Trigonometopini

Tetroxyrhina sauteri, from Shi et al. (2017).

Belongs within: Lauxaniidae.

The Trigonometopini are a group of lauxaniid flies with an elongate head bearing broad, setose fronto-orbital plates (Papp 2007).

Characters (from Papp 2007): Body yellow, ochre, seldom dark. Head elongated, usually longer than high. Broad, setose fronto-orbital plates present. Anterior orbital seta reclinate, inclinate or absent. Ocellar setae mostly absent or minute, seldom strong. Postocellars normal, minute or absent. Cheek and gena usually without a separate row of setae. Facial keel distinct or not developed. Scape with or without a strong ventroapical seta. First flagellomere various: short and rounded or long with sharp apex. Thorax more or less elongated. Posthumeral setae present or absent. 0–1 + 2–3 dorsocentral pairs. One or two pairs of katepisternals. Acrostichals absent, two-seriate, four-seriate or present in two, not well-ordered rows. Wings clear or with diffuse brown spots. Stronger costal fringe restricted to a short proximal part of the R₂₊₃–R₄₊₅ section, or this section is completely free of stronger fringe. Abdomen never much flattened. Tergite 7 (“protandrium”) fused to epandrium, at least centrally. Tergite 6 ocassionally also fused to tergite 7 centrally. Male genitalia surprisingly uniform: no surstylus or distinct surstylar lobe on epandrium (that is mostly rounded apically). Dorsal wall of male genital pouch membranous, rarely a distinct, sclerotised, supragenital (subepandrial) sclerite present. Gonites mostly fused (at least partly) to hypandrium. Phallapodeme (aedeagal apodeme) usually short, rod-like in ventral view, sometimes forming a lamella sitting on thicker ventral lath. Ejaculatory apodeme significant. Phallus (aedeagus) wholly membranous. Female genitalia with three spermathecae.

