Cypraeoidea

Lamellaria sp., from Sea Slugs of Hawai'i.

Belongs within: Hypsogastropoda.
Contains: Triviidae, Ovulidae, Cypraeidae, Erato.

The Cypraeoidea are a group of marine molluscs with a more or less involute shell, the older (inner) whorls being concealed by the youngest (outer). In life, the shell is mostly covered by lateral extensions of the mantle. As a result, the shells of cypraeoids are typically highly polished. In members of the subfamily Lamellariinae within the Velutinidae, the shell is entirely internal. The Velutininae have a broad-apertured shell like that of Lamellariinae but it remains external with a thick periostracum.

Characters (from Simone 2011): Shell involute. Loss of adult operculum. Mantle lobe covering most of outer surface of shell. Part of pericardium lying dorsal to gill. Auricle connecting subterminally to ctenidial vein. Duplication of horizontal muscle (m6) of odontophore.

<==Cypraeoidea (see below for synonymy) S11
    |--+--+--Triviidae S11
    |  |  `--+--Ovulidae S11
    |  |     `--Cypraeidae S11
    |  `--Eratoidae [Eratoinae, Eratooidea] S11
    |       |--Erato M03
    |       |--Johnstrupia Ravn 1933 [Johnstrupiini] BR05
    |       |    `--*J. faxensis Ravn 1933 BR17
    |       |--Eratotrivia Sacco 1894 [Eratotriviini] BR05
    |       |    `--E. crenularis Oppenheim 1901 [=Cypraea crenata Deshayes 1835 non Röding 1798, *E. crenata] BR17
    |       `--Hespererato S11
    |            |--H. maugeriae (Gray 1832) S11
    |            `--H. septentrionalis Cate 1977 BC01
    `--Velutinidae S11
         |  i. s.: Chelynotus tonganus (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) BW09
         |--Lamellariinae [Lamellaridae, Lamellariidae, Trapezodonta] BR17
         |    |--Pseudosacculus Hirase 1928 (see below for synonymy) BR05
         |    |    `--*P. okai (Hirase 1927) [=*Sacculus okai] BR17
         |    |--Coriocella Blainville 1824 [Coriocellacea, Coriocellidae] BR05
         |    |    `--*C. nigra Blainville 1824 BR17
         |    |--Mysticoncha Allan 1936 P61
         |    |    |--*M. wilsoni [=Lamellaria wilsoni] P61
         |    |    `--M. harrisonae Powell 1946 P61
         |    `--Lamellaria Montagu 1815 BR05
         |         |  i. s.: *L. tentaculata Montagu 1815 BR17
         |         |         L. cerebroides Hutton 1883 P61
         |         |         L. conica Smith 1902 P61
         |         |         L. diegoensis Dall 1885 O27
         |         |         L. digueti (Rochebrune 1895) [=Pleurobranchus digueti] O27
         |         |         L. inflata [=Stomatella inflata] C64
         |         |         L. inopinata Cossmann 1907 TTE93
         |         |         L. koto Schwengel 1944 BC01
         |         |         L. latens N79
         |         |         L. ophione Gray 1850 P61
         |         |         L. perspicua O27
         |         |         L. stearnsii Dall 1871 O27
         |         |           |--L. s. stearnsii O27
         |         |           `--L. s. orbiculata Dall 1871 O27
         |         |         L. verrucosa Odhner 1924 F27
         |         |--L. patagonica Smith 1881 S11
         |         `--+--L. banca Simone 2004 S11
         |            `--L. mopsicolor Marcus 1956 S11
         `--Velutininae BR17
              |--Marsenia Oken 1823 BR17, BR05 [Marseniadae, Marseniidae]
              |    `--*M. haliotoidea (Montagu 1803) [=Bulla haliotoidea] BR17
              |--Capulacmaea Sars 1859 BR17, BR05 [Capulacmaeinae]
              |    `--*C. radiata (Sars 1851) [=Capulus radiatus] BR17
              |--Marseniopsis Bergh 1886 BR17, BR05 [Marseniopsidae]
              |    `--*M. pacifica Bergh 1886 BR17
              |--Marsenina Gray 1850 BR17, BR05 [Marsenininae]
              |    |--*M. prodita (Lovén 1846) [=Lamellaria prodita] BR17
              |    `--M. rhombica (Dall 1871) [=Lamellaria (Marsenina) rhombica] O27
              |--Onchidiopsis Bergh 1853 BR17, BR05 [Onchidiopsinae]
              |    |--*O. groenlandica Bergh 1853 BR17
              |    |--O. glacialis O27
              |    `--O. hannai Dall 1916 O27
              `--Velutina Fleming 1820 BR05
                   |--V. velutina (Müller 1776) [=Bulla velutina, *V. vulgaris Fleming 1820] BR17
                   |--V. conica Dall 1886 O27
                   |--V. coriacea Pallas 1788 O27
                   |--V. cryptospira Middendorff 1849 O27
                   |--V. granulata Dall 1919 O27
                   |--V. laevigata Linnaeus in Müller 1776 O27 (see below for synonymy)
                   |--V. plicatilis N79
                   |--V. prolongata Carpenter 1865 O27
                   |--V. sitkensis Adams 1851 O27
                   |--V. undata [=Galericulum undatum] J64
                   `--V. zonata Gould 1841 O27 [=Morvilia zonata C64]

