Limnophilini

Hexatoma sp., copyright Edna Woodward.

Belongs within: Tipulidae.
Contains: Limnophila, Chioneini.

The Limnophilini are a group of crane flies with glabrous eyes and tibial spurs. Members of the genus Hexatoma have at most ten antennomeres though the antenna overall may be greatly elongated (Alexander & Byers 1981).

Characters (from Alexander & Byers 1981, as Hexatomini): Eyes glabrous. Terminal segment of palpus short; nasus absent. Tibial spurs present. Wings, if present, with Sc1 complete, free tip of Sc2 absent, tip of R1+2 present, R4 and R5 separate, CuA straight.

<==Limnophilini [Hexatominae, Hexatomini, Limnophilinae] G09
    |--Dactylolabis WT11
    |    |--*D. montana WT11
    |    |--D. diluta A40
    |    |--D. gracilistylus Alexander 1926 A40
    |    |--D. mokanica Alexander 1940 A40
    |    |--D. pemetica A40
    |    `--D. (Eudactylolabis) vestigipennis AB81
    `--+--Chioneini WT11
       `--Hexatoma WT11
            |  i. s.: H. megacera AB81
            `--H. (Eriocera) G09
                 |--H. (E.) aequinigra A40
                 |--H. (E.) cantonensis Alexander 1937 A40
                 |--H. (E.) davidi (Alexander 1922) [=Eriocera davidi] A40
                 |--H. (E.) hilpa (Walker 1848) [=Pterocosmus hilpa] A40
                 |--H. (E.) longicornis G09
                 |--H. (E.) pieliana Alexander 1940 A40
                 |--H. (E.) pterotricha Alexander 1940 A40
                 |--H. (E.) rubriceps A40
                 |--H. (E.) spinosa A40
                 `--H. (E.) tuberculata Alexander 1936 A40

Limnophilini incertae sedis:
  Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) G09
    |--E. (E.) orthorhabda G09
    `--E. (E.) westwoodi G09
  Atarba G09
    |  i. s.: A. australasiae CM91 [=Ischnothrix australasiae CM70]
    |--A. (Atarba) G09
    |    |--A. (A.) bifilosa G09
    |    `--A. (A.) picticornis G09
    `--A. (Ischnothrix) G09
         |--A. (I.) patens G09
         `--A. (I.) voracis G09
  Ulomorpha pilosella AB81, A16
  Paradelphomyia (Oxyrhiza) oaxacensis G09
  Shannonomyia (Shannonomyia) G09
    |--S. (S.) lenta G09
    `--S. (S.) lentoides G09
  Epiphragma (Epiphragma) G09
    |--E. (E.) fasciapenne [=E. fascipennis] G09
    |--E. (E.) gracilicorne G09
    |--E. (E.) imitans G09
    `--E. (E.) solatrix G09
  Phyllolabis encausta AB81
  Polymera G09
    |--P. (Polymera) rogersiana G09
    `--P. (Polymerodes) conjuncta G09
  Prolimnophila areolata AB81
  Austrolimnophila G09
    |--A. (Austrolimnophila) G09
    |    |--A. (A.) microsticta G09
    |    `--A. (A.) toxoneura G09
    `--A. (Limnophilella) G09
         |--A. (L.) schunkeana G09
         |--A. (L.) subvictor G09
         `--A. (L.) victor G09
  Pseudolimnophila G09
    |--P. inconcussa (Alexander 1913) [=Limnophila inconcussa] A40
    |--P. inornata G09
    |--P. (Pseudolimnophila) luteipennis G09
    `--P. noveboracensis AB81
  Pilaria recondita AB81
  Limnophila G09
  Lecteria (Lecteria) G09
    |--L. (L.) acanthosoma G09
    `--L. (L.) armillaris G09
  Sigmatomera G09
    |--S. (Sigmatomera) G09
    |    |--S. (S.) occulta G09
    |    `--S. (S.) seguyi G09
    `--S. (Austrolimnobia) G09
         |--S. (A.) magnifica G09
         `--S. (A.) rufa G09
  Ellipteroides (Progonomyia) G09
    |--E. (P.) nigrobimbo G09
    |--E. (P.) quinqueplagiata G09
    `--E. (P.) slossonae G09
  Neognophomyia G09
    |--N. adara G09
    `--N. hirsuta G09
  Eriopterodes latipleura G09
  Gynoplistia apicalis CM91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[A40] Alexander, C. P. 1940. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern China. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (1): 1–28.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 193–236. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.

