Hexactinellida

Vertical view (left) and close-up of fossil holotype of Larispongia magdalenae, from Carrera (1998).

Belongs within: Animalia.

The Hexactinellida, glass sponges, are a group of sponges with a skeleton composed of silica, around with the (relatively sparse) cellular material is mostly conjoined into a multinucleate syncytium.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Siliceous spicules triaxonic, hexactinic; cells forming extensive multinucleate syncytium, with some differentiated cells; electrical conductance across body; noncontractile body; larvae (poorly known) with medial region of ciliated cells.

<==Hexactinellida [Triaxonia]
    |--Hunanospongia EL11
    `--+--Pelicaspongiidae C98 [Amphidiscophora EL11, Amphidiscosa]
       |    |--Larispongia Carrera 1998 C98
       |    |    `--*L. magdalenae Carrera 1998 C98
       |    |--Pelicaspongia C98
       |    |--Twenhofelella C98
       |    |--Vaurealispongia C98
       |    |--Walliospongia C98
       |    |--Liscombispongia C98
       |    |--Warrembaia C98
       |    `--Kalimnospongia C98
       `--Hexasterophora EL11
            |--Calcihexactina EL11
            `--Protospongia EL11

Hexactinellida incertae sedis:
  Oopsacas minuta C-SC03
  Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni C-SC03
  Semperella schulzei F79
  Brabbinithes churkini Allison 1975 G79
  Hyalonema [Hyalonematidae] F79
    |--H. conus H04
    |--H. hozawai F79
    |--H. indicum H04
    |--H. molle Schulze 1904 BJ06
    |--H. populiferum PP15
    |--H. proximum Schulze 1904 BJ06
    |--H. simile Schulze 1904 BJ06
    `--H. valdiviae Schulze 1904 BJ06
  Farrea haeckelii H04
  Euplectellidae BJ06
    |--Holascus pseudostellatus Janussen, Tabachnick & Tendal 2004 BJ06
    `--Euplectella aspergillum H04
  Holtenia crateromorpha H04
  Sclerothamnus spiralis H04
  Polyopogon amadu H04
  Pheronematidae BJ06
    |--*Platylistrum platessa Schulze 1904 BJ06
    `--Pheronema rhaphanus H04
  Saccocalyx pedunculata H04
  Crateromorpha meyeri H04
  Hyaloslylus dives H04
  Polylophus philippinensis H04
  Stylocalyx tenera H04
  Monorhaphis [Monorhaphididae] AS12
    `--*M. chuni Schulze 1904 [incl. M. dives Schulze 1904] BJ06
  Lophocalyx AS12
  Heterochone calyx PP15
  Aphrocallistes vastus PP15
  Sympagella nux PP15
  Rossella fibulata PP15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BJ06] Barnich, R., & D. Janussen. 2006. Die Typen und Typoide des Naturmuseums Senckenberg, Nr. 86. Type catalogue of the Porifera in the collections of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 127–144.

[C98] Carrera, M. G. 1998. First Ordovician sponge from the Puna region, northwestern Argentina. Ameghiniana 35: 205–210.

[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 540–563.

[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091–1097.

[F79] Fry, W. G. 1979. Taxonomy, the individual and the sponge. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 49–80. Academic Press: London.

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[PP15] Pisani, D., W. Pett, M. Dohrmann, R. Feuda, O. Rota-Stabelli, H. Philippe, N. Lartillot & G. Wörheide. 2015. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112 (50): 15402–15407.

Heteroscleromorpha

Stylissa massa, from here.

Belongs within: Demospongiae.
Contains: Tetracladina, Anthaspidellidae, Rhizomorina, Dicranocladina, Megamorina, Petrosina, Chalinidae, Niphatidae, Tetractinellida, Axinellida, Bubarida, Biemnida, Agelasida, Polymastiidae, Suberitidae, Halichondriidae, Tethyida, Poecilosclerida, Clionaidae, Sphaerocladina, Spongillidae.

The Heteroscleromorpha are a major clade of demosponges that possess a skeleton composed of siliceous spicules, often in conjuction with smaller microscleres. Notable subgroups of heteroscleromorphs include the Spongillida, the only group of sponges to radiate in fresh water. The Haplosclerida are a marine group characterised by an isodictyal anisotropic or isotropic choanosomal skeleton and spicules including diactinal megascleres (Morrow & Cárdenas 2015).

