Haplodrassus

Haplodrassus signifer, copyright Evan Jones.

Belongs within: Gnaphosidae.

Haplodrassus is a genus of quite generalised gnaphosid spiders found in the Holarctic region.

<==Haplodrassus
    |--H. dalmatensis (Koch 1866) K55
    |--H. macellinus (Thorell 1870) K55
    |--H. mediterraneus Levy 2004 PO08
    |--H. minor SS02
    |--H. moderatus (Kulczynski 1897) K02
    |--H. morosus (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) PO08
    |--H. severus (Koch 1839) K55
    |--H. signifer (Koch 1839) K55
    |--H. silvestris (Blackwall 1833) VPB11
    `--H. soerenseni RKD02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[PO08] Pluess, T., I. Opatovsky, E. Gavish-Regev, Y. Lubin & M. H. Schmidt. 2008. Spiders in wheat fields and semi-desert in the Negev (Israel). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 368–373.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[SS02] Samu, F., & C. Szinetár. 2002. On the nature of agrobiont spiders. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 389–402.

[VPB11] Varet, M., J. Pétillon & F. Burel. 2011. Comparative responses of spider and carabid beetle assemblages along an urban-rural boundary gradient. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 236–243.

Venonia

Venonia micarioides, copyright Angus Veitch.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

Venonia is a genus of small, slender wolf spiders found in southeast Asia and Australasia that build small sheet-webs close to the ground (Yoo & Framenau 2006).

Characters (from Yoo & Framenau 2006): Coloration uniform, light brown to black, with posterodorsal white spot on abdomen; male pedipalp with strongly asymmetrical cymbium appearing apico-retrolaterally truncated, tegular apophysis membranous, embolic division reduced, pedipalp tibia rotated in relation to femur so that pedipalp bulbs are facing each other; epigyne with posterior central incision, lacking sclerotised plate.

<==Venonia Thorell 1894 YF06
    |--V. kokoda Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 YF06
    `--+--V. micarioides (Koch 1877) [=Aulonia micarioides, Artoria micarioides] YF06
       `--+--V. infundibulum Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
          |--V. kimjoopili Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
          |--V. nata Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
          |--V. sungahae Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
          |--V. vilkkii Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 YF06
          `--+--+--V. cinctipes (Simon 1898) [=Anomalomma cinctipes] YF06
             |  `--V. muju (Chrysanthus 1967) [=Anomalomma muju] YF06
             `--+--*V. coruscans Thorell 1894 YF06
                `--+--+--V. chaiwooi Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
                   |  `--V. joejim Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
                   `--+--V. micans (Simon 1898) [=Anomalomma micans; incl. V. gabrielae Barrion & Litsinger 1995] YF06
                      `--+--V. choiae Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
                         `--V. milla Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 YF06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[YF06] Yoo, J.-S., & V. W. Framenau. 2006. Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 675–712.

Evippa

Evippa sp., copyright A. Nadolny.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

Evippa is a genus of wolf spiders found from southern China to northern Africa. Male pedipalps of this genus have an embolus forming a slender functional conductor that projects beyond the tegular apophysis.

<==Evippa Simon 1882 [Evippinae] MGK03
    |--*E. arenaria (Audouin 1827) [=Lycosa arenaria] MGK03
    |--E. apsheronica Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen 2003 MGK03
    |--E. badchysica Šternbergs 1979 MGK03
    |--E. benevola (Pickard-Cambridge 1885) MGK03
    |--E. caucasica Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen 2003 MGK03
    |--E. concolor (Kroneberg 1875) [=Lycosa concolor] MGK03
    |--E. eltonica Dunin 1994 MGK03
    |--E. fujianensis Peng, Yin & Kim 1996 MGK03
    |--E. helanshangensis Peng, Yin & Kim 1996 MGK03
    |--E. jocquei Alderweireldt 1991 MGK03
    |--E. kronebergi Roewer 1955 (see below for synonymy) MGK03
    |--E. onager Simon 1895 MGK03
    |--E. praelongipes (Pickard-Cambridge 1870) MGK03
    |--E. schenkeli Šternbergs 1979 MGK03
    |--E. sjostedti Schenkel 1936 [incl. Xerolycosa brunneopicta Loksa 1965, E. potanini Schenkel 1963] MGK03
    |--E. sibirica Marusik 1995 MGK03
    `--E. turkmenica Šternbergs 1979 MGK03

Nomen nudum: Evippa beshkentica Andreeva 1976

Evippa kronebergi Roewer 1955 [=Lycosa aculeata Kroneberg 1875 non (Clerck 1757), Acantholycosa aculeata, Evippa aculeata, Pardosa aculeata]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

Pardosa

Pardosa lugubris, copyright MdE.

Belongs within: Lycosinae.

Pardosa is a diverse genus of wolf spiders commonly found in damp habitats near ponds and streams. Species of this genus include P. lugubris, widespread in the Palaearctic region.

<==Pardosa Koch 1847 [Pardosinae] MGK03
    |--+--+--P. brevivulva PY07
    |  |  `--P. hedini PY07
    |  `--+--P. laura PY07
    |     `--P. takahashii (Saito 1936) PY07, VMP02
    `--+--+--P. paludicola (Clerck 1757) PY07, MGK03
       |  `--+--+--P. alacris PY07
       |     |  `--P. lugubris (Walckenaer 1802) PY07, MGK03 [=Lycosa lugubris V09]
       |     `--+--P. amentata (Clerck 1758) PY07, F08 (see below for synonymy)
       |        `--+--P. riparia PY07
       |           `--+--P. prativaga (Koch 1870) PY07, K55
       |              `--P. pullata (Clerck 1757) PY07, MGK03 [=Lycosa pullata V09]
       `--+--P. nigra PY07
          `--+--+--P. astrigera Koch 1878 PY07, KS02
             |  `--+--P. isago PY07
             |     `--P. lyrifera PY07
             `--+--P. hortensis (Thorell 1872) PY07, MGK03
                `--+--+--P. oreophila PY07
                   |  `--P. saturatior PY07
                   `--+--P. blanda PY07
                      `--+--P. agrestis (Westring 1861) PY07, MGK03
                         `--P. palustris (Linnaeus 1758) PY07, F08 [=Aranea palustris F08]

