Uranotaenia

Uranotaenia lateralis, copyright Graeme V. Cocks.

Belongs within: Culicidae.

Uranotaenia is a genus of generally very small mosquitoes with reduced micropilosity on the wings (Liehne 1991).

Characters (from Liehne 1991): Adult generally very small; vertex mainly with broad flat scales; proboscis long, slender, frequently swollen apically; palps short; scutum usually very strongly arched; pleura often with distinct lateral lines of iridescent scales; scutellum with broad flat scales; abdomen short, blunt-ended; claws short, simple and subequal, pulvilli absent; wing frequently with some pale iridescent scales, microtrichia of membrane fine and seemingly absent; anal wing vein sharply downcurved at end, ending slightly anterior to base of cubital fork. Larva with head often longer than wide; antenna short; maxillary suture never developed; setae 5-C and 6-C often developed into single flatted spines; lateral comb always present, usually as single row on basal plate; siphon well developed with distinct acus, pecten almost always developed, seta 1-S a single pair and never inserted at base; saddle usually complete.

<==Uranotaenia C09
    |  i. s.: U. lowii C09
    |         U. sapphirina S81
    |--U. (Pseudoficalbia) L91
    |    |--U. (P.) diagonalis L91
    |    `--U. (P.) hirsutifemora L91
    `--U. (Uranotaenia) L91
         |--U. (U.) albescens Taylor 1914 L91
         |--U. (U.) albosternopleura L91
         |--U. (U.) amiensis L91
         |--U. (U.) antennalis L91
         |--U. (U.) argyrotarsis L91
         |--U. (U.) lateralis L91
         |--U. (U.) moresbyensis L91
         |--U. (U.) nivipes L91
         |--U. (U.) novaguinensis L91
         `--U. (U.) tibialis L91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C09] Chaverri, L. G. 2009. Culicidae (mosquitos, zancudos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 369–388. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[S81] Stone, A. 1981. Culicidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 341–350. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Tripteroides

Tripteroides, probably T. atripes, copyright John Tann.

Belongs within: Culicidae.

Tripteroides is a genus of mosquitoes which possess bristles on the spiracular area but whose wings lack bristles on the stem vein and ventral surface of the subcosta (Liehne 1991).

Characters (from Liehne 1991): Adult with vertex clothed with broad flat scales, upright forked scales few in number and confined to occiput; scutal scaling variable; scutellum with broad flat scales; spiracular bristles present, lower mesepimeral bristles absent; pleura covered with broad flat appressed scales; legs slender, hindtarsus I usually longer than tibia; claws of female equal, simple, pulvilli absent; abdomen blunt-ended, segment VIII of female usually broad and bristly. Larva with head small; antenna short with seta 1-A small, inserted beyond midpoint of antenna; thorax and abdomen generally clothed in stout stellate setae; thoracic spines present, generally well developed; lateral comb always a single row of teeth; seta 1-VIII always more strongly developed than other pentad hairs; pecten absent, siphon covered in numerous setae, some of which may form a 'false' pecten; ventral brush (seta 4-X) always a single pair of setae.

<==Tripteroides L91
    |  i. s.: T. bambusa RK04
    |--T. (Tripteroides) L91
    |    |--T. (T.) magnesianus (Edwards 1924) L91
    |    `--T. (T.) quasiornatus L91
    |--T. (Polylepidomyia) L91
    |    |--T. (P.) atripes (Skuse 1889) [incl. T. apicotriangulata Theobald 1910] L91
    |    `--T. (P.) punctolateralis (Theobald 1903) [incl. T. occidentalis Brug 1934] L91
    `--T. (Rachisoura) L91
         |--T. (R.) sylvestris [incl. T. sylvestris var. hilli] L91
         `--T. (R.) tasmaniensis L91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[RK04] Russell, R. C., & B. H. Kay. 2004. Medical entomology: changes in the spectrum of mosquito-borne disease in Australia and other vector threats and risks, 1972–2004. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 271–282.

Culicoidini

Culicoides obsoletus, from here.

Belongs within: Ceratopogonidae.

The Culicoidini are a group of biting midges whose females commonly feed on the blood of vertebrates, with some Culicoides species being vectors of parasites or viruses. Some species can be significant pests in the latter regard, with attacks from Culicoides furens in coastal regions in Central America being bad enough to preclude human habitation in some locations (Borkent et al. 2009). Members of the genus Paradasyhelea have the palps and mouthparts reduced relative to Culicoides, and females lack the teeth on the mandible of the latter genus (Downes & Wirth 1981).

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Female antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Prescutal pits prominent. Wing with macrotrichia usually abundant; cell r₁ and cell r₂₊₃ both usually well-developed, similar in size; M forking beyond crossvein r-m, medial fork petiolate. Empodia small; claws of both sexes small, equal, and simple.

<==Culicoidini BSG09
    |--Paradasyhelea DW81
    |    |--P. minuta DW81
    |    `--P. olympiae DW81
    `--Culicoides BSG09
         |  i. s.: C. angularis CM91
         |         C. anophelis CM91
         |         C. antennalis CM91
         |         C. arubae BSG09
         |         C. austeni A71
         |         C. barbosai BSG09
         |         C. brevitarsis CM91
         |         C. castillae WB56
         |         C. equatoriensis WB56
         |         C. filarifer BSG09
         |         C. foxi BSG09
         |         C. furens BSG09
         |         C. gabaldoni WB56
         |         C. grahami A71
         |         C. impunctatus A71
         |         C. inornatipennis A71
         |         C. insignis BSG09
         |         C. insinuatus Ortiz & Leon 1955 WB56
         |         C. marmoratus CM74
         |         C. ornatus L91
         |         C. paraensis BSG09
         |         C. phlebotomus BSG09
         |         C. pseudodiabolicus BSG09
         |         C. pulicaris A71
         |         C. pusillus BSG09
         |         C. yoosti GE05
         |         C. debilipalpis group WB56
         |           |--C. dasyophrus Macfie 1940 WB56
         |           |--C. debilipalpis [incl. C. debilipalpis var. glabrior Macfie 1940] WB56
         |           |--C. germanus Macfie 1940 WB56
         |           |--C. hoffmani Fox 1946 WB56
         |           `--C. trilineatus Fox 1946 WB56
         |--C. (Culicoides) yukonensis M90
         |--C. (Avaritia) obsoletus DW81
         |--C. (Beltranmyia) crepuscularis DW81
         |--C. (Diphaomyia) haematopotus DW81
         |--C. (Drymodesmyia) copiosus DW81
         |--C. (Monoculicoides) variipennis M90
         `--C. (Selfia) hieroglyphicus DW81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM74] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1974. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 91–96. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[WB56] Wirth, W. W., & F. S. Blanton. 1956. Redescriptions of four species of Neotropical Culicoides of the debilipalpis group (Diptera: Heleidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (6): 186–190.

Last updated: 28 December 2020.

Forcipomyia

Male Forcipomyia, copyright Ashley Bradford.

Belongs within: Ceratopogonidae.

Forcipomyia is a diverse genus of hairy biting midges.

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Female antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Wing with C short or long; cell r₂₊₃ usually short, but if long distinctly narrow; crossvein r-m present; microtrichia minute; macrotrichia moderately abundant, sloping, often scale-like, covering most of wing; fringe complex, not a single row of hairs. Empodia well developed in female; claws strongly curved.

<==Forcipomyia
    |  i. s.: F. acidicola BSG09
    |         F. fusculus BR09
    |         F. townsendi A71
    |         F. utae A71
    |--F. (Forcipomyia) bipunctata DW81
    |--F. (Blantonia) caribbea DW81
    |--F. (Caloforcipomyia) glauca DW81
    |--F. (Euprojoannisia) wirthi DW81
    |--F. (Lasiohelea) M81
    |    |--F. (L.) fairfaxensis M81
    |    `--‘Lasiohelea’ opilionivora CM07
    |--F. (Metaforcipomyia) pluvialis DW81
    |--F. (Microhelea) BSG09
    |    |--F. (M.) fuliginosa DW81
    |    `--F. (M.) ixodoides BSG09
    |--F. (Pterobosca) fusicornis DW81
    |--F. (Synthyridomyia) colemani DW81
    |--F. (Thyridomyia) monilicornis DW81
    |--F. (Trichohelea) eques DW81
    `--F. (Warmkea) aeria DW81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[BR09] Borkent, A., & G. Rotheray. 2009. Key to Diptera families—larvae. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 157–191. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[M81] McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Key to families—adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 89–124. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Sphaeromiini

Mallochohelea larva, from The University of Iowa.