Chioneini

Gonomyia sp., copyright John Rosenfeld.

Belongs within: Limnophilini.

The Chioneini are a group of crane flies characterised by bare eyes and legs lacking tibial spurs (Alexander & Byers 1981).

Characters (from Alexander & Byers 1981, as Eriopterini): Eyes glabrous. Terminal segment of palpus short; nasus absent. Tibial spurs absent. Wings, if present, with Sc₁ complete, free tip of Sc₂ absent, tip of R₁₊₂ present, R₄ and R₅ separate, CuA straight. Larva with plane of spiracular disc roughly perpendicular to long axis of body, disc surrounded by five lobes.

<==Chioneini [Chioneinae, Eriopterini] G09
    |--Neolimnophila AB81
    |--Cladura AB81
    |--Neocladura AB81
    |--Idiognophomyia AB81
    |--Tasiocera AB81
    |--Phantolabis lacustris AB81
    |--Gonomyodes AB81
    |--Gonomyopsis doaneiana AB81
    |--Gonempeda AB81
    |--Empedomorpha empedoides AB81
    |--Hesperoconopa melanderi AB81
    |--Arctoconopa AB81
    |--Hoplolabis armata WT11 [=Erioptera (Hoplolabis) armata AB81]
    |--Chionea AB81
    |--Aymaramayia G09
    |--Quechamyia G09
    |--Lipsothrix AB81
    |    |--L. neotropica G09
    |    `--L. nigrilinea AB81
    |--Eugnophomyia AB81
    |    |--E. apache G09
    |    `--E. luctuosa G09
    |--Cryptolabis (Cryptolabis) AB81
    |    |--C. (C.) magnistyla G09
    |    `--C. (C.) paradoxa G09
    |--Ormosia AB81
    |    |--O. (Ormosia) manicata AB81
    |    `--O. monticola AB81
    |--Cheilotrichia AB81
    |    |--C. (Cheilotrichia) alicia AB81
    |    `--C. (Empeda) G09
    |         |--C. (E.) stygia G09
    |         `--C. (E.) tanneri G09
    |--Teucholabis AB81
    |    |--T. (Teucholabis) complexa G09
    |    |--T. (Euparatropesa) G09
    |    |    |--T. (E.) invenusta G09
    |    |    `--T. (E.) lindneri G09
    |    `--T. (Paratropesa) collaris G09
    |--Toxorhina AB81
    |    |--T. (Toxorhina) G09
    |    |    |--T. (T.) magna AB81
    |    |    `--T. (T.) muliebris G09
    |    `--T. (Ceratocheilus) G09
    |         |--T. (C.) americana G09
    |         `--T. (C.) caledonica G09
    |--Molophilus AB81
    |    |  i. s.: M. fluviatilis Bangerter 1947 TKM93
    |    |         M. hirtipennis G09
    |    |--M. (Molophilus) G09
    |    |    |--M. (M.) gracilis G09
    |    |    `--M. (M.) plagiatus G09
    |    `--M. (Promolophilus) nitidus AB81
    |--Gnophomyia AB81
    |    |--G. jacobsoni G09
    |    |--G. lugubris G09
    |    |--G. rubicundula G09
    |    |--G. toschiae AB81
    |    |--G. triceps G09
    |    `--G. tristissima AB81
    |--Symplecta G09
    |    |--S. (Symplecta) G09
    |    |    |--S. (S.) cana G09 [=Erioptera (S.) cana AB81]
    |    |    |--S. (S.) hybrida G09
    |    |    |--S. (S.) macroptera G09
    |    |    `--S. (S.) stictica [=Erioptera (S.) stictica] AB81
    |    `--S. (Trimicra) pilipes G09 [=Erioptera (T.) pilipes AB81]
    |--Rhabdomastix AB81
    |    |  i. s.: R. neolurida AB81
    |    |         R. subfascigera AB81
    |    |--R. (Rhabdomastix) G09
    |    |    |--R. (R.) californiensis G09
    |    |    |--R. (R.) nuttingi AB81
    |    |    `--R. (R.) plaumanni G09
    |    `--R. (Sacandaga) AB81
    |         |--R. (S.) californiensis AB81
    |         `--R. (S.) monticola AB81
    |--Erioptera AB81
    |    |  i. s.: E. caloptera A16
    |    |         E. venusta A16
    |    |         E. vespertina A16
    |    |--E. (Erioptera) G09
    |    |    |--E. (E.) acucuspis G09
    |    |    |--E. (E.) cladophoroides G09
    |    |    `--E. (E.) septemtrionis AB81
    |    `--E. (Mesocyphona) G09
    |         |--E. (M.) costalis G09
    |         |--E. (M.) eiseni G09
    |         |--E. (M.) knabi G09
    |         |--E. (M.) melanderiana AB81
    |         `--E. (M.) troglodyta G09
    `--Gonomyia AB81
         |--G. (Gonomyia) G09
         |    |--G. (G.) kansensis G09
         |    `--G. (G.) subcinerea AB81
         |--G. (Leiponeura) G09
         |    |--G. (L.) haploa G09
         |    |--G. (L.) manca G09
         |    |--G. (L.) puer G09
         |    |--G. (L.) sulphurella G09 [=G. (Lipophleps) sulphurella AB81]
         |    `--G. (L.) sulphurelloides G09
         |--G. (Neolipophleps) G09
         |    |--G. (N.) alexanderi G09
         |    |--G. (N.) cinerea G09
         |    |--G. (N.) helophila G09
         |    `--G. (N.) strigilis G09
         `--G. (Paralipophleps) pleuralis AB81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 193–236. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[TKM93] Thaler, K., B. Knoflach & E. Meyer. 1993. Fragmenta faunistica Tirolensia—X. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 80: 311–325.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Tipulomorpha