Pardosa incertae sedis:
  P. adumbrata (Urquhart 1887) [=Lycosa adumbrata] NS00
  P. adustella Roewer 1951 MGK03
  P. aenigmatica Tongiorgi 1966 MGK03
  P. agricola (Thorell 1856) MGK03
  P. aquila Buchar & Thaler 1998 MGK03
  P. atrata (Thorell 1873) K02
  P. azerifalcata Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen 2003 MGK03
  P. bifasciata (Koch 1834) MGK03
  P. birmanica (Simon 1884) HU08
  P. buchari Ovtsharenko 1979 MGK03
  P. caucasica Ovtsharenko 1979 MGK03
  P. colchica Mcheidze 1947 MGK03
  P. feldmanni (Strand 1907) (n. d.) [=Lycosa feldmanni] J98
  P. fuscula CM07
  P. goyeni FF99
  P. groenlandica CM07
  P. gusarensis Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen 2003 MGK03
  P. hanrasanensis Jo & Paik 1984 MGK03
  P. hyperborea (Thorell 1872) K02
  P. ibex Buchar & Thaler 1998 MGK03
  P. incerta Nosek 1905 MGK03
  P. injucunda P.-Cambridge 1876 [incl. Lycosa feldmanni xanthippe Strand 1916, P. feldmanni xanthippe] J98
  P. italica Tongiorgi 1966 MGK03
  P. jergeniensis Ponomarev 1979 MGK03
  P. josemitensis (Strand 1908) [=Lycosa josemitensis] J98
  P. lapidicina (Emerton 1885) KP14
  P. lignaria K01
  P. luctinosa Simon 1876 MGK03
  P. mackenziana (Keyserling 1877) PS08
  P. modica CM07
  P. mongolica Kulczyński 1901 K01
  P. monticola (Clerck 1757) K55
  P. morosa (Koch 1870) MGK03
  P. naevioides (Strand 1916) [=Lycosa naevioides] J98
  P. nebulosa (Thorell 1872) MGK03
  P. nigriceps (Thorell 1856) PG08 [=Lycosa nigriceps V09]
  P. paracolchica Zyuzin & Logunov 2000 MGK03
  P. pirculiensis Zyuzin & Logunov 2000 MGK03
  P. pontica (Thorell 1875) MGK03
  P. proxima (Koch 1847) MGK03 [=Lycosa proxima V09]
  P. proximella Strand 1906 (n. d.) [=Lycosa proximella] J98
    |--P. p. proximella J98
    `--P. p. messingerae (Strand 1916) [=Lycosa proximella messingerae] J98
  P. purbeckensis (Westring 1861) PG08
  P. saltans Töpfer-Hofmann 2000 PG08
  P. saltuaria (Koch 1870) MGK03
  P. schenkeli Lessert 1904 MGK03
  P. seydi (Strand 1908) [=Lycosa seydi] J98
  P. sphagnicola (Dahl 1908) MGK03
  P. strigillata (Simon 1876) K55
  P. tasevi Buchar 1968 MGK03
  P. tatarica (Thorell 1875) MGK03
  P. vicaria S99
  P. vittata (Keyserling 1863) MGK03

Pardosa amentata (Clerck 1758) PY07, F08 [=Lycosa amentata V09; incl. Aranea fumigata Linnaeus 1758 F08, P. amentata f. ileachensis J02, A. saccata Linnaeus 1758 F08]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[F08] Framenau, V. W. 2008. A new wolf spider species of the genus Artoria from Western Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 363–368.

[HU08] Hore, U., & V. P. Uniyal. 2008. Diversity and composition of spider assemblages in five vegetation types of the Terai Conservation Area, India. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 251–258.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[J02] Jocqué, R. 2002. Genitalic polymorphism—a challenge for taxonomy. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 298–306.

[KP14] Keiser, C. N., & J. N. Pruitt. 2014. Submersion tolerance in a lakeshore population of Pardosa lapidicina (Araneae: Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 192–194.

[KS02] Kiss, B., & F. Samu. 2002. Comparison of autumn and winter development of two wolf spider species (Pardosa, Lycosidae, Araneae) having different life history patterns. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 409–415.

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[PG08] Pétillon, J., & A. Garbutt. 2008. Success of managed realignment for the restoration of salt-marsh biodiversity: preliminary results on ground-active spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 388–393.

[PS08] Pinzón, J., & J. Spence. 2008. Performance of two arboreal pitfall trap designs in sampling cursorial spiders from tree trunks. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 280–286.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

Last updated: 23 June 2017.

Piratinae

Pirata hygrophilus, copyright Kjetil Fjellheim.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

The Piratinae is a group of wolf spiders characterised by male pedipalps in which the functional conductor is combined with the short thin embolus into a sickle-shaped complex that rests in a deep, narrow ascending tegular groove (Yoo & Framenau 2006). Members of the genus Pirata, the pirate wolf spiders, are found in marshy habitats and may be seen running across water surfaces.

<==Piratinae
    |--Hygrolycosa Dahl 1908 YF06
    |    `--H. rubrofasciata Ohlert 1865 FY06
    |--Aulonia Koch 1847 YF06
    |    |--*A. albimana (Walckenaer 1805) MGK03
    |    `--A. kratochvili Dunin, Buchar & Absolon 1986 MGK03
    `--Pirata Sundevall 1833 YF06
         |  i. s.: P. insularis Emerton 1885 MGK03
         |         P. latitans (Blackwall 1841) MGK03
         |         P. piraticus (Clerck 1757) MGK03 [=Araneus piraticus S99, Lycosa (Pirata) piratica K01]
         |         P. piratimorpha (Strand 1908) [=Tarentula piratimorpha, Piratula piratimorpha] J98
         |         P. piscatorius (Clerck 1757) K02 [=Lycosa (Pirata) piscatoria K01]
         |         P. uliginosus (Thorell 1856) RKD02
         |--P. subpiraticus (Bösenberg & Strand 1906) PY07, YF06
         `--+--P. piratoides PY07
            `--+--P. hygrophilus Thorell 1872 PY07, VMP02
               `--P. knorri (Scopoli 1763) PY07, VMP02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FY06] Framenau, V. W., & J.-S. Yoo. 2006. Systematics of the new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 185–202.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

[YF06] Yoo, J.-S., & V. W. Framenau. 2006. Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 675–712.

Last updated: 23 June 2017.

Venatrix

Venatrix lapidosa, copyright David Paul.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

Venatrix is a genus of wolf spiders found in Australasia, usually characterised by the presence of two longitudinal light bands (or row of light spots) on the dark venter of the abdomen. Males have a tubercle on the outer edge of the fangs, and pedipalps with claw-like macrosetae on the tip of the cymbium (Framenau 2006).

