Semionotiformes

Lepidotes elvensis, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Holostei.

The Semionotiformes are a group of fishes including the modern gars and their fossil relatives, united by the absence of the intercalar and gular bones, the presence of a series of antorbitals anterior to the circum-orbital ring, and enlarged basal and fringing fulcra (Cavin 2010).

Semionotiformes [Ginglymodi, Semionotoidei]
    |  i. s.: Clastes Cope 1872 C77
    |           |--C. aganus Cope 1877 C77
    |           |--C. anax C77
    |           |--C. atrox [=Lepidosteus atrox] C77
    |           |--C. cycliferus C77
    |           |--C. integer Cope 1877 C77
    |           |--C. notabilis [=Lepidosteus notabilis] C77
    |           `--‘Lepidosteus’ simplex C77
    |         Pneumatosteus C77
    |--+--Notagogus ferreri C10, S02
    |  |--Propterus GX17
    |  |    |--P. elongatus GX17
    |  |    `--P. vidali S02
    |  `--Macrosemiidae G93
    |       |--Macrosemius rostratus GX17, FS10
    |       |--Legonotus Egerton 1854 G93
    |       `--Enchelyolepis Woodward 1918 G93
    `--+--Macrosemimimus lennieri GX17
       |--Sangiorgichthys aldae C10
       `--Semionotidae
            |  i. s.: Lepidotyle Meunier & Gayet 1992 GM01
            |           `--L. enigmatica Meunier & Gayet 1992 GM01
            |         Alleiolepis Heller 1953 G93
            |         Aphelolepis Heller 1953 G93
            |         Asialepidotus Su 1959 G93
            |         Sinosemionotus Yuan & Koh 1936 G93
            |         Allelepidotus Frič 1906 G93
            |         Pericentrophorus Jörg 1969 G93
            |--+--Semionotus Agassiz 1832 C10, G93
            |  |    |--S. bergeri C10
            |  |    `--+--S. elegans C10
            |  |       `--S. kanabensis C10
            |  `--Lepidotes Agassiz 1832 C10, G93
            |       |--+--L. lennieri C10
            |       |  `--+--L. gloriae C10
            |       |     `--L. tendaguruensis C10
            |       `--+----L. minor C10
            |          `--+--L. mantelli C10
            |             `--+--L. semiserratus C10
            |                |--+--L. elvensis C10
            |                |  `--+--L. latifrons C10
            |                |     `--Isanichthys palustris C10
            |                `--+--L. piauhyensis C10
            |                   `--Paralepidotus Stolley 1920 C10, G93
            |                        `--P. ornatus C10
            `--+--Neosemionotus puntanus C10
               `--+--‘Lepidotes’ microrhis C10
                  `--+--‘Lepidotes’ buddhabutrensis C10
                     `--+--+--Araripelepidotes temnurus C10
                        |  `--Pliodetes nigeriensis C10
                        `--+--Masillosteus kelleri C10
                           `--Lepisosteidae [Lepisosteiformes, Lepisostoidei] B-RB13
                                |  i. s.: Paralepidosteus Arambourg & Joleaud 1943 G93
                                |--Obaichthys decoratus GX17
                                `--+--Oniichthys falipoui C10
                                   |--Lepisosteus Lacépède 1903 GX17, G93
                                   |    |--L. osseus GM01
                                   |    `--L. platostomus FS10
                                   `--Atractosteus GX17
                                        |--A. ferox C77
                                        |--A. spatula B96
                                        |--A. tristoechus R88 [=Lepisosteus tristoechus G88]
                                        `--A. tropicus R88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[C10] Cavin, L. 2010. Diversity of Mesozoic semionotiform fishes and the origin of gars (Lepisosteidae). Naturwissenschaften 97: 1035–1040.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[FS10] Friedman, M., K. Shimada, L. D. Martin, M. J. Everhart, J. Liston, A. Maltese & M. Triebold. 2010. 100-million-year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the Mesozoic seas. Science 327: 990–993.

[G93] Gardiner, B. G. 1993. Osteichthyes: basal actinopterygians. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 611–619. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GM01] Gayet, M., L. G. Marshall, T. Sempere, F. J. Meunier, H. Cappetta & J-C. Rage. 2001. Middle Maastrichtian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, dinosaurs and other reptiles, mammals) from Pajcha Pata (Bolivia). Biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiostratigraphic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169: 39–68.