Belongs within: Ceratopogonidae.

The Sphaeromiini are a group of biting midges whose females have a series of stout, blunt spines on the underside of the fifth tarsomere (Downes & Wirth 1981).

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Female antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Wing with M forking at or before crossvein r-m, medial fork sessile. Tarsomere 5 of female armed ventrally with stout black blunt spines (batonnets). Female abdomen without internal sclerotized gland rods; sternite 8 of female often with pair of hair tufts.

<==Sphaeromiini DW81
    |--Sphaeromias longipennis DW81
    |--Jenkinshelea magnipennis DW81
    |--Macropeza blantoni DW81
    |--Lanehelea BSG09
    |--Neobezzia BSG09
    |--Johannsenomyia DW81
    |    |--J. argentata DW81
    |    `--J. blantoni BSG09
    |--Nilobezzia DW81
    |    |--N. minor DW81
    |    `--N. schwarzii BSG09
    |--Probezzia DW81
    |    |--P. concinna DW81
    |    `--P. pallida DW81
    `--Mallochohelea DW81
         |--M. albibasis DW81
         |--M. pullata BSG09
         `--M. smithi DW81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Ceratopogonini

Male Ceratopogon cf. inverecundus, copyright NTNU university Museum.

Belongs within: Ceratopogonidae.

The Ceratopogonini are a group of biting midges whose eyes are usually pubescent and wings often milky in appearance (Downes & Wirth 1981).

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Eye usually pubescent. Female antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Wing often milky. Cell r₂₊₃ usually small, not or only a little longer than cell r₁, one or both cells sometimes lost; crossvein r-m nearly perpendicular to R₄₊₅; M forking beyond crossvein r-m.

<==Ceratopogonini DW81
    |--Alluaudomyia bella DW81
    |--Isohelea stigmalis DW81
    |--Rhynchohelea monilicornis DW81
    |--Ceratoculicoides DW81
    |--Brachypogon DW81
    |    |--B. paraensis DW81
    |    `--B. stigmalis BSG09
    `--Ceratopogon BSG09
         |--C. bicolor K01
         |--C. culicoidithorax DW81
         |--C. inverecundus BSG09
         |--C. sericatus K01
         `--C. willisi BSG09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

Tanytarsini

Micropsectra junci, copyright J. K. Lindsey.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

The Tanytarsini are a group of non-biting midges with a long first tarsomere on the fore leg and usually with macrotrichia on the wings (Oliver 1981).

Characters (from Oliver 1981): Wing membrane usually with macrotrichia; calypter always without fringe; crossvein r-m nearly parallel to R₄₊₅, and continuous with it, or if oblique, then wing apex truncated; crossvein m-cu absent. First tarsomere of foreleg longer than fore tibia; hind tibia with two combs composed of basally fused spines. Gonostylus fused to gonocoxite and directed backward.

<==Tanytarsini G09
    |--Corynocera ambigua O81, R86
    |--Lenziella cruscula O81
    |--Zavrelia O81
    |--Stempellina bausei O81, R86 [incl. S. montivaga R86]
    |--Lauterbornia O81
    |--Nandeva SA09
    |--Pontomyia SA09
    |--Skutzia SA09
    |--Constempellina SA09
    |--Neostempellina thienemanni SA09, R86
    |--Stempellinella SA09
    |--Neozavrelia luteola SA09
    |--Parapsectra SA09
    |--Sublettea SA09
    |--Virgatanytarsus arduennensis SA09
    |--Rheotanytarsus O81
    |    |--R. calakmulensis SA09
    |    `--R. rhenanus R86
    |--Paratanytarsus O81
    |    |--P. grimmii SA09
    |    `--P. quadratus SA09
    |--Cladotanytarsus O81
    |    |--C. lewisi P09
    |    |--C. mancus D91
    |    `--C. viridiventris O81
    |--Caladomyia SA09
    |    |--C. pistra SA09
    |    `--C. riotarumensis SA09
    |--Tanytarsus SA09
    |    |--T. barbitarsus PH10
    |    |--T. ejuncidus R86
    |    |--T. guatemalensis Sublette & Sasa 1994 SA09
    |    |--T. heusdensis G09
    |    |--T. pallidocornis G09
    |    |--T. pandus SA09
    |    `--T. vespertinus B87
    `--Micropsectra G09
         |--M. atitlanensis Sublette & Sasa 1994 SA09
         |--M. atrofasciata G09
         |--M. bidentata G09
         |--M. junci G09
         |--M. longicrista G09
         |--M. notescens G09
         |--M. pallidula G09
         |--M. schrankelae G09
         `--M. subvirida G09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B87] Boothroyd, I. K. G. 1987. Taxonomic composition and life cycles of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a northern New Zealand stream. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 29: 15–22.

[D91] Davids, C. 1991. Water mites: the impact of larvae and adults on their host and prey populations. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 497–501. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G09] Gerecke, R. 2009. Revisional studies on the European species of the water mite genus Lebertia Neuman, 1880 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Lebertiidae). Abhandlungen der Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 566: 1–144.

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[P09] Pape, T. 2009. Economic importance of Diptera. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 65–77. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[PH10] Pinder, A. M., S. A. Halse, R. J. Shiel & J. M. McRae. 2010. An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 205–246.

[R86] Reiss, F. 1986. Erster Nachtrag zur Chironomidenfauna Bayerns (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana 9 (2): 175–178.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

Procladiini

Female Procladius, copyright Tom Murray.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

The Procladiini are a group of non-biting midges characterised by wings with a long stem to the cubital fork, at least half as long as CuA₂, with the cubital fork being distal to crossvein m-cu.

<==Procladiini SA09
    |--Djalmabatista pulchra SA09
    |--Laurotanypus travassosi Oliveira, Messias & da Silva-Vasconcelos 1992 SA09
    `--Procladius SA09
         |  i. s.: P. freemani O81
         |--P. (Procladius) mozambique SA09
         |--P. (Holotanypus) culiciformis SA09
         `--P. (Psilotanypus) SA09
              |--P. (P.) bellus SA09
              |--P. (P.) etatus Roback 1982 SA09
              `--P. (P.) stroudi Roback 1982 SA09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

Pentaneurini

Conchapelopia pallens, copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

The Pentaneurini are a tribe of non-biting midges with a reduced costal vein and cylindrical to comb-like tibial spurs (Oliver 1981).

Characters (from Oliver 1981): Wing with C not produced past R₄₊₅ or produced by less than length of crossvein r-m; cubital fork proximal to or opposite crossvein m-cu. Postanepisternal and katepisternal setae usually absent; postnotal setae always absent. Tibial spurs of hind leg cylindrical to comb-like.

<==Pentaneurini O81
    |--Xenopelopia tincta O81
    |--Arctopelopia O81
    |--Cantopelopia gesta O81
    |--Nilotanypus fimbriatus O81
    |--Guttipelopia O81
    |--Larsia pallens O81
    |--Trissopelopia ogemawi O81
    |--Zavrelimyia bifasciata O81
    |--Krenopelopia narda O81
    |--Monopelopia boliekae O81
    |--Labrundinia longipalpis O81, SA09
    |--Helopelopia cornuticaudata SA09
    |--Meropelopia SA09
    |--Hudsonimyia vittaria [=Pentaneura vittaria] SA09
    |--Denopelopia atria Roback & Rutter 1988 SA09
    |--Thienemannimyia O81
    |    |--T. barberi SA09
    |    `--T. fusciceps O81
    |--Paramerina O81
    |    |--P. fasciata SA09
    |    `--P. smithae SA09
    |--Telopelopia O81
    |    |--T. fascigera R86
    |    `--T. okoboji O81
    |--Ablabesmyia O81
    |    |--A. cinctipes SA09
    |    |--A. costarricensis SA09
    |    `--A. monilis O81
    `--Conchapelopia O81
         |--C. currani O81
         |--C. goniodes O81
         `--C. pallens SA09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[R86] Reiss, F. 1986. Erster Nachtrag zur Chironomidenfauna Bayerns (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana 9 (2): 175–178.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

Culicidae

Culiseta inconspicua, copyright Richard C. Russell.