<==Venatrix Roewer 1960 F06
    |--V. funesta (Koch 1847) [incl. Venator fuscus Hogg 1900, *Venatrix fusca] F06
    |--V. allopictiventris Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. amnicola Framenau 2006 F06
    |--V. archookoora Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. arenaris (Hogg 1905) F06
    |--V. australiensis Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. brisbanae (Koch 1878) [=Lycosa brisbanae, L. brisbanensis (l. c.), Pirata brisbanae] F06
    |--V. esposica Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. fontis Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. furcillata (Koch 1867) [=Lycosa furcillata, Allocosa furcillata] F06
    |--V. hickmani Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. konei (Berland 1924) (see below for synonymy) F06
    |--V. koori Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. kosciuskoensis (McKay 1974) [=Lycosa kosciuskoensis] F06
    |--V. lapidosa (McKay 1974) F06
    |--V. magkasalubonga (Barrion & Litsinger 1995) (see below for synonymy) F06
    |--V. mckayi Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. ornatula (Koch 1877) [=Lycosa ornatula, Allocosa ornatula; incl. V. forsteri Framenau & Vink 2001] F06
    |--V. palau Framenau 2006 F06
    |--V. penola Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. pictiventris (Koch 1877) F06 [=Lycosa pictiventris E07]
    |--V. pseudospeciosa Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. pullastra (Simon 1909) (see below for synonymy) F06
    |--V. roo Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. speciosa (Koch 1877) F06
    |--V. summa (McKay 1974) [=Lycosa summa] F06
    `--V. tinfos Framenau 2006 F06

Venatrix konei (Berland 1924) [=Lycosa konei, Arctosa konei; incl. L. goyderi Hickman 1944, A. goyderi, Mustelicosa goyderi, Piratosa goyderi, Venatrix goyderi, Lycosa howensis McKay 1979] F06

Venatrix magkasalubonga (Barrion & Litsinger 1995) [=Pardosa magkasalubonga; incl. P. daniloi Barrion & Litsinger 1995, P. hawakana Barrion & Litsinger 1995, P. sacayi Barrion & Litsinger 1995] F06

Venatrix pullastra (Simon 1909) [=Lycosa pullastra, Hogna pullastra, L. pallustra (l. c.); incl. L. marcentior Simon 1909, Hogna marcentior, L. percauta Simon 1909, Allocosa percauta, L. propitia Simon 1909, A. propitia, L. segregis Simon 1909, Hogna segregis] F06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E07] Elliott, M. G. 2007. Annotated catalogue of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of Australia. Zootaxa 1428: 1–83.

[F06] Framenau, V. W. 2006. The wolf spider genus Venatrix Roewer: new species, synonymies and generic transfers (Araneae, Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 145–166.

Lycosa

Female Lycosa godeffroyi carrying an egg-sac, copyright Fir0002.

Belongs within: Lycosinae.

The genus Lycosa has been used in the past for a diverse array of relatively large wolf spiders that construct silken burrows. It is now known to be polyphyletic in its earlier circumscriptions; the genus as currently recognised is most diverse in the western Palaearctic, but remains poorly defined and many species remain to be reclassified. The type species, Lycosa tarantula, is found in southern Europe and was the original spider referred to as 'tarantula' before the name became associated with members of the Theraphosidae. Other members of the genus include L. coelestis, found in eastern Asia.

<==Lycosa Latreille 1804 F08
    |--L. coelestis Koch 1878 PY07, VMP02
    `--+--L. godeffroyi Koch 1865 PY07, MGK03
       `--L. suzukii PY07

Lycosa incertae sedis:
  *L. tarantula (Linnaeus 1758) [=Aranea tarantula] F08
  L. accentuata K01
  L. aerescens S99
  L. affinis Lucas 1846 E12
  L. albosparsa (n. d.) F06
  L. algida H09
  L. arapensis (Strand 1908) [=Tarentula arapensis, Mimohogna arapensis] J98
  L. arenivaga FF99
  L. argenteomarginata Lycas 1846 E12
  L. auroguttata (Keyserling 1891) FM11
  L. avida Walckenaer 1837 N37
  L. baltimoriana M-RL88
  L. bellicosa FF99
  L. biimpressa Lucas 1846 E12
  L. canescens S99
  L. carolinensis C90
  L. ceratiola MC05
  L. corallina McKay 1974 FL13
  L. cuneata K01
  L. cursor K01
  L. dimidiata [incl. L. dimidiata var. virgata Kulczyński 1901] K01
  L. erratica Lucas 1846 E12
  L. erythrognatha Lucas 1836 FM11
  L. exilipes Lucas 1846 E12
  L. felina Koch 1878 MGK03
  L. fulvolineata Lucas 1846 E12
  L. gilberta Hogg 1905 [=Venonia gilberta] YF06
  L. gracilenta Lucas 1846 E12
  L. hawaiiensis Simon 1899 S99
  L. hilaris H09
  L. indagatrix Walckenaer 1837 K92
  L. innocua Doleschall 1859 D59
  L. inornata Blackwall 1862 FM11
  L. ishikariana (Saito 1934) STK06
  L. laeta Koch 1877 E07
  L. lanca Karsch 1879 K92
  L. latefasciata S95
  L. lebakensis Doleschall 1859 D59
  L. leuckartii (Thorell 1870) LF10
  L. malayana Doleschall 1859 D59
  L. malitiosa E95
  L. maura S99
  L. miniata K01
  L. musgravei B96
  L. narbonensis Walckenaer 1806 MGK03 [=L. (Tarentula) narbonensis D59]
  L. nautica S99
  L. nemoralis K01
  L. numida Lucas 1846 E12
  L. oahuensis Koch & Keyserling 1890 KK90
  L. paramushirensis Nakatsudi 1937 N37
  L. pastoralis S95
  L. pilipes Lucas 1846 E12
  L. praegrandis Koch 1836 MGK03
  L. pulverulenta K01
  L. quadripunctata Lucas 1846 E12
  L. rabida FF99
  L. ralphi F64
  L. retiruga H09
  L. rufimanoides (Strand 1908) [=Tarentula rufimanoides] J98
  L. salifodina McKay 1976 FL13
  L. scenica S99
  L. schauinslandi Simon 1899 S99
  L. subantarctica Forster 1964 F64
  L. subaustralis (Strand 1908) [=Tarentula subaustralis, Hogna subaustralis] J98
  L. sylvicola Lucas 1846 E12
  L. taylori S99
  L. thorelli (Keyserling 1877) FM11
  L. timida Lucas 1846 E12
  L. tremens S99
  L. tremula Simon 1899 S99
  L. turbida H09
  L. uliginosa S99
  L. umbrata S99
  L. vagabunda Lucas 1846 E12
  L. valida Lucas 1846 E12
  L. venatrix Lucas 1846 E12
  L. villica Lucas 1846 E12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Brunet, B. 1996. Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[E95] Elgar, M. A. 1995. The duration of copulation in spiders: comparative patterns. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 1–11.