Heteroscleromorpha (see below for synonymy) MC15
    |--Haplosclerida [Haploscleromorpha] MG-H11
    |    |  i. s.: Euzkadiella [Euskadiellidae] RB93
    |    |           `--E. erenoensis Reitner 1987 RB93
    |    |         Newellia [Newellidae] RB93
    |    |           `--N. mira (Newell 1935) RB93
    |    |--Petrosina MC15
    |    `--Haplosclerina MC15
    |         |--Chalinidae MC15
    |         |--Niphatidae MC15
    |         `--Callyspongiidae MC15
    |              |--Chalinopsilla R84
    |              |--Siphonochalina BJ06
    |              |    |--S. fascigera Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |              |    `--S. siphonella Lévi 1965 BJ06
    |              `--Callyspongia MG-H11
    |                   |--C. aerizusa Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1984 FV09
    |                   |--C. bilamellata (Lamarck 1814) MG-H11
    |                   |--C. plicifera C96
    |                   `--C. vaginalis F79
    `--+--+--+--Tetractinellida MC15
       |  |  `--+--Axinellida MC15
       |  |     |--Bubarida MC15
       |  |     `--Biemnida MC15
       |  `--+--Agelasida MC15
       |     `--+--Polymastiidae MC15
       |        `--+--Suberitida [Suberitina] MC15
       |           |    |  i. s.: Terpios fugax Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 MC15, BJ06
       |           |    |         Homaxinella MC15
       |           |    |--Suberitidae AS12
       |           |    |--Halichondriidae MC15
       |           |    `--Stylocordyla MG-H11 [Stylocordylidae MC15]
       |           |         `--S. borealis F79
       |           `--+--+--Tethyida MC15
       |              |  `--Trachycladidae [Trachycladida] MC15
       |              |       |--Trachycladus laevispirulifer Carter 1879 MG-H11
       |              |       `--Rhaphidhistia MC15
       |              `--+--+--Merliida MC15
       |                 |  |    |--Merlia B30 [Merliidae MC15]
       |                 |  |    `--Hamacanthidae MC15
       |                 |  |         |--Hamacantha MC15
       |                 |  |         `--Pozziella MC15
       |                 |  `--+--Poecilosclerida MC15
       |                 |     `--Desmacellidae [Desmacellida] MC15
       |                 |          |--Desmacella MG-H11
       |                 |          |--Dragmatella MC15
       |                 |          `--Microtylostylifer MC15
       |                 `--Clionaida [Spirastrellida] MC15
       |                      |--Clionaidae MG-H11
       |                      |--Spirastrellidae MC15
       |                      |    |--Diplastrella MG-H11
       |                      |    `--Spirastrella MC15
       |                      |--Acanthochaetetidae MC15
       |                      |    |--Acanthochaetetes suenesi Reitner & Engeser 1983 RB93
       |                      |    `--Willardia MC15
       |                      `--Placospongiidae MC15
       |                           |--Onotoa MC15
       |                           |--Placospherastra MC15
       |                           `--Placospongia FV09
       |                                |--P. melobesioides Gray 1867 FV09
       |                                `--P. mixta Thiele 1900 BJ06
       `--+--Scopalinidae [Scopalinida] MC15
          |    |--Scopalina MC15
          |    |--Svenzea MC15
          |    `--Stylissa MC15
          |         |--*S. flabelliformis MC15
          |         |--S. carteri (Dendy 1889) FV09
          |         `--S. massa (Carter 1887) FV09
          `--+--Sphaerocladina MC15
             `--Spongillida [Spongillina] MC15
                  |  i. s.: Acanthotylotra MC15
                  |         Balliviaspongia MC15
                  |         Makedia MC15
                  |         Ohridospongilla MC15
                  |--Spongillidae MC15
                  |--Metschnikovia B50 [Metschnikowiidae MC15]
                  |--Palaeospongillidae MC15
                  |    |--Palaeospongilla chubutensis Ott & Volkheimer 1972 RB93
                  |    |--Eospongilla MC15
                  |    `--Lutetiospongilla MC15
                  |--Lubomirskiidae MC15
                  |    |--Baikalospongia dzhegetajensis MC15, G88
                  |    |--Lubomirskia baicalensis PP15
                  |    |--Rezinkovia MC15
                  |    |--Swartschewskia MC15
                  |    `--Baikalolepis Makushok 1927 B50
                  |--Malawispongiidae MC15
                  |    |--Cortispongilla MC15
                  |    |--Malawispongia MC15
                  |    |--Ochridaspongia MC15
                  |    |--Pachydictyum MC15
                  |    `--Spinospongilla MC15
                  |--Metaniidae MC15
                  |    |--Acalle MC15
                  |    |--Corvomeyenia MC15
                  |    |--Drulia MC15
                  |    |--Houssayella MC15
                  |    `--Metania MC15
                  `--Potamolepidae MC15
                       |--Echinospongilla MC15
                       |--Oncosclera MC15
                       |--Potamolepis MC15
                       |--Potamophloios MC15
                       |--Sterrastrolepis MC15
                       `--Uruguaya MC15