Belongs within: Culicomorpha.
Contains: Anopheles, Aedes, Sabethini, Culex, Uranotaenia, Tripteroides.

The Culicidae, mosquitoes, are a group of delicately built flies best known for the blood-sucking habits of adult females of the majority of species. Blood meals are required for maturation of developing eggs; male and female mosquitoes otherwise feed on liquid plant-derived foods such as nectar and honeydew. Living mosquitoes are divided between two subfamilies, with the Culicinae having a respiratory siphon as larvae and scales on the abdominal tergites as adults, features absent in the Anophelinae (Chaverri 2009).

Characters (from Stone 1981): Slender delicate flies, 3-9 mm long. Legs slender. Proboscis slender, much longer than head; labrum, mandibles, laciniae, and hypopharynx greatly elongate, stylet-like, enclosed in sheath formed by labium; palpus of male usually about as long as proboscis, with terminal segments often bearing dense tufts of long setae. Wing veins and usually most of the body and legs clothed with scales.

<==Culicidae C09
    |  i. s.: Theobaldia annulata A71
    |         Opifex SS05
    |           |--O. (Nothoskusea) chathamicus [=Aedes (N.) chathamicus, Ochlerotatus (N.) chathamicus] SS05
    |           `--O. fuscus O81
    |         Mimomyia L91
    |           |--M. (Mimomyia) metallica L91
    |           `--M. (Etorleptiomyia) elegans L91
    |--Anophelinae [Anophelini] C09
    |    |--Anopheles C09
    |    |--Bironella C09
    |    `--Chagasia C09
    |         |--C. bathana (Dyar 1928) [=Anopheles (Chagasia) bathanus] SK56
    |         |--C. bonneae Root 1927 SK56
    |         `--C. rozeboomi Causey, Deane & Deane 1944 SK56
    `--+--Paleoculicis minutus GE05
       `--Culicinae C09
            |  i. s.: Aedeomyia C09
            |           |--A. catasticta Knab 1909 L91
            |           |--A. squamipennis C09
            |           `--A. venustipes L91
            |         Armigeres O98
            |         Topomyia O98
            |--Aedes C09
            |--Sabethini C09
            |--Toxorhynchites C09 [Toxorhynchitinae, Toxorhynchitini L91]
            |    |--T. amboensis WT11
            |    |--T. hypoptes C09
            |    |--T. moctezuma C09
            |    |--T. (Lynchiella) rutilus S81
            |    |--T. (Toxorhynchites) speciosus L91
            |    `--T. superbus C09
            `--Culicini C09
                 |--Culex C09
                 |--Uranotaenia S81
                 |--Tripteroides L91
                 |--Malaya genuostris CM70, L91
                 |--Orthopodomyia S81
                 |    |--O. alba Baker 1936 SM37
                 |    |--O. phyllozoa C09
                 |    `--O. signifera S81
                 |--Mansonia L91
                 |    |--M. nigricans M46
                 |    |--M. richiardii KK91
                 |    |--M. titillans C09
                 |    `--M. (Mansonoides) uniformis (Theobald 1901) (see below for synonymy) L91
                 |--Haemagogus S81
                 |    |--H. anastasionis KK38
                 |    |--H. (Longipalpifer) equinus Theob. 1903 S81, CA38
                 |    |--H. janthinomys C09
                 |    |--H. lucifer C09
                 |    |--H. mesodentatus Komp & Kumm 1938 KK38
                 |    |--H. panarchys Dyar 1921 CA38
                 |    `--H. tropicalis Cerqueira & Antunes 1938 CA38
                 |--Deinocerites S81
                 |    |--D. cancer C09
                 |    |--D. costaricensis C09
                 |    |--D. epitedeus C09
                 |    `--D. pseudes C09
                 |--Psorophora S81
                 |    |--P. ciliata S81
                 |    |--P. columbiae S81
                 |    |--P. confinnis C09
                 |    `--P. ferox C09
                 |--Coquillettidia L91
                 |    |--C. (Coquillettidia) L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) crassipes L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) iracunda D05
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) linealis L91
                 |    |    |--C. (C.) perturbans S81
                 |    |    `--C. (C.) xanthogaster (Edwards 1924) L91
                 |    `--C. (Austromansonia) tenuipalpis D05
                 `--Culiseta S81
                      |  i. s.: C. annulata KK91
                      |         C. impatiens C09
                      |         C. incidens S81
                      |         C. inornata C09
                      |         C. particeps C09
                      |--C. (Climacura) tonnoiri D04
                      |--C. (Culicella) L91
                      |    |--C. (C.) atra Lee 1944 L91
                      |    `--C. (C.) inconspicua L91
                      `--C. (Neotheobaldia) hilli L91

Mansonia (Mansonoides) uniformis (Theobald 1901) [=Panoplites uniformis; incl. M. australiensis Giles 1902, M. marquesensis Dyar 1925, Panoplites reversus Theobald 1901, M. reversus] L91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CA38] Cerqueira, N., & P. C. A. Antunes. 1938. Haemagogus tropicalis, a new species from Pará, Brazil (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (1): 1–9.

[C09] Chaverri, L. G. 2009. Culicidae (mosquitos, zancudos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 369–388. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[D04] Derraik, J. G. B. 2004. A survey of the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna of the Auckland Zoological Park. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 51–55.

[D05] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005. Notes on some adult mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) records from West Auckland. Weta 29: 12–15.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KK91] Kamarinchev, B., T. Kovacheva, T. Christova, G. Georgieva & V. Zlatanova. 1991. Studies on mosquitoes and ticks as carriers of alpha-, flavi- and bunyaviruses. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 89–92. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KK38] Komp, W. H. W., & H. W. Kumm. 1938. A new species of Haemagogus, mesodentatus, from Costa Rica, and a description of the larva of Haemagogus anastasionis Dyar (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (9): 253–259.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[M46] Michener, C. D. 1946. The taxonomy and bionomics of some Panamanian trombidiid mites. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 39: 349–380.

[O81] O’Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[SM37] Shields, S. E., & V. I. Miles. 1937. The occurrence of Orthopodomyia alba in Alabama (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (8): 237.

[SS05] Snell, A. E., & P. J. Sirvid. 2005. Mosquitoes of the Chatham Islands: Notes on Opifex chathamicus (=Ochlerotatus chathamicus) (Dumbleton) (Diptera: Culicidae). Weta 29: 6–8.

[S81] Stone, A. 1981. Culicidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 341–350. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.

Chaoboridae

Female Chaoborus flavicans, copyright Erick Adams.

Belongs within: Culicomorpha.

The Chaoboridae, phantom midges, are a cosmopolitan group of small, delicate flies with aquatic larvae found in standing freshwater habitats. The Nearctic Eucorethra underwoodi possesses a long clypeus, nearly as long as the rest of the head capsule, whereas the clypeus is shorter in the remaining Chaoborinae (Cook 1981).

Characters (from Cook 1981, as Chaoborinae): Clypeus with numerous setae, shorter than two-thirds height of rest of head capsule. Lateral lobes of postpronotum separated medially by scutum and antepronotum. R₁ terminating in C near wing apex, nearer to R₂ than Sc. Larva with thorax rounded laterally; anal segment with longitudinal fan-like row of bristles; siphon absent or as long as anal segment, with pointed apex.

