |--S. cichoriacea H93
    |       |--S. diegensis H93
    |       |--S. elata H93
    |       |--S. exigua H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. exigua [incl. S. exigua var. pentachaeta] H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. carotifera H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. coronaria H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. deanei H93
    |       |    `--S. e. ssp. macrocarpa H93
    |       |--S. lactucina H93
    |       |--S. paniculata H93
    |       |--S. parryi H93
    |       |--S. pauciflora KJ94
    |       |    |--S. p. var. pauciflora [incl. S. myrioclada] H93
    |       |    `--S. p. var. parishii H93
    |       |--S. spinosa [=Lygodesmia spinosa] H93
    |       |--S. tenuifolia H93
    |       `--S. virgata H93
    |            |--S. v. ssp. virgata [incl. S. virgata var. tomentosa] H93
    |            `--S. v. ssp. pleurocarpa H93
    `--Crepidinae KJ94
         |--Crepis BR65
         |--Taraxacum BR65
         |--Tolpis Adanson 1763 BR65
         |    `--T. barbata H93 [incl. T. umbellata Bertoloni 1803 H93, BR65]
         |--Chondrilla BR65
         |    |--C. juncea BR65
         |    `--C. prenanthoides C55a
         |--Reichardia Roth. 1787 [incl. Picridium Desfontaines 1799] BR65
         |    |--R. intermedia PT98
         |    `--R. picroides (Linnaeus) Roth 1787 [incl. Picridium vulgare] BR65
         |--Sonchus Linnaeus 1753 BR65, A61
         |    |--S. arvensis BR65
         |    |--S. asper Hill 1760 BR65 [incl. S. fallax C55b]
         |    |--S. grandifolius Kirk 1894 A61
         |    |--S. hydrophilus GK00
         |    |--S. littoralis (Kirk) Cockayne 1907 (see below for synonymy) ME70
         |    |--S. megalocarpus [=S. asper var. megalocarpus Hooker 1860] BR65
         |    |--S. nigrum BN99
         |    |--S. oleraceus M99 [incl. S. ciliatus C55b, S. laevis C55b]
         |    |--S. palustris C55a
         |    |--S. tenerrimus C74
         |    |    |--S. t. var. tenerrimus C74
         |    |    `--S. t. var. perennis C74
         |    `--S. vulgaris Ho91
         `--Lactuca KJ94
              |--L. amorgina S98
              |--L. biennis H93
              |--L. canadensis H93
              |--L. indica MH98
              |--L. lessertiana O88
              |--L. ludoviciana H93
              |--L. muralis C06
              |--L. saligna BR65
              |--L. sativa KJ94 [=L. scariola var. sativa C55b]
              |--L. scariola BR65
              |--L. serriola [incl. L. serriola var. integra] H93
              |--L. tatarica H93
              |    |--L. t. ssp. tatarica H93
              |    `--L. t. ssp. pulchella H93
              |--L. viminea Hu91
              `--L. virosa BR65

Cichorieae incertae sedis:
  Leontodontinae BR65
  Cichorinae BR65
    |--Hedypnois BR65
    |    |--H. cretica [incl. H. polymorpha] BR65
    |    `--H. rhagadioloides GK00
    `--Cichorium BR65
         |--C. endiva H93
         |--C. intybus BR65
         |--C. pumilum PT98 [=C. endivia ssp. pumilum AGF98]
         `--C. spinosum PT98
  Kirkianella Allan 1961 A61
    `--*K. novae-zelandiae (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=Crepis novae-zelandiae Hooker 1864] A61
         |--K. n. f. novae-zelandiae [incl. Hieracium fragile] A61
         |--K. n. f. glauca Allan 1961 A61
         `--K. n. f. minor Allan 1961 A61
  Hieracium N10
  Scolymus hispanicus S06, PT98
  Troximum S06

Sonchus littoralis (Kirk) Cockayne 1907 [=S. oleraceus γ littoralis Kirk 1894, S. asper γ littoralis (Kirk) Kirk 1899] ME70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BN99] Bungener, P., S. Nussbaum, A. Grub & J. Fuhrer. 1999. Growth response of grassland species to ozone in relation to soil moisture condition and plant strategy. New Phytologist 142: 283–293.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[Ho91] Hokkanen, H. M. T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 119–138.

[Hu91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KJ94] Kim, K.-J., & R. K. Jansen. 1994. Comparisons of phylogenetic hypotheses among different data sets in dwarf dandelions (Krigia, Asteraceae): additional information from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 157–185.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[S98] Salmeri, C. 1998. Allium brulloi (Alliaceae), a new species from Astypalea (Aegean Islands, Greece). Willdenowia 28: 69–76.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

Rhodanthe

Chamomile sunray Rhodanthe anthemoides, copyright M. Fagg.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Rhodanthe is an Australian genus of everlasting daisies.

