Nodosariidae

Lingulina pagoda, from Haeckel (1899-1904), via micro*scope.

Belongs within: Lagenida.
Contains: Astacolus, Lenticulina, Marginulina, Dentalina, Nodosaria, Lagena, Frondicularia.

The Lagenidae are a group of Foraminifera known from the Permian to the present. They are divided between three subfamilies, which may be distinguished by the shape of the aperture: rounded or radiate in Nodosariinae, a single elongate slit in the Lingulininae, or dentate or cribrate in the Plectofrondiculariinae. The chambers of the test are commonly arranged in a straight or arcuate series in all three subfamilies, or in an enrolled series in a number of Nodosariinae (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b, as Nodosariidae): Test free, one or more chambers in planispiral, biserial, uncoiling, curved or straight series; aperture simple, slitlike or radiate, peripheral in coiled forms, terminal in straight forms, may have apertural chamberlet, or may have elongate neck.

<==Nodosariidae [Aequilateralidae, Equilateralidae, Lagenidae, Nautiloidae, Stichostegia]
    |  i. s.: Parafissurina Parr 1947 H03, LT64b
    |           |--*P. ventricosa (Silvestri 1904) [=Lagena ventricosa, Ellipsolagena ventricosa] LT64b
    |           `--P. ovalis Todd 1957 H03
    |--Plectofrondiculariinae [Plectofrondicularinae] LT64a
    |    |--Bolivinella Cushman 1927 LT64a, C40
    |    |    `--*B. folia (Parker & Jones 1865) [=Textularia folium] LT64b
    |    |--Amphimorphina Neugeboren 1850 C40 [incl. Amphimorphinella Keijzer 1953 LT64b]
    |    |    |--*A. haueriana Neugeboren 1850 C40
    |    |    `--A. butonensis (Keijzer 1953) [=*Amphimorphinella butonensis] LT64b
    |    `--Plectofrondicularia Liebus 1902 [incl. Parafrondicularia Asano 1938] LT64b
    |         |--*P. concava Liebus 1903 C40
    |         |--P. californica C40
    |         |--P. floridana LT64b
    |         |--P. japonica (Asano 1938) [=*Parafrondicularia japonica] LT64b
    |         |--P. mexicana C40
    |         |--P. miocenica C40
    |         |--P. vaughani C40
    |         `--P. whaingaroica B49
    |--Lingulininae LT64b
    |    |--Berthelinella Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