Cypraeoidea [Cypraeiformes, Lamellariacea, Lamellarioidea, Ovata, Pediculariiformes, Pedicularioidea, Pedicularioidei, Velutinoidea, Velutinoidei] S11

Pseudosacculus Hirase 1928 [=Sacculus Hirase 1927 non Gosse 1851; Pseudosacculidae, Pseudosacculinae, Sacculidae] BR05

Velutina laevigata Linnaeus in Müller 1776 O27 [=Helix laevigata J64; incl. V. kamtschatkana C64, V. muelleri C64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. Report of the committee appointed for exploring the coasts of Shetland by means of the dredge. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 70–81.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401–459.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 3 October 2021.

Cypraeidae

Globular chickpea cowry Pustularia globulus, copyright In-Depth Images Kwajalein.

Belongs within: Cypraeoidea.
Contains: Erosariini, Zoila, Cypraeinae, Luriinae, Zonaria, Cypraeovulini, Bistolidini, Erroneini.

The Cypraeidae, cowries, are a cosmopolitan group of marine gastropods characterised by highly polished, involute shells with the aperture running almost the full length of the shell and borded in adults by raised transverse ridges or teeth. In life, the bilobed mantle extends on both sides of the animal to cover the shell (Wilson & Gillett 1971).

<==Cypraeidae [Cypraeacea, Cypraeadae]
    |--Erosariinae [Staphylaeinae] M03
    |    |  i. s.: Naria Gray 1837 [Nariinae, Nariini] BR05
    |    |           `--*N. irrorata (Gray 1837) [=Cypraea irrorata] BR17
    |    |--Ipsa childreni Gray 1825 M03
    |    `--Erosariini M03
    `--Gisortiinae [Bernayinae, Gisortiidae] BR05
         |  i. s.: Gisortia Jousseaume 1884 [Gisortiini] BR05
         |           `--*G. gisortiana (Passy 1859) [=Ovula gisortiana] BR17
         |         Archicypraea Schilder 1926 [Archicypraeinae, Archicypraeini] BR05
         |           `--*A. lioyi (Bayan 1870) [=Cypraea lioyi] BR17
         |         Barycypraea M03
         |           |--B. fultoni M03
         |           `--B. teulerei M03
         |         Bernaya Jousseaume 1884 [Bernayini] BR05
         |           |--*B. media (Deshayes 1835) [=Cypraea media] BR17
         |           |--B. depereti K96
         |           |--B. tithonica (Di-Stefano 1882) [=Cypraea tithonica] K96
         |           `--B. yunshanensis Yu & Zhu 1983 YZ83
         |         Protocypraea BD12
         |           |--P. gemmelaroi (Di-Stefano 1882) K96 (see below for synonymy)
         |           `--P. mississippiensis (Groves 1990) [=Bernaya (Protocypraea) mississippiensis] BD12
         |         Cypraeorbis Conrad 1865 [Cypraeorbinae, Cypraeorbini] BR05
         |           `--*C. sphaeroides (Conrad 1848) [=Cypraea sphaeroides] BR17
         |         Mandolina Bayle in Jousseaume 1884 [Mandolininae, Mandolinini] BR05
         |           `--‘Cypraea’ polysarca Cossmann 1903 (see below for synonymy) BR17
         |--Umbilia Jousseaume 1884 M03, BR05 [Umbiliidae, Umbiliinae, Umbiliini]
         |    |--U. armeniaca Verco 1912 M03 [=Cypraea (Umbilia) armeniaca WG71, C. hesitata armeniaca D77]
         |    `--+--U. capricornica Lorenz 1989 M03
         |       `--U. hesitata Iredale 1916 M03 [=Cypraea (Umbilia) hesitata WG71]
         |            |--U. h. hesitata M03
         |            |--U. h. beddomi (Schilder 1930) M03, WG71 [=Cypraea hesitata beddomi WG71]
         |            `--U. h. howelli (Iredale 1931) M03, WG71 [=Cypraea hesitata howelli WG71]
         `--+--Zoila M03