Male winter crane fly Trichocera garretti, from Alexander (1981).

Belongs within: Diptera.
Contains: Tipulidae.

The Tipulomorpha are a clade of flies uniting the crane flies (Tipulidae) with the winter crane flies (Trichoceridae). Modern members of the lineage lack mandibles, and their wings have R₂ joining R₁, the stem of M tending to align with M₃₊₄, and 2A very short and submarginal (Blagoderov et al. 2002). Trichoceridae differ from tipulids in the possession of three well-developed ocelli, together with an incomplete transverse suture on the scutum.

<==Tipulomorpha WT11
    |--Vladiptera [Vladipteridae] BLM02
    |    `--V. kovalevi BLM02
    `--+--Tipulidae WT11
       `--+--Gnomuscidae GE05
          `--Trichoceridae [Petauristidae, Trichoceroidea] WT11
               |  i. s.: Mailotrichocera jurassica BLM02
               |         Eotrichocera christinae Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev 1985 RJ93
               |--Kawasemyia [Kawasemyiinae] A81
               |--Paracladura [Paracladurinae] K09
               |    `--P. trichoptera A81
               `--Trichocerinae K09
                    |--Diazosma hirtipennis K09
                    |--Nothotrichocera cingulata K09, CM91
                    `--Trichocera K09
                         |  i. s.: T. annulata CM91
                         |         T. brevicornis WT11
                         |         T. columbiana M90
                         |         T. gigantea A81
                         |         T. maculipennis A81
                         |         T. mexicana K09
                         |         T. regelationis A81
                         |         T. saltator K09
                         `--T. (Metatrichocera) A81
                              |--T. (M.) alexanderi A81
                              |--T. (M.) colei A81
                              |--T. (M.) garretti A81
                              |--T. (M.) mackenzie A81
                              |--T. (M.) salmani A81
                              `--T. (M.) ursamajor A81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A81] Alexander, C. P. 1981. Trichoceridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 301–304. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[BLM02] Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich & M. B. Mostovski. 2002. Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies (=Muscida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 227–240. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K09] Krzemińska, E. 2009. Trichoceridae (winter crane flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 337–339. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 24 December 2020.