[E07] Elliott, M. G. 2007. Annotated catalogue of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of Australia. Zootaxa 1428: 1–83.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F64] Forster, R. R. 1964. The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58–115.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[F06] Framenau, V. W. 2006. The wolf spider genus Venatrix Roewer: new species, synonymies and generic transfers (Araneae, Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 145–166.

[F08] Framenau, V. W. 2008. A new wolf spider species of the genus Artoria from Western Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 363–368.

[FL13] Framenau, V. W., & A. E. Leung. 2013. Costacosa, a new genus of wolf spider (Araneae, Lycosidae) from coastal north-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 173–184.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[H09] Hogg, H. R. 1909. Some New Zealand and Tasmanian Arachnidae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 42: 273–283.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[KK90] Koch, L., & E. Keyserling. 1884–1890. Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet vol. 2. Bauer & Raspe: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[LF10] Langlands, P. R., & V. W. Framenau. 2010. Systematic revision of Hoggicosa Roewer, 1960, the Australian 'bicolor' group of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 83–123.

[MC05] Machado, G., P. C. Carrera, A. M. Pomini & A. J. Marsaioli. 2005. Chemical defense in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): do benzoquinone secretions deter invertebrate and vertebrate predators? Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (11): 2519–2539.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[M-RL88] Meyer-Rochow, V. B., & A. R. Liddle. 1988. Structure and function of the eyes of two species of opilionid from New Zealand glow-worm caves (Megalopsalis tumida: Palpatores, and Hendea myersi cavernicola: Laniatores). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 233: 293–319.

[N37] Nakatsudi, K. 1937. Notes on a new genus and two new species of Arachnida from the island of Paramushir, northern Kuriles, Japan. Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku Nogaku Shuho 1 (1): 22–27.

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[S95] Simon, E. 1895. Arachnides recueillis par M^r G. Potanine en Chine et en Mongolie (1876–1879). Izviestĭia Imperatorskoi Akademĭi Nauk” (Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg), Ser. 5, 4: 331–345.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[STK06] Suzuki, S., N. Tsurusaki & Y. Kodama. 2006. Distribution of an endangered burrowing spider Lycosa ishikariana in the San'in Coast of Honshu, Japan (Araneae: Lycosidae). Acta Arachnologica 55 (2): 79–86.

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

[YF06] Yoo, J.-S., & V. W. Framenau. 2006. Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 675–712.

Last updated: 23 June 2017.

Arctosa

Arctosa cinerea, copyright Fritz Geller-Grimm.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

Arctosa is a genus of medium-sized to large wolf spiders commonly found in sandy habitats.

Characters (from Dondale & Redner 1983): Size medium to large (overall length, excluding legs, 4.5–16.0 mm). Carapace broad, rather low, approximately uniform in height between dorsal groove and posterior row of eyes, usually glabrous or nearly so, yellow, off-white, or mottled with gray, yellow, or brown. Anterior row of eyes straight or somewhat procurved or recurved, longer than, shorter than, or equal to middle row in length. Promargin of fang furrow with two or three teeth, retromargin with three teeth. Legs usually pale, robust, lightly scopulate, with dark rings ; tibia III with two dorsal macrosetae or with one plus a basal bristle, and with 1–3 retrolateral macrosetae; trochanters usually deeply notched at tip on ventral surface . Abdomen usually pale and mottled like carapace. Terminal apophysis of male palpus conspicuous, in two parts or in one part of two different shapes and degrees of sclerotization; embolus straight or curved, largely hidden by median apophysis in ventral view, with extensive pars pendula extending nearly to tip; median apophysis prominent, sclerotized, elongate, conspicuously grooved or excavated on distal or dorsal surface (and forming part of functional conductor); tegulum with retrolateral prominence bearing small soft area and often bearing small, transparent, cup-shaped process or prominent, sclerotized process, which also forms part of functional conductor. Epigynum of female usually with conspicuous atrium divided by median septum, without hood; copulatory openings located at sides of slender part of median septum; copulatory tubes slender to stout, rather short, often curved or sinuous, sometimes with conspicuous spermathecal organs at lateral margins; spermathecae bulbous in outline, without prominences.

<==Arctosa Koch 1847 MGK03
    |--*A. cinerea (Fabricius 1777) [=Trochosa cinerea] MGK03
    |--A. alpigena RKD02
    |--A. brauni (Strand 1916) [=Tarentula brauni] J98
    |--A. epiana (Berland 1938) [=Lycosa konei var. epiana, A. konei epiana] F06
    |--A. fulvolineata (Lucas 1846) PG08
    |--A. lacustris (Simon 1876) K55
    |--A. leopardus (Sundevall 1833) MGK03
    |--A. nyembeensis (Strand 1916) [=Tarentula nyembeensis] J98
    |--A. perita (Latreille 1799) MGK03
    |--A. stigmosa PY07
    |--A. subamylacea PY07
    `--A. tbilisiensis Mcheidze 1946 MGK03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Dondale, C. D., & J. H. Redner. 1983. Revision of the wolf spiders of the genus Arctosa C. L. Koch in North and Central America (Araneae: Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 11: 1–30.

[F06] Framenau, V. W. 2006. The wolf spider genus Venatrix Roewer: new species, synonymies and generic transfers (Araneae, Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 145–166.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[PG08] Pétillon, J., & A. Garbutt. 2008. Success of managed realignment for the restoration of salt-marsh biodiversity: preliminary results on ground-active spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 388–393.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

Olios

Olios argelasius, copyright Ferran Turmo Gort.

Belongs within: Sparassidae.

The genus Olios has long been used for a poorly defined assemblage of smaller huntsman spiders; the description given below refers to a more restricted grouping, but many species of uncertain affinities remain in the genus (Jäger & Kunz 2005).

Characters (from Jäger & Kunz 2005): Eye field relatively wide, eyes subequal; chelicerae with one or two anterior teeth, three to six distinctly separated posterior teeth, anterior and posterior teeth of similar size, cheliceral furrow without denticles; male embolus with characteristic distal coil, the latter often with appendage at base, tegular apophysis often present; female epigyne usually with longitudinal slit, slit rarely absent with only small part of median septum visible in posterior half of epigyne, anterior part of internal duct system membranous or little sclerotised.