            `--+--Cypraeinae M03
               `--+--Luriinae M03
                  `--Pustulariinae BR05
                       |--+--+--Zonaria M03
                       |  |  `--+--Cypraeovulini M03
                       |  |     `--Erroneinae M03
                       |  |          |--Bistolidini M03
                       |  |          `--Erroneini M03
                       |  `--+--Neobernaya spadicea Swainson 1823 M03
                       |     `--Pseudozonaria Schilder 1927 M03, BR17 [Pseudozonariinae, Pseudozonariini]
                       |          |  i. s.: P. aequinoctialis M03
                       |          |         P. nigropunctata M03
                       |          |         P. portelli (Petuch 1990) M03
                       |          |--P. annettae Dall 1909 M03
                       |          `--+--*P. arabicula (Lamarck 1810) BR17, M03 (see below for synonymy)
                       |             `--P. robertsi (Hildalgo 1906) M03
                       `--Pustularia Swainson 1840 M03, BR05 [Pustulariini]
                            |  i. s.: P. chiapponii M03
                            |         P. consobrina [=Trivia (Pustularia) consobrina] G79
                            |         P. granulata [=Trivia (Pustularia) granulata] G79
                            |         P. jandeprezi Poppe & Martin 1997 BC01
                            |         P. limacina [=Trivia (Pustularia) limacina] G79
                            |         P. mariae (Schilder 1927) K96
                            |         P. madagascarensis [=Trivia (Pustularia) madagascarensis] G79
                            |         P. nucleus [=Trivia (Pustularia) nucleus] G79
                            |--P. globulus (Linnaeus 1758) M03 [=Cypraea globulus WG71]
                            |    |--P. g. globulus M03
                            |    `--P. g. brevirostris Schilder & Schilder 1938 M03
                            `--+--+--*P. cicercula (Linnaeus 1758) BR17, M03 (see below for synonymy)
                               |  `--P. margarita Dillwyn 1817 M03
                               `--+--P. bistrinotata Schilder & Schilder 1937 M03 [=Cypraea bistrinotata WG71]
                                  `--P. mauiensis (Burgess 1967) M03 [=Cypraea mauiensis BC01]

Cypraeidae incertae sedis:
  Schilderia M03
    |--S. achatidea M03
    `--S. sakuraii Habe 1970 K96
  Propustularia surinamensis M03
  Conocypraea Oppenheim 1901 [Conocypraeini] BR05
    `--*C. persona (Oppenheim 1901) [=Cypraea persona] BR17
  Ravitrona caputserpentis (Linné 1758) S11
  Vicetia ogormani Cossmann 1923 K96
  Jousseaumea [incl. Fossacypraea Schilder 1939] K96
  Prozonarina K96
  Siphocypraea problematica Heilprin 1886 K96, HP04
  Zonarina K96
  Palaeocypraea K96
    |  i. s.: P. tithonica Stefano 1882 TTE93
    `--P. (Pustulariopsis Schilder 1941) K96
  Proadusta K96
  ‘Janthina’ cimbrica Sorgenfrei 1958 TTE93

‘Cypraea’ polysarca Cossmann 1903 [=C. gibbosa Borson 1820 non Schroeter 1804, *Mandolina gibbosa] BR17

Protocypraea gemmelaroi (Di-Stefano 1882) K96 [=Cypraea gemmelaroi K96, Bernaya (Protocypraea) gemmellaroi YZ83]

*Pseudozonaria arabicula (Lamarck 1810) BR17, M03 [=Cypraea arabicula BR17, Aricia arabicula C64]

*Pustularia cicercula (Linnaeus 1758) BR17, M03 [=Cypraea cicercula WG71; incl. C. lienardi Jousseaume 1874 D77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[D77] Donohue, J. 1977. Cypraea: a list of the species. III. Veliger 20 (2): 159–162.