Heteroscleromorpha incertae sedis:
  Clavulidae B30
  Monocrepidae B30
  Tetracladina RB93
  Orchocladina RB93
    |--Anthaspidellidae RB04
    |--Chiastoclonellidae RB93
    |    |--Syltispongia ingemariae Van Kempen 1990 RB93
    |    |--Chiastoclonella headi Rauff 1894 RB93
    |    `--Actinocoelia maeandrina Finks 1960 RB93
    `--Anthracosyconidae RB93
         |--Anthracosycon regulare (King 1943) RB93
         `--Collatipora Finks 1960 RB93, RB04
              `--C. discreta Finks 1960 RB93
  ‘Monotrypella’ timorica Vinassa 1915 SG-M98
  Arabescula MC15
  Plakidium MC15
  Poritella MC15
  Petromica MC15
  Hindiidae [Tricranocladina] RB93
    |--Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan 1879 RB93
    |--Belubulaspongia Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Palmatohindia Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Arborohindia Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Mamelohindina Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Fenestrospongia Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Scheiia tuberosa Tschneryschew & Stepanov 1916 RB93
    `--Cotylahindia panaca CR04
  Rhizomorina RB93
  Dicranocladina RB93
  Cylindrophymatidae [Didymmorina] RB93
    |--Malinowskiella actinosum Hurcewicz 1985 RB93
    |--Melonella ovata Sollas 1883 RB93
    `--Cylindrophyma milleporata (Goldfuss 1833) RB93
  Megamorina RB93
  Cassianothalamia [Cassianothalamiidae] RB93
    `--C. zardinii Reitner 1987 RB93

Heteroscleromorpha [Democlavia, Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Lithistida, Monaxonellida, Monaxonida, Tetractinomorpha, Tetraxonida] MC15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BJ06] Barnich, R., & D. Janussen. 2006. Die Typen und Typoide des Naturmuseums Senckenberg, Nr. 86. Type catalogue of the Porifera in the collections of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 127–144.

[B30] Bidder, G. P. 1930. On the classification of sponges. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 44–47.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes. Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 30–60.

[C96] Campbell, N. A. 1996. Biology 4^th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: Menlo Park (California).

[CR04] Carrera, M. G., & J. K. Rigby. 2004. Sponges. In: Webby, B. D., F. Paris, M. L. Droser & I. G. Percival (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event pp. 102–111. Columbia University Press.

[FV09] Fromont, J., & M. A. Vanderklift. 2009. Porifera (sponges) of Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, north Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 89–103.

[F79] Fry, W. G. 1979. Taxonomy, the individual and the sponge. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 49–80. Academic Press: London.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O'Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[MC15] Morrow, C., & P. Cárdenas. 2015. Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera). Frontiers in Zoology 12: 7.

[PP15] Pisani, D., W. Pett, M. Dohrmann, R. Feuda, O. Rota-Stabelli, H. Philippe, N. Lartillot & G. Wörheide. 2015. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112 (50): 15402–15407.

[RB93] Rigby, J. K., G. E. Budd, R. A. Wood & F. Debrenne. 1993. Porifera. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 71–99. Chapman & Hall: London.

[R84] Rudman, W. B. 1984. The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-west Pacific: a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2–3): 115–273.

[SG-M98] Schäfer, P., & J. A. Grant-Mackie. 1998. Revised systematics and palaeobiogeography of some Late Triassic colonial invertebrates from the Pacific region. Alcheringa 22 (2): 87–122.

Last updated: 16 March 2022.

Dictyoceratida

Stinker sponge Ircinia felix, copyright Florent Charpin.