<==Olios Walckenaer 1837 JK05
    |--*O. argelasius (Walckenaer 1805) RJ08
    |--O. algerianus Lucas 1846 E12
    |--O. auricomus Simon 1880 JK05
    |--O. barbarus Lucas 1846 E12
    |--O. claviger (Pocock 1901) JK05
    |--O. fasciculatus Simon 1880 JK05
    |--O. feldmanni Strand 1915 J98
    |--O. guineibius Strand 1910 S10
    |--O. guttipes (Simon 1897) [=Sparassus (Vindullus) guttipes] RJ08
    |--O. javensis Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--O. lamarcki (Latreille 1806) [=Thomisus lamarcki] K92
    |--O. lunula Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--O. malagassus Strand 1907 JK05
    |--O. malayanus Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--O. mygalinus Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--O. nossibeensis Strand 1907 JK05
    |--O. oraniensis Lucas 1846 E12
    |--O. pusillus Simon 1880 JK05
    |--O. rufilatus (Pocock 1899) JK05
    |--O. similis (Pickard-Cambridge 1890) [=Vindullus similis, Sparassus similis] RJ08
    |--O. stictopus (Pocock 1898) [=Sparassus (Vindullus) stictopus] RJ08
    |--O. testaceus Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--O. werneri (Simon 1906) JK05
    `--O. zonatus Doleschall 1859 D59

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D57] Doleschall, C. L. 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, series 3, 3 (5–6): 399–434, pls 1–2.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1-18.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JK05] Jäger, P., & D. Kunz. 2005. An illustrated key to genera of African huntsman spiders (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 163–213.

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[RJ08] Rheims, C. A., & P. Jäger. 2008. Revision of the Neotropical huntsman spider genus Vindullus Simon (Araneae, Sparassidae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 221–231.

[S10] Strand, E. 1910. Spinnentiere aus Neuguinea (Opiliones, Psechridae und Clubionidae) gesammelt von Dr. Schlaginhaufen. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königl. Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 13 (5): 1–16.

Pseudopoda

Pseudopoda sp., copyright SpiderYang.

Belongs within: Sparassidae.

Pseudopoda is a genus of huntsman spiders found at higher altitudes (above 1000 m) in southern Asia.

Characters (from Jäger 2000): Small to large, 5-27 mm. Colour yellow, yellow-brown or dark red-brown with dark pattern. Femora with spine patches. Abdomen dorsally usually with bright transverse band in posterior half, abdomen ventrally usually with dark patch in front of spinnerets. Male palp with membranous conductor, embolus broadened at least proximally, usually whole embolus broadened and flattened, tegulum as long as bulb, retrolateral tibial apophysis arising in a mesial or basal position. Female with epigynum with lateral lobes (and mostly copulatory ducts) rising distinctly beyond epigastric furrow posteriad and covering median septum.

<==Pseudopoda Jäger 2000 J08
    |--P. bibulba (Xu & Yin 2000) J08
    |--P. confusa Jäger, Pathoumthong & Vedel 2006 JPV06
    |--P. dao Jäger 2001 J08
    |--P. diversipunctata Jäger 2001 JPV06
    |--P. gemina Jäger, Pathoumthong & Vedel 2006 JPV06
    |--P. intermedia Jäger 2001 JPV06
    |--P. latembola Jäger 2001 JPV06
    |--P. lutea (Thorell 1895) JPV06
    |--P. marsupia (Wang 1991) JPV06
    |--P. martensi Jäger 2001 JPV06
    |--P. namkhan Jäger, Pathoumthong & Vedel 2006 JPV06
    |--P. parvipunctata Jäger 2001 J08
    |--P. prompta (Cambridge 1835) JPV06
    |--P. recta Jäger & Ono 2001 JPV06
    |--P. serrata Jäger & Ono 2001 JPV06
    |--P. shuqiangi Jäger & Vedel 2007 J08
    |--P. signata Jäger 2001 JPV06
    |--P. songi Jäger 2008 J08
    `--P. virgata (Fox 1936) JPV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Jäger, P. 2000. Two new heteropodine genera from southern continental Asia (Araneae: Sparassidae). Acta Arachnologica 49 (1): 61–71.

[J08] Jäger, P. 2008. Sparassidae from China 5. Pseudopoda songi sp. n. from Yunnan Province (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 45–48.

[JPV06] Jäger, P., B. Pathoumthong & V. Vedel. 2006. First record of the genus Pseudopoda Jäger 2000 in Laos with description of new species (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 219–228.

Heteropoda

Banana spider Heteropoda venatoria, copyright Vaikoovery.

Belongs within: Sparassidae.

Heteropoda is a diverse genus of huntsman spiders found primarily in Asia and Australia, with a single cosmopolitan species H. venatoria.

Characters (from Jäger & Kunz 2005): Chelicerae with three anterior teeth, four posterior teeth, anterior and posterior teeth of similar size, cheliceral furrow with substantial number of denticles; male embolus running in flat semicircle with distal part resting in sheath-like conductor; female vulva with coils restricted to central part.

<==Heteropoda Latreille 1804 (see below for synonymy) J08
    |--*H. venatoria (Linnaeus 1767) JK05 [=Aranea venatoria R13; incl. A. regia Fab. 1793 R13, Heteropoda regia R13]
    |--H. altmannae Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. amphora Fox 1936 J08
    |--H. atriventris Chrysanthus 1965 J08
    |--H. belua Jäger 2005 J08
    |--H. boiei (Doleschall 1859) (see below for synonymy) J08
    |--‘Panaretus’ chelatus Strand 1910 [incl. P. c. var. vittichelis Strand 1910] S10
    |--H. christae Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. cooloola Davies 1994 J08
    |--H. crediton Davies 1994 J08
    |--H. dagmarae Jäger & Vedel 2005 J08
    |--H. davidbowie Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. distincta Davies 1994 J08
    |--H. duan Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. eluta Karsch 1892 K92
    |--H. ernstulrichi Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. erythra Chrysanthus 1965 J08
    |--H. fischeri Jäger 2005 J08
    |--H. goonaneman Davies 1994 J08
    |--H. graaflandi Strand 1907 J98
    |--H. helge Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. hermitis (Hogg 1914) T13
    |--H. hildebrandti Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. hillerae Davies 1994 J08
    |--H. hippie Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. hirsti Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. holzi Strand 1907 J98
    |--H. homstu Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. ignichelis (Simon 1880) [=Panaretus ignichelis] J08
    |--H. jacobii Strand 1910 S10
    |--H. jaegerorum Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. jasminae Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. javana (Simon 1880) [=Panaretus javanus] J08
    |--H. jugulans (Koch 1876) [=Sarotes jugulans] J08
    |--H. keyserlingi S10
    |--H. laai Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. laurae Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. listeri Pocock 1900 FT08
    |--H. loderstaedti Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. martinae Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. martusa Jäger 2000 J08
    |--H. maxima Jäger 2001 J08
    |--H. mecistopus Pocock 1898 J08
    |--H. meriani Jäger 2008 [=H. venatoria montana Merian 1911 non H. sumatrana var. montana Thorell 1890] J08
    |--H. mindiptanensis Chrysanthus 1965 J08
    |--H. montana Thorell 1890 [=H. sumatrana var. montana] J08
    |--H. monteithi Davies 1994 J08
    |--H. muscicapa Strand 1910 S10
    |--H. ninahagen Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. novaguineensis Strand 1910 S10
    |--H. onoi Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. pakawini Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. panaretiformis Strand 1906 J98
    |--H. parva Jäger 2000 J08
    |--H. pingtungensis Zhu & Tso 2006 J08
    |--H. planiceps (Pocock 1897) J08
    |--H. regalis (Roewer 1938) [=Pandercetes regalis] J08
    |--H. reinholdae Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. richlingi Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. robusta Fage 1924 J08
    |--H. rundle Davies 1994 J08
    |--H. schlaginhaufeni Strand 1910 S10
    |--H. schwalbachorum Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. silvatica Davies 1994 J08
    |--H. squamacea Wang 1990 [incl. H. bifurcata Wang et al. 2002] J08
    |--H. submaculata [incl. H. submaculata var. torricelliana Strand 1910] S10
    |--H. subtilis Karsch 1892 K92
    |--H. sumatrana Thorell 1890 J08
    |--H. tetrica Thorell 1897 J08
    |--H. thoracica (Koch 1845) [incl. Isopeda beccarii malangana Strand 1907] J98
    |--H. udolindenberg Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. uexkuelli Jäger 2008 J08
    |--H. umbrata Karsch 1892 K92
    |--H. variegata (Simon 1874) JK05
    |--H. willunga Davies 1994 J08
    `--H. zuviele Jäger 2008 J08