[GX17] Giles, S., G.-H. Xu, T. J. Near & M. Friedman. 2017. Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes. Nature 549: 265–268.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[R88] Rauchenberger, M. 1988. Historical biogeography of poeciliid fishes in the Caribbean. Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 356–365.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Pycnodontoidei

Apomesodon gibbosus, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Pycnodontiformes.
Contains: Pycnodontidae.

The Pycnodontoidei are a clade of pycnodontiform fishes characterised by the loss of scales over much of the body (Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002).

Characters (from Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002): Opercular process of hyomandibular absent; ossifications in gular region absent; two branchiostegal rays, thin and separated; crenulations on vomerine and prearticular teeth occasional and weak if present; scales not covering the whole body; scales rows between bases of lepidotrichia of unpaired fins absent.

Pycnodontoidei
    |--Eomesodon Woodward 1918 P-AW02
    |    |--*E. liassicus (Egerton 1855) [=Pycnodus liassicus] P-AW02
    |    |--E. barnesi (Woodward 1906) P-AW02
    |    |--E. depressus Woodward 1918 P-AW02
    |    `--E. hoeferi (Gorjanovic-Kramberger 1905) P-AW02
    `--+--Apomesodon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002 P-AW02
       |    |--*A. gibbosus (Wagner 1851) [=Mesodon gibbosus, Gyrodus gibbosus Agassiz 1843 (n. n.)] P-AW02
       |    |--A. comosus (Thiollière 1858) [=Mesodon comosus, Macromesodon comosus] P-AW02
       |    `--A. surgens Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002 P-AW02
       `--Pycnodontoidea P-AW02
            |--Pycnodontidae P-AW02
            `--Coccodontidae P-AW02
                 |--Trewavasia White & Moy-Thomas 1941 P-AW02
                 |    `--*T. carinatus (Davis 1887) [=Xenopholis carinatus] P-AW02
                 `--+--Ichthyoceros Gayet 1984 P-AW02
                    |    `--*I. spinosus Gayet 1984 P-AW02
                    `--Coccodus Pictet 1850 P-AW02
                         |--*C. armatus Pictet 1850 P-AW02
                         `--C. lindstroemi Davis 1890 (n. d.) P-AW02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P-AW02] Poyato-Ariza, F. J., & S. Wenz. 2002. A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes. Geodiversitas 24 (1): 139–248.

Proscinetinae

Proscinetes cf. elegans, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Pycnodontidae.

The Proscinetidae are a group of pycnodontid fishes known from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, characterised by the alternation of one large and two small teeth in the main vomerine tooth row (Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002).

Characters (from Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002): Three vomerine tooth rows; main vomerine tooth row alternating between one large and two small teeth, with eight or nine teeth in total (counting each couple of alternating small teeth as one tooth); about 30 to 34 vertebrae; dorsal ridge scales separated from each other; 18 to 21 ventral keel scales; spines on ventral keel scales placed in the posterior region of the midline.

Proscinetinae
    |--Neoproscinetes Figueiredo & Silva Santos 1987 PA-W02
    |    `--*N. penalvai (Silva Santos 1970) [=Microdon penalvai] PA-W02
    `--Proscinetes Gistl 1848 PA-W02
         |--*P. elegans (Agassiz 1833) [=Microdon elegans] PA-W02
         |--P. bassanii (D’Erasmo 1914) [=Coelodus bassanii, Palaeobalistium bassanii] PA-W02
         |--P. bernardi (Thollière 1852) PA-W02
         |--P. egertoni (Thollière 1852) PA-W02
         |--P. itieri (Thollière 1850) PA-W02
         |--P. radiatus (Agassiz 1839) PA-W02
         |--P. sauvanasi (Thollière 1852) PA-W02
         |--P. thollieri (Saint-Seine 1949) PA-W02
         `--P. wagneri (Thollière 1852) [=Gyrodus wagneri] PA-W02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P-AW02] Poyato-Ariza, F. J., & S. Wenz. 2002. A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes. Geodiversitas 24 (1): 139–248.