Sauropodomorpha

Skeletal reconstruction of Massospondylus carinatus, copyright Ballista.

Belongs within: Dinosauria.
Contains: Plateosauridae, Anchisauria, Sauropoda.

The Sauropodomorpha are a clade of often large herbivorous dinosaurs, the best-known members of which are the gigantic sauropods. Non-sauropod sauropodomorphs are commonly referred to as 'prosauropods' though the majority of analyses have not recognised them as a monophyletic clade. The earliest sauropodomorphs, such as Saturnalia tupiniquim and Panphagia protos, are known from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of South America. These were small forms, close to 1.5 metres in length. Guaibasaurus candelariensis is a slightly larger form represented by a partial postcranial skeleton from the Norian of Brazil that has been placed by various analyses as either a basal sauropodomorph or basal theropod.

Synapomorphies (from Baron et al. 2017): Premaxilla with posterodorsal process thin, bar-like, restricted to ventral border of external naris; external naris extending posteriorly to overlie maxilla; anterior margin of external naris posterior to midlength of premaxillary body; posterior margin of external naris posterior to first maxillary alveolus; anterior profile of maxilla with a strong inflection (notch) at base of ascending ramus, creating an anterior ramus with parallel dorsal and ventral margins; squamosal with ventral process narrower than one-quarter of its length; ventral ramus of squamosal forming more than half of caudal border of lower temporal fenestra; 18 or more dentary teeth present; premaxillary teeth with crown at least moderately expanded above root; maxillary/dentary tooth serrations present as enlarged and coarser (lower density) denticles; majority of maxillary and dentary teeth not recurved; anterior dentary teeth inclined anteriorly (procumbent); ten or more cervical vertebrae present; cervical vertebrae lacking prezygaodiapophyseal lamina; preacetabular process triangular and pointed; ischial shaft distally expanded into distinct ‘foot’ or 'boot'; tibia with posterolateral margin of distal end concave.

<==Sauropodomorpha [Plateosauria, Prosauropoda]
    |--+--Saturnalia Langer, Abdala et al. 1999 BNB17, GU04
    |  |    `--S. tupiniquim Langer, Abdala et al. 1999 GU04
    |  `--Chromogisaurus NS15
    |--Pampadromaeus barberenai BNB17
    `--+--Guaibasaurus Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro 1999 BNB17, L04
       |    `--G. candelariensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro 1999 L04
       |--Panphagia protos BNB17
       |--Pantydraco caducus BNB17
       |--Thecodontosaurus Riley & Stutchbury 1836 BNB17, GU04 [Thecodontosauridae]
       |    |--*T. antiquus Morris 1843 Y03
       |    |--T. caducus Yates 2003 Y03
       |    |--T. dubius Haughton 1924 (n. d.) GU04
       |    `--T. minor Haughton 1918 (n. d.) GU04
       `--+--Plateosauravus Huene 1932 NS15, GU04 [Plateosauravidae]
          |    `--*P. cullngworthi (Haughton 1924) (n. d.) [=Plateosaurus cullingworthi] GU04
          `--+--Plateosauridae BNB17
             `--+--+--Lufengosaurus Young 1941 BNB17, GU04
                |  |    |--L. changhduensis D07
                |  |    `--L. huenei Young 1941 [incl. L. magnus Young 1947] GU04
                |  `--Gyposaurus GU04
                |       |--G. capensis Broom 1911 (n. d.) GU04
                |       `--G. sinensis Young 1941 GU04 [=Anchisaurus capensis N85]
                `--+--Coloradisaurus Lambert 1983 BNB17, GU04 [incl. Coloradia Bonaparte 1978 GU04]
                   |    `--C. brevis (Bonaparte 1978) [=Coloradia brevis] GU04
                   `--+--Yunnanosaurus Young 1942 BNB17, GU04 [Yunnanosauridae]
                      |    `--Y. huangi Young 1942 [incl. Y. robustus Young 1951] GU04
                      `--+--+--Massospondylus Owen 1854 BNB17, GU04 [Massospondylidae]
                         |  |    |--M. browni Seeley 1895 (n. d.) GU04
                         |  |    |--M. carinatus Owen 1854 GU04
                         |  |    |--M. harriesi Broom 1911 (n. d.) GU04
                         |  |    |--M. hislopi Lydekker 1890 (n. d.) GU04
                         |  |    |--M. kaalea BNB17
                         |  |    `--M. schwarzi Haughton 1924 (n. d.) GU04
                         |  `--+--Leyesaurus marayensis NS15, BNB17
                         |     `--Adeopapposaurus NS15
                         `--+--Anchisauria BNB17
                            `--+--Aardonyx celestae BNB17
                               |--Pulanesaura eocollum BNB17
                               `--Sauropoda BNB17

Sauropodomorpha incertae sedis:
  Avalonianus sanfordi (Seeley 1898) (n. d.) N85, H79 [=Avalonia sanfordi H79]
  Clepsysaurus (n. d.) N85
  Dinosaurus (n. d.) N85
  Nyasasaurus parringtoni BNB17
  Orosauravus (n. d.) N85
  Palaeosauriscus (n. d.) N85
  Picrodon herveyi Seeley 1898 (n. d.) N85, H79
  Thotobolosaurus (n. d.) N85
  Gresslyosaurus GU04
    |--G. ingens Rütimeyer 1856 (n. d.) GU04
    |--G. plieningeri APS03
    |--G. robustus Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
    `--G. torgeri Jaekel 1911 (n. d.) GU04
  Aetonyx palustris Broom 1911 (n. d.) GU04
  Dromicosaurus gracilis Hoepen 1920 (n. d.) GU04
  Hortalotarsus skirtopodus Seeley 1894 (n. d.) GU04
  Leptospondylus capensis Owen 1854 (n. d.) GU04
  Pachysauriscus Kuhn 1959 (n. d.) [incl. Pachysaurops Huene 1959] GU04
    `--*P. ajax (Huene 1907-1908) (n. d.) [=Pachysaurus ajax, *Pachysaurops ajax] GU04
  Pachyspondylus orpenii Owen 1854 (n. d.) GU04
  Yimenosaurus Bai, Yang & Wang 1990 GU04
    `--Y. youngi Bai, Yang & Wang 1990 GU04
  Fulengia Carroll & Galton 1977 GU04, E88
    `--F. youngi Carroll & Galton 1977 (n. d.) GU04
  Pachysaurus GU04
    |--P. giganteus Huene 1932 (n. d.) GU04
    |--P. magnus Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
    |--P. reiningeri Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
    `--P. wetzelianus Huene 1932 (n. d.) GU04
  Palaeosaurus fraserianus Cope 1878 (n. d.) GU04
  Strenusaurus procerus Bonaparte 1969 (n. d.) GU04
  Tawasaurus minor Young 1982 (n. d.) GU04
  ‘Teratosaurus’ minor Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
  ‘Teratosaurus’ trossingensis Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
  Ruehleia Galton 2001 NS15, GU04
    `--R. bedheimensis Galton 2001 GU04
  Jingshanosaurus Zhang & Yang 1995 GU04
    `--J. xinwaensis Zhang & Yang 1995 GU04
  Agrosaurus mcgillivrayi Seeley 1891 GU04
  Basutodon ferox Huene 1932 (n. d.) N85, H79

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS03] Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27–44.