<==Trigonometopini P07
    |--Kerteszomyia Malloch 1929 P07
    |    `--*K. maculifrons (Malloch 1929) [=Trigonometopus maculifrons] P07
    |--Neotrigonometopus Malloch 1928 P07
    |    |--*N. fuscifrons (Malloch 1926) [=Trigonometopus fuscifrons] P07
    |    |--N. albibasis (Malloch 1928) [=Trigonometopus (Neotrigonometopus) albibasis] P07
    |    `--N. breviceps (Hennig 1948) P07
    |--Trigonometopsis Malloch 1925 P07
    |    |--*T. binotata (Thomson 1869) [=Oxyrhina binotata] P07
    |    |--T. abnormis Shatalkin 1999 P07
    |    `--T. punctipennis Malloch 1929 P07
    |--Trigonometopus Macquart 1835 P08
    |    |--*T. frontalis (Meigen 1830) [=Tetanocera frontalis] P07
    |    |--T. canus De Meijere 1916 P07
    |    |--T. eborifacies Shatalkin 1997 P07
    |    `--T. vittatus S87
    |--Protrigonometopus Hendel 1938 P07
    |    |--*P. maculifrons Hendel 1938 P07
    |    |--P. ornatus Papp 2007 P07
    |    |--P. sexlituris (Shatalkin 1992) [=Sapromyxa sexlituris] P07
    |    `--P. shatalkini Papp 2007 P07
    |--Shaltalkinella Papp 2007 P07
    |    |--*S. marginata Papp 2007 P07
    |    |--S. deceptor (Malloch 1927) [=Sapromyza deceptor] P07
    |    |--S. okinawanus (Shatalkin 1998) [=Protrigonometopus okinawanus, Trigonometopsis okinawanus] P07
    |    |--S. punctipennis Papp 2007 P07
    |    |--S. ronkayi Papp 2007 P07
    |    `--S. thailandica Papp 2007 P07
    |--Luzonomyza Malloch 1929 P07
    |    |--*L. bakeri (Bezzi 1913) [=Trigonometopus bakeri] P07
    |    |--L. japonica (Sasakawa 2002) [=Trigonometopus (Luzonomyia) japonica] P07
    |    |--L. nigripalpis (Shatalkin 1997) [=Trigonometopus (Tetroxyrhina) nigripalpis] P07
    |    |--L. pseudoforficula Papp 2007 P07
    |    |--L. sasakawai Papp 2007 P07
    |    |--L. sinica Shatalkin 1998 P07
    |    `--L. vietnamensis Papp 2007 P07
    |--Maquilingia Malloch 1929 P07
    |    |--*M. hirticeps Malloch 1929 P07
    |    |--M. biroi Papp 2007 P07
    |    |--M. facialis Malloch 1929 P07
    |    |--M. malaita Curran 1936 P07
    |    |--M. matema Curran 1936 P07
    |    |--M. serristylis Sasakawa 2003 P07
    |    `--M. thaii Papp 2007 P07
    |--Diplochasma Knab 1914 P08
    |    |--D. (Diplochasma) P08
    |    |    |--*D. (D.) monochaeta (Hendel 1909) [=Trigonometopus monochaeta] P08
    |    |    `--D. (D.) australis Papp 2007 P07
    |    `--D. (Sauteromyia Malloch 1927) P08
    |         |--D. (*S.) alboapicata (Malloch 1927) [=*Sauteromyia alboapicata] P08
    |         |--D. (S.) albomarginata Papp 2008 P08
    |         |--D. (S.) aphaniosignata Papp 2008 P08
    |         |--D. (S.) clara Papp 2008 P08
    |         |--D. (S.) occidentalis Papp 2008 P08
    |         |--D. (S.) punctata Papp 2008 P08
    |         |--D. (S.) shewelli Papp 2008 P08
    |         |--D. (S.) stuckenbergi Papp 2008 P08
    |         `--D. (S.) variegata Papp 2008 P08
    `--Tetroxyrhina Hendel 1938 P07
         |--*T. submaculipennis (Malloch 1927) [=Trigonometopus submaculipennis] P07
         |--T. albiseta (Bezzi 1913) [=Trigonometopus albiseta] P07
         |--T. alboapicalis (Shatalkin 1997) [=Trigonometopus alboapicalis] P07
         |--T. brevicornis (De Meijere 1911) [=Trigonometopus brevicornis] P07
         |--T. brunneicosta (Malloch 1927) [=Trigonometopus brunneicosta] P07
         |--T. cuneata (Shatalkin 1997) [=Trigonometopus cuneatus] P07
         |--T. forficula (Shatalkin 1997) [=Trigonometopus forficula] P07
         |--T. gressitti (Sasakawa 2002) [=Trigonometopus gressitti] P07
         |--T. interrupta (Sasakawa 2005) [=Luzonomyza (Tetroxyrhina) interrupta] P07
         |--T. peregovitsi Papp 2007 P07
         |--T. sauteri (Hendel 1912) [=Trigonometopus sauteri, Diplochasma sauteri] P08
         |--T. tinctipennis (De Meijere 1924) [=Trigonometopus tinctipennis] P07
         `--T. zeylanica (Senior-White 1921) [=Trigonometopus zeylanicus] P07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P07] Papp, L. 2007. A review of the Old World Trigonometopini Becker (Diptera: Lauxaniidae). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 129–169.

[P08] Papp, L. 2008. Afrotropical species of the genus Diplochasma, subgenus Sauteromyia (Diptera: Lauxaniidae). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 307–330.

[S87] Shewell, G. E. 1987. Lauxaniidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 951–964. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Lauxanioidea

Aphid fly Leucopis sp., copyright ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources.

Belongs within: Schizophora.
Contains: Lauxaniidae.

The Lauxanioidea are a group of small to medium-sized flies characterised by convergent postvertical bristles, a shortened anal vein that does not reach the wing margin, and the presence of only a single dorsal sclerite between the sixth tergite and the periandrium in the male. They include the Celyphidae, beetle flies, a group of tropical flies with an enlarged scutellum overhanging the abdomen, beneath which the wings are folded at rest.