Heteropoda Latreille 1804 [incl. Adrastis Simon 1880, Panaretidius Simon 1906, Panaretus Simon 1880, Parhedrus Simon 1887, Torania Simon 1886] J08

Heteropoda boiei (Doleschall 1859) [=Sparassus boiei, Parhedrus boiei; incl. Adrastis atomaria Simon 1880, Heteropoda flavimana Simon 1880] J08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[J08] Jäger, P. 2008. Revision of the huntsman spider genus Heteropoda Latreille 1804: species with exceptional male palpal conformations from southeast Asia and Australia (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (2): 239–310.

[JK05] Jäger, P., & D. Kunz. 2005. An illustrated key to genera of African huntsman spiders (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 163–213.

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[R13] Rainbow, W. J. 1913. Arachnida from the Solomon Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (1): 1–16.

[S10] Strand, E. 1910. Spinnentiere aus Neuguinea (Opiliones, Psechridae und Clubionidae) gesammelt von Dr. Schlaginhaufen. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königl. Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 13 (5): 1–16.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

Thelcticopis

Female Thelcticopis severa, copyright Akio Tanikawa.

Belongs within: Sparassidae.

Thelcticopis is a genus of huntsman spiders found from southern Asia to Fiji. Females of the genus have an epigyne with a somewhat heart-shaped median septum bearing a tongue-like posterior structure pointing in the direction of the epigastric furrow, and two lateral hooks on the posterior margin of the epigyne pointing to the median line (Jäger 2005).

<==Thelcticopis Karsch 1884 [incl. Mardonia Thorell 1897, Seramba Thorell 1887] J05
    |--*T. severa Koch 1875 J05
    |--T. bifasciatus (Thorell 1891) [=Seramba bifasciata] J05
    |--T. fasciatus (Thorell 1897) [=Seramba fasciata] J05
    |--T. humilithorax (Simon 1910) [=Seramba humilithorax] J05
    |--T. pennatus (Simon 1901) [=Seramba pennata] J05
    |--T. pestai (Reimoser 1939) [=Seramba pestai] J05
    |--T. pictus (Thorell 1887) [=*Seramba picta] J05
    |--T. quadrimunitus (Strand 1911) [=Seramba quadrimunita] J05
    |--T. sagittatus (Hogg 1915) [=Seramba sagittata] J05
    |--T. salomonum (Strand 1913) [=Seramba salomonum] J05
    |--T. scaurus (Simon 1910) [=Seramba scaura] J05
    `--T. truculentus Karsch 1884 [=Seramba truculenta] J05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J05] Jäger, P. 2005. Seramba Thorell 1887 is a synonym of Thelcticopis Karsch 1884 (Arachnida, Araneae, Sparassidae, Sparianthinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 57–59.

Tegenaria

Giant house spider Tegenaria atrica, copyright No escape.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.

Tegenaria, the house spiders, is a cosmopolitan genus of spiders that build funnel-shaped webs. Members of this genus have plumose hairs on the body and eight eyes in two straight to moderately procurved rows.

Tegenaria Latreille 1804 MG03
    |--T. africana Lucas 1846 E12
    |--T. agrestis (Walckenaer 1802) BS02
    |--T. antipodiana White 1849 W49
    |--T. atrica K55
    |--T. derhami CM07
    |--T. dolomedes Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. domestica (Clerck 1757) BS02 [incl. Coelotes amygdaliformis Zhu & Wang 1991 WJ07]
    |--T. femoralis Simon 1873 K55
    |--T. ferruginea K55
    |--T. gigantea V09
    |--T. longipalpis Lucas 1846 E12
    |--T. nemorosa CM07
    |--T. ochracea Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. pagana Koch 1841 K55
    |--T. parietina (Fourcroy 1875) K55
    |--T. picta Simon 1870 VPB11
    |--T. saeva K55
    |--T. silvestris Koch 1872 S02
    `--T. soriculata Simon 1873 K55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS02] Baird, C. R., & R. L. Stoltz. 2002. Range expansion of the hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, in the northwestern United States (Araneae, Agelenidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 201-204.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones (R. Pinto-da-Rocha, G. Machado & G. Giribet, eds) pp. 339-373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1-60, plates 1-18.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371-394.

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29-46.

[S02] Selden, P. A. 2002. Missing links between Argyroneta and Cybaeidae revealed by fossil spiders. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 189-200.

[VPB11] Varet, M., J. Pétillon & F. Burel. 2011. Comparative responses of spider and carabid beetle assemblages along an urban-rural boundary gradient. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 236-243.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183-194.

[WJ07] Wang, X., & P. Jäger. 2007. A revision of some spiders of the subfamily Coelotinae F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1898 from China: transfers, synonymies, and new species (Arachnida, Araneae, Amaurobiidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (1): 23-49.