Characters (from Flora of Victoria): Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or variously hairy. Leaves entire, sessile, mostly alternate. Capitula solitary or clustered, homogamous or heterogamous, discoid or disciform, subtending leaves, if present, grading to involucral bracts; involucral bracts multiseriate, scarious, each with or without an apical, pink, white or yellow, petaloid lamina; receptacle often conical, glabrous or somewhat pilose, mainly ebracteate. Florets bisexual or the innermost functionally male; corolla 5-lobed, lobes sometimes unequal; anthers 5, tailed; style branches truncate to ellipsoid or deltoid. Cypselas obovoid, with few–many, elongated, non-mucilaginous papillae; pappus of basally connate, barbellate to plumose bristles.

<==Rhodanthe M99
    |--R. anthemoides M99
    |--R. charsleyae M99
    |--R. chlorocephalum RL06
    |--R. citrina OS04
    |--R. condensata KM08
    |--R. corymbiflora M99
    |--R. floribunda M99
    |--R. humboldtiana KM08
    |--R. laevis G04b
    |--R. microglossa M99
    |--R. moschata M99
    |--R. pygmaea G04b
    |--R. pyrethrum GK00
    |--R. rubella G04a
    |--R. stricta M99
    `--R. tietkensii M99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL06] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2006. Food choice by western grey kangaroos among plants grown at different nutrient levels. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 7–12.

Podolepis

Showy copper wire daisy Podolepis jaceoides, copyright Neil Blair.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Podolepis is an Australian genus of wiry herbs producing commonly yellow flowerheads with involucres bearing membranous bracts (Black & Robertson 1965).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Rather rigid wiry herbs with alternate entire leaves; flowerheads terminal, usually solitary; flowers usually all yellow. Involucre ovoid to hemispherical, the bracts unequal in several rows, with hyaline non-radiating laminae, at least the outer ones sessile; receptacle flat, naked; outer flower female, longer than involucre and sometimes forming conspicuous ray, limb rather deeply cut into three or four narrow lobes or extended in a short two- to four-toothed ligule; inner flowers always more numerous, bisexual, tubular, usually five-lobed; anthers tailed; style-branches truncate; achenes terete; pappus of capillary bristles shorter than corolla.

<==Podolepis BR65
    |--P. arachnoidea (Hooker) Druce 1917 (see below for synonymy) BR65
    |--P. canescens M99
    |--P. capillaris [=Siemssenia capillaris Steetz 1844-1845; incl. P. siemssenia von Mueller 1866] BR65
    |--P. gracilis OS04
    |--P. jaceoides (Sims) Druce 1917 BR65
    |--P. lessonii BR65
    |--P. longipedata M99
    |--P. microcephala KM08
    |--P. neglecta M65
    |--P. rugata BR65
    `--P. tepperi G04

Podolepis arachnoidea (Hooker) Druce 1917 [=Rutidosis arachnoidea Hooker 1848; incl. P. rhytidochlamys von Mueller 1864] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

Vittadinia

Vittadinia scabra, copyright Russell Cumming.

Belongs within: Astereae.

Vittadinia is an Australasian genus of hairy perennial herbs and subshrubs.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Perennial herbs or small undershrubs with alternate leaves. Involucre cylindrical or campanulate; bracts narrow, in three to five unequal rows, with scarious margins; receptacle naked; ray-flowers female, about 15–40, ligules narrow, arranged in two or more rows; disk-flowers fewer, tubular, bisexual; anthers obtuse at base; style-branches with subulate appendages above stigmatic lines; achenes narrow, compressed; pappus usually of numerous capillary bristles; achenes and pappus accrescent so that in fruit the latter far surpasses the involucre; hairs of achenes all, or lower hairs only, notched or two-toothed at summit.

<==Vittadinia Rich. 1832 A61
    |  i. s.: V. cervicularis KM08
    |         V. humerata G04
    |         V. sulcata M99
    |--V. sect. Vittadinia BR65
    |    |--V. triloba BR65 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--V. t. var. triloba BR65
    |    |    |--V. t. var. dissecta BR65 [=V. australis var. dissecta C06]
    |    |    |--V. ‘australis’ var. erecta C06
    |    |    |--V. t. var. lanuginosa BR65
    |    |    `--V. ‘australis’ var. linearis C06
    |    |--V. pterochaeta [=V. australis var. pterochaeta] BR65
    |    `--V. tenuissima [=V. australis var. tenuissima] BR65
    `--V. sect. Eurybiopsis BR65
         |--V. megacephala [=V. australis var. megacephala] BR65
         `--V. scabra BR65

Vittadinia triloba BR65 [=Brachycome triloba Gaudichaud 1826 BR65; incl. *V. australis Richard 1832 A61, BR65, Eurybiopsis australis Hooker 1853 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

Geigeria

Geigeria ornativa, copyright Ina Dinter.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.

Geigeria is an African genus of composite-flowered woody shrublets.