[BNB17] Baron, M. G., D. B. Norman & P. M. Barrett. 2017. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 543: 501–506.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[E88] Evans, S. E. 1988. The early history and relationships of the Diapsida. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 1. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds pp. 221–260. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[GU04] Galton, P. M., & P. Upchurch. 2004. Prosauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 232–258. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[H79] Heerden, J. van. 1979. The morphology and taxonomy of Euskelosaurus (Reptilia: Saurischia; late Triassic) from South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum 4: 21–84.

[L04] Langer, M. C. 2004. Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 25–46. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[NS15] Novas, F. E., L. Salgado, M. Suárez, F. L. Agnolin, M. D. Ezcurra, N. R. Chimento, R. de la Cruz, M. P. Isasi, A. O. Vargas & D. Rubilar-Rogers. 2015. An enigmatic plant-eating theropod from the Late Jurassic period of Chile. Nature 522: 331–334.

[Y03] Yates, A. M. 2003. A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1–42.

Last updated: 11 July 2018.

Anchisauria

Reconstruction of Melanorosaurus readi, copyright Steveoc 86.

Belongs within: Sauropodomorpha.

The Anchisauria is a clade of prosauropods defined by Galton & Upchurch (2004) as the smallest clade including Anchisaurus and Melanorosaurus.

Characters (from Galton & Upchurch 2004): Length of prefrontal subequal to that of frontal; frontal excluded from margin of supratemporal fossa; at least five teeth present on premaxilla; ratio of forelimb length to hindlimb length greater than 0.60; pubis with pubic foramen completely visible in cranial view; femoral shaft straight in cranial or caudal view; femoral fourth trochanter displaced to caudomedial margin of shaft; proximal end of metatarsal II hourglass-shaped.

<==Anchisauria GU04
    |--Anchisauridae GU04
    |    |--Ammosaurus Marsh 1891 GU04
    |    |    `--A. major (Marsh 1889) [=Anchisaurus major; incl. An. solus Marsh 1892] GU04
    |    `--Anchisaurus Marsh 1885 GU04 (see below for synonymy)
    |         `--*A. polyzelus (Hitchcock 1865) Y03 (see below for synonymy)
    `--Melanorosauridae GU04
         |--Riojasaurus Bonaparte 1969 GU04
         |    `--R. incertus Bonaparte 1969 GU04
         `--+--Melanorosaurus Haughton 1924 GU04
            |    |--M. readi Haughton 1924 GU04
            |    `--M. thabanensis Gauffre 1993 GU04
            `--+--Camelotia Galton 1985 GU04
               |    `--C. borealis Galton 1985 GU04
               `--Lessemsaurus Bonaparte 1999 GU04
                    `--L. sauropoides Bonaparte 1999 GU04

Anchisaurus Marsh 1885 [=Amphisaurus Marsh 1882 (preoc.), Megadactylus Hitchcock 1865 (preoc.), Yaleosaurus Huene 1932] GU04

*Anchisaurus polyzelus (Hitchcock 1865) Y03 [=Megadactylus polyzelus GU04; incl. A. colurus Marsh 1891 GU04, Yaleosaurus colurus N85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GU04] Galton, P. M., & P. Upchurch. 2004. Prosauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 232–258. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[Y03] Yates, A. M. 2003. A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1–42.

Eusauropoda

Reconstruction of Mamenchisaurus, copyright DiBgd.

Belongs within: Sauropoda.
Contains: Neosauropoda.

The Eusauropoda is a clade of sauropods that has been defined as the smallest clade containing Shunosaurus and Saltasaurus; it contains almost all sauropods known from the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous (Upchurch et al. 2004). Basal members of the clade include Cetiosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of Europe, which was the first sauropod to be named (albeit under the inital mistaken belief that it was some form of marine reptile).

Characters (from Upchurch et al. 2004): Snout broadly rounded in dorsal view; caudal margin of external naris lying behind caudal margin of antorbital fenestra; lateral plate present on premaxillae, maxillae and dentaries; contact between dorsal ends of maxilla and lacrimal lying at caudodorsal margin of antorbital fenestra; platelike flange of bone present at base of maxillary ascending process; rostral process of quadratojugal at least twice as long as dorsal process; quadratojugal dorsal process expanded dorsoventrally at its tip; prefrontal rostral process absent; transverse width of frontals greater than rostrocaudal length; rostral tip of maxillary process of palatine expanded transversely; ectopterygoid process of pterygoid lying below rostral rim of orbit; diameter of external mandibular fenestra less than 10% of mandible length; tooth crown enamel wrinkled; caudalmost tooth lying beneath antorbital fenestra; at least twelve cervical vertebrae present; height of midcervical neural arches greater than diameter of centrum; caudal margin of caudal cervical neural spines sloping strongly forward in lateral view; dorsal surfaces of sacral plates level with dorsal margin of ilium; first caudal rib linked to neural arch by lamina; carpals blocklike; metacarpals arranged in U-shaped colonnade; manual phalanges (apart from unguals) wider transversely than proximodistally; manual digits II–IV having two or fewer phalanges; dorsal margin of ilium strongly convex in lateral view; ischial peduncle of ilium reduced, long axis of iliac blade sloping craniodorsally in lateral view; middle and distal portions of pubis lying in same plane as proximal part; femoral cranial trochanter absent; medial malleolus of tibia reduced, exposing caudal fossa of astragalus in caudal view; lateral muscle scar present at midlength on fibula; metatarsals II–IV diverging distally; ratio of length to proximal transverse width for metatarsal I 1.5 or less; pedal digit IV with three phalanges; pedal phalanges lacking collateral ligament pits; nonungual pedal phalanges wider transversely than proximodistally; pedal digits II–IV with rudimentary penultimate phalanges; ratio of ungual length to metatarsal length for pedal digit I greater than 1.0; unguals for pedal digits II and III with transversely compressed proximal articular ends.