<==Chaoboridae [Chironomapteridae, Mesotendipedidae] B09
    |--Eucorethra [Eucorethrinae] C81
    |    `--E. underwoodi C81
    `--Chaoborinae C81
         |--Mochlonyx Loew 1844 C81, H02
         |    `--M. cinctipes C81
         `--Chaoborus Lichtenstein 1800 H02
              |--C. (Chaoborus) americanus C81
              |--C. braziliensis B09
              |--C. edulis P09
              |--C. exita C81
              |--C. festivus B09
              |--C. flavicans WP99
              |--C. flavidulus O98
              |--C. indicus O98
              |--C. magnificus B09
              |--C. (Sayomyia) punctipennis C81
              |--C. queenslandensis O98
              |--C. souzai B09
              |--C. tertiarius C81
              `--C. trivittatus B09

Chaoboridae incertae sedis:
  Hypsocorethra Kalugina 1985 H02
    `--H. toficola BLM02
  Chachotosha probatus BLM02
  Mesocorethra S02
  Baleiomyia S02
  Manlayamyia litorina S02
  Astrocorethra gurvanica S02
  Praechaoborus Kalugina 1985 H02
    `--P. tugnuicus Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev 1985 RJ93
  Promochlonyx CM91
  Australomochlonyx CM91
  Chironomaptera BLM02
    |--C. collessi S02
    `--C. gregaria Grabau 1923 ZG05
  Eochaoborites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. xui Hong 2002 H02
  Iyaiyai Evenhuis 1994 (see below for synonymy) H02
    `--I. gracilis (Hong 1981) [=Trichia gracilis, *Fushunotrichia gracilis] H02
  Eucorethrina Kalugina 1985 H02
  Helokrenia Kalugina 1985 H02
  Chaoborites Kalugina 1985 H02
  Corethra Scudder 1877 H02
    `--C. plumicornis [=Chironomus (Corethra) plumicornis] G20

Iyaiyai Evenhuis 1994 [incl. Fushunotrichia Hong 2002, Trichia Hong 1981 nec Haller 1768 nec de Haan 1839 nec Hartmann 1840] H02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BLM02] Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich & M. B. Mostovski. 2002. Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies (=Muscida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 227–240. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[B09] Borkent, A. 2009. Chaoboridae (phantom midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 365–367. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C81] Cook, E. F. 1981. Chaoboridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 335–339. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[P09] Pape, T. 2009. Economic importance of Diptera. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 65–77. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[ZG05] Zhang, J., V. B. Golub, Y. A. Popov & D. E. Shcherbakov. 2005. Ignotingidae fam. nov. (Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingoidea), the earliest lace bugs from the Upper Mesozoic of eastern China. Cretaceous Research 26: 783–792.

Last updated: 27 December 2020.

Ceratopogonidae

Female Leptoconops, copyright Alice Abela.

Belongs within: Culicomorpha.
Contains: Forcipomyia, Culicoidini, Ceratopogonini, Sphaeromiini.

The Ceratopogonidae, biting midges, are a cosmopolitan group of small flies, a number of species of which have females that feed on vertebrate blood. Four subfamilies are recognised, the most divergent of which includes the genus Leptoconops which has eyes widely separated on top of the head (vs closely approximated in other subfamilies) and lacks the crossvein r-m in the wing (Downes & Wirth 1981).

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Small flies, 1–6 mm long, slender to moderately robust. Antenna with 11–13 flagellomeres, showing marked sexual dimorphism; female with five distal flagellomeres elongated and differing from proximal flagellomeres in many details; male with pedicel greatly enlarged and containing a specialised Johnston's organ, flagellomeres 1–8 usually bearing whorls of long setae giving characteristic plumose appearance. Proboscis about as long as head; palpus slightly longer. Female with biting and sucking mouthparts, consisting of a rigid labrum, blade-like mandibles and laciniae, and a hypopharynx, each typically with apical armature; females in non-biting species and all males with proboscis weaker and armature reduced. Palpus five-segmented; segments 1 and 2 sometimes poorly developed; segment 3 with sensory organ enclosed in a pit or on surface; segments 4 and 5 occasionally fused. Wings held horizontally at rest one above the other, narrower in male than in female; apex evenly rounded. Venation characterized by compact radial system lying closely behind costal margin and meeting margin before apex of wing, often near or even before the midpoint. R₁ and Rs typically short, with Rs branching into R₂₊₃, and R₄₊₅; R₂₊₃ running forward and rejoining R₁ to form cell r₁ (usually termed first radial cell); R₄₊₅ meeting C farther out to form cell r₂₊₃; one or both of these cells sometimes lost either by closure (approximation of upper and lower veins) or by becoming confluent through loss of R₂₊₃. Strong and characteristic crossvein r-m present. Posterior veins relatively weak; M₂ sometimes incomplete basally or absent; crossvein m-cu absent; cubital fork well-developed; CuP and A weak, not reaching wing margin. Legs moderately long; claws usually similar, average in size; male with small claws that are usually bifid at tips. Abdomen l0-segmented; spiracles present on segments 2–7; segment 1 somewhat reduced; tergites 1 and 2 sometimes fused. Sternite 8 in female with slightly bilobate hind margin extending below opening of spermathecal duct; segment 9 with small tergite fused laterally to narrow band-like sternite, sternite usually dividing in midline around spermathecal opening; segment l0 small; cercus rounded, on small dorsolateral basal plate. Segment 8 in male with normal tergite and sternite; tergite 9 usually enlarged and prolonged backward to cover other elements of terminalia; gonopod two-segmented, conspicuous; aedeagus extending back from sternite 9 and articulated laterally with base of gonocoxite, often triangular with sclerotized lateral arms or ventral plate; paired parameres usually present above aedeagus. Early stages usually found in moist or aquatic habitats; larva apneustic, often elongate in form, and a strong swimmer; head usually sclerotized; mandible strong, toothed, not apposed; pharyngeal apparatus conspicuous internally, with two strongly diverging arms and series of combs apparently serving to reduce and sort food; short collar between head and thorax; three thoracic and nine abdominal segments well-defined; no functional spiracles.

<==Ceratopogonidae [Heleidae]
    |--Dasyhelea BSG09 [Dasyheleinae DW81]
    |    |--D. antiqua S02
    |    |--D. cincta BSG09
    |    `--D. pseudoincisurata DW81
    |--Leptoconops BSG09 [Leptoconopinae DW81]
    |    |  i. s.: L. bequaerti BSG09
    |    |--L. (Leptoconops) torrens DW81
    |    |--L. (Brachyconops) californiensis DW81
    |    `--L. (Megaconops) floridensis DW81
    |--Forcipomyiinae DW81
    |    |--Forcipomyia DW81
    |    `--Atrichopogon DW81
    |         |--A. (Atrichopogon) levis DW81
    |         `--A. polydactylus DW81
    `--Ceratopogoninae DW81
         |--Culicoidini DW81
         |--Ceratopogonini DW81
         |--Sphaeromiini DW81
         |--Stenoxenini DW81
         |    |--Stenoxenus DW81
         |    |    |--S. coomani DW81
         |    |    `--S. johnsoni DW81
         |    `--Paryphoconus DW81
         |         |--P. angustipennis DW81
         |         `--P. sonorensis DW81
         |--Heteromyiini DW81
         |    |--Heteromyia fasciata DW81
         |    |--Neurohelea nigra DW81
         |    |--Neurobezzia granulosa DW81
         |    |--Clinohelea bimaculata DW81
         |    `--Pellucidomyia DW81
         |         |--P. ugandae BSG09
         |         `--P. wirthi DW81
         |--Palpomyiini DW81
         |    |--Pachyhelea pachymera DW81
         |    |--Bezzia DW81
         |    |    |--B. nobilis BSG09
         |    |    `--B. setulosa DW81
         |    |--Palpomyia BSG09
         |    |    |--P. lacustris BSG09
         |    |    |--P. lineata DW81
         |    |    `--P. plebeja BSG09
         |    `--Phaenobezzia DW81
         |         |--P. maya BSG09
         |         |--P. opaca DW81
         |         `--P. pistiae DW81
         `--Stilobezziini DW81
              |--Echinohelea lanei DW81
              |--Serromyia femorata DW81
              |--Parabezzia DW81
              |    |--P. bystraki BSG09
              |    `--P. petiolata DW81
              |--Monohelea DW81
              |    |--M. hieroglyphica DW81
              |    `--M. (Schizohelea) leucopeza DW81
              `--Stilobezzia DW81
                   |--S. antennalis DW81
                   |--S. (Eukraiohelea) elegantula DW81
                   `--S. (Neostilobezzia) lutea DW81