Belongs within: Demospongiae.

The Dictyoceratida are a group of demosponges lacking siliceous spicules, with the skeleton usually being composed entirely of spongin fibres. One species, Vaceletia crypta, has a hypercalcified basal skeleton composed of irregularly structered aragonite (Morrow & Cárdenas 2015). The Dictyoceratida include the commercial bath sponge Spongia officinalis, found in warm waters of the Atlantic.

Characters (from Cook & Bergquist 2002): Skeleton composed of spongin fibres skeleton, making up a significant proportion of body volume, constructed on an anastomosing plan. Skeleton developing from multiple points of attachment, usually organised as hierarchy of primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary elements. Fibre construction either homogeneous, lacking pith, with growth laminae tightly adherent and just detectable, or pithed and strongly laminated with pith grading into bark. Choanocyte chambers either diplodal or eurypylous. Cells of mesohyl moderately to weakly diversified. Larvae are incubated parenchymellae with complex histology and posterior ring or cap of long cilia. Sponge texture characteristically compressible and tough, never heavily collagenous throughout, hard when debris is incorporated or fibre skeleton is dense, soft when skeleton is reduced in proportion to soft tissue mass. Marked differential pigmentation often present, with exterior dark and interior ranging from white through cream to pale brown or pale to bright yellow. Sterol content very low, diverse range of terpenes present within lipid fraction.

<==Dictyoceratida
    |--Thorectidae MG-H11
    |    |--Aplysinopsis reticulata Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |    |--Cacospongia MG-H11
    |    |--Carteriospongia foliascens (Pallas 1766) FV09
    |    |--Dactylospongia elegans (Thiele 1899) FV09
    |    |--Fascaplysinopsis MG-H11
    |    |--Luffariella MG-H11
    |    |--Taonura MG-H11
    |    |--Thorecta MG-H11
    |    |--Thorectandra MG-H11
    |    |--Hyrtios Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 [incl. Dysideopsis von Lendenfeld 1888] BJ06
    |    |    |--H. erecta (Keller 1889) FV09
    |    |    `--‘Dysideopsis’ topsenti Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |    `--Fasciospongia Burton 1934 [incl. Stelospongia Schulze 1879 (nom. inv.)] BJ06
    |         |--‘Stelospongia’ cava Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |         `--‘Stelospongia’ euplectella Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |--Irciniidae MG-H11
    |    |--Sarcotragus muscarum MG-H11, ECE00
    |    |--Psammocinia MG-H11
    |    `--Ircinia Nardo 1833 [incl. Hircinia Nardo 1834] BJ06
    |         |--‘Hircinia’ aruensis Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |         |--I. fasciculata PP15
    |         |--I. felix Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 D84
    |         |--‘Hircinia’ pinna Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |         |--‘Hircinia’ spiculosa Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |         `--I. strobilina Lamarck 1816 D84
    |--Spongiidae MG-H11
    |    |--Hyatella sinuosa MG-H11, B30
    |    |--Leiosella MG-H11
    |    |--Hippospongia MG-H11
    |    |    |--H. communis C-SC03
    |    |    `--H. frondosa Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |    `--Spongia MG-H11
    |         |--S. oculata H30
    |         |--S. officinalis MK83
    |         |--S. panicea H30
    |         `--S. tubulifera Lamarck 1814 D84
    |--Dysideidae MC15
    |    |--Dysidea Johnston 1842 [incl. Spongelia Schmidt 1862] BJ06
    |    |    |--D. fragilis BD86 [=Spongelia fragilis BJ06]
    |    |    |    |--D. f. fragilis BJ06
    |    |    |    `--‘Spongelia’ f. clathrata Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |    |    |--D. granulosa Bergquist 1965 FV09
    |    |    |--‘Sarcocornea’ nodosa [=Spongelia nodosa] T72
    |    |    `--‘Spongelia’ spinifera BJ06
    |    |         |--S. s. spinifera BJ06
    |    |         `--S. s. australis Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |    |--Lamellodysidea herbacea (Keller 1889) FV09
    |    `--Euryspongia delicatula Bergquist 1995 FV09
    `--Vaceletia [Verticillitida, Verticillitidae] MC15
         `--V. crypta (Vacelet 1977) MC15

Inorganic: Spongia paradoxica Woodward 1833 [=Siphonia paradoxica] H62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[BJ06] Barnich, R., & D. Janussen. 2006. Die Typen und Typoide des Naturmuseums Senckenberg, Nr. 86. Type catalogue of the Porifera in the collections of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 127–144.