<==Eusauropoda [Bothrosauropodidae, Cetiosauridae, Ornithopsidae, Somphospondylii]
    |  i. s.: Amygdalodon Cabrera 1947 UBD04
    |           `--A. patagonicus Cabrera 1947 UBD04
    |         Aragosaurus Sanz, Buscalioni et al. 1987 UBD04
    |           `--A. ischiaticus Sanz, Buscalioni et al. 1987 UBD04
    |--Shunosaurus Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 R-TCA06, UBD04 [Shunosaurinae]
    |    |--S. lii Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 UBD04
    |    `--S. ziliujingensis D07
    `--+--Jobaria Sereno, Beck et al. 1999 R-TCA06, UBD04
       |    `--J. tiguidensis Sereno, Beck et al. 1999 UBD04
       `--+--Atlasaurus Monbaron, Russell & Taquet 1999 R-TCA06, UBD04
          |    `--A. imelakei Monbaron, Russell & Taquet 1999 UBD04
          `--+--+--Neosauropoda R-TCA06
             |  `--Turiasauria R-TCA06
             |       |--Galveosaurus R-TCA06
             |       `--+--Losillasaurus Casanovas, Santafé & Sanz 2001 R-TCA06, UBD04
             |          |    `--L. giganteus Casanovas, Santafé & Sanz 2001 UBD04
             |          `--Turiasaurus Royo-Torres, Cobos & Alcalá 2006 R-TCA06
             |               `--*T. riodevensis Royo-Torres, Cobos & Alcalá 2006 R-TCA06
             `--+--Cetiosaurus Owen 1841 R-TCA06, UM02 [Cetiosaurinae]
                |    |--*C. oxoniensis Phillips 1871 UM02 (see below for synonymy)
                |    |--C. brachyurus (n. d.) UM02
                |    |--C. medius Owen 1842 (n. d.) UM02
                |    `--C. mogrebiensis Lapparent 1955 (n. d.) UBD04
                `--+--Patagosaurus Bonaparte 1979 R-TCA06, UBD04
                   |    `--P. fariasi Bonaparte 1979 UBD04
                   `--+--Barapasaurus Jain, Kutty et al. 1975 R-TCA06, UBD04
                      |    `--B. tagorei Jain, Kutty et al. 1975 UBD04
                      `--Euhelopodidae WS98
                           |  i. s.: Hudiesaurus Dong 1997 Y03, UBD04
                           |           `--H. sinojapanorum Dong 1997 UBD04
                           |--+--Tehuelchesaurus Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 UBD04
                           |  |    `--T. benitezii Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 UBD04
                           |  `--+--Cetiosauriscus Huene 1927 RR05, UBD04
                           |     |    |--C. glymptonensis (Phillips 1871) [=Cetiosaurus glymptonensis] UBD04
                           |     |    |--C. greppini D07
                           |     |    `--C. stewarti Charig 1980 [incl. Cetiosaurus leedsi Woodward 1905] UBD04
                           |     `--Omeisaurus Young 1939 R-TCA06, UBD04
                           |          |--*O. junghsiensis Young 1939 WS98, UBD04
                           |          |--O. changshouensis Young 1958 (n. d.) UBD04
                           |          |--O. fuxiensis Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 (n. d.) UBD04
                           |          |--O. luoquanensis Li 1988 (n. d.) UBD04
                           |          `--O. tianfuensis He, Li et al. 1984 UBD04
                           `--+--Euhelopus Romer 1956 R-TCA06, UBD04 [=Helopus Wiman 1929 (preoc.) UBD04; Euhelopodinae]
                              |    `--E. zdanskyi (Wiman 1929) [=Helopus zdanskyi] UBD04
                              `--Mamenchisaurus Young 1954 R-TCA06, UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
                                   |--M. anyuensis He, Yang et al. 1996 UBD04
                                   |--M. constructus Young 1954 UBD04
                                   |--M. fuxiensis (Hou, Chao & Chu 1976) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
                                   |--M. hochuanensis Young & Chao 1972 UBD04
                                   |--M. jingyanensis Zhang & Li in Zhang & Chen 1996 UBD04
                                   |--M. sinocanadorum Russell & Zheng 1993 UBD04
                                   `--M. youngi Pi, Ouyang & Ye 1996 UBD04

Nomina nuda: Cetiosaurus epioolithicus UM02
             Cetiosaurus hypoolithicus UM02

*Cetiosaurus oxoniensis Phillips 1871 UM02 [=Cardiodon oxoniensis UM02, Ornithopsis oxoniensis UM02; incl. Cetiosaurus giganteus Owen in Huxley 1870 (n. n.) UBD04, Cetiosaurus longus Owen 1875 UM02, Cetiosauriscus longus UBD04]

Mamenchisaurus Young 1954 R-TCA06, UBD04 [incl. Zigongosaurus Hou, Chao & Chu 1976 UBD04; Mamenchisaurinae]

Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis (Hou, Chao & Chu 1976) [=Zigongosaurus fuxiensis, Zizhongosaurus fuxiensis] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[RR05] Rauhut, O. W. M., K. Remes, R. Fechner, G. Cladera & P. Puerta. 2005. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435: 670–672.

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[UM02] Upchurch, P., & J. Martin. 2002. The Rutland Cetiosaurus: the anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1049–1074.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A., & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

[Y03] Yates, A. M. 2003. A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1–42.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Camarasauromorpha

Camarasaurus lentus, from here.

Belongs within: Neosauropoda.
Contains: Titanosauria.

The Camarasauromorpha are a clade of sauropod dinosaurs that have been defined as the smallest clade containing Camarasaurus and Saltasaurus (Upchurch et al. 2004). Camarasaurus is the most common sauropod in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America; it possessed an arched skull and blunt snout.

Characters (from Upchurch et al. 2004): Premaxillary ascending process directed dorsally over most of its length; rostral end of splenial reaching mandibular symphysis; pleurocoels in cranial dorsal centra having acute caudal ends; metacarpal I longer than metacarpal IV; length of longest metacarpal at least 40% radius length.