The Chamaemyiidae are small stocky flies with larvae predatory on plant-sucking bugs such as aphids and scales. Members of the Holarctic chamaemyiid genus Cremifania lack a prescutellum and presutural supra-alar seta, and have a large, darkly clouded pterostigmal space on the wing. Other chamaemyiids in the subfamily Chamaemyiinae have the supra-alar seta and usually the prescutellum, and the pterostigmal space is smaller and usually only lightly clouded. Within the Chamaemyiinae, the Chamaemyiini have an elongate, posteriorly tapering body form, postocellar setae and strong ocellar setae. The Leucopini have a more compact body with postocellar setae absent and ocellar setae absent or small (Gaimari 2010).

<==Lauxanioidea WT11
    |--+--Lauxaniidae WT11
    |  `--Celyphidae WT11
    |       |--Spaniocelyphus umsinduzi WT11
    |       |--Acelyphus O98
    |       `--Idiocelyphus O98
    `--Chamaemyiidae WT11
         |  i. s.: Chaetoleucopis CM91
         |         Gayomyia CM91
         |         Procremifania electrica M87
         |         Anochthiphila nigra O98
         |--Ochthiphila [Ochthiphilidae, Ochthiphilinae] K01
         |    |--O. aridella K01
         |    `--O. coronata K01
         |--Cremifania [Cremifaniidae, Cremifaniinae] G10
         |    |--C. nearctica WT11
         |    `--C. nigrocellulata G10
         `--Chamaemyiinae G10
              |--Chamaemyiini [Acrometopiini] G10
              |    |--Acrometopia reicherti G10, O98
              |    |--Parapamecia G10
              |    |--Parochthiphila coronata G10, WT11
              |    |--Plunomia elegans G10
              |    |--Chamaemyia G10
              |    |    |--C. flavipalpis GT96
              |    |    |--C. fumicosta G10
              |    |    `--C. polystigma G10
              |    |--Pseudoleucopis M87
              |    |    |--P. benefica M87
              |    |    `--P. fasciventris CM91
              |    |--Pseudodinia G10
              |    |    |--P. meridionalis G10
              |    |    |--P. obscura G10
              |    |    |--P. tuberculata G10
              |    |    `--P. varipes G10
              |    `--Ortalidina G10
              |         |--*O. cellularis G10
              |         |--O. longipennis G10
              |         |--O. nigripalpis G10
              |         `--O. punctata [=Toropamecia punctata] G10
              `--Leucopini [Leucopinae] G10
                   |--Melaleucopis simmondsi G10
                   |--Leucopomyia pulvinaria G10 [=Leucopis (Leucopomyia) pulvinariae M87]
                   |--Anchioleucopis macalpinei G10
                   |--Echinoleucopis G10
                   |--Lipoleucopis praecox M87, G10
                   |--Neoleucopis G10
                   |    |--N. atratula [=Leucopis (Neoleucopis) atratula] M87
                   |    |--N. obscura GT96
                   |    `--N. pinicola G10 [=Leucopis (Neoleucopis) pinicola M87]
                   |--Leucopina G10
                   |    |--L. bellula G10
                   |    |--L. bivittata G10
                   |    `--L. ocellaris G10 [=Leucopis ocellaris BW09]
                   `--Leucopis G10
                        |  i. s.: L. albipuncta GT96
                        |         L. americana [=Leucopina americana] GT96
                        |         L. annulipes Zetterstedt 1848 R96
                        |         L. cerasiphila T96
                        |         L. conciliata GT96
                        |         L. gaimarii Tanasijtshuk 1996 T96
                        |         L. glyphinivora T96
                        |         L. griseola K01
                        |         L. interruptovittata GT96
                        |         L. ninae Tanasijtshuk 1966 T96
                        |         L. pallidolineata T96
                        |         L. tapiae P09
                        |         L. verticalis GT96
                        |--L. (Leucopis) G10
                        |    |--L. (L.) charactophalla G10
                        |    |--L. (L.) flavicornis G10
                        |    |--L. (L.) hennigrata M87
                        |    `--L. (L.) simplex G10
                        `--L. geniculata M87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G10] Gaimari, S. D. 2010. Chamaemyiidae (chamaemyiid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 997–1007. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GT96] Gaimari, S. D., & W. J. Turner. 1996. Immature stages of Leucopis ninae Tanasijtshuk and two variant populations of Leucopis gaimarii Tanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) feeding on Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 647–666.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M87] McAlpine, J. F. 1987. Chamaemyiidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 965–971. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[P09] Pape, T. 2009. Economic importance of Diptera. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera, vol. 1 pp. 65–77. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[R96] Raspi, A. 1996. Thaumatomyia elongatula (Becker) (Chloropidae) and Leucopis annulipes Zetterstedt (Chamaemyiidae): two Diptera preying on Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Homoptera: Phloeomyzidae) in Italy. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 509–516.