Dicranomyia

Dicranomyia sp., copyright Martin Cooper.

Belongs within: Tipulidae.

Dicranomyia is a large cosmopolitan genus of moderately-sized crane flies with twelve flagellomeres.

<==Dicranomyia G09
    |  i. s.: D. chorca W01
    |         D. haeretica A16
    |         D. halterata A16
    |         D. liberta A16
    |         D. pubipennis A16
    |         D. pudica A16
    |--D. (Dicranomyia) G09
    |    |--D. (D.) aegrotans [=Limonia (D.) aegrotans] M83
    |    |--D. (D.) divisa G09
    |    |--D. (D.) gloriosa G09
    |    |--D. (D.) knabi G09
    |    `--D. (D.) omisa G09
    |--D. (Caenoglochina) G09
    |    |--D. (C.) apicata [=Limonia apicata] G09
    |    `--D. (C.) paniculata G09
    |--D. (Caenolimonia) G09
    |    |--D. (C.) distantia G09
    |    |--D. (C.) neorepanda [=Limonia neorepanda] G09
    |    `--D. (C.) translucida G09
    |--D. (Idioglochina) marmorata G09 [=Limonia (I.) marmorata AB81]
    |--D. (Neoglochina) G09
    |    |--D. (N.) insularis [=Limonia insularis] G09
    |    `--D. (N.) sciasma G09
    |--D. (Neolimnobia) diva G09
    |--D. (Neolimonia) G09
    |    |--D. (N.) cuzcoensis G09
    |    |--N. (N.) dumetorum G09
    |    `--D. (N.) gurneyi G09
    `--D. (Peripheroptera) G09
         |--D. (P.) arcuata G09
         |--D. (P.) eudorae G09
         `--D. (P.) nitens G09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera, vol. 1 pp. 193–236. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[W01] Wohltmann, A. 2001. Closely related species of Parasitengonae (Acari: Prostigmata) inhabiting the same areas: features facilitating coexistence. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 121–135. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Tipulinae

Tipula oleracea, copyright David Nicholls.

Belongs within: Tipulidae.

The Tipulinae are a group of mostly large crane flies, with wing lengths commonly over 10 mm. The legs are particularly long and slender in members of the genera Dolichopeza, Megistocera and Brachypremna; other genera have stouter albeit still long legs (Alexander & Byers 1981). The cosmopolitan genus Tipula includes about 2500 species, often with an opaque, pruinose coloration, characterised by a relatively long subcostal vein meeting R₁ beyond the origin of Rs (Gelhaus 2009).

Characters (from Alexander & Byers 1981): Size large; body length commonly over 8–10 mm; wing commonly over 10 mm, usually much larger. Terminal segment of palpus elongate; nasus usually distinct. Flagellum commonly with eleven segments. Wing with Sc₁ usually atrophied or incomplete; CuA slightly constricted at branching of CuA₁ and CuA₂. Larva with spiracular disc bordered by six (rarely eight) usually subconical lobes usually arranged with two dorsally, two dorsolaterally, and two below spiracles; these lobes sometimes short and blunt or sclerotised and hook-like.