[B30] Bidder, G. P. 1930. On the classification of sponges. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 44–47.

[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 540–563.

Cook, S. de C., & P. R. Bergquist. 2002. Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900. In: Hooper, J. N. A., & R. W. M. Van Soest (eds) Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges p. 1021. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York.

[D84] Dardeau, M. R. 1984. Synalpheus shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae). I. The Gambarelloides group, with a description of a new species. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 7 (2): 1–125.

[ECE00] Ergen, Z., M. E. Çinar & G. Ergen. 2000. On the Nereididae (Polychaeta: Annelida) fauna of the Bay of İzmir. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 139–158.

[FV09] Fromont, J., & M. A. Vanderklift. 2009. Porifera (sponges) of Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, north Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 89–103.

[H62] Häntzschel, W. 1962. Trace fossils and problematica. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W177–W245. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[H30] Harmer, S. F. 1930. Presidential address. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 68–118.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O'Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[MK83] Menzies, R. J., & W. L. Kruczynski. 1983. Isopod Crustacea (exclusive of Epicaridea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 6 (1): 1–126.

[MC15] Morrow, C., & P. Cárdenas. 2015. Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera). Frontiers in Zoology 12: 7.

[PP15] Pisani, D., W. Pett, M. Dohrmann, R. Feuda, O. Rota-Stabelli, H. Philippe, N. Lartillot & G. Wörheide. 2015. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112 (50): 15402–15407.

[T72] Tendal, O. S. 1972. A monograph of the Xenophyophoria (Rhizopodea, Protozoa). Galathea Report 12: 7–99.

Spongillidae

Ogulin cave sponge Eunapius subterraneus subterraneus, from here.

Belongs within: Heteroscleromorpha.

The Spongillidae are one of the few groups of sponges found in fresh water. Other than their freshwater habit, they are characterised by the production of resistant propagatory structures called gemmules. Formed from a cluster of amoeboid cells enveloped in hardened membranes, gemmules are able to withstand freezing and/or desiccation, releasing cells to form a new sponge when conditions allow.

<==Spongillidae
    |--Radiospongilla cerebellata G88
    |--Pectispongilla G88
    |--Anheteromeyenia MC15
    |--Corvoheteromeyenia MC15
    |--Dosilia MC15
    |--Duosclera MC15
    |--Heteromeyenia MC15
    |--Heterotula MC15
    |--Nudospongilla MC15
    |--Pachyrotula MC15
    |--Pottsiela MC15
    |--Racekiela MC15
    |--Sanidastra MC15
    |--Saturnospongilla MC15
    |--Stratospongilla MC15
    |--Trochospongilla MC15
    |--Umborotula MC15
    |--Uruguayella MC15
    |--Ephydatia SV86
    |    |--E. fluviatilis SV86
    |    `--E. muelleri (Lieberkühn 1855) SV86
    |--Corvospongilla MC15
    |    |--C. loricata PB27
    |    |--C. micramphidiscoides PB27
    |    `--C. scabrispiculis PB27
    |--Spongilla C-SC03
    |    |--S. alba PP15
    |    |--S. cenota Penney & Racek 1968 SV86
    |    |--S. lacustris C-SC03
    |    |--S. (Stratospongilla) schubotzi PB27
    |    `--S. sumatrana PB27
    |--Eunapius SV86
    |    |--E. aetheriae [=Spongilla (Eunapius) aetheriae] PB27
    |    |--E. fragilis (Leidy 1851) SV86
    |    `--E. subterraneus Sket & Velikonja 1985 SV86
    |         |--E. s. subterraneus SV86
    |         `--E. s. mollisparspanis Sket & Velikonja 1985 SV86
    `--Carterias B50

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes. Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 30–60.

[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 540–563.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[MC15] Morrow, C., & P. Cárdenas. 2015. Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera). Frontiers in Zoology 12: 7.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PP15] Pisani, D., W. Pett, M. Dohrmann, R. Feuda, O. Rota-Stabelli, H. Philippe, N. Lartillot & G. Wörheide. 2015. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112 (50): 15402–15407.

[SV86] Soest, R. W. M. van, & M. Velikonja. 1986. Porifera. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 30–32. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Last updated: 16 March 2022.