<==Camarasauromorpha
    |  i. s.: Chondrosteosaurus gigas Owen 1876 (n. d.) N10, UBD04
    |         Oplosaurus Gervais 1852 N10, UBD04
    |           `--O. armatus Gervais 1852 [=Hoplosaurus armatus] UBD04
    |--Lourinhasaurus Dantas, Sanz et al. 1998 R-TCA06, UBD04
    |    `--L. alenquerensis (Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |--Klamelisaurinae D07
    |    |--Bellusaurus Dong 1990 R-TCA06, UBD04
    |    |    `--B. sui Dong 1990 UBD04
    |    `--Klamelisaurus Zhao 1993 D07
    |         `--K. gobiensis Zhao 1993 UBD04
    |--Camarasaurus Cope 1877 (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    |--‘Morosaurus’ agilis Marsh 1889 UBD04
    |    |--C. grandis (Marsh 1877) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    |--C. lentus (Marsh 1889) UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. lewisi (Jensen 1988) [=Cathetosaurus lewisi] UBD04
    |    |--C. supremus Cope 1877 (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    `--‘Apatosaurus’ yahnahpin [=Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin] UBD04
    `--Titanosauriformes SL01
         |  i. s.: Lapparentosaurus Bonaparte 1986 UBD04
         |           `--L. madagascariensis Bonaparte 1986 UBD04
         |         Amazonsaurus RR05
         |         Tehuelchesaurus Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 RR05, UBD04
         |           `--T. benitezii Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 UBD04
         |--Titanosauria SL01
         `--Brachiosauridae UBD04
              |  i. s.: Pleurocoelus Marsh 1888 N10, UBD04 [Pleurocoelidae]
              |           |--P. altus Marsh 1888 UBD04
              |           |--P. nanus Marsh 1888 UBD04
              |           `--P. valdensis Ludekker 1889 (n. d.) UBD04
              |         Pelorosaurus Mantell 1850 N10, UBD04
              |           |--P. becklesii Mantell 1852 UBD04
              |           `--P. conybearei Mantell 1850 [=Cetiosaurus conybeari] UBD04
              |         Astrodon (n. d.) [Astrodontidae] N85
              |           `--A. johnstoni Leidy 1865 (n. d.) UBD04
              |         Eucamerotus foxi Blows 1995 N10, UBD04
              |         Sauroposeidon Wedel, Cifelli & Sanders 2000 UBD04
              |           `--S. proteles Wedel, Cifelli & Sanders 2000 UBD04
              |         Dystylosaurus Jensen 1985 UBD04
              |           `--D. edwini Jensen 1985 UBD04
              |         ‘Cetiosaurus’ humerocristatus Hulke 1874 UBD04
              |         Cedarosaurus Tidwell, Carpenter & Brooks 1999 UBD04
              |           `--C. weiskopfae Tidwell, Carpenter & Brooks 1999 UBD04
              |--Bothriospondylus Owen 1875 WS98, D07
              |    |--B. elongatus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. madagascariensis Lydekker 1895 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. magnus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. robustus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    `--B. suffosus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              `--+--Ornithopsis Seeley 1870 WS98, UBD04
                 |    |--O. eucamerotus Hulke 1882 (n. d.) UBD04
                 |    |--O. greppini Huene 1922 (n. d.) UBD04
                 |    |--O. hulkei Seeley 1870 UBD04
                 |    `--O. leedsi Hulke 1887 (n. d.) UBD04
                 `--Brachiosaurus Riggs 1903 WS98, UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
                      |--B. altithorax Riggs 1903 [=Giraffatitan altithorax] UBD04
                      |--B. atalaiensis Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957 UBD04 [=Lusotitan atalaiensis D07]
                      |--B. brancai Janensch 1914 UBD04 [=Giraffatitan brancai N10; incl. B. fraasi Janensch 1914 UBD04]
                      `--B. nougaredi Lapparent 1960 UBD04

Brachiosaurus Riggs 1903 WS98, UBD04 [incl. Giraffatitan Paul 1988 UBD04, Lusotitan Teles, Antunes & Mateus 2003 D07; Brachiosaurinae]

Camarasaurus Cope 1877 [incl. Cathetosaurus Jensen 1988, Caulodon Cope 1877, Eobrontosaurus Bakker 1998, Morosaurus Marsh 1878, Uintasaurus Holland 1919; Camarasaurinae, Morosauridae] UBD04

Camarasaurus grandis (Marsh 1877) [=Apatosaurus grandis; incl. Morosaurus impar Marsh 1878, Pleurocoelus montanus Marsh 1896, M. robustus Marsh 1878] UBD04

Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh 1889) UBD04 [=Morosaurus lentus UBD04; incl. C. annae Ellinger 1950 UBD04, *Uintasaurus douglassi Holland 1919 N85, UBD04]

Camarasaurus supremus Cope 1877 [incl. Caulodon diversidens Cope 1877, Amphicoelias latus Cope 1877, Camarasaurus leptodirus Cope 1879, Caulodon leptoganus Cope 1878] UBD04

Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis (Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957) [=Apatosaurus alenquerensis, Atlantosaurus alequerensis, Camarasaurus alequerensis] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[RR05] Rauhut, O. W. M., K. Remes, R. Fechner, G. Cladera & P. Puerta. 2005. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435: 670–672.

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[SL01] Smith, J. B., M. C. Lamanna, K. J. Lacovara, P. Dodson, J. R. Smith, J. C. Poole, R. Giegengack & Y. Attia. 2001. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science 292: 1704–1706.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Eutitanosauria

Reconstruction of Saltasaurus, from here.

Belongs within: Lithostrotia.

The Eutitanosauria are a clade of titanosaurian sauropods defined by the inclusion of Argyrosaurus, Lirainosaurus and Saltasaurus, together with the "Peirópolis titanosaur" (Wilson & Upchurch 2003).

Eutitanosauria
    |  i. s.: Argyrosaurus Lydekker 1893 WU03
    |           `--A. superbus Lydekker 1893 UBD04
    |--Lirainosaurus Sanz, Powell et al. 1999 UBD04
    |    `--L. astibiae Sanz, Powell et al. 1999 UBD04
    `--+--+--Alamosaurus Gilmore 1922 UBD04
       |  |    `--A. sanjuanensis Gilmore 1922 UBD04
       |  `--Pellegrinisaurus Salgado 1996 UBD04
       |       `--P. powelli Salgado 1996 UBD04
       `--Saltasauridae R-TCA06
            |--Opisthocoelicaudia Borsuk-Bialynicka 1977 UBD04 [Opisthocoelicaudiinae WU03]
            |    `--O. skarzynskii Borsuk-Bialynicka 1977 UBD04
            `--Saltasaurinae WU03
                 |--Neuquensaurus Powell 1992 WU03
                 |    `--N. australis (Lydekker 1893) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
                 `--Saltasaurus Bonaparte & Powell 1980 [incl. Loricosaurus Huene 1929, Microcoelus Ludekker 1893] UBD04
                      |--S. loricatus Bonaparte & Powell 1980 UBD04
                      `--S. robustus (Huene 1929) [=Titanosaurus robustus, Neuquensaurus robustus] UBD04

Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker 1893) [=Titanosaurus australis, Saltasaurus australis; incl. T. nanus Lydekker 1893, Microcoelus patagonicus Lydekker 1893, Loricosaurus scutatus Huene 1929] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WU03] Wilson, J. A., & P. Upchurch. 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria—Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (3): 125–160.

Titanosauria

Femora of Antarctosaurus wichmannianus, copyright Beatrice Murch.

Belongs within: Camarasauromorpha.
Contains: Eutitanosauria.

The Titanosauria are a clade of sauropods that has been defined as all taxa closer to Saltasaurus than Brachiosaurus. Members of this clade are characterised by a prominent caudolateral expansion of the caudal end of the sternal plate, and an extremely robust radius and ulna with the radius proximal width at least 33% of its length (Upchurch et al. 2004). Many titanosaurs, placed in the clade Lithostrotia, possessed a dorsal armour of scattered dermal osteoderms.