<==Geigeria
    |--G. odontoptera CV06
    |--G. ornativa ssp. ornativa CV06
    |    |--G. o. ssp. o. var. ornativa CV06
    |    `--G. o. ssp. o. var. filifolia [incl. G. englerana, G. otaviensis] CV06
    |--G. pilifera CV06
    |--G. plumosa CV06
    |    |--G. p. ssp. plumosa CV06
    |    |--G. p. ssp. angustifolia CV06
    |    `--G. p. ssp. brachycephala CV06
    `--G. rigida CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

Filago

Broad-leaved cudweed Filago pyramidata, copyright Philmarin.

Belongs within: Inuleae.

Filago, herba impia, is a Holarctic genus of greyish composite-flowered herbs.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual, greyish, cobwebby to tomentose. Stems generally more or less evenly leafy below, more or less leafless between upper forks. Leaves simple, alternate or seeming whorled, more or less sessile, entire. Inflorescence with heads disciform, more or less sessile, generally in groups of 2–10(20), more or less ovoid to conic until mature; bracts leaf-like; phyllaries more or less absent; receptacle generally less than twice as long as wide, generally expanded at tip, chaffy; chaff scales generally 10–20, more or less phyllary-like, each subtending a pistillate floret, generally evenly curved inward; outer scales each more or less folded around a floret, generally falling with a fruit, more or less woolly, back generally rounded, tip generally narrowly obtuse to acute, more or less scarious-winged; innermost chaff scales generally larger than outer, open, boat-shaped, persistent, more or less glabrous, more or less rigid throughout, generally spreading at maturity. Pistillate florest in (3)4–8 series, all or outer subtended by chaff scales; corollas tubular. Disk florets bisexual, not subtended by chaff scales; corolla lobes 4–5. Fruit more or less obovoid, generally more or less compressed side-to-side; outer fruit enfolded by chaff scale, generally erect, straight, smooth, shiny, pappus absent; inner fruit not enfolded by chaff scale, slightly smaller than outer, rougher or papillate, dull, pappus generally of 16–30 bristles, more or less deciduous, generally cohering in a ring.

<==Filago
    |  i. s.: F. aegaea PT98
    |           |--F. a. ssp. aegaea PT98
    |           `--F. a. ssp. aristata PT98
    |         F. cretensis PT98
    |         F. eriocephala PT98
    |         F. vulgaris Lam. 1779 PL04
    |--F. (subg. Filago) pyramidata H93
    `--F. subg. Oglifa [incl. Logfia] H93
         |--F. arizonica H93
         |--F. californica H93
         |--F. depressa H93
         `--F. gallica H93 [=Logfia gallica PT98, Oglifa gallica BC98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC98] Brullo, S., G. Campo, C. Marcenò, S. Romano & G. Siracusa. 1998. Crassula campestris (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Endl. (Crassulaceae), a new record for the Italian flora. Willdenowia 28: 53–58.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

Saussurea

Saussurea gossypiphora, copyright Prateek.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.

Saussurea is a Holarctic genus of composite-flowered herbs found in cooler habitats.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial. Leaves basal and cauline, alternate. Inflorescence with heads discoid, 1–many; involucre ovoid to more or less obconic; phyllaries many, in several series, unequal, acute; receptacle flat or rounded, naked to bristly. Florets few to many; corollas blue to purple, tube slender, throat abruptly wider, lobes linear; anther bases short-tailed, tips linear, acute; style branches oblong, short-papillate, tips minutely hairy. Fruit oblong, more or less angled, attached at base; pappus of one or two series, outer of short bristles or scales, inner of generally longer plumose bristles fused at base.

<==Saussurea
    |--S. abnormis O88
    |--S. americana H93
    |--S. candolleana O88
    |--S. chrysotricha O88
    |--S. dhwojii O88
    |--S. gnaphalodes O88
    |--S. gossypiphora O88
    |--S. graminifolia O88
    |--S. heteromalla O88
    |--S. hieracioides O88
    |--S. hookeri O88
    |--S. kanzanensis CP02
    |--S. laminamaensis O88
    |--S. leontodontoides O88
    |    |--S. l. var. leontodontoides O88
    |    `--S. l. var. filicifolia O88
    |--S. linearifolia O88
    |--S. namikawae O88
    |--S. nepalensis O88
    |--S. nishiokae O88
    |--S. obvallata O88
    |--S. pachyneura O88
    |--S. platyphyllaria O88
    |--S. polystichoides O88
    |--S. roylei O88
    |--S. simpsoniana O88
    |--S. spicata O88
    |--S. sughoo O88
    |--S. taraxacifolia O88
    |--S. tridactyla O88
    |--S. uniflora O88
    |--S. wernerioides O88
    `--S. yakla O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: (H. Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

Lipochaeta

Seaside nehe Lipochaeta succulenta, copyright David Eickhoff.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.

Lipochaeta, nehe, is a genus of composite-flowered plants endemic to Hawaii.