Ceratopogonidae incertae sedis:
  Austroconops GE05
    |--A. fossilis GE05
    `--A. macmillani GE05
  Fittkauhelea amazonica BSG09
  Cacaohelea youngi BSG09
  Baeohelea nana BSG09
  Leptohelea micronyx BSG09
  Nannohelea bourioni BSG09
  Schizonyxhelea forattinii BSG09
  Allohelea BSG09
    |--A. johannseni BSG09
    `--A. neotropica BSG09
  Parastilobezzia leei BSG09
  Downeshelea stonei BSG09
  Baeodasymyia dominicana BSG09
  Amerohelea BSG09
    |--A. frontispina BSG09
    `--A. galindoi BSG09
  Clastrieromyia dycei BSG09
  Spinellihelea BSG09
  Macrurohelea CM91
  Acanthohelea CM91
  Xenohelea CM91
  Dibezzia CM91
  Archiaustroconops alavensis Szadziewski & Arillo 1998 PR13
  Styloconops CM70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[PR13] Peris, D., & E. Ruzzier. 2013. A new tribe, new genus, and new species of Mordellidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from the Early Cretaceous amber of Spain. Cretaceous Research 45: 1–6.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Last updated: 7 May 2018.

Chironomus

Male buzzer midge Chironomus plumosus, copyright Didier Descouens.

Belongs within: Chironomidae.

Chironomus is a cosmopolitan genus of midges. It is distinguished from related genera by features of the male genitalia, with appendage 1 often curving or hooking or with a ventral apical knob and with a digitiform process arising distad from the microtrichiose base, and appendage 2 well developed with long setae distally. Abdominal tergites often bear dark spot and transverse bands, and the r-m area of the wing is often darkened. Larvae inhabit soft sediments and other underwater organic deposits. Depending on the species, they may require pristine to acidic or brackish water habitats (Spies et al. 2009).

Characters (from Oliver 1981): Male antenna with eleven flagellomeres. Antepronotal lobes not separated medially. Wing with crossvein r-m definitely oblique to R₄₊₅; crossvein m-cu absent. Apex of fore tibia with inner low rounded scale that projects slightly beyond similar outer scale; hind tibia with two combs composed of basally fused spines. Male terminalia with gonocoxite and gonostylus separate; appendage 1 with basal long setae, or rarely with long setae only on apical two-thirds, without enlarged setiferous base; appendage 2 subcylindrical, longer than appendage 1, with many apical setae.

<==Chironomus Meigen 1803 [incl. Tendipes Meigen 1800 (nom. rej.)] O81
    |--C. (Chironomus) SA09
    |    |--C. (C.) elegans G20
    |    `--C. (C.) staegeri SA09
    `--C. (Lobochironomus) montuosus SA09

Chironomus incertae sedis:
  C. acutiventris R86
    |--C. a. acutiventris R86
    `--C. a. bavaricus R86
  C. alternans CM91
  C. atroviridis O81
  C. australis CM91
  C. clavaticornis RD77
  C. frigidus T04
  C. intertinctus W70
  C. limnaei A71
  C. pedellus D56
  C. plumosus SA09 [=Tendipes plumosus CS77]
  C. prasinus BBM91
  ‘Tendipes’ reductus CS77
  C. riparius SA09
  C. silvestris [incl. C. silvestris var. ornatus] K01
  C. singulatus OV95
  C. stercorarius RD77
  C. tentans MG06
  C. tepperi WT11
  C. thummi B91
  C. venerabilis Etheridge & Olliff 1890 F71
  C. zealandicus B87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B91] Baker, R. A. 1991. Development and life-history strategies in mussel mites (Hydrachnellae: Unionicolidae). In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 65–73. Chapman & Hall: London.

[BBM91] Baker, R. A., S. Brett & N. Morley. 1991. Water mite larvae parasitic on insects—a study of larval structures and host relationships. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 493–496. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[B87] Boothroyd, I. K. G. 1987. Taxonomic composition and life cycles of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a northern New Zealand stream. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 29: 15–22.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MG06] Mallatt, J., & G. Giribet. 2006. Further use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA genes to classify Ecdysozoa: 37 more arthropods and a kinorhynch. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 772–794.

[O81] Oliver, D. R. 1981. Chironomidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 423–458. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[OV95] Ovčarenko, N. A., & I. Vima. 1995. [Issia singulati sp. n. (Microsporidia, Telomyxidae): a new species of Microsporidia from Chironomus singulatus Meigen larvae from Kiev’s water reservoir]. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 31 (5): 78–83.

[R86] Reiss, F. 1986. Erster Nachtrag zur Chironomidenfauna Bayerns (Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana 9 (2): 175–178.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SA09] Spies, M., T. Andersen, J. H. Epler & C. N. Watson Jr. 2009. Chironomidae (non-biting midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 437–480. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[T04] Trägårdh, I. 1904. Fauna Arctica: Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 vol. 4 pt 1. Monographie der arktischen Acariden. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[W70] White, M. J. D. 1970. Cytogenetics. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 72–82. Melbourne University Press.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 28 December 2021.

Aedes

Aedes aegypti, copyright Muhammad Mahdi Karim.

Belongs within: Culicidae.

Aedes is a cosmopolitan genus of mosquitoes including the vectors of such diseases as dengue fever and Ross River virus. The genus is polymorphic and divided into numerous subgenera, many of which have sometimes been treated as separate genera. One of the largest of these is Ochlerotatus whose members have a head with numerous erect scales, a patch of appressed scales on the lower prealar area, and long and slender cerci associated with a small eighth sternite (Liehne 1991).

Characters (from Liehne 1991): Palps generally short, less than 0.25× length proboscis. Upright forked scales on vertex numerous. Spiracular bristles absent, postspiracular bristles always present. Tarsal claws usually toothed, pulvilli absent. Wing membrane with distinct microtrichia. Larva with siphon usually short; seta 1-S a single pair of tufts, never inserted at base of siphon; saddle rarely complete ring.