<==Titanosauria [Titanosauridae, Titanosaurinae, Titanosauroidea]
    |--Andesaurus Calvo & Bonaparte 1991 WU03, UBD04 [Andesauridae]
    |    `--A. delgadoi Calvo & Bonaparte 1991 UBD04
    |--Phuwiangosaurus Martin, Buffetaut & Suteethorn 1994 UBD04
    |    `--P. sirindhornae Martin, Buffetaut & Suteethorn 1994 UBD04
    `--+--Austrosaurus Longman 1933 UBD04
       |    `--A. mckillopi Longman 1933 UBD04
       `--Lithostrotia WU03
            |  i. s.: Epachthosaurus Powell 1990 WU03, UBD04
            |           `--E. sciuttoi Powell 1990 UBD04
            |         Aeolosaurus Poell 1987 UBD04
            |           `--A. rionegrinus Powell 1987 UBD04
            |         Ampelosaurus Le Loeuff 1995 UBD04
            |           `--A. atacis Le Loeuff 1995 UBD04
            |         Jainosaurus Hunt, Lockley et al. 1994 UBD04
            |           `--J. septentrionalis (Huene & Matley 1933) [=Antarctosaurus septentrionalis] UBD04
            |         Jiangshanosaurus Tang, Kang et al. 2001 UBD04
            |           `--J. lixianensis Tang, Kang et al. 2001 UBD04
            |         Laplatasaurus Huene 1929 UBD04
            |           `--L. araukanicus Huene 1929 [=Titanosaurus araukanicus] WU03
            |         Magyarosaurus Huene 1932 UBD04
            |           `--M. dacus (Nopcsa 1915) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
            |         Paralititan Smith, Lamanna et al. 2001 SL01
            |           `--*P. stromeri Smith, Lamanna et al. 2001 SL01
            |         Rocasaurus Salgado & Azpilicueta 2000 UBD04
            |           `--R. muniozi Salgado & Azpilicueta 2000 UBD04
            |         Titanosaurus Lydekker 1877 WU03
            |           |--*T. indicus Lydekker 1877 (n. d.) WU03
            |           |--T. blanfordi Lydekker 1879 (n. d.) WU03
            |           |--T. falloti Hoffet 1942 (n. d.) [=Tangvayosaurus falloti] WU03
            |           |--T. madagascariensis Depéret 1896 (n. d.) [=Laplatasaurus madagascariensis] WU03
            |           `--T. rahioliensis Mathur & Srivastava 1987 (n. d.) WU03
            |--+--Gondwanatitan Kellner & de Azevedo 1999 UBD04
            |  |    `--G. faustoi Kellner & de Azevedo 1999 UBD04
            |  `--+--Eutitanosauria WU03
            |     `--Isisaurus Wilson & Upchurchu 2003 WU03
            |          `--*I. colberti (Jain & Bandyopadhyay 1997) [=Titanosaurus colberti] WU03
            `--+--Antarctosaurus Huene 1929 CRF01, WU03
               |    |--*A. wichmannianus Huene 1929 WU03, UBD04
               |    |--A. brasiliensis Arid & Vizotto 1971 (n. d.) UBD04
               |    |--A. giganteus Huene 1929 (n. d.) UBD04
               |    `--A. jaxartensis Riabinin 1939 (n. d.) UBD04
               `--+--Malawisaurus Jacobs, Winkler et al. 1993 UBD04
                  |    `--M. dixeyi (Haughton 1928) [=Gigantosaurus dixeyi] UBD04
                  `--Nemegtosauridae UBD04
                       |--Quaesitosaurus Kurzanov & Bannikov 1983 CRF01, UBD04
                       |    `--Q. orientalis Kurzanov & Bannikov 1983 UBD04
                       `--+--Rapetosaurus Curry Rogers & Forster 2001 CRF01
                          |    `--*R. krausei Curry Rogers & Forster 2001 CRF01
                          `--Nemegtosaurus Nowinski 1971 CRF01, UBD04
                               |--N. mongoliensis Nowinski 1971 UBD04
                               `--N. pachi Dong 1977 (n. d.) UBD04

Titanosauria incertae sedis:
  Aegyptosaurus Stromer 1932 UBD04
    `--A. baharijensis Stromer 1932 UBD04
  Aepysaurus elephantinus Gervais 1853 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Algoasaurus bauri Broom 1904 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Campylodoniscus Kuhn 1961 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
    `--*C. ameghinoi (Huene 1929) [=Campylodon ameghinoi] UBD04
  Macrurosaurus semnus Seeley 1869 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Tangvayosaurus Allain, Taquet et al. 1999 UBD04
    `--T. hoffeti Allain, Taquet et al. 1999 UBD04
  Iuticosaurus Le Loeuff 1993 (n. d.) WU03
    |--*I. valdensis (Huene 1929) (n. d.) [=Titanosaurus valdensis] UBD04
    `--I. lydekkeri (Huene 1929) (n. d.) [=Titanosaurus lydekkeri] WU03
  Hypselosaurus Matheron 1869 D07
    `--H. priscus Matheron 1869 (n. d.) APS03
  Argentinosaurus Bonaparte & Coria 1993 UBD04
    `--A. huinculensis Bonaparte & Coria 1993 UBD04
  Chubutisaurus Corro 1974 UBD04
    `--C. insignis Corro 1974 UBD04
  Mongolosaurus haplodon Gilmore 1933 (n. d.) WS98, UBD04
  Agustinia Bonaparte 1999 UBD04
    `--A. ligabuei Bonaparte 1999 UBD04
  Huabeisaurus Pang & Cheng 2000 UBD04
    `--H. allocotus Pang & Cheng 2000 UBD04
  Janenschia Wild 1991 UBD04
    `--J. robusta (Fraas 1908) [=Gigantosaurus robustus, Tornieria robustus] UBD04
  Venenosaurus Tidwell, Carpenter & Meyer 2001 UBD04
    `--V. dicrocei Tidwell, Carpenter & Meyer 2001 UBD04
  Bruhathkayosaurus Yadagiri & Ayyasami 1989 D07
    `--B. matleyi Yadagiri & Ayyasami 1987 (n. d.) UBD04
  Bonitasaura Apesteguia 2004 D07
    `--B. salgadoi D07

Magyarosaurus dacus (Nopcsa 1915) [=Titanosaurus dacus; incl. M. hungaricus Huene 1932, M. transsylvanicus Huene 1932] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS03] Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27–44.

[CRF01] Curry Rogers, K., & C. A. Forster. 2001. The last of the dinosaur titans: A new sauropod from Madagascar. Nature 412: 530–534.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[SL01] Smith, J. B., M. C. Lamanna, K. J. Lacovara, P. Dodson, J. R. Smith, J. C. Poole, R. Giegengack & Y. Attia. 2001. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science 292: 1704–1706.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

[WU03] Wilson, J. A., & P. Upchurch. 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria—Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (3): 125–160.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Neotheropoda

Skeletal mounts of Coelophysis bauri, copyright Firsfron.

Belongs within: Theropoda.
Contains: Ceratosauria, Tetanurae.

The Neotheropoda are a clade containing the greater part of the theropod dinosaurs, first appearing in the Late Triassic. Three main lineages are recognised within the Neotheropoda—the Coelophysoidea, Ceratosauria and Tetanurae—with most recent analyses placing the Coelophysoidea outside the clade formed by the other two. The Triassic Coelophysis bauri is one of the best known of all fossil dinosaurs, represented by a large number of specimens collected from the Ghost Ranch deposit in New Mexico.