<==Tipulinae [Tipulini] G09
    |--Megistocera longipennis G09
    |--Brachypremna dispellens G09
    |--Clytocosmus helmsi CM91
    |--Ptilogyna ramicornis CM91
    |--Stygeropsis A16
    |--Plusiomyia CM70
    |--Macromastix CM70
    |--Pselliophora G09
    |    |--P. margarita G09
    |    `--P. xanthopimplina Enderlein 1921 [incl. P. quadrivittata Edwards 1921] A40
    |--Holorusia AB81
    |    |--H. hespera G09
    |    `--H. rubiginosa AB81
    |--Dolichopeza AB81
    |    |--D. americana WT11
    |    `--D. subalbipes TW05
    |--Prionocera AB81
    |    |--P. dimidiata AB81
    |    |--P. gracilistyla HP68
    |    `--P. parrii G09
    |--Ctenacroscelis A40
    |    |--C. clavipes Edwards 1921 A40
    |    |--C. calliergon Alexander 1940 A40
    |    `--C. serratus A40
    |--Dictenidia A40
    |    |--D. luteicostalis A40
    |    |    |--D. l. luteicostalis A40
    |    |    `--D. l. longisector Alexander 1940 A40
    |    `--D. stalactitica Alexander 1940 A40
    |--Ischnotoma G09
    |    |  i. s.: I. eburnea G09
    |    |         I. rubriventris CM91
    |    |--I. (Ischnotoma) fagetorum G09
    |    |--I. (Icriomastix) jujuyensis G09
    |    `--I. (Neotipula) maya G09
    |--Ozodicera G09
    |    |--O. (Ozodicera) G09
    |    |    |--O. (O.) cinereipennis G09
    |    |    `--O. (O.) eurystyla G09
    |    `--O. (Dihexaclonus) G09
    |         |--O. (D.) macracantha G09
    |         `--O. (D.) panamensis G09
    |--Zelandotipula G09
    |    |--Z. associans G09
    |    |--Z. furcifera G09
    |    |--Z. gracilipes G09
    |    |--Z. laevis G09
    |    |--Z. novarae G09
    |    `--Z. sinuosa G09
    |--Leptotarsus G09 [incl. Longurio AB81]
    |    |  i. s.: L. imperatorius CM91
    |    |         L. testaceus G09
    |    |--‘Longurio’ (Longurio) fulvus Edwards 1916 A40
    |    |--L. (Pehlkea) G09
    |    |    |--L. (P.) colombianus G09
    |    |    `--L. (P.) regina G09
    |    `--L. (Tanypremna) G09
    |         |--L. (T.) incompletus G09
    |         `--L. (T.) opilio G09
    |--Ctenophora AB81
    |    |  i. s.: C. apicata G09
    |    |         C. perjocosa Alexander 1940 A40
    |    |         C. pselliophoroides A40
    |    |--C. (Ctenophora) bimaculata [=Tipula (C.) bimaculata] G20
    |    |--C. (Tanyptera) AB81
    |    |    |--‘Tanyptera’ antica Alexander 1938 A40
    |    |    `--C. (T.) dorsalis AB81
    |    `--C. (Phoroctenia) vittata AB81
    |         |--C. v. vittata AB81
    |         `--C. v. angustipennis AB81
    |--Nephrotoma Meigen 1803 (see below for synonymy) A16
    |    |--*N. dorsalis A16 [=Tipula (Nephrotoma) dorsalis G20]
    |    |--N. australasiae ZS10
    |    |--‘Pachyrrhina’ crocata K01
    |    |--N. eucera [=Pachyrrhina eucera] A16
    |    |--N. ferruginea G09
    |    |--N. flavescens V09
    |    |--‘Pachyrrhina’ histrio K01
    |    |--N. incurva A16
    |    |--N. lugens A16
    |    |--N. macrocera A16
    |    |--N. pedunculata A16
    |    |--N. penumbra Alexander 1916 A16
    |    |--‘Pachyrrhina’ scurra K01
    |    `--N. vittula A16
    `--Tipula Linnaeus 1758 A16
         |  i. s.: T. alta Doane 1912 A16
         |         T. angulata Loew 1864 [incl. T. decora Doane 1901] A16
         |         T. angustipennis Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. annulata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. apicalis Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. appendiculata Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. atrata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. australis Doane 1901 A16
         |         T. balioptera Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. bella Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. besselsi Osten Sacken 1876 A16
         |         T. bicornis Forbes 1891 A16
         |         T. brevicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. californica [=Pachyrrhina californica] A16
         |         T. ‘californica’ Doane 1912 non Pachyrrhina californica A16
         |         T. canadensis Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. carinifrons HP68
         |         T. cayuga Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. centralis Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. cincta Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. cincticornis A16
         |         T. collaris [=Pachyrrhina collaris] A16
         |         T. contaminata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. cornicina Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. crocata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. culiciformis L02
         |         T. cunctans Say 1823 [incl. T. casta Loew 1863, T. infuscata Loew 1863] A16
         |         T. dietziana Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. discolor Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. fallax Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. febrilis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. fenestrarum L02
         |         T. flavescens Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. florilega Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. fragilis Loew 1863 [incl. T. suspecta Loew 1863] A16
         |         T. fraterna Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. fuliginosa (Say 1823) [=Ctenophora fuliginosa; incl. T. speciosa Loew 1863] A16
         |         T. fungorum L02
         |         T. fuscipennis Meigen 1818 A16
         |         T. grata Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. hebes Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. hermannia Alexander 1916 [=T. fasciata Loew 1863 non Linnaeus 1767] A16
         |         T. hiemalis L02
         |         T. hortorum Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. ignobilis Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. imperfecta Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. irrorata F92
         |         T. jejuna A16
         |         T. johnsoniana Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. juniperina Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. kennicotti Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. latipennis Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. littoralis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. loewiana Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. longicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. longiventris Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. lunata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. macrocephala Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. macrolabis Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. macrosterna [=Pachyrrhina macrosterna] A16