<==Aedes [Aedini]
    |--A. (Aedes) S68
    |    |--A. (A.) adustus Laffoon 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) bifoliatus King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) campylostylus Laffoon 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) cinereus S68
    |    |    |--A. c. cinereus SK56
    |    |    `--A. c. hemiteleus Dyar 1924 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) dux Dyar & Shannon 1925 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) foliformis King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) hamistylus Laffoon 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) johnsoni Laffoon 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) leilae King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) macrodixoa Dyar & Shannon 1925 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) margarsen Dyar & Shannon 1925 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) milnensis King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) multifolium King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) neomacrodixoa King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) quadrispinatus King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) sentanius King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) simplus King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |    `--A. (A.) trispinatus King & Hoogstraal 1947 SK56
    |--A. (Aedimorphus) S68
    |    |--A. (A.) alboscutellatus (Theobald 1905) [incl. A. argentinotus Banks 1909, A. omurensis Yamada 1921] L91
    |    |--A. (A.) nocturnus RK04
    |    |--A. (A.) oakleyi Stone 1939 SK56
    |    |--A. (A.) senyavinensis Knight & Hurlbut 1949 SK56
    |    `--A. (A.) vexans (Meigen 1830) [=Culex vexans] G37
    |--A. (Chaetocruiomyia) L91
    |    |--A. (C.) calabyi Marks 1963 L91
    |    |--A. (C.) elchoensis Taylor 1929 L91
    |    `--A. (C.) wattensis L91
    |--A. (Christophersiomyia) brayi Knight 1947 SK56
    |--A. (Culicelsa) SK56
    |    |--A. (C.) perichares Dyar 1921 SK56
    |    `--A. (C.) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann 1821) [=Culex taeniorhynchus, A. (Taeniorhynchus) taeniorhynchus] G37
    |--A. (Ecculex) rhecter Dyar 1921 SK56
    |--A. (Finlaya) S68
    |    |--A. (F.) alboannulatus (Macquart 1850) L91
    |    |--A. (F.) ananae Knight & Laffoon 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) atropalpus (Coquillett 1902) S68, SK56 [=Culex atropalpus SK56]
    |    |--A. (F.) britteni Marks & Hodgkin 1958 L91
    |    |--A. (F.) croceus Knight & Laffoon 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) dobodurus King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) dorseyi Knight 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) eucleptes Dyar 1921 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) harperi Knight 1948 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) heteropus Dyar 1921 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) hollandius King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) keefei King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) knighti Stone & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) kochi L91 [=Ochlerotatus kochi RK04]
    |    |--A. (F.) lacteus Knight 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) laoagensis Knight 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) leucocelaenus Dyar & Shannon 1924 SK56, K38 [=Haemagogus leucomelas Lutz 1904 (preoc.) K38]
    |    |    |--A. l. leucocelaenus SK56
    |    |    `--A. l. clarki Galindo, Carpenter & Trapido 1953 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) leucopleurus Rozeboom 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) lewelleni Starkey & Webb 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) luzonensis Rozeboom 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) mallochi L91
    |    |--A. (F.) medleri Knight & Laffoon 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) niveus SK56
    |    |    |--A. n. niveus SK56
    |    |    `--A. n. nipponicus LaCasse & Yamaguti 1948 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) notoscriptus (Skuse 1889) L91 [=Ochlerotatus (F.) notoscriptus D05b]
    |    |--A. (F.) occidentalis (Skuse 1889) L91
    |    |--A. (F.) okinawanus Bohart 1946 SK56
    |    |--‘Ochlerotatus’ (F.) papuensis RK04
    |    |--A. (F.) paradissimilis Rozeboom 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) pecuniosus Edwards 1922 L91
    |    |--A. (F.) plumiferus King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) poicilius O98
    |    |--A. (F.) purpureus L91
    |    |--A. (F.) quasirubithorax L91
    |    |--A. (F.) rubrithorax L91
    |    |--A. (F.) saperoi Knight 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) scutellalbum Boshell-Manrique 1939 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) sherki Knight 1948 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) solomonis Stone & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) stonei Knight & Laffoon 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) subalbitarsis King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (F.) triseriatus S68 [incl. A. triseriatus var. hendersoni Cockerell 1918 SK56]
    |    |--A. (F.) tsiliensis King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56
    |    `--A. (F.) varipalpus (Coquillett 1902) S68, SK56 (see below for synonymy)
    |--A. (Geoskusea) SK56
    |    |--A. (G.) baisasi Knight & Hull 1951 SK56
    |    `--A. (G.) daggyi Stone & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |--A. (Halaedes) L91
    |    |--A. (H.) ashworthi Edwards 1921 L91
    |    `--A. (H.) australis L91 [=Ochlerotatus (H.) australis D04]
    |--A. (Heteronycha) muelleri Dyar 1920 SK56
    |--A. (Howardina) argyrites Dyar & Nuñez Tovar 1927 SK56
    |--A. (Kompia) purpureipes S81
    |--A. (Leptosomatomyia) variepictus King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56
    |--A. (Levua) suvae Stone & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |--A. (Macleaya) L91
    |    |--A. (M.) stoneorum Marks 1977 L91
    |    `--A. (M.) tremulus (Theobald 1903) (see below for synonymy) L91
    |--A. (Mucidus) L91
    |    |--A. (M.) alternans Westwood 1835 (see below for synonymy) L91
    |    `--A. (M.) ferinus Knight 1947 SK56
    |--A. (Neomelaniconion) lineatopennis (Ludlow 1905) L91 (see below for synonymy)
    |--A. (Ochlerotatus) S68
    |    |--A. (O.) aboriginis Dyar 1917 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) abserratus S68
    |    |--A. (O.) aldrichi Dyar & Knab 1908 G37
    |    |--A. (O.) aloponotum Dyar 1917 G37
    |    |--‘Ochlerotatus’ (O.) antipodeus D05a
    |    |--A. (O.) aurifer (Coquillett 1903) S68, SK56 [=Culex aurifer SK56]
    |    |--A. (O.) barri S68
    |    |--A. (O.) bicristatus Thurman & Winkler 1950 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) cacozelus Marks 1963 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) calcariae L91
    |    |--A. (O.) campestris Dyar & Knab 1907 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) camposanus Dyar 1918 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) camptorhynchus (Thomson 1869) (see below for synonymy) L91
    |    |--A. (O.) canadensis S68
    |    |--A. (O.) cantans DW84
    |    |--A. (O.) cantator (Coquillett 1903) S68, SK56 [=Culex cantator SK56]
    |    |--A. (O.) cataphylla Dyar 1916 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) clelandi (Taylor 1914) L91
    |    |--A. (O.) communis (DeGeer 1776) G37 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. (O.) continentalis L91
    |    |--A. (O.) decticus Howard, Dyar & Knab 1917 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) diantaeus S68
    |    |--A. (O.) dorsalis (Meigen 1830) [=Culex dorsalis] G37
    |    |--A. (O.) edgari Stone & Rosen 1952 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) eidsvoldensis Mackerras 1927 [=A. theobaldi eidsvoldensis] L91
    |    |--A. (O.) eucephalaeus Dyar 1918 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) excrucians S68
    |    |--A. (O.) explorator L91
    |    |--A. (O.) fitchii (Felt & Young 1904) (see below for synonymy) G37
    |    |--A. (O.) flavescens (Müller 1764) [=Culex flavescens] G37
    |    |--A. (O.) flavifrons L91
    |    |--A. (O.) fulvus SK56
    |    |    |--A. f. fulvus SK56
    |    |    `--A. f. pallens Ross 1943 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) hastatus Dyar 1922 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) hesperonotius Marks 1959 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) hexodontus Dyar 1916 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) hodgkini Marks 1959 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) idahoensis (Theobald 1903) [=Grabhamia spencerii var. idahoensis] G37
    |    |--A. (O.) impiger (Walker 1848) [=Culex impiger] G37
    |    |--A. (O.) implicatus S68
    |    |--A. (O.) increpitus Dyar 1916 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) intrudens Dyar 1919 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) linesi L91
    |    |--A. (O.) luteifemur L91
    |    |--A. (O.) macintoshi Marks 1959 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) mathesoni Middlekauff 1944 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) melanimon Dyar 1924 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) nigripes S68
    |    |--A. (O.) nigrithorax (Macquart 1847) [incl. A. macleayanus Mackerras 1927] L91
    |    |--A. (O.) nigromaculis (Ludlow 1906) S68, SK56 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. (O.) niphadopsis Dyar & Knab 1918 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) normanensis (Taylor 1915) L91
    |    |--A. (O.) phaecasiatus L91
    |    |--A. (O.) pionips S68
    |    |--A. (O.) pseudodiantaeus Smith 1952 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) pseudonormanensis Marks 1949 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) pullatus (Coquillett 1904) S68, SK56 [=Culex pullatus SK56]
    |    |--A. (O.) punctodes Dyar 1922 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) punctor S68
    |    |--A. (O.) purpureifemur Marks 1959 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) purpuriventris L91
    |    |--A. (O.) ratcliffei Marks 1959 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) rempeli S68
    |    |--A. (O.) riparius Dyar & Knab 1907 S68, SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) sagax (Skuse 1889) [incl. Culicada wilsoni Taylor 1919] L91
    |    |--A. (O.) sapiens Marks 1964 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) silvestris L91
    |    |--A. (O.) sollicitans [=A. (Taeniorhynchus) sollicitans] S68
    |    |--A. (O.) spencerii S68
    |    |--A. (O.) spilotus L91
    |    |--A. (O.) squamiger (Coquillett 1902) G37 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. (O.) sticticus S68
    |    |--A. (O.) stimulans S68
    |    |    |--A. s. stimulans SK56
    |    |    |--A. s. albertae Dyar 1920 SK56
    |    |    |--A. s. classicus Dyar 1920 SK56
    |    |    `--A. s. mississippii Dyar 1920 SK56
    |    |--A. (O.) stricklandi (Edwards 1912) [=Grabhamia australis Strickland 1911, G. flindersi Taylor 1914] L91
    |    |--A. (O.) theobaldi L91
    |    |--A. (O.) trichurus (Dyar 1904) S68, SK56 [=Culex trichurus SK56, A. (Feltianus) trichurus S68]
    |    |--A. (O.) trivittatus (Coquillett 1902) S68, SK56 [=Culex trivittatus SK56]
    |    |--A. (O.) turneri Marks 1963 L91
    |    |--A. (O.) ventrovittis Dyar 1916 G37
    |    |--A. (O.) vigilax (Skuse 1889) (see below for synonymy) L91
    |    `--A. (O.) vittiger (Skuse 1889) L91
    |--A. (Pseudoskusea) L91
    |    |--A. (P.) bancroftianus Edwards 1921 L91
    |    |--A. (P.) lunulatus King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56
    |    `--A. (P.) postspiraculosis L91
    |--A. (Rhinoskusea) longirostris L91
    |--A. (Skusea) SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) dasyorrhus King & Hoogstraal 1946 SK56 [=A. (Lorrainea) dasyorrhus L91]
    |    |--A. (S.) lamelliferus Bohart & Ingram 1946 SK56
    |    `--A. (S.) miachaetessa Dyar & Shannon 1925 SK56
    |--A. (Stegomyia) L91
    |    |--A. (S.) aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) (see below for synonymy) L91
    |    |--A. (S.) albopictus L91
    |    |--A. (S.) arboricolus Knight & Rozeboom 1946 SK56
    |    |--‘Stegomyia’ atripes F15
    |    |--A. (S.) bambusicolus Knight & Rozeboom 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) boharti Knight & Rozeboom 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) christianus Dyar 1921 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) downsi Bohart & Ingram 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) guamensis Farner & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) gurneyi Stone & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) hakanssoni Knight & Hurlbut 1949 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) hensilli Farner 1945 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) hoogstraali Knight & Rozeboom 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) katherinensis Woodhill 1949 L91
    |    |--A. (S.) laffooni Knight & Rozeboom 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) marshallensis Stone & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) pandani Stone 1939 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) paullusi Stone & Farner 1947 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) pernotatus Farner & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) quasiscutellaris Farner & Bohart 1944 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) riversi Bohart & Ingram 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) rotanus Bohart & Ingram 1946 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) saipanensis Stone 1945 SK56
    |    |--A. (S.) scutellaris RK04 [incl. Stegomyia scutellaris var. samarensis Ludlow 1903 SK56]
    |    `--A. (S.) scutoscriptus Bohart & Ingram 1946 SK56
    |--A. (Taeniorhynchus) SK56
    |    |--A. (T.) jacobinae Serafim & Davis 1933 SK56
    |    `--A. (T.) theleter Dyar 1918 SK56
    `--A. (Verrallina) L91
         |--A. (V.) carmenti L91
         |--A. (V.) funereus (Theobald 1903) L91 [=Verrallina funerea RK04; incl. Pseudoskusea basalis Taylor 1912 L91]
         |--‘Verrallina’ lineata RK04
         |--A. (V.) parasimilis King & Hoogstraal 1947 L91, SK56
         `--A. (V.) reesi King & Hoogstraal 1947 L91