Synapomorphies (from Novas et al. 2015): Nasal process of premaxilla with posterior tip that extending posterior to posterior tip of posterolateral premaxillary process; premaxilla-nasal suture on internarial bar W-shaped; maxillary antorbital fossa shallow, margins formed by low ridges, sharp rim may be present only in front of promaxillary foramen; depth of ventral antorbital fossa much greater than depth of maxilla below ventral margin of antorbital fossa; prefrontal ventral process short and subtriangular or absent; squamosal lateral surface of main body separated from ventral process by sub-horizontal shelf; basisphenoid recess present between basispenoid and basioccipital; dentary rostral end dorsally raised over distance of first three to four alveoli; enlarged, fang-like teeth in anterior part of dentary; pleurocoels in dorsal vertebrae present in anterior dorsals (‘pectorals’); more than three sacral vertebrae present; distal end of metacarpal I with strongly asymmetrical condyles, lateral condyle extending further distally than medial condyle; shaft of metacarpal III considerably more slender than metacarpal II (less than 70% of width of metacarpal II); third finger of manus shorter than second finger; ilium without tuberosity contacting preacetabular process with supraacetabular crest; iliac supraacetabular crest hood-like and extensive, extending laterally and also curving ventrally, to cover dorsal portion of acetabulum in lateral view; brevis fossa very strongly expanded posteriorly; dorsolateral trochanter on proximal femur reduced or absent; femur with mediodistal crest in distal end; ridge on lateral side of tibia for connection with fibula; tibial lateral malleolus tabular; tibia with ventral extension of lateral malleolus distinctly ventral to level of ventral margin of medial malleolus, separated by an inflexion; tibia with concave posterolateral surface of distal end; eeep groove on medial side of proximal end of fibula and medial side of fibula bearing distinct fossa; astragalus without proximally facing basin posterior to base of ascending process; metatarsal I not contacting ankle joint; shaft of metatarsal I contacting metatarsal II along its entire extension; metatarsal I length <50% metatarsal II length; distal articular surface of metatarsal IV taller dorsoplantarlly than broad mediolaterally.

<==Neotheropoda [Halticosaurinae, Paleotheropoda]
    |  i. s.: Dracoraptor hanigani BNB17
    |--+--Zupaysaurus rougieri Arcucci & Coria 2003 XC09, R05
    |  `--+--Dilophosaurus Welles 1970 NS15, TR04
    |     |    |--D. breedorum D07
    |     |    `--D. wetherilli (Welles 1954) [=Megalosaurus wetherilli] TR04
    |     `--+--Dracovenator regenti NS15, BNB17
    |        `--+--‘Dilophosaurus’ sinensis Hu 1993 NS15, TR04
    |           `--Averostra [Intertheropoda] XC09
    |               |--Ceratosauria XC09
    |               `--Tetanurae XC09
    `--Coelophysoidea XC09
         |  i. s.: Longosaurus Welles 1984 N85, TR04
         |           `--*L. longicollis (Cope 1887) [=Coelurus longicollis] TR04
         |         Lukousaurus Young 1948 N85, P88
         |         Avipes Huene 1932 N85, P88
         |         Dolichosuchus cristatus Huene 1932 N85, TR04
         |         Velocipes guerichi Huene 1932 (n. d.) N85, TR04
         |         Gojirasaurus Carpenter 1997 TR04
         |           `--G. quayi Carpenter 1997 TR04
         |         Camposaurus Hunt, Lucas et al. 1998 TR04
         |           `--C. arizonensis Hunt, Lucas et al. 1998 TR04
         |         Podokesaurus Talbot 1911 TR04 [Podokesauridae]
         |           `--P. holyokensis Talbot 1911 [=Coelophysis holyokensis] TR04
         |--Panguraptor lufengensis BNB17
         `--+--+--Procompsognathus Fraas 1913 [Procompsognathidae, Procompsognathinae] TR04
            |  |    `--P. triassicus Fraas 1913 TR04
            |  `--Coelophysidae [Coelophysinae] TR04
            |       |--Segisaurus Camp 1936 [Segisauridae] TR04
            |       |    `--S. halli Camp 1936 TR04
            |       |--Syntarsus Raath 1969 [incl. Megapnosaurus Ivie, Slipinsky & Wegrzynowicz 2001] TR04
            |       |    `--S. kayentakatae Rowe 1989 [=Megapnosaurus kayentakatae] TR04
            |       `--Coelophysis Cope 1889 XC09, TR04
            |            |--*C. bauri (Cope 1889) WU03, TR04 (see below for synonymy)
            |            `--C. rhodesiensis (Raath 1969) XC09, TR04 (see below for synonymy)
            `--+--Cryolophosaurus Hammer & Hickerson 1994 BNB17, HMC04
               |    `--C. ellioti Hammer & Hickerson 1994 HMC04
               |--Sinosaurus Young 1948 BNB17, G00
               |    `--S. triassicus BNB17
               `--Lophostropheus airelensis BNB17

*Coelophysis bauri (Cope 1889) WU03, TR04 [=Coelurus bauri TR04, Rioarribasaurus bauri TR04, Tanystrophaeus bauri TR04; incl. R. colberti Hunt & Lucas 1991 TR04, Syntarsus colberti TR04, Coelophysis longicollis N85, Coelophysis willistoni N85]

Coelophysis rhodesiensis (Raath 1969) XC09, TR04 [=Syntarsus rhodesiensis P88, Megapnosaurus rhodesiensis TR04]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BNB17] Baron, M. G., D. B. Norman & P. M. Barrett. 2017. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 543: 501–506.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[G00] Gower, D. J. 2000. Rauisuchian archosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida): an overview. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 218 (3): 447–488.

[HMC04] Holtz, T. R., Jr, R. E. Molnar & P. J. Currie. 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 71–110. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[NS15] Novas, F. E., L. Salgado, M. Suárez, F. L. Agnolin, M. D. Ezcurra, N. R. Chimento, R. de la Cruz, M. P. Isasi, A. O. Vargas & D. Rubilar-Rogers. 2015. An enigmatic plant-eating theropod from the Late Jurassic period of Chile. Nature 522: 331–334.

[P88] Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon & Schuster: New York.

[R05] Rauhut, O. W. M. 2005. Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia. Palaeontology 48 (1): 87–110.

[TR04] Tykoski, R. S., & T. Rowe. 2004. Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 47–70. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WU03] Wilson, J. A., & P. Upchurch. 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria—Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (3): 125–160.

[XC09] Xu, X., J. M. Clark, J. Mo, J. Choiniere, C. A. Forster, G. M. Erickson, D. W. E. Hone, C. Sullivan, D. A. Eberth, S. Nesbitt, Q. Zhao, R. Hernandez, C.-K. Jia, F.-L. Han & Y. Guo. 2009. A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature 459: 940–944.

Last updated: 11 July 2018.