[W49] White, A. 1849. Descriptions of apparently new species of Aptera from New Zealand. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 17: 3-6 (reprinted 1850. Annals & Magazine of Natural History series 2, 5: 50-53).

Plectana

Plectana arcuata, copyright Arthur Anker.

Belongs within: Entelegynae.

Plectana was established by Walckenaer as a genus of orb-weaving spiders with spinose abdomens; it is no longer recognised as valid, with most species distributed between various genera of the Gasteracanthinae.

<==Plectana Walckenaer 1841 K92
    |--P. acuminata D59
    |--P. arcuata D59
    |--P. argoides Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--P. bleekeri Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--P. centrum Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--P. clavatrix Walckenaer 1841 [=Gasteracantha clavatrix; incl. G. (Tatacantha) remifera Butl. 1873] K92
    |--P. flavida Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--P. mediofusca Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--P. praetextata D59
    |--P. roseolimbata Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--P. sturii Doleschall 1857 D57
    `--P. tricolor Doleschall 1859 D59

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D57] Doleschall, C. L. 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, series 3, 3 (5–6): 399–434, pls 1–2.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

Phycosoma

Female Phycosoma martinae, copyright Akio Tanikawa.

Belongs within: Theridiidae.

Phycosoma is a cosmopolitan genus of cobweb spiders with a high, almost cylindrical carapace in the males.

Characters (from Fitzgerald & Sirvid 2004): Male carapace often very high, near cylindrical when viewed from above, marked with dorsal grooves and depressions; female carapace, if high, is only so anteriorly. Eye region often projecting beyond clypeus; clypeus often slightly concave. Chelicerae very small, without teeth; fangs long and flat. Legs 4 1 2 3, with leg 4 slightly the longest. Female palpal claw simple. Abdomen often partially covered by dorsal scutum; colulus absent. Male palp lacking a median apophysis; conductor and embolus small. Female with two pairs of seminal receptacles; epigynal opening leading to pair of ducts connecting to posterior receptacles, with second pair of ducts connecting posterior to anterior receptacles. Epigynum with small scape.

<==Phycosoma Cambridge 1879 [incl. Trigonobothrys Simon 1889] FS04
    |--*P. oecobioides Cambridge 1879 FS04
    |--P. alta (Keyserling 1886) [=Dipoena alta] FS04
    |--P. amamiensis (Yoshida 1985) FS04
    |--P. excisum (Simon 1889) [=*Trigonobothrys excisus] FS04
    |--P. flavomarginatum (Bösenberg & Strand 1906) FS04
    |--P. inornata (Cambridge 1861) [=Theridion inornatum, Dipoena inornata] FS04
    |--P. jamesi (Roberts 1979) [=Dipoena jamesi] FS04
    |--P. japonicum (Yoshida 1985) FS04
    |--P. lineatipes (Bryant 1933) [=Dipoena lineatipes] FS04
    |--P. martinae (Roberts 1983) FS04
    |--P. menustya (Roberts 1979) [=Dipoena menustya] FS04
    |--P. mustelinum (Simon 1889) FS04
    `--P. nigromaculatum (Yoshida 1987) FS04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FS04] Fitzgerald, B. M., & P. J. Sirvid. 2004. Notes on the genus Phycosoma Cambridge, 1879, senior synonym of Trigonobothrys Simon, 1889 (Theridiidae: Araneae). Tuhinga 15: 7–12.

Enoplognatha

Female Enoplognatha mordax, from Pavouci.

Belongs within: Theridiidae.

Enoplognatha is a cosmopolitan genus of cobweb spiders that commonly have patterned abdomens. Males of this genus have large spines on the front margin of the chelicerae; females have a single tooth on the hind margin of the cheliceral furrow (Wunderlich 1976).

<==Enoplognatha Pavesi 1880 W76
    |--*E. ovata (Clerck 1757) [incl. Theridion redimitum (Linnaeus 1758)] W76
    |--E. ambigua Kulczynski 1894 W76
    |--E. camtschadalica Kulczynski 1885 W76
    |--E. crucifera (Thorell 1875) [incl. E. maritima Simon 1884, E. schaufussi (Koch 1882)] W76
    |--E. deserta Levy & Amitai 1981 PO08
    |--E. diversa (Blackwall 1859) W76
    |--E. gemina Bosmans & Van Keer 1999 PO08
    |--E. hungarica Kolosvary 1934 W76
    |--E. intrepida (Sørensen 1898) PS08
    |--E. jacksoni Schenkel 1927 W76
    |--E. japonica Bösenberg & Strand 1906 W76
    |--E. macrochelis Levy & Amitai 1981 PO08
    |--E. mandibularis (Lucas 1846) [incl. E. mandibularis nigrocincta Simon 1884] W76
    |--E. marmorata (Hentz 1850) W76
    |--E. mordax (Thorell 1875) W76
    |--E. oelandica (Thorell 1875) [incl. Drepanodus corollatus Bertkau 1883, E. corollata] W76
    |--E. robusta Simon 1884 W76
    |--E. sattleri Bösenberg 1895 W76
    |--E. selma Chamberlin & Ivie 1946 W76
    |--E. serratostignata (Koch 1879) W76
    |--E. tecta (Keyserling 1884) W76
    |--E. testacea Simon 1884 W76
    |--E. thoracica (Hahn 1833) BBM02
    |--E. thoracicoides Nosek 1905 W76
    `--E. transiversifoveata (Bösenberg & Strand 1906) [=Teutana transiversifoveata] W76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[PS08] Pinzón, J., & J. Spence. 2008. Performance of two arboreal pitfall trap designs in sampling cursorial spiders from tree trunks. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 280–286.

[PO08] Pluess, T., I. Opatovsky, E. Gavish-Regev, Y. Lubin & M. H. Schmidt. 2008. Spiders in wheat fields and semi-desert in the Negev (Israel). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 368–373.

[W76] Wunderlich, J. 1976. Zur Spinnenfauna Deutschlands, XVI. Zur Kenntnis der mitteleuropäischen Arten der Gattungen Enoplognatha Pavesi und Robertus O. Pick.-Cambridge (Araneida: Theridiidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 97–112.

Robertus

Robertus lividus, from here.

Belongs within: Theridiidae.

Robertus is a primarily Holarctic genus of cobweb spiders with a plain-coloured opisthosoma. Males have only small marginal teeth on the chelicerae; females have two teeth on the rear margin of the cheliceral furrow (Wunderlich 1976). Members of this genus are commonly found in ground-level habitats such as among leaf litter, moss or grasses, or under stones.