[G79] Garrett, A. 1879. Annotated catalogue of the species of Cypraeidae collected in the S. Sea islands. Journal of Conchology 2: 105–128.

[HP04] Herbert, G. S., & R. W. Portell. 2004. First paleontological record of larval brooding in the calyptraeid gastropod genus Crepidula Lamarck, 1799. Journal of Paleontology 78 (2): 424–429.

[K96] Kay, E. A. 1996. Evolutionary radiations in the Cypraeidae. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 211–220. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401–459.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

[YZ83] Yu W. & Zhu X.-G. 1983. Some Late Mesozoic gastropods from eastern Heilongjiang. In: Fossils from the Middle-Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous in Eastern Heilongjiang Province, China pp. 87–99. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House.

Zoila

Zoila friendii, copyright S. & A. Nappo.

Belongs within: Cypraeidae.

Zoila is a genus of medium- to large-sized cowries currently restricted to coasts of Australia, though fossils indicate a wider distribution in the western Pacific in the past. Members of this genus are direct developers, without a planktonic larval stage (Meyer 2003).

<==Zoila Jousseaume 1884 [Zoilinae] BR05
    |  i. s.: Z. gigas (McCoy 1867) [=Cypraea (Zoila) gigas] WG71
    |         Z. mariellae M03
    |         Z. perlae M03
    |--Z. marginata Gaskoin 1849 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) marginata WG71]
    |--Z. rosselli Cotton 1948 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) rosselli WG71]
    |--Z. venusta Sowerby 1846 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) venusta WG71; incl. C. catei Schilder 1963 WG71]
    |    |--Z. v. venusta BC01
    |    `--Z. v. episema (Iredale 1939) BC01 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--Z. decipiens Smith 1880 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) decipiens WG71]
       |--Z. eludens Raybaudi 1991 M03
       `--+--Z. friendii Gray 1831 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) friendii WG71; incl. C. friendii f. contraria WG71]
          |    |--Z. f. friendii MG-H11
          |    |--Z. f. jeaniana Cate 1968 MG-H11 [=Cypraea friendii f. jeaniana WG71]
          |    |--Z. ‘jenaiana’ sherylae Raybaudi 1990 M03
          |    `--Z. f. vercoi Schilder 1930 MG-H11 [=Cypraea friendii f. vercoi WG71]
          `--Z. thersites Gaskoin 1849 [=Cypraea (Zoila) friendii thersites] M03

Zoila venusta episema (Iredale 1939) BC01 [=Cypraea venusta episema WG71; incl. Z. venusta sorrentensis Schilder 1963 BC01, C. venusta sorrentensis WG71]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B. & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1-170.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1-191.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401-459.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Ovulidae

Common egg cowrie Ovula ovum feeding on Sarcophyton, copyright In-Depth Images Kwajalein.

Belongs within: Cypraeoidea.

The Ovulidae, egg and spindle cowries, are a group of marine gastropods with usually brightly coloured and patterned mantles that live and feed on the polyps of cnidarians (Wilson & Gillett 1971). Ovulids generally differ from the true cowries of the Cypraeidae in lacking regular teeth on the inner lip.