Allosauroidea

Skeletal mount of Allosaurus fragilis, from here.

Belongs within: Tetanurae.

The Allosauroidea are a clade of large theropods known from the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous (Ortega et al. 2010). The best known species is Allosaurus fragilis, of which numerous remains have been recovered from the late Jurassic Morrison Formation of the United States; average members of this species reached about 8.5 metres in length.

<==Allosauroidea
    |  i. s.: Piveteausaurus Taquet & Welles 1977 APS03, HMC04
    |           `--P. divesensis (Walker 1964) HMC04 (see below for synonymy)
    |         Erectopus Huene 1921 APS03, HMC04
    |           |--E. sauvagei Huene 1932 HMC04
    |           `--E. superbus (Sauvage 1882) [=Megalosaurus superbus] HMC04
    |--Sinraptoridae OES10
    |    |  i. s.: Yangchuanosaurus Dong, Chang et al. 1978 HMC04
    |    |           |--Y. longqiaoensis D07
    |    |           |--Y. magnus Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 HMC04
    |    |           |--Y. shangyouensis Dong, Chang et al. 1978 HMC04 [=Metriacanthosaurus shangyouensis P88]
    |    |           `--Y. yandonensis D07
    |    |--Lourinhanosaurus Mateus 1998 OES10, HMC04
    |    |    `--L. antunesi Mateus 1998 HMC04
    |    `--+--Metriacanthosaurus Walker 1964 OES10, HMC04 [Metriacanthosaurinae]
    |       |    `--M. parkeri (Huene 1923) [=Megalosaurus parkeri] HMC04
    |       `--Sinraptor Currie & Zhao 1993 OES10, HMC04
    |            |--S. dongi Currie & Zhao 1993 [=S. heping (l. c.)] HMC04
    |            `--S. hepingensis (Gao 1992) [=Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis] HMC04
    `--+--Allosauridae HMC04
       |    |--Saurophaganax Chure 1996 [incl. Saurophagus Ray 1941] HMC04
       |    |    `--S. maximus (Ray 1941) HMC04 [=Saurophagus maximus HMC04, Allosaurus maximus D07]
       |    `--Allosaurus Marsh 1877 OES10, HMC04 (see below for synonymy)
       |         |--A. fragilis Marsh 1877 HMC04 (see below for synonymy)
       |         |--A. medius Marsh 1888 (n. d.) HMC04
       |         |--‘Creosaurus’ potens Lull 1911 (n. d.) HMC04
       |         |--A. tendagurensis Janensch 1925 HMC04
       |         `--A. whitei D07
       `--Carcharodontosauria OES10
            |--Neovenatoridae OES10
            |    |  i. s.: Siamotyrannus Buffetaut, Suteethorn & Ton 1996 HMC04
            |    |           `--S. isanensis Buffetaut, Suteethorn & Tong 1996 HMC04
            |    |--Neovenator Hutt, Martill & Barker 1996 OES10, HMC04
            |    |    `--N. salierii Hutt, Martill & Barker 1996 HMC04
            |    `--+--+--Aerosteon OES10
            |       |  `--Megaraptor Novas 1998 OES10, NM04
            |       |       `--M. namunhuaiquii Novas 1998 NM04
            |       `--+--Australovenator OES10
            |          `--Fukuiraptor Azuma & Currie 2000 OES10, HMC04 [incl. Katsuyamasaurus D07, Kitadanisaurus D07]
            |               `--F. kitadaniensis Azuma & Currie 2000 HMC04
            `--Carcharodontosauridae OES10
                 |  i. s.: Bahariasaurus Stromer 1934 F12, HMC04
                 |           `--B. ingens Stromer 1934 HMC04
                 |--Eocarcharia dinops OES10, F12
                 `--+--Concavenator Ortega, Escaso & Sanz 2010 OES10
                    |    `--*C. corcovatus Ortega, Escaso & Sanz 2010 OES10
                    `--+--Acrocanthosaurus Stovall & Langston 1950 OES10, HMC04
                       |    `--A. atokensis Stovall & Langston 1950 HMC04
                       `--+--Saochilong OES10
                          `--+--Tyrannotitan chubutensis OES10, F12
                             `--+--Carcharodontosaurus Stromer 1931 OES10, HMC04
                                |    `--C. saharicus (Depéret & Savornin 1927) (see below for synonymy) HMC04
                                `--+--Mapusaurus roseae OES10, F12
                                   `--Giganotosaurus Coria & Salgado 1995 XW12, HMC04
                                        `--G. carolinii Coria & Salgado 1995 HMC04

Allosaurus Marsh 1877 OES10, HMC04 [incl. Antrodemus Leidy 1870 HMC04, Apatodon N85, Creosaurus Marsh 1878 HMC04, Empaterias N85, Epanterias Cope 1878 HMC04, Epantherias N85, Labrosaurus Marsh 1879 HMC04]

Allosaurus fragilis Marsh 1877 HMC04 [=Antrodemus fragilis P88; incl. Epanterias amplexus Cope 1878 HMC04, Allosaurus amplexus P88, Creosaurus atrox Marsh 1878 HMC04, Al. atrox HMC04, Hypsirhophus discurus Cope 1878 HMC04, Al. ferox Marsh 1896 HMC04, Labrosaurus ferox HMC04, Al. lucaris Marsh 1878 HMC04, Laelaps trihedrodon Cope 1877 HMC04, Al. trihedrodon D07, Poicilopleuron valens Leidy 1870 HMC04, Antrodemus valens N85]

Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (Depéret & Savornin 1927) [=Megalosaurus saharicus; incl. M. africanus Huene 1956] HMC04

Piveteausaurus divesensis (Walker 1964) HMC04 [=Eustreptospondylus divesensis HMC04, Proceratosaurus divesensis P88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS03] Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27–44.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[F12] Fanti, F. 2012. Cretaceous continental bridges, insularity, and vicariance in the Southern Hemisphere: which route did the dinosaurs take? In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 883–911. Springer.

[HMC04] Holtz, T. R., Jr, R. E. Molnar & P. J. Currie. 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 71–110. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[NM04] Norell, M. A., & P. J. Makovicky. 2004. Dromaeosauridae. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 196–209. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[OES10] Ortega, F., F. Escaso & J. L. Sanz. 2010. A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 467: 203–206.

[P88] Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon & Schuster: New York.

[XW12] Xu, X., K. Wang, K. Zhang, Q. Ma, L. Xing, C. Sullivan, D. Hu, S. Cheng & S. Wang. 2012. A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Nature 484: 92–95.

Last updated: 11 July 2018.

Megalosauroidea

Lower jaw of Megalosaurus bucklandii, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Tetanurae.

The Megalosauroidea is a clade of large theropods known from the Middle Jurassic (Aalenian) to the mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) (Holtz et al. 2004). In some references this clade is referred to as the Spinosauroidea but the name Megalosauroidea has priority. Megalosaurus bucklandii from the Middle Jurassic of England was one of the first fossil dinosaurs recognised; many other predatory theropods have been subsequently referred to this genus but most (if not all) are currently agreed to be either misplaced or not diagnostic.