Aedes incertae sedis:
  A. acrophilus Dyar 1917 SK56
  ‘Culex’ aestivalis Dyar 1904 SK56
  ‘Anisocheleomyia’ albitarsis Ludlow 1905 SK56
  ‘Gymnometopa’ albonotata Coquillet 1906 SK56
  A. alleni Turner 1924 SK56
  A. allotecnon Kumm, Komp & Ruiz 1940 SK56
  A. altiusculus Dyar 1917 SK56
  ‘Stegomyia’ amesii Ludlow 1903 SK56
  A. angustivittatus Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  ‘Finlaya’ aranetana Banks 1906 SK56
  A. argentescens Dyar & Knab 1908 SK56
  A. argyrothorax Bonne-Wepster & Bonne 1920 SK56
  A. atlanticus Dyar & Knab 1906 SK56
  ‘Howardina’ aureostriata Grabham 1906 SK56
  A. balteatus Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  ‘Culex’ bimaculatus Coquillett 1902 SK56
  ‘Culex’ bracteatus Coquillett 1906 SK56
  A. brevis C09
  ‘Stegomyia’ busckii Coquillett 1906 SK56
  A. caballus A71
  A. cacothius Dyar 1923 SK56
  A. callithotrys Dyar 1920 SK56
  A. caspius KK91
  A. centrotus Howard, Dyar & Knab 1917 SK56
  A. colonarius Dyar 1924 SK56
  A. condolescens Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  A. cuneatus Dyar & Knab 1908 SK56
  ‘Culex’ curriei Coquillett 1901 SK56
  A. cyclocerculus Dyar 1920 SK56
  A. cyprius Ludlow 1920 SK56
  A. daliensis (Taylor 1916) L91
  A. diantaeus Howard, Dyar & Knab 1917 SK56
  ‘Culex’ dupreei Coquillett 1904 SK56
  A. dysanor Dyar 1921 SK56
  A. epactius Dyar & Knab 1908 SK56
  A. epinolus Dyar & Knab 1914 SK56
  A. euedes Howard, Dyar & Knab 1917 SK56
  A. euochros Howard, Dyar & Knab 1917 SK56
  A. euplocamus Dyar & Knab 1906 SK56
  A. fisheri Dyar 1917 SK56
  ‘Culex’ fletcheri Coquillett 1902 SK56
  ‘Stegomyia’ gardnerii Ludlow 1905 SK56
  A. geniculatus KK91
  A. gonimus Dyar & Knab 1918 SK56
  A. grahami Ludlow 1920 SK56
  ‘Grabhamia’ grisea Ludlow 1907 SK56
  A. grossbecki Dyar & Knab 1906 SK56
  A. habanicus Dyar & Knab 1906 SK56
  A. hemisurus Dyar & Knab 1905 SK56
  A. hortator Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  ‘Howardina’ inaequalis Grabham 1907 SK56
  ‘Culex’ inconspicuus Grossbeck 1904 SK56
  A. indolescens Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  A. infirmatus Dyar & Knab 1906 SK56
  A. innuitus Dyar & Knab 1918 SK56
  ‘Verrallina’ insolita Coquillett 1906 SK56
  A. ioliota Dyar & Knab 1913 SK56
  A. iridipennis Dyar 1922 SK56
  ‘Ochlerotatus’ japonicus RK04
  A. klotsi Matheson 1933 SK56
  ‘Culex’ knabi Coquillett 1906 SK56
  A. labradorensis Dyar & Shannon 1925 SK56
  ‘Verrallina’ laternaria Coquillett 1906 SK56
  ‘Culex’ lativittatus Coquillett 1906 SK56
  A. leuconotips Dyar 1920 SK56
  A. leucotaeniatus Komp 1938 SK56
  A. lithocoetor Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  A. mariae PP64
  A. masamae Dyar 1920 SK56
  ‘Grabhamia’ mediolineata Ludlow 1907 SK56
  ‘Stegomyia’ mediovittata Coquillett 1906 SK56
  ‘Catatassomyia’ meronephada Dyar & Shannon 1925 SK56
  A. metalepticus Dyar 1920 SK56
  A. metoecopus Dyar 1925 SK56
  A. milleri Dyar 1922 SK56
  A. mimesis Dyar 1917 SK56
  ‘Culex’ mitchellae Dyar 1905 SK56
  A. mutatus Dyar 1919 SK56
  ‘Finlaya’ nigra Ludlow 1905 SK56
  ‘Stegomyia’ nigritia Ludlow 1910 SK56
  ‘Pseudoskusea’ nigrotarsis Ludlow 1908 SK56
  A. niphadopsis Dyar & Knab 1918 SK56
  ‘Culex’ nivitarsis Coquillett 1904 SK56
  A. obturbator Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  A. oligopistus Dyar 1918 SK56
  ‘Danielsia’ pagei Ludlow 1911 SK56
  A. pagetonotum Dyar & Knab 1909 SK56
  ‘Popea’ palawanensis Ludlow 1914 SK56
  ‘Taeniorhynchus’ palliatus Coquillett 1906 SK56
  ‘Culex’ pallidohirta Grossbeck 1905 SK56
  A. palustris Dyar 1916 [incl. A. palustris var. pricei Dyar 1917] SK56
  ‘Reedomyia’ pampangensis Ludlow 1905 SK56
  A. panayensis Ludlow 1914 SK56
  A. pearyi Dyar & Shannon 1925 SK56
  A. pertinax Grabham 1906 SK56
  A. pionips Dyar 1919 SK56
  A. pix Martini 1935 SK56
  A. platylepidus Knight & Hull 1951 SK56
  A. plutocraticus Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  A. podographicus Dyar & Knab 1906 SK56
  A. poliochros Dyar 1919 SK56
  A. polyagrus Dyar 1918 SK56
  A. polynesiensis RK04
  ‘Culex’ portoricensis Ludlow 1905 SK56
  ‘Culex’ pretans Grossbeck 1904 SK56
  ‘Ochlerotatus’ procax RK04
  A. prodotes Dyar 1917 SK56
  A. prolixus Dyar 1922 SK56
  ‘Stegomyia’ punctifemore Ludlow 1921 SK56
  ‘Culex’ quadrivittatus Coquillett 1902 SK56
  ‘Stegomyia’ quasinigritia Ludlow 1911 SK56
  A. quaylei Dyar & Knab 1906 SK56
  A. rusticus KK91
  A. sansoni Dyar & Knab 1909 SK56
  A. schizopinax Dyar 1929 SK56
  A. septemstriatus Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  A. sierrensis (Ludlow 1905) S68, SK56 [=Taeniorhynchus sierrensis SK56, Ochlerotatus sierrensis RK04]
  A. siphonalis Grossbeck 1904 SK56
  ‘Culex’ sylvicola Grossbeck 1906 SK56
  A. tahoensis Dyar 1916 SK56
  A. tarsalis A71
  A. terrens SK56
    |--A. t. terrens SK56
    `--A. t. homocopus Dyar 1922 SK56
  A. thaxteri Dyar & Knab 1919 SK56
  A. thibaulti Dyar & Knab 1910 SK56
  A. thorntoni Dyar & Knab 1907 SK56
  A. togoi A71
  A. tormentor Dyar & Knab 1906 SK56
  A. tortilis SK56
    |--A. t. tortilis SK56
    `--A. t. virginensis Dyar 1922 SK56
  A. traversus Dyar 1925 SK56
  A. uncatus Grabham 1907 SK56
  A. vinnipegensis Dyar 1919 SK56
  A. whitmorei Dunn 1918 SK56
  A. zoosophus Dyar & Knab 1918 SK56