<==Ovulidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Aclyvolva Cate 1973 [Aclyvolvinae] BR17
    |    `--*A. lanceolata (Sowerby 1849) [=Ovulum lanceolatum] BR17
    |--Sulcocypraea Conrad 1865 BR05 [Sulcocypraeinae BR17, Sulcocypraeini]
    |    `--*S. lintea (Conrad 1848) [=Cypraea lintea] BR17
    |--Eocypraeinae BR17
    |    |--Eocypraea Cossmann 1903 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--*E. inflata (Lamarck 1802) [=Cypraea inflata, *Cypraeacites inflatus] BR17
    |    |    `--E. pilulosa (Stoliczka 1867) TTE93
    |    `--Prionovolva Iredale 1930 BR17, WG71 [Prionovolvinae]
    |         |--*P. brevis (Sowerby 1828) [=Ovulum breve] BR17
    |         `--P. cavanaghi Iredale 1931 WG71
    |--Simnia Risso 1826 BR05 [Simniinae BR17, Simniini]
    |    |--*S. nicaeensis Risso 1826 BR17
    |    |--S. acicularis Lamarck 1811 O27
    |    |--S. aequalis Sowerby 1832 M03
    |    |--S. deflexa [=Ovula (Simnia) deflexa] O27
    |    |--S. patula WG71
    |    |--S. variabilis Adams 1850 O27
    |    `--S. vidleri Sowerby 1881 [=Ovulum vidleri] O27
    |--Ovulinae [Ovulini] M03
    |    |--Volva Röding 1798 non Adans. 1763 (ICBN) [Volvinae, Volvini] BR05
    |    |    |--*V. volva (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--V. kilburni Cate 1975 BC01
    |    |    |--V. nectarea Iredale 1930 WG71
    |    |    `--V. philippinarum Sowerby 1848 WG71
    |    `--Ovula Bruguière 1789 BR05 [=Amphiperas Gray 1847 BR17]
    |         |--*O. ovum (Linnaeus 1758) [=Bulla ovum, *Amphiperas ovum] BR17
    |         |--O. adriatica PP64
    |         |--O. avena [incl. O. neglecta] C64
    |         |--O. costellata Lamarck 1810 WG71
    |         |--O. margarita Sowerby 1849 H09
    |         |--O. oviformis G20
    |         |--O. patula M01
    |         |--O. punctata Duclos 1830 H09
    |         `--O. tortilis (Martyn 1784) [=Cypraea tortilis] H09
    `--Pediculariinae [Pediculariadae, Pediculariidae, Pediculariinae] BR17
         |--Pedicularia Swainson 1840 [Pediculariini] BR05
         |    |  i. s.: P. californica Newcomb 1864 O27
         |    |         P. decussata (Gould 1855) S11
         |    |         P. pacifica Pease 1865 M03
         |    |--*P. (Pedicularia) sicula Swainson 1840 BR17
         |    `--P. (Pediculariona Iredale 1935) P61
         |         |--P. (*P.) stylasteris P61
         |         `--P. (P.) maoria Powell 1937 P61
         `--Cypraediini [Cypraediinae, Jenneriinae] BR17
              |--Cypraedia Swainson 1840 BR05
              |    `--*C. cancellata Swainson 1840 BR17
              |--Cyproglobina de Gregorio 1880 [Cyproglobinini] BR05
              |    `--*C. corbuloides (Bellardi 1852) [=Cypraea corbuloides] BR17
              |--Jenneria Jousseaume 1884 M03, BR05
              |    `--*J. pustulata (Lightfoot 1786) [=Cypraea pustulata] BR17
              `--Pseudocypraea Schilder 1927 BR17, BR05 [Pseudocypraeinae, Pseudocypraeini]
                   `--*P. adamsonii (Gray in Sowerby 1832) [=Cypraea adamsonii] BR17