Synapomorphies (from Holtz et al. 2004, as Spinosauroidea): Premaxillary body rostral to external nares longer than portion of body ventral to nares, angle between rostral margin and alveolar margin less than 70°; maxila rostral ramus present, rostrocaudally as long or longer than dorsoventrally; lacrimal rostral ramus dorsoventrally pinched and narrow; deltopectoral crest greater than 45% of humerus length, well developed; humerus with well-developed olecranon fossa on caudal face of distal end.

<==Megalosauroidea [Spinosauroidea] NS15
    |  i. s.: Altispinax Huene 1923 N85, HMC04
    |           `--*A. dunkeri (Dames 1884) [=Megalosaurus dunkeri] HMC04
    |         Magnosaurus Huene 1932 OES10, HMC04
    |           `--M. nethercombensis (Huene 1926) [=Megalosaurus nethercombensis] HMC04
    |--+--Dubreuillosaurus NS15
    |  |--‘Poekilopleuron’ valesdunensis Allain 2002 HMC04
    |  `--Afrovenator Sereno, Wilson et al. 1994 NS15, HMC04
    |       `--A. abakensis Sereno, Wilson et al. 1994 HMC04
    `--+--+--+--Streptospondylus Meyer 1832 NS15, HMC04
       |  |  |    |--S. altdorfensis Meyer 1832 [incl. Laelaps gallicus Cope 1867] HMC04
       |  |  |    `--S. cuvieri Owen 1842 (n. d.) HMC04 [=Megalosaurus cuvieri P88]
       |  |  `--Eustreptospondylus Walker 1964 NS15, HMC04
       |  |       `--E. oxoniensis Walker 1964 [=Magnosaurus oxoniensis] HMC04
       |  `--Spinosauridae HMC04
       |       |--Baryonychinae HMC04
       |       |    |--Baryonyx Charig & Milner 1986 NS15, HMC04
       |       |    |    `--B. walkeri Charig & Milner 1986 HMC04
       |       |    |--Suchomimus Sereno, Beck et al. 1998 HMC04
       |       |    |    `--S. tenerensis Sereno, Beck et al. 1998 HMC04
       |       |    `--Cristatusaurus Taquet & Russell 1998 HMC04
       |       |         `--C. lapparenti Taquet & Russell 1998 HMC04
       |       `--Spinosaurinae HMC04
       |            |--Irritator Martill, Cruickshank et al. 1996 HMC04
       |            |    `--I. challengeri Martill, Cruickshank et al. 1996 HMC04
       |            |--Angaturama Kellner & Campos 1996 HMC04
       |            |    `--A. limai Kellner & Campos 1996 HMC04
       |            `--Spinosaurus Stromer 1915 HMC04
       |                 |--S. aegyptiacus Stromer 1915 HMC04
       |                 `--S. maroccanus Russell 1996 HMC04
       `--Megalosauridae [Megalosaurinae] B08
            |--Torvosaurus Galton & Jensen 1979 XC09, HMC04 [incl. Edmarka Bakker, Kralis et al. 1992 HMC04]
            |    `--T. tanneri Galton & Jensen 1979 (see below for synonymy) HMC04
            |--Poekilopleuron Eudes-Deslongchamps 1838 HMC04 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |--*P. bucklandii Eudes-Deslongchamps 1838 AC02 (see below for synonymy)
            |    `--P. schmidti Kiprijanov 1883 (n. d.) HMC04
            |--Duriavenator Benson 2008 B08
            |    `--*D. hesperis (Waldman 1974) [=Megalosaurus hesperis] B08
            `--Megalosaurus Buckland 1824 HMC04
                 |--*M. bucklandii Ritgen 1826 AC02, HMC04
                 |--M. chubutensis Corro 1974 (n. d.) HMC04
                 |--M. dabukaensis D07
                 |--M. hungaricus Nopcsa 1901 (n. d.) HMC04
                 |--M. inexpectatus Corro 1966 (n. d.) HMC04
                 |--M. ingens Janensch 1920 (n. d.) HMC04 [=Ceratosaurus ingens P88]
                 |--M. insignis Eudes-Deslongchamps 1870 (n. d.) HMC04
                 |--M. lonzeensis Dollo 1883 (n. d.) HMC04
                 |--M. lydekkeri Huene 1926 (n. d.) [=Magnosaurus lydekkeri] HMC04
                 |--M. meriani Greppin 1870 (n. d.) HMC04
                 |--M. pannoniensis Seeley 1881 (n. d.) HMC04
                 |--M. phillipsi D07
                 |--M. pombali Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957 (n. d.) HMC04
                 |--M. terquemi Huene 1926 (n. d.) HMC04
                 `--M. tibetensis D07

Poekilopleuron Eudes-Deslongchamps 1838 HMC04 [=Poecilopleuron (l. c.) AC02, Poecilopleurum (l. c.) AC02, Poicilopleuron (l. c.) AC02, Poikilopleuron (l. c.) AC02]

Poekilopleuron bucklandii Eudes-Deslongchamps 1838 AC02 [=Poecilopleuron bucklandi (l. c.) AC02, Poecilopleurum bucklandi (l. c.) AC02, Poekilopleuron bucklandi (l. c.) AC02, Poicilopleuron bucklandi (l. c.) AC02, Poikilopleuron bucklandi (l. c.) AC02, Megalosaurus poikilopleuron Huene 1926 AC02, Poekilopleuron poikilopleuron P88]

Torvosaurus tanneri Galton & Jensen 1979 [=Megalosaurus tanneri; incl. Edmarka rex Bakker, Kralis et al. 1992] HMC04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC02] Allain, R., & D. J. Chure. 2002. Poekilopleuron bucklandii, the theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Normandy. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1107–1121.

[B08] Benson, R. B. J. 2008. A redescription of 'Megalosaurus' hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom. Zootaxa 1931: 57–67.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[HMC04] Holtz, T. R., Jr, R. E. Molnar & P. J. Currie. 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 71–110. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[NS15] Novas, F. E., L. Salgado, M. Suárez, F. L. Agnolin, M. D. Ezcurra, N. R. Chimento, R. de la Cruz, M. P. Isasi, A. O. Vargas & D. Rubilar-Rogers. 2015. An enigmatic plant-eating theropod from the Late Jurassic period of Chile. Nature 522: 331–334.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[OES10] Ortega, F., F. Escaso & J. L. Sanz. 2010. A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 467: 203–206.

[P88] Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon & Schuster: New York.

[XC09] Xu, X., J. M. Clark, J. Mo, J. Choiniere, C. A. Forster, G. M. Erickson, D. W. E. Hone, C. Sullivan, D. A. Eberth, S. Nesbitt, Q. Zhao, R. Hernandez, C.-K. Jia, F.-L. Han & Y. Guo. 2009. A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature 459: 940–944.

Last updated: 11 July 2018.