[T96] Tanasijtshuk, V. N. 1996. Two new species of Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) predacious on the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 640–646.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 29 June 2021.

Lauxaniidae

Sapromyza sp., copyright frogprince.

Belongs within: Lauxanioidea.
Contains: Trigonometopini.

The Lauxaniidae are a family of flies whose larvae mostly live in fallen leaves and other rotting vegetation. Several genera include nidicolous species, feeding on decaying matter in bird nests. Adults graze on fungi growing on fallen leaves (Gaimari & Silva 2010).

The internal classification of the family is somewhat poorly established. The Eurychoromyiinae have previously been recognised as a separate family due to a reduction in setation but examination at high magnification has found that a number of 'lost' setae are present but greatly reduced. The Homoneurinae are characterised by wings with costal setulae reaching the apex of vein R₄₊₅ whereas in Lauxaniinae they end shortly past vein R₂₊₃; however, it seems likely that the 'Lauxaniinae' are paraphyletic to the Homoneurinae. Similarly, certain near-cosmopolitan genera such as Sapromyza and Homoneura may prove to comprise multiple distinct lineages when further revised (Gaimari & Silva 2010).

Characters (from Colless & McAlpine 1991): One or two fronto-orbital bristles; costa unbroken; Sc complete; Cu+1A discontinued well before margine; vein 2A generally visible beyond alula; anepisternite with one or two mesopleural bristles; tibiae with preapical dorsal bristles; sternite 1 well developed, sclerotised.

<==Lauxaniidae [Sapromyzidae]
    |--Lauxaniinae GS10
    |    |  i. s.: Lauxania GS10
    |    |           |--L. aenea RD77
    |    |           `--L. cylindricornis [=Micropeza (Lauxania) cylindricornis] G20
    |    `--Trigonometopini P07
    |--Sapromyza GS10 [Sapromyzinae K01]
    |    |--S. flavimana CM91
    |    |--S. frontalis GS10
    |    |--S. lupulina K01
    |    |--S. nigrans GS10
    |    |--S. picticornis GS10
    |    |--S. rotundicornis S87
    |    |--S. slossonae GS10
    |    |--S. sororia GS10
    |    `--S. vinnula GS10
    |--Homoneurinae GS10
    |    |--Trypetisoma GS10
    |    |    |--T. sticticum GS10
    |    |    `--T. zacatecasense GS10
    |    `--Homoneura GS10
    |         |  i. s.: H. bispina GS10
    |         |         H. proximella CM91
    |         |--H. (Homoneura) philadelphica GS10
    |         `--H. (Tarsohomoneura) GS10
    |              |--H. (T.) americana GS10
    |              `--H. (T.) ornatipes GS10
    `--Eurychoromyiinae [Eurychoromyiidae] GS10
         |--Eurychoromyia GS10
         |--Tauridion shewelli GS10
         |--Choryeuromyia senisma GS10
         |--Eurystratiomyia GS10
         |--Roryeuchomyia GS10
         |--Euryhendelimyia GS10
         `--Physegeniopsis GS10
              |--P. albeto GS10
              |--P. ankhoidea GS10
              `--P. hadrocara GS10