Aedes (Finlaya) varipalpus (Coquillett 1902) S68, SK56 [=Culex varipalpus SK56, A. (Culicelsa) varipalpus G37, A. (Ochlerotatus) varipalpus S68, A. (Taeniorhynchus) varipalpus G37]

Aedes (Macleaya) tremulus (Theobald 1903) [incl. Danielsia alboannulata Taylor 1012, Aedimorphus australis Taylor 1914, Aedimorphus australis var. darwini Taylor 1914, Mimetomyia doddi Taylor 1919, Danielsia minuta Taylor 1912] L91

Aedes (Mucidus) alternans Westwood 1835 [incl. Culex commovens Walker 1856, C. hispidosus Skuse 1889, C. kermorganti Laveran 1901] L91

Aedes (Neomelaniconion) lineatopennis (Ludlow 1905) L91 [=Taeniorhynchus lineatopennis SK56, Pseudohowardina linealis Taylor 1913 L91]

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) camptorhynchus (Thomson 1869) [incl. Culicada annulipes Taylor 1914, Culicada inornata Strickland 1911, Culex labeculosus Coquillett 1905, Culicada nigra Taylor 1914 non Finlaya nigra Ludlow 1905, Culicada victoriensis Taylor 1914, Culicelsa westralis Strickland 1911] L91

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) communis (DeGeer 1776) G37 [=Culex communis G37; incl. C. borealis Ludlow 1911 SK56, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) communis tahoensis Freeborn 1926 non A. tahoensis Dyar 1916 G37]

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) fitchii (Felt & Young 1904) [=Culex fitchii; incl. A. (O.) fitchii palustris Freeborn 1926 non A. palustris Dyar 1916] G37

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nigromaculis (Ludlow 1906) S68, SK56 [=Grabhamia nigromaculis SK56, A. (Culicelsa) nigromaculis G37, A. (Taeniorhynchus) nigromaculis S68]

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) squamiger (Coquillett 1902) G37 [=Culex squamiger SK56; incl. Grabhamia deniedmannii Ludlow 1904 SK56]

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse 1889) [incl. Culex albirostris Macquart 1850, Culex annulifera Ludlow 1903, Culex ludlowae Blanchard 1905, Culex marinus Theobald 1901, Culicelsa pseudovigilax Theobald 1907, Culicelsa uniformis Strickland 1911, Aedes vansomerenae Mattingly 1955] L91

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) [incl. Culex bancrofti Skuse 1889, Mimetomyia pulcherrima Taylor 1919, Stegomyia fasciata var. queenslandensis Theobald 1901] L91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[C09] Chaverri, L. G. 2009. Culicidae (mosquitos, zancudos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 369–388. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[DW84] Dahl, C., S. Wold, L. T. Nielsen & C. Nilsson. 1984. A SIMCA pattern recognition study in taxonomy: claw shape in mosquitoes (Culicidae, Insecta). Systematic Zoology 33 (4): 355–369.

[D04] Derraik, J. G. B. 2004. A survey of the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) fauna of the Auckland Zoological Park. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 51–55.

[D05a] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005a. Notes on some adult mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) records from West Auckland. Weta 29: 12–15.

[D05b] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005b. Recommendations for mosquito control in zoological parks to reduce disease transmission risk. Weta 29: 16–20.

[F15] Ferguson, E. W. 1915. Descriptions of new Australian blood-sucking flies belonging to the family Leptidae. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 69: 233–243.

[G37] Gjullin, C. M. 1937. The female genitalia of the Aedes mosquitoes of the Pacific Coast states. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (9): 252–266.

[KK91] Kamarinchev, B., T. Kovacheva, T. Christova, G. Georgieva & V. Zlatanova. 1991. Studies on mosquitoes and ticks as carriers of alpha-, flavi- and bunyaviruses. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 89–92. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[K38] Komp, W. H. W. 1938. Aedes leucotaeniatus, a new species of Aedes allied to A. leucocelaenus D. & S.; and descriptions of the male and larva of A. leucocelaenus D. & S. (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 260–266.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[RK04] Russell, R. C., & B. H. Kay. 2004. Medical entomology: changes in the spectrum of mosquito-borne disease in Australia and other vector threats and risks, 1972–2004. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 271–282.

[S68] Steward, C. C. 1968. Numerical classification of the Canadian species of the genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 426–437.

[S81] Stone, A. 1981. Culicidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 341–350. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[SK56] Stone, A., & K. L. Knight. 1956. Type specimens of mosquitoes in the United States National Museum: II, the genus Aedes (Diptera, Culicidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (7): 213–228.

Last updated: 8 December 2018.