         |         T. mainensis Alexander 1916 [incl. T. laevigata ms] A16
         |         T. mandan Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. marci Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. maxima W01
         |         T. megaura Doane 1901 A16
         |         T. mingwe Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. monilis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. morrisoni Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. motatrix Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. nigra Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. nobilis [=Pachyrrhina nobilis] A16
         |         T. notata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. pachyrhinoides Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. pallida Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. palustris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. parshleyi Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. pectinicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. penicillata Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. penobscot Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. perlongipes Johnson 1909 A16
         |         T. phalaenoides Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. piliceps Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. pinnicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. plumosa Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. polymera [=Pachyrrhina polymera] A16
         |         T. praecisa Loew 1872 A16
         |         T. pratensis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. pubera Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. putris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. quaylii AB81
         |         T. rangiferina Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. regelationis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. replicata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. rostrata L02
         |         T. seminole Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. septentrionalis Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. serrulata Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. serta Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. subfasciata Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. submaculata Loew 1863 [incl. T. bidens ms] A16
         |         T. sulphurea A16
         |         T. taughannock Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. tephrocephala Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. ternaria Loew 1864 A16
         |         T. terrestris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. tesselata Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. tremula Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. trinidadensis [=Pachyrrhina trinidadensis] A16
         |         T. triton Alexander 1916 A16
         |         T. trivittata G09
         |         T. tuscarora Alexander 1916 [incl. T. hamata ms] A16
         |         T. umbrosa Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. unimaculata [=Pachyrrhina unimaculata] A16
         |         T. valida Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. variegata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         T. varipennis I92
         |         T. vernalis K01
         |         T. versicolor Loew 1863 A16
         |         T. vibratoria Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--T. (Tipula) G09
         |    |--T. (T.) oleracea Linnaeus 1758 G09, L58
         |    `--T. (T.) paludosa AB81
         |--T. (Acutipula) A40
         |    |--T. (A.) graphiptera A40
         |    |--T. (A.) megaleuca A40
         |    |--T. (A.) phaeoleuca Alexander 1940 A40
         |    `--T. (A.) stenacantha Alexander 1937 A40
         |--T. (Angarotipula) illustris G09
         |--T. (Bellardina) cydippe G09
         |--T. (Cinctotipula Alexander 1916) A16
         |    `--T. (*C.) algonquin Alexander 1916 A16
         |--T. (Eumicrotipula) G09
         |    |--T. (E.) armillatus G09
         |    |--T. (E.) balloui G09
         |    |--T. (E.) exilis G09
         |    |--T. (E.) ligulipenicillata G09
         |    |--T. (E.) michoacana G09
         |    |--T. (E.) monilifera G09
         |    `--T. (E.) virgulata G09
         |--T. (Formotipula) A40
         |    |--T. (*F.) holoserica A40
         |    |--T. (F.) spoliatrix A40
         |    `--T. (F.) vindex Alexander 1940 A40
         |--T. (Lunatipula) G09
         |    |--T. (L.) dorsimacula G09
         |    |--T. (L.) monticola Alexander 1916 G09, A16
         |    `--T. (L.) triplex G09
         |--T. (Microtipula) [incl. Nephrotomodes] G09
         |    |--T. (M.) amazonica G09
         |    |--T. (M.) armatipennis G09
         |    |--T. (M.) aymara G09
         |    |--T. (M.) contemplata G09
         |    |--T. (M.) smilodon G09
         |    `--T. (M.) smithi G09
         |--T. (Nesotipula) pribilovia AB81
         |--T. (Nippotipula) AB81
         |    |--T. (N.) abdominalis AB81
         |    `--T. (N.) sinica Alexander 1935 A40
         |--T. (Oreomyza) A40
         |    |--T. (O.) famula Alexander 1935 A40
         |    `--T. (O.) tetramelania Alexander 1935 A40
         |--T. (Rhiphidia) maculata Linnaeus 1758 G20, L58
         |--T. (Schummelia) A40
         |    |--T. (S.) angustiligula A40
         |    |    |--T. a. angustiligula A40
         |    |    `--T. a. mokanensis Alexander 1940 A40
         |    |--T. (S.) spectata Alexander 1940 A40
         |    `--T. (S.) variicornis A40
         |--T. (Tipulodinodes) lacteipes AB81
         |--T. (Trichotipula Alexander 1916) A16
         |    `--T. (*T.) oropezoides A16
         |--T. (Triplicitipula) flavoumbrosa S96
         |--T. (Vestiplex) bifida Alexander 1921 A40
         `--T. (Yamatotipula) G09
              |--T. (Y.) caloptera Loew 1863 AB81, A16
              |--T. (Y.) eluta Loew 1863 G09, A16
              |--T. (Y.) nova Walker 1848 A40
              |--T. (Y.) noveboracensis G09
              |--T. (Y.) poliocephala Alexander 1921 A40
              |--T. (Y.) strepens Loew 1863 G09, A16
              `--T. (Y.) tricolor G09