Lipochaeta
    |--L. lobata F79
    |    |--L. l. var. leptophylla F79
    |    `--+--L. l. var. lobata F79
    |       `--L. l. var. hastulatoides F79
    `--+--+--L. heterophylla F79
       |  `--+--L. degeneri F79
       |     `--L. succulenta F79
       `--+--L. rockii F79
          `--L. connata F79
               |--L. c. var. connata F79
               `--L. c. var. acris F79

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F79] Farris, J. S. 1979. Review: Cladistics and Plant Systematics. Systematic Zoology 28 (3): 400–411.

Carduoideae

Dicoma tomentosa, copyright D. Wesuls.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.
Contains: Cardueae.

The Carduoideae are a clade of composite-flowered plants supported by molecular data, members of which commonly have spiny leaves and discoid flower heads. Members include the Dicomeae, a group of African herbs, shrubs and small trees with homogamous or heterogamous flower heads that may have bilabiate peripheral florets (Panero & Funk 2002).

<==Carduoideae
    |--+--Cardueae PF02
    |  `--Tarchonantheae PF02
    |       |--Oldenburgia PF02
    |       `--+--Tarchonanthus PF02
    |          `--Brachylaena PF02
    |               |--B. glabra K02
    |               `--B. huillensis R-S02
    `--Dicomeae PF02
         |--Erythrocephalum PF02
         |--Gladiopappus PF02
         |--Macledium PF02
         |--Cloiselia PF02
         |--Pasaccardoa PF02
         |--Pleiotaxis PF02
         `--Dicoma Cassini 1817 PF02
              |--D. cuneneensis CV06
              |--D. dinteri CV06
              |--D. obconica CV06
              `--D. tomentosa PP07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[K02] Krüger, M. 2002. Revision of the Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis group IV: the genus Drepanogynis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Transvaal Museum Monograph 13: 1–220.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[R-S02] Russell-Smith, A. 2002. A comparison of the diversity and composition of ground-active spiders in Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania and Etosha National Park, Namibia. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 383–388.

Last updated: 31 December 2021.

Vernonieae

Little ironweed Vernonia cinerea, copyright J. M. Garg.

Belongs within: Cichorioideae.

The Vernonieae are a group of composite-flowered plants, mostly herbs to shrubs, found in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Species of the type genus Vernonia commonly bear intensely purple flowers and certain species are used in Africa as leaf vegetables or oilseeds.

Characters (from Flora of North America): Annuals, biennials, perennials, or shrubs (rarely trees or lianas) (sap rarely milky). Leaves usually cauline, sometimes basal or basal and cauline; alternate (rarely subopposite distally or opposite); usually petiolate, sometimes sessile (or petioles winged); margins usually more or less dentate, sometimes entire (rarely lobed or dissected). Heads homogamous (discoid, rarely pseudo-radiant or -liguliflorous), usually in corymbiform, paniculiform, or scorpioid arrays, sometimes borne singly or in glomerules (rarely aggregated in second-order heads). Calyculi absent. Phyllaries usually persistent (rarely readily falling), in 2–8+ series, distinct, unequal, herbaceous to chartaceous, margins and/or apices sometimes scarious. Receptacles flat to convex, usually epaleate (often foveolate, sometimes setose). Ray florets absent (rarely corollas of peripheral florets enlarged, zygomorphic, more or less raylike). Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas white, ochroleucous, or pink to cyanic (rarely yellow); anther bases more or less sagittate (rarely tailed), apical appendages ovate to lanceolate; styles abaxially hirsutulous (at least distally), branches lance-linear to more or less lanceolate, adaxially continuously stigmatic from bases nearly to apices, apices acute, appendages essentially none. Cypselae more or less monomorphic within heads, columnar to clavate, fusiform, or prismatic, sometimes compressed, not beaked, bodies smooth, nerved, or ribbed (glabrous or hirsutulous to strigillose, sometimes resin-gland-dotted as well); pappi usually persistent, usually in two series (outer series of shorter, stouter bristles or narrow scales, inner of longer, usually barbellate bristles), sometimes in one series (bristles or scales, scales often aristate).

<==Vernonieae
    |--Lessingianthus D03
    |--Hesperomania T00
    |--Pacourina S06
    |--Centratherum S06
    |--Blanchetia S06
    |--Stilpnopappus S06
    |--Lepidaploa D03
    |    `--‘Vernonia’ eriolepis D03
    |--Piptocarpha N10
    |    |--P. angustifolia OB11
    |    `--P. tetrantha SWK87
    |--Mattfeldanthus D03
    |    |--M. andrade-limae (Barroso) Dematteis 2003 (see below for synonymy) D03
    |    `--M. mutisioides D03
    |--Elephantopus N10
    |    |--E. mollis N10
    |    |--E. scaber P03
    |    `--E. tomentosus K03
    `--Vernonia D03
         |--V. auriculifera PB27
         |--V. buxifolia J87
         |--V. cataractarum D03
         |--V. chamaedrys RJ11
         |--V. cinerascens PP07
         |--V. cinerea PP07
         |--V. ekmanii J87
         |--V. gertii Dematteis 2003 D03
         |--V. obionifolia CV06
         |    |--V. o. ssp. obionifolia CV06
         |    `--V. o. ssp. dentata CV06
         |--V. pattens MM96
         |--V. psilophylla D03
         |--V. riedelii H01
         |--V. saepium J87
         `--V. secunda D03

Mattfeldanthus andrade-limae (Barroso) Dematteis 2003 [=Vernonia andrade-limae Barroso 1962; incl. V. nobilis Robinson 1979, Mattfeldanthus nobilis (Robinson) Robinson 1980] D03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D03] Dematteis, M. 2003. New species and new combinations in Brazilian Vernonieae (Asteraceae). Taxon 52: 281–286.