<==Robertus Cambridge 1879 GGG04 [incl. Ctenium D90]
    |--R. arundineti (Cambridge 1871) W76
    |--R. frivaldszkyi (Chyzer 1894) W76
    |--R. grasshoffi Wunderlich 1973 W76
    |--R. insignis Pick.-Cambridge 1907 W76
    |--R. lividus (Blackwall 1836) W76
    |--R. lyrifer Holm 1939 W76
    |--R. mazaurici (Simon 1901) W76
    |--R. neglectus (Pick.-Cambridge 1871) W76
    |--R. riparius JVHN90
    |--R. scoticus Jackson 1914 [incl. R. monticola Simon 1914] W76
    |--R. truncorum (Koch 1872) W76
    `--R. ungulatus Vogelsanger 1944 [incl. R. paradoxus Miller 1967] W76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D90] Dondale, C. D. 1990. Litter Araneae (Araneida). In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 477–502. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[GGG04] Garb, J. E., A. González & R. G. Gillespie. 2004. The black widow spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae): phylogeny, biogeography, and invasion history. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 1127–1142.

[JVHN90] Jennings, D. T., W. M. Vander Haegen & A. M. Narahara. 1990. A sampling of forest-floor spiders (Araneae) by expellant, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 173–180.

[W76] Wunderlich, J. 1976. Zur Spinnenfauna Deutschlands, XVI. Zur Kenntnis der mitteleuropäischen Arten der Gattungen Enoplognatha Pavesi und Robertus O. Pick.-Cambridge (Araneida: Theridiidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 97–112.

Last updated: 25 May 2017.

Mughiphantes

Mughiphantes sp., copyright Biodiversity Institute of Ontario.

Belongs within: Linyphiidae.

Mughiphantes is a genus of small spiders in the Lepthyphantes complex.

Characters (from Tanasevitch & Saaristo 2006): Proscapus disc-like or pear-shaped, more or less thickened; scape more or less rigid, moving only at its base and only very slightly, middle part extremely short or absent.

<==Mughiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch 1999 TS06
    |--M. alticola (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes alticola] TS06
    |--M. anachoretus (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes anachoretus] TS06
    |--M. ancoriformis (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes ancoriformis] TS06
    |--M. bicornis Tanasevitch & Saaristo 2006 TS06
    |--M. cuspidatus Tanasevitch & Saaristo 2006 TS06
    |--M. falxus Tanasevitch & Saaristo 2006 TS06
    |--M. faustus (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes faustus] TS06
    |--M. inermus Tanasevitch & Saaristo 2006 TS06
    |--M. longiproper Tanasevitch & Saaristo 2006 TS06
    |--M. numilionis (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes numilionis] TS06
    |--M. occultus (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes occultus] TS06
    |--M. restrictus Tanasevitch & Saaristo 2006 TS06
    |--M. rotundatus (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes rotundatus] TS06
    |--M. setifer (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes setifer] TS06
    |--M. setosus Tanasevitch & Saaristo 2006 TS06
    |--M. sherpa (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes sherpa] TS06
    `--M. yeti (Tanasevitch 1987) [=Lepthyphantes yeti] TS06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[TS06] Tanasevitch, A. V., & M. I. Saaristo. 2006. Reassessment of the Nepalese species of the genus Lepthyphantes Menge s. l. with descriptions of new Micronetinae genera and species (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Micronetinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 11–38.

Lepthyphantes

Lepthyphantes minutus, copyright AfroBrazilian.

Belongs within: Linyphiidae.

Lepthyphantes is a diverse genus of small spiders.

Characters (from here): Legs long and thin, tibia I about 10× width; femur I without dorsal bristles; tibia I with lateral bristle; metatarsus I with dorsal bristle; tibia IV with two dorsal bristles. Embolus very short; paracymbium complex. Epigyne complex; scapus folded.

<==Lepthyphantes Menge 1866 TS06
    |--L. angulatus (Cambridge 1881) K02
    |--L. cristatus RKD02
    |--L. ericaeus (Blackwall 1853) BH02
    |--L. flavipes V09
    |--L. hamifer Simon 1884 TS06
    |--L. improbulus Simon 1979 RL11
    |--L. insignis Cambridge 1913 BH02
    |--L. leprosus V09
    |--L. luteipes (Koch 1879) MKD01
    |--L. mengei Kulczynski 1887 K02
    |--L. minutus (Blackwall 1833) SL14
    |--L. nanus SS02
    |--L. obscurus BV00
    |--L. pallidus (Cambridge 1871) BH02
    |--L. pinicola Simon 1884 TS06 [incl. L. tauricola Strand 1910 J98]
    |--L. spelaeorum Kulczynski 1914 UO05
    |--L. taczanowskii (P.-Cambridge 1873) MKD01
    |--L. tenuis (Blackwall 1852) SS02
    |--L. uzbekistanicus Tanasevitch 1983 TS06
    |--L. zebra JVHN90
    `--L. zimmermanni IR05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BV00] Bayram, A., & M. İ. Varol. 2000. Spiders active on snow in eastern Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 133–137.

[BH02] Bell, J. R., A. J. Haughton, N. D. Boatman & A. Wilcox. 2002. Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 288–297.

[IR05] Idris, A. B., & A. Rizki. 2005. Notes on the tribe Ephialtini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) of Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1–2): 111–126.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JVHN90] Jennings, D. T., W. M. Vander Haegen & A. M. Narahara. 1990. A sampling of forest-floor spiders (Araneae) by expellant, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 173–180.

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[MKD01] Marusik, Y. M., S. Koponen & S. N. Danilov. 2001. Taxonomic and faunistic notes on linyphiids of Transbaikalia and South Siberia (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 12 (2): 83–92.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[RL11] Růžička, V., V. Laška, J. Mikula & I. H. Tuf. 2011. Morphological adaptations of Porrhoma spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae) inhabiting soil. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 355–257.

[SL14] Samu, F., G. Lengyel, É. Szita, A. Bidló & P. Ódor. 2014. The effect of forest stand characteristics on spider diversity and species composition in deciduous-coniferous mixed forests. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 135–141.

[SS02] Samu, F., & C. Szinetár. 2002. On the nature of agrobiont spiders. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 389–402.

[TS06] Tanasevitch, A. V., & M. I. Saaristo. 2006. Reassessment of the Nepalese species of the genus Lepthyphantes Menge s. l. with descriptions of new Micronetinae genera and species (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Micronetinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 11–38.

[UO05] Ubick, D., & R. Ozimec. 2005. On the harvestman genus Lola Kratochvíl (Opiliones: Laniatores). Natura Croatica 14 (3): 161–174.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.