Nephrotoma Meigen 1803 [incl. Pachyrrhina Macquart 1834, Pales Meigen 1800 (n. n.) non Robineau-Desvoidy 1830] A16

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[A40] Alexander, C. P. 1940. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern China. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (1): 1–28.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 193–236. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[HP68] Holmes, R. T., & F. A. Pitelka. 1968. Food overlap among coexisting sandpipers on northern Alaskan tundra. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 305–318.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[S96] Smith, D. R. 1996. Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) in the eastern United States: seasonal flight activity, distribution, hosts. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 109–118.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

[W01] Wohltmann, A. 2001. Closely related species of Parasitengonae (Acari: Prostigmata) inhabiting the same areas: features facilitating coexistence. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 121–135. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.

Tipulidae

Orimarga mirabilis, copyright James V. Remsen.

Belongs within: Tipulomorpha.
Contains: Dicranota, Limnophilini, Cylindrotominae, Tipulinae, Limonia, Dicranomyia.

The Tipulidae, crane flies, are a cosmopolitan group of mostly slender, long-legged flies that differ from all other flies in the presence of a V-shaped suture dividing the mesoscutum, and usually two complete anal veins in the wings (if present). Some classifications divide the Tipulidae between three families Tipulidae, Cylindrotomidae and Limoniidae; not only is the broader sense of Tipulidae used here but it seems possible that the subfamily 'Limoniinae' is paraphyletic to the Cylindrotominae and Tipulinae (e.g. Wiegmann et al. 2011). The Pediciini, historically included in the Limoniinae, are characterised by hairy eyes with short hairs between the ommatidia (Alexander & Byers 1981).

Characters (from Alexander & Byers 1981): Typically slender-bodied. Ocelli absent. Mesonotum with transverse V-shaped suture. Wing elongate, rather narrow. Legs very long and slender, breaking readily at suture between trochanter and femur.