[H01] Hempel, A. 1901. Descriptions of Brazilian Coccidae (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 556–561.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Last updated: 21 December 2019.

Taraxacum

Common dandelion Taraxacum officinale, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Cichorieae.

Taraxacum, the dandelions, is a genus of perennial herbs bearing solitary flower heads, of which the common dandelion T. officinale has been spread widely around the world in association with humans.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial from taproot; sap milky. Stems naked, hollow. Leaves all basal, toothed or lobed; lobes acute. Inflorescence with heads ligulate, solitary, scapose; phyllaries many, outer ovate to lanceolate, generally reflexed, inner erect, linear; receptacle convex, naked. Florets many; ligules yellow, readily withering. Fruit fusiform; ribs rough; beak slender, >> body; pappus of many, white, slender bristles, not plumose.

<==Taraxacum Wiggers 1780 BR65
    |--T. aleppicum PT98
    |--T. californicum H93
    |--T. eripodum O88
    |--T. hellenicum PT98
    |--T. japonicum MH98
    |--T. magellanicum Comm. ex Sch. Bip. 1855 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--T. mitalii O88
    |--T. officinale Weber 1787 BR65 [incl. T. dens-leonis Desfontaines 1798 BR65, T. laevigatum H93]
    |--T. palustre C55
    |--T. pseudostenoceras O88
    |--T. sikkimense O88
    |--T. tibetanum O88
    `--T. vulgare LNB03

Taraxacum magellanicum Comm. ex Sch. Bip. 1855 [incl. T. officinale var. glabratus Kirk 1899, Leontodon glabratum, T. officinale var. pygmaea Hooker 1853] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[LNB03] Ledeganck, P., I. Nijs & L. Beyens. 2003. Plant functional group diversity promotes soil protist diversity. Protist 154 (2): 239–249.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

Crepis

Crepis jacquini, copyright Jerzy Opioła.

Belongs within: Cichorieae.

Crepis, hawksbeards, is a primarily Northern Hemisphere genus of herbs with milky sap, bearing heads clustered in cymes (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual, biennial, perennial from taproot; sap milky. Stems erect, <8 dm. Leaves basal or cauline, entire to pinnately lobed. Inflorescence with heads ligulate, clustered in cymes; phyllaries in two distinct series; receptacle naked. Florets 5–60; ligules yellow. Fruit tapered at both ends, sometimes beaked; pappus of many soft, hair-like bristles.

<==Crepis [incl. Barkhausia] S06
    |--C. acuminata H93
    |--C. artificialis D37
    |--C. asturica D37
    |--C. bakeri [incl. C. bakeri ssp. cusickii] H93
    |--C. biennis D37
    |--C. bursifolia D51
    |--C. capillaris [incl. C. virens] BR65
    |--C. commutata PT98
    |--C. dioscoridis PT98
    |--C. divaricata D37
    |--C. foetida BR65
    |    |--C. f. ssp. foetida BR65
    |    `--C. f. ssp. vulgaris BR65
    |--C. fuliginosa D51
    |--C. intermedia H93
    |--C. jacquini C55
    |--C. kotschyana D51
    |--C. leontodontoides D51
    |--C. modocensis [incl. C. modocensis ssp. subacaulis] H93
    |--C. monticola H93
    |--C. multiflora PT98
    |--C. nana [incl. C. nana ssp. ramosa] H93
    |--C. neglecta Linnaeus 1767 PL04
    |--C. occidentalis [incl. C. o. ssp. conjuncta, C. o. ssp. costata, C. o. ssp. pumila] H93
    |--C. pleurocarpa H93
    |--C. pygmaea C55
    |--C. rubra D37
    |--C. runcinata H93
    |    |--C. r. ssp. runcinata H93
    |    |--C. r. ssp. andersonii H93
    |    `--C. r. ssp. hallii H93
    |--C. sancta PT98
    |--C. setosa D51
    |--C. taraxacifolia H59
    |--C. tectorum D51
    |--C. tibetica O88
    `--C. vesicaria BR65
         |--C. v. var. vesicaria BR65
         `--C. v. var. taraxacifolia BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

Calenduleae

Cape marguerite Osteospermum ecklonis, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Asteroideae.

The Calenduleae are a group of composite-flowered plants in which the receptacle is naked and which lack a pappus (Black & Robertson 1965).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Heads heterogamous-radiate; disk flowers usually bisexual but sterile; styles of sterile disk flowers shortly bifid or entire at summit; receptacle nake; anthers acute or acuminate at base; achenes comparatively large, variable in shape; pappus absent; leaves alternate.