Ovulidae incertae sedis:
  Neosimnia Fischer 1884 WG71
    |--N. barbarensis (Dall 1892) [=Ovula (Simnia) deflexa barbarense, Simnia (Neosimnia) barbarensis] O27
    |--N. catalinensis (Berry 1816) [=Simnia (Neosimnia) catalinensis] O27
    |--N. depressa Sowerby 1875 WG71
    |--N. quaylei S59
    `--N. uniplicata (Sowerby 1848) [=Simnia (Neosimnia) uniplicata] O27
  Primovula Thiele 1925 WG71
    `--P. (Primovula) howlandae Cate 1974 BC01
  Diminovula Iredale 1930 BC01
    |--D. nielseni (Cate 1976) [=Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) nielseni] BC01
    `--D. punctata (Duclos 1831) [=Primovula (Diminovula) punctata] WG71
  Calpurnus Montfort 1810 WG71
    |--C. lacteus Lamarck 1810 BW09
    `--C. verrucosus (Linné 1758) S11
  Phenacovolva BC01
    |--P. (Turbovula) greenbergae Cate 1974 BC01
    |--P. haynesi (Sowerby 1889) MG-H11
    |--P. (Turbovolva) kashiwajimensis Cate & Azuma in Cate 1973 BC01
    |--P. tokioi Cate 1973 M03
    |--P. (Calcaria) wakayamaensis Cate & Azuma in Cate 1973 BC01
    `--P. (Pellasimnia) weaveri Cate 1973 BC01, M03
         |--P. w. weaveri BC01
         `--P. w. pseudogracilis Cate & Azuma in Cate 1973 BC01
  Prosimnia semperi (Weinkauff 1881) BW09
  Xandraovula pagoda Cate 1973 MG-H11
  Adamantia BC01
    |--A. florida Kuroda 1958 M03
    `--A. horai (Cardin 1994) [=Primovula (Adamantia) horai] BC01
  Crenavolva BC01
    |--C. (Cuspivolva) baltea Cate 1973 BC01
    |--C. rosewateri Cate 1973 M03
    `--C. tokuoi Azuma 1989 M03
  Cymbovula queenslandica Cate 1974 BC01
  Cyphoma S11
    |--C. gibbosum (Linné 1758) S11
    |--C. rhomba Cate 1978 BC01
    `--C. signatum Pilsbry & McGinty 1939 S11
  Dentiovula spectabilis Cate 1975 BC01
  Kuroshiovolva Azuma & Cate 1971 BC01
    `--*K. shingoi Azuma & Cate 1971 BC01
  Pseudosimnia wieseorum Lorenz 1987 BC01, ES88
  Pseudocyphoma intermedium (Sowerby 1828) S11
  Simnialena uniplicata (Sowerby 1848) S11
  Cymbula acicularis (Lamarck 1810) S11
  Radius C64
    |--R. angasi (Reeve 1865) [=Ovulum angasi] H09
    |--R. avena C64
    |--R. similis C64
    `--R. variabilis C64

Eocypraea Cossmann 1903 BR05 [incl. Cypraeacites Schlotheim 1820 (nom. inv.) BR17; Cypraeacitinae, Cypraeacitini, Eocypraeini]

Ovulidae [Amphiperasidae, Amphiperatidae, Amphiperatinae, Amphiperatini, Dactyloglossa, Digitiglossa, Eocypraeidae, Eocypraeinae, Ovuladae, Ovuloidea, Ovuloidei]

*Volva volva (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Bulla volva BR17, Ovula volva H09; incl. Volva textoria Röding 1798 BR17]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[ES88] Emerson, W. K., & W. E. Sage III. 1988. A new species of Vasum (Gastropoda: Turbinellidae) from off Somalia. Nautilus 102 (1): 36–39.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401–459.

[M01] M'Intosh, W. C. 1901. The coloration of marine animals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 221–240.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 2. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[S59] Stohler, R. 1959. Range extensions of some west N. A. marines. Nautilus 72 (4): 127–130.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 8 June 2021.

Triviidae

Trivia europaea, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Cypraeoidea.

The Triviidae are a group of small marine gastropods with globular shells similar to those of cowries, but with the apertural teeth continued over the sides and top (Wilson & Gillett 1971). As in cowries, the shell is covered in life by flaps of the mantle, leaving the shell with a glossy appearance. At least some species are known to live in association with tunicates on which they feed.