Lauxaniidae incertae sedis:
  Noonamyia O98 [Noonamyiini P07]
  Paranomina Hendel 1907 P07
  Lyciella S87
    |--L. decipiens WT11
    `--L. discolor S87
  Cerastocara ZS10
  Cephaloconus ZS10
  Poecilohetarus ZS10
  Neogriphoneura GS10
    |--N. laevifrons GS10
    |--N. sordida GS10
    |--N. striatifrons GS10
    |--N. striga GS10
    |--N. tertia GS10
    `--N. timida GS10
  Siphonophysa albipes GS10
  Neodeceia GS10
    |--N. cineracea GS10
    `--N. exul GS10
  Hypagoga GS10
  Oncodometopus umbrosus GS10
  Tricholauxania GS10
  Pseudocalliope GS10
    |--P. eucephala GS10
    |--P. flaviceps GS10
    `--P. longicornis S87
  Poecilominettia macula GS10
  Meiosimyza GS10
  Calliopum quadrisetosum GS10
  Pseudogriphoneura GS10
  Camptoprosopella borealis GS10
  Poecilolycia serrata GS10
  Melanomyza GS10
    |--M. (Melanomyza) GS10
    |    |--M. (M.) gracilipes GS10
    |    `--M. (M.) proana GS10
    `--M. (Lauxaniella) GS10
         |--‘Lauxaniella’ femoralis M81
         `--M. (L.) manuleata GS10
  Trivialia GS10
    |--T. celeste GS10
    |--T. fuscocapitata GS10
    |--T. nigroapicata GS10
    `--T. puella GS10
  Xenochaetina GS10
    |--X. flavipennis GS10
    |--X. muscaria GS10
    `--X. pallida GS10
  Physoclypeus GS10
    |--P. coquilletti GS10
    |--P. farinosus GS10
    |--P. hendeli GS10
    |--P. unimaculatus GS10
    `--P. zebrinus GS10
  Xeniconeura costalis GS10
  Trisapromyza vittigera GS10
  Allominettia GS10
    |--A. approximata GS10
    |--A. assimilis GS10
    `--A. geniseta GS10
  Mallochomyza citreifrons GS10
  Steganolauxania latipennis GS10
  Cephalella fumipennis GS10
  Triconopsis GS10
  Asilostoma GS10
    |--A. atriceps GS10
    |--A. flavifacies GS10
    |--A. pallipes GS10
    `--A. palpalis GS10
  Pachyopella GS10
    |--P. flavida GS10
    `--P. ornata GS10
  Stenolauxania GS10
    |--S. nubecula GS10
    `--S. striata GS10
  Minettia [Minettiinae] GS10
    |--M. aibonito GS10
    |--M. flaveola GS10
    |--M. hubbardii GS10
    `--M. lupulina GS10
  Xenopterella GS10
    |--X. beameri GS10
    `--X. obliqua GS10
  Baliopteridion GS10
  Hirtodeceia GS10
  Paracestrotus GS10
  Deutominettia GS10
    |--D. bimaculata GS10
    `--D. geniseta S87
  Scutominettia GS10
    |--S. innuba GS10
    `--S. mallochi GS10
  Griphoneura GS10
  Chaetominettia GS10
    |--C. corollae GS10
    `--C. spinitibia GS10
  Dryomyzothea GS10
  Setulina GS10
    |--S. geminata GS10
    |--S. interjecta GS10
    |--S. prima GS10
    `--S. stata GS10
  Chaetocoelia GS10
    |--C. caloptera GS10
    |--C. distinctissima GS10
    `--C. pallans GS10
  Dryosapromyza GS10
  Sciosapromyza GS10
    |--S. coronata GS10
    |--S. ficulnea GS10
    `--S. tinctinervis GS10
  Pseudominettia platypeza GS10
  Agriphoneura GS10
  Eriurgus GS10
  Ocellominettia GS10
  Celypholauxania GS10
  Procrita pectinata GS10
  Blepharolauxania GS10
  Platygraphium penicillatum GS10
  Freyia nigrita GS10
  Physegenua GS10
  Neoxangelina ornata GS10
  Minilauxania bulbifacies GS10
  Ritaemyia GS10
  Scutolauxania GS10
  Neopachycerina GS10
  Gibbolauxania GS10
    |--G. aliena GS10
    `--G. lateralis GS10
  Deceia GS10
  Marmarodeceia marmorata GS10
  Neominettia contigua GS10
  Depressa striatipennis CM91
  ‘Lonchaea’ senescens S87
  Eolausanites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. ellipticus (Hong 1981) [=Trypaneoides ellipticus] H02
  Chamaelauxania P92
  Hemilauxania P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

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[P07] Papp, L. 2007. A review of the Old World Trigonometopini Becker (Diptera: Lauxaniidae). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 129–169.

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[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 9 January 2021.