<==Calenduleae BR65
    |--Eriachaenium S06
    |--Dimorphotheca (Vaillant) Moench. 1794 [incl. Gattenhoffia von Necker 1790 (nom. rej.)] BR65
    |    |--D. pluvialis [incl. D. annua] BR65
    |    `--D. sinuata H93
    |--Calendula BR65
    |    |--C. arvensis BR65
    |    `--C. officinalis BR65
    |--Chrysanthemoides Medik. 1789 BR65
    |    `--C. monilifera [=Osteospermum moniliferum] BR65
    |         |--C. m. ssp. monilifera WFS04
    |         `--C. m. ssp. rotundata WFS04
    `--Osteospermum BR65
         |--O. calendulaceum [=Oligocarpus calendulaceus] BR65
         |--O. clandestinum [=Tripteris clandestina] BR65
         |--O. ecklonis [=Dimorphotheca ecklonis] H93
         |--O. montanum CV06
         `--O. muricatum CV06
              |--O. m. ssp. muricatum CV06
              `--O. m. ssp. longiradiatum CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

Helichrysum

Helichrysum bellidioides, copyright Ghislain118.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Helichrysum is a genus of everlastings widespread throughout the Old World (Black & Robertson 1965). Members of the section Xerochlaena are prostrate creepers with herbaceous or very softly woody stems (Allan 1961).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Involucre from hemispherical to cylindrical, of many unequal bracts in several rows, bracts usually rigid and sometimes with spreading small or conspicuous coloured laminae; flowers either all bisexual, or majority bisexual with comparatively few female ones in usually one outer row; flowers usually shorter than or not longer than involucre; rarely heads clustered without any general involucre. Pappus-bristles simple or barbellate or sometimes plumose towards summit but not plumose from base, usually united in a short ring.

<==Helichrysum Linnaeus 1753 A61
    `--H. sect. Xerochlaena A61
         |--H. bellidioides (Forster) Willd. 1800 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--H. b. var. bellidioides A61
         |    |--H. b. var. gracile Allan 1961 A61
         |    `--H. b. var. prostratum (Hooker) Kirk 1899 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |--H. filicaule Hooker 1853 A61 [=Gnaphalium filicaule Hooker 1864 A61; incl. G. parviflorum Col. 1884 C06]
         `--H. × purdiei Petrie 1890 C06, A61 [H. bellidioides × H. glomeratum A61]

Helichrysum incertae sedis:
  *H. orientale A61
  H. adenophorum BR65
  H. adnatum [=Ozothamnus adnatus Candolle 1837] BR65
  H. ambiguum Turczaninow 1851 [=Leptorhynchos ambiguus; incl. H. semicalvum von Mueller 1861] BR65
    |--H. a. var. ambiguum BR65
    `--H. a. var. paucisetum BR65
  H. amboense CV06
  H. angustifolium B28
  H. anthemoides M99
  H. apiculatum BR65
    |--H. a. var. apiculatum BR65
    |--H. a. var. occidentale BR65
    `--H. a. var. racemosum BR65
  H. arenarium BR65
  H. ayersii BR65
  H. basedowii [incl. Leptorhynchos tetrachaetus var. penicillatus] BR65
  H. baxteri BR65
  H. bilobum Wakefield 1951 [incl. Ozothamnus retusus Sonder & von Mueller 1852 non H. retusum] BR65
    |--H. b. var. bilobum BR65
    `--H. b. var. scabrum (von Mueller) Robertson in Black & Robertson 1965 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  H. blandowskianum BR65
  H. bracteatum (Ventenat) Andrews 1805 BR65 (see below for synonymy)
  H. cassinianum [=Schoenia cassiniana] BR65
  H. catadromum Wakefield 1951 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  H. cinereum [=Ozothamnus cinereus] BR65
  H. corymbiflorumm M99
  H. cymosum C06
  H. deserticola CV06
  H. dockeri BR65
  H. erubescens CV06
  H. ferrugineum [=Ozothamnus ferrugineus] BR65
  H. floribundum M99
  H. foetidum C55
  H. × fowerakeri Cockayne 1916 [Ewartia sinclairii × H. bellidioides] A61
  H. frigidum C55
  H. gatesii BR65
  H. grandiflorum A27
  H. lentii PB27
  H. leucopsidium BR65
  H. luteoalbum LK14
  H. marlothianum CV06
  H. mellorianum BR65
  H. microglossum M99
  H. moschatum M99
  H. obtusifolium von Mueller & Sonder 1852 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  H. podolepideum BR65
  H. ramosissimum M99
  H. robustum PB27
  H. roseum (Lindley) Druce 1917 (see below for synonymy) BR65
    |--H. r. var. roseum BR65
    `--H. r. var. davenportii BR65
  H. rupestre R-CT01
  H. rupicola B00
  H. rutidolepis BR65
  H. scorpioides BR65
  H. semifertile BR65
  H. semipapposum BR65
  H. stoechas (Linnaeus) Moench 1794 PL04
    |--H. s. ssp. stoechas PL04
    `--H. s. ssp. barrelieri (Tenore) Nyman 1879 PL04
  H. strictum M99
  H. stuhlmannii PB27
  H. tephrodes Sweet 1827 BR65
  H. tepperi BR65