<==Triviidae [Triviacea, Triviinae]
    |--Circumscapula iota Cate 1979 BC01
    |--Proterato (Sulcerato) geralia Cate 1977 BC01
    |--Triviella Jousseaume 1884 [Triviellini] BR05
    |    |--T. porcellio Cate 1979 [=Cypraea oniscus Lamarck 1811 non Röding 1798, *T. oniscus] BR17
    |    `--T. memorata Finlay 1927 F27
    |--Niveria S11
    |    |--N. pediculus (Linné 1758) S11
    |    `--N. quadripunctata Gray 1827 M03
    |--Dolichupis FG12
    |    |--D. akroterion (Cate 1979) [=Pusula (Dolichupis) akroterion] BC01
    |    `--D. zealandica (Kirk 1882) [incl. Ellatrivia flora Marwick 1928] FG12
    |--Ellatrivia Iredale 1931 FG12
    |    |--*E. merces (Iredale 1924) FG12 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--E. goudeyi Fehse & Grego 2012 FG12
    |    `--E. memorata Finlay 1927 P61
    |--Trivirostra Jousseaume 1884 WG71
    |    |--T. edgari Shaw 1909 M03
    |    |--T. oryza (Lamarck 1810) S11
    |    `--T. thaanumi Cate 1979 BC01
    |--Pusula Jousseaume 1884 [Pusulini] BR05
    |    |--*P. radians (Lamarck 1810) BR17 [=Cypraea radians BR17, Trivia radians O27; incl. C. costata C64]
    |    |--P. carabus Cate 1979 BC01
    |    |--P. ritteri (Raymond 1903) B56, O27 [=Trivia (Pusula) ritteri B56]
    |    `--P. solandri Sowerby 1832 M03
    |--Trivellona Iredale 1931 FG12
    |    |--*T. excelsa Iredale 1931 FG12
    |    |--T. avellanoides (McCoy 1861) FG12
    |    |--T. crassicostata (Schilder 1935) FG12
    |    |--T. daphnes (Schilder 1966) FG12
    |    |--T. darraghi Fehse & Grego 2007 FG12
    |    |--T. felixlorenzi Fehse & Grego 2012 FG12
    |    |--T. kendricki Fehse & Grego 2007 FG12
    |    |--T. kiiensis (Kuroda & Cate in Cate 1979) FG08
    |    |--T. lochi Fehse & Grego 2007 FG12
    |    |--T. opalina (Kuroda & Cate in Cate 1979) FG08
    |    |--T. subtilis (Schilder 1935) FG12
    |    |--T. tatei (Schilder 1935) FG12
    |    `--T. transiens (Schilder 1935) FG12
    `--Trivia Gray 1837 [Triviini] BR05
         |  i. s.: T. californica Gray 1828 O27
         |         T. candidula PP64
         |         T. childreni G79
         |         T. corrugata G79
         |         T. exigua G79
         |         T. globosa (Gray 1832) [=Cypraea globosa] H09
         |         T. grando Gaskoin 1848 H09
         |         T. insecta G79
         |         T. minima Tenison-Woods 1879 F71
         |         T. napolini K96
         |         T. oryza (Lamarck 1810) [incl. Trivirostra boswellae Cate 1979] BC01
         |         T. pacifica C64
         |         T. pellucida Gaskoin 1846 H09
         |         T. pinguior (Marwick 1920) [=Triviella pinguior] F27
         |         T. producta (Gaskoin 1835) [=Cypraea producta] H09
         |         T. pulla C64
         |         T. pustulata C64
         |         T. sanguinea Gray 1832 O27 [incl. Cypraea rubescens C64]
         |         T. solandri (Gray 1837) [=Cypraea solandri] O27
         |         T. sphaerula G79
         |         T. subrostrata C64
         |         T. sulcata (Gaskoin 1848) [=Cypraea sulcata] H09
         |         T. vitrea (Gaskoin 1848) [=Cypraea vitrea] H09
         |         T. zelandica (Kirk 1882) [=Triviella zelandica] F27
         |--T. (Trivia) BC01
         |    |--*T. (T.) europaea (Montagu 1808) [=Cypraea europaea] BR17
         |    |--T. (T.) hispania Cate 1979 BC01
         |    `--T. (T.) tortuga Cate 1979 BC01
         `--T. (Epona) G79
              |--T. (E.) annulata G79
              |--T. (E.) cicercula G79
              |--T. (E.) globulus G79
              `--T. (E.) margarita G79

*Ellatrivia merces (Iredale 1924) FG12 [=Trivia merces P61, Triviella merces FG12, Trivia australis (Lamarck 1822) (preoc.) F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[FG08] Fehse, D., & J. Grego. 2008. New species of the genus Trivellona (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Miocene of Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (2): 205–213.

[FG12] Fehse, D., & J. Grego. 2012. Contribution to the knowledge of Triviidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) XXIII. New fossil species in the genera Ellatrivia and Trivellona. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 1–6.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G79] Garrett, A. 1879. Annotated catalogue of the species of Cypraeidae collected in the S. Sea islands. Journal of Conchology 2: 105–128.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[K96] Kenyon, A. F. 1896. On the occurrence of callosities in Cypraea other than Cy. bicallosa and Cy. rhinocerus; and on the occurrence of a sulcus in Trivia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (1): 26–27.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401–459.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 2. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 3 October 2021.