<==Tipulidae [Architipulidae, Eoasilidae, Limnobiinae, Limoniidae, Tipuloidea] G09
    |--Pediciini [Pediciidae] AB81
    |    |--Ula elegans WT11
    |    |--Ornithodes AB81
    |    |--Nasiternella hyperborea AB81
    |    |--Nipponomyia O98
    |    |--Dicranota G09
    |    `--Pedicia AB81
    |         |  i. s.: P. albovitta A16
    |         |         P. hannai HP68
    |         |--P. (Pedicia) bellamyana AB81
    |         `--P. (Tricyphona) AB81
    |              |--‘Tricyphona’ calcar A16
    |              |--‘Tricyphona’ inconstans A16
    |              `--P. (T.) protea AB81
    `--+--Limnophilini WT11
       `--+--Cylindrotominae WT11
          `--+--Tipulinae WT11
             `--Limoniinae [Lechriinae] O98
                  |--Lechria [Lechriini] CM91
                  `--Limoniini AB81
                       |--Limonia G09
                       |--Elliptera tennessa AB81
                       |--Thaumastoptera hynesi AB81
                       |--Atypophthalmus (Atypophthalmus) umbratus G09
                       |--Dicranomyia G09
                       |--Tonnoiromyia CM91
                       |--Dicranoptycha AB81
                       |    |--D. germana AB81
                       |    `--D. phallosomica Alexander 1937 A40
                       |--Antocha WT11
                       |    |--A. obtusa WT11
                       |    `--A. saxicola AB81
                       |--Helius (Helius) AB81
                       |    |--H. (H.) albitarsis G09
                       |    |--H. (H.) darlingtonae G09
                       |    `--H. (H.) flavipes G09
                       |--Geranomyia CM91
                       |    |--G. canadensis G09
                       |    |--G. recondita G09
                       |    `--G. subvirescens G09
                       |--Rhipidia (Rhipidia) G09
                       |    |--R. (R.) lecontei G09 [=Limonia (Rhipidia) lecontei AB81]
                       |    |--R. (R.) multiguttata G09
                       |    |--R. (R.) subcostalis G09
                       |    `--R. (R.) willistoniana G09
                       `--Orimarga AB81
                            |--O. (Orimarga) G09
                            |    |--O. (O.) attenuata G09
                            |    |--O. (O.) nigroapicalis G09
                            |    `--O. (O.) niveitarsis G09
                            `--O. (Diotrepha) G09
                                 |--O. (D.) flavescens G09
                                 `--O. (D.) mirabilis G09

Tipulidae incertae sedis:
  Aphrophila TE03
  Architipula WT11
  Styringomyia G09
    |--S. maya G09
    `--S. paulista G09
  Amphineurus M81
  Paralimnophila setulicornis CM91
  Limnobia A16
    |--L. cinctipes A16
    |--L. indigena A16
    |--L. rivosa (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L58 [=Tipula rivosa G20]
    `--L. solitaria A16
  Rhypholophus A16
    |--R. meigeni A16
    `--R. rubellus A16
  Adelphomyia minuta A16
  Oropeza venosa A16
  Xiphura frontalis A16
  Semnotes imperatoria CM70
  Dapanoptera O98
  Libnotes O98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[A40] Alexander, C. P. 1940. New or little-known Tipulidae from eastern China. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (1): 1–28.

[AB81] Alexander, C. P., & G. W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 153–190. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G09] Gelhaus, J. K. 2009. Tipulidae (crane flies, tipúlidos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 193–236. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[HP68] Holmes, R. T., & F. A. Pitelka. 1968. Food overlap among coexisting sandpipers on northern Alaskan tundra. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 305–318.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M81] McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology—adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 9–63. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[TE03] Taylor, R. C., & R. M. Ewers. 2003. The invertebrate fauna inhabiting tree holes in a red beech (Nothofagus fusca) tree. Weta 25: 24–28.

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Last updated; 27 December 2020.