Helichrysum bellidioides (Forster) Willd. 1800 [=Xeranthemum bellidioides Forster 1786, Gnaphalium bellidioides Hooker 1853; incl. H. bellidioides var. erectum Kirk 1899] A61

Helichrysum bellidioides var. prostratum (Hooker) Kirk 1899 [=H. prostratum Hooker 1844, Gnaphalium prostratum Hooker 1853] A61

Helichrysum bilobum var. scabrum (von Mueller) Robertson in Black & Robertson 1965 [=Ozothamnus scaber von Mueller 1852, H. adnatum var. scabrum, H. decurrens var. scabrum] BR65

Helichrysum bracteatum (Ventenat) Andrews 1805 BR65 [=Xeranthemum bracteatum Ventenat 1804 BR65, Bracteantha bracteata B00; incl. Elichrysum lucidum Henckel 1806 BR65]

Helichrysum catadromum Wakefield 1951 [incl. Ozothamnus decurrens von Mueller 1857, H. decurrens von Mueller 1873 non Moench 1794] BR65

Helichrysum obtusifolium von Mueller & Sonder 1852 [incl. Ozothamnus tephrodes Turczaninow 1851 non H. tephrodes Sweet 1827] BR65

Helichrysum roseum (Lindley) Druce 1917 [=Lawrencella rosea Lindley 1839; incl. H. lawrencella von Mueller 1866] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, H. H. 1927. The vegetation of Mount Peel, Canterbury, New Zealand. Part 2.—The grassland and other herbaceous communities. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 73–89.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Last updated: 25 March 2020.

Anaphalis

Pearl everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea, photographed by Pendragon39.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Anaphalis, the pearl everlastings, is a primarily Asian genus of composite-flowered plants whose inflorescences bear many scarious, usually white bracts surrounding the disk florets.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, perennial, rarely annual or biennial, or subshrubs with somewhat woody rhizome. Stems erect or rosette-forming, simple or branching, densely white or ash-gray cottony tomentose. Leaves simple, alternate, rarely subopposite to opposite, sessile or petiolate or decurrent, oblong or lanceolate, entire. Capitula with many florets, 3-15 mm in diam., subglobose campanulate or subfunnelform, arranged in corymbiform or paniculate-corymbiform branched synflorescences, rarely solitary or 2 or 3 per synflorescence. Plants dioecious or heterogamous, having different types of florets: bisexual sterile florets with predominance of female florets arranged in many marginal rows and 1 to few central male florets, or many marginal rows of male florets and a few central female florets. Involucre campanulate, turbinate, or semispherical, base tomentose; phyllaries many seriate, imbricate, erect or expanding, scarious, lower parts brown, 1-veined, upper parts usually scarious, white or yellowish white or rarely pinkish. Receptacle subconvex or flat, alveolate, without squamules. Male florets: corolla tubular, 5-denticulate; stamens basally arrow-shaped with acerose tail; stigma with 2 short lobes, apex truncate. Female florets: corolla filiform, basally slightly dilated, 2-4-denticulate; style branches long, apex subrounded. Achene oblong or subrounded, with glandular hairs or mammilla or almost glabrous, in predominantly female capitula; achenes of male florets vestigial and usually absent in predominantly male capitula. Pappus in both florets consisting of 1 row of free deciduous white hairs, almost equal to corolla, scabrid, pinnate-incrassate at tip of apex in male florets, filiform and almost smooth or slightly scabrid at tip in female florets.

<==Anaphalis
    |--A. cavei O88
    |--A. contorta O88
    |    |--A. c. var. contorta O88
    |    `--A. c. var. flavescens O88
    |--A. keriensis B93
    |--A. margaritacea BS97
    |--A. royleana O88
    |--A. rupestris BS97
    |--A. subrigida B93
    |--A. subumbellata O88
    |--A. tenella O88
    |--A. trinervis BS97
    |--A. triplinervis B93
    |    |--A. t. var. triplinervis O88
    |    |--A. t. var. intermedia O88
    |    `--A. t. var. monocephala O88
    |--A. xylorhiza O88
    `--A. yunnanensis O88
         |--A. y. var. yunnanensis O88
         `--A. y. var. muliensis O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B93] Breitwieser, I. 1993. Comparative leaf anatomy of New Zealand and Tasmanian Inuleae (Compositae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 111: 183–209.

[BS97] Breitwieser, I., & F. B. Sampson. 1997. Pollen characteristics of New Zealand Gnaphalieae (Compositae) and their taxonomic significance. Grana 36: 80–95.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

Raoulia

Raoulia australis, copyright Ghislain118.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Raoulia is an Australasian genus of low-growing, often mat- or cushion-forming herbs and subshrubs (Allan 1961).

Characters (from Allan 1961): Low-growing tufted or creeping and rooting herbs or subshrubs, often forming cushions or mats, with small, usually crowded leaves. Capitula heterogamous, discoid, solitary, sessile or subsessile, terminal. Phyllaries scarious to membranous, with or without radiate, usually white, tips. Receptacle small, alveolate, nude. Outer florets pistillate, filiform, 2–5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at base, cells produced into fine tails. Style-arms of disk-florets truncate and papillate. Achenes more or less oblong, glabrous to pubescent or setose to papillose. Pappus-hairs in several series, 50–150, or 15–25 in one series.

<==Raoulia Hooker 1846 A61
    |--R. subg. Raoulia BW98 [incl. R. subg. Euraoulia Beauverd 1912 A61]
    |    |--R. sect. Raoulia BW98 [incl. R. sect. Radiatae A61]
    |    |    |--*R. australis Hooker in Raoul 1846 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--R. glabra Hooker 1853 A61
    |    |    |--R. parkii Buchan. 1882 A61
    |    |    `--R. subsericea Hooker 1853 A61
    |    `--R. sect. Eradiatae BW98
    |         |--R. albosericea Colenso 1888 BW98, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--R. apicinigra Kirk 1879 BW98, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--R. beauverdii BW98
    |         |--R. cinerea Petrie 1913 A61
    |         |--R. haastii Hooker 1864 A61
    |         |--R. hookeri Allan 1961 A61
    |         |    |--R. h. var. hookeri A61
    |         |    `--R. h. var. laxa Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--R. monroi Hooker 1864 [incl. R. cheesemanii Beauverd 1912] A61
    |         `--R. tenuicaulis Hooker 1853 A61
    |              |--R. t. var. tenuicaulis A61
    |              |--R. t. var. dimorpha Allan 1961
    |              `--R. t. var. pusilla Kirk 1899 A61
    |--R. subg. Mistura Allan 1961 A61
    |    `--R. (subg. *M.) petriensis Kirk 1877 A61
    `--R. subg. Psychrophyton BW98
         |--R. sect. Acuminatae Allan 1961 A61
         |    `--R. (sect. *A.) subulata Hooker 1864 [=Psychrophyton subulatum Beauverd 1910] A61
         |--R. sect. Rotundatae BW98
         |    |--R. bryoides Hooker 1855 [=Psychrophyton bryoides Beauverd 1910] A61
         |    |--R. eximia Hooker 1864 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    `--R. mammillaris Hooker 1864 [=Psychrophyton mammillare Beauverd 1910] A61
         |--R. sect. Trinerves BW98
         |    |--R. grandiflora Hooker 1853 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--R. hectori Hooker 1864 [=Psychrophyton hectori Beauverd 1910] A61
         |    |    |--R. h. var. hectori A61
         |    |    `--R. h. var. mollis Buchan. in Kirk 1899 A61
         |    `--R. youngii (Hooker) Beauverd 1912 (see below for synonymy) A61
         `--R. sect. Truncatae BW98
              |--R. buchananii Kirk 1899 A61
              |--R. goyenii Kirk 1884 [=Psychrophyton goyeni Beauverd 1910] A61
              `--R. rubra Buchan. 1882 [=Psychrophyton rubrum Beauverd 1910] A61

Raoulia albosericea Colenso 1888 BW98, A61 [=R. australis var. albo-sericea Kirk 1899 A61, R. hookeri var. albo-sericea (Colenso) Allan 1961 A61]

Raoulia apicinigra Kirk 1879 BW98, A61 [=R. australis var. apice-nigra Kirk 1899 A61, R. hookeri var. apice-nigra (Kirk) Allan 1961 A61; incl. R. beauverdii Cockayne 1914 A61, R. monroi Beauverd 1912 non Hooker 1864 A61]

*Raoulia australis Hooker in Raoul 1846 [incl. R. australis var. lutescens Kirk 1899, R. lutescens Beauverd 1910] A61

Raoulia eximia Hooker 1864 [=Psychrophyton eximium Beauverd 1910; incl. R. brownii Kirk 1899, Haastia greenii Hooker in Kirk 1899, R. eximia var. lata Kirk 1899] A61

Raoulia grandiflora Hooker 1853 [=Psychrophyton grandiflorum Beauverd 1910; incl. Gnaphalium (Helichrysum) fasciculatum Buchan. 1877, Raoulia grandiflora var. fasciculata (Buchan.) Cheeseman 1925] A61

Raoulia youngii (Hooker) Beauverd 1912 [=Gnaphalium (Helichrysum) youngii Hooker 1864, Helichrysum youngii Kirk 1899, Psychrophyton youngii Beauverd 1910] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BW98] Breitwieser, I., & J. M. Ward. 1998. Leaf anatomy of Raoulia Hook. f. (Compositae, Gnaphalieae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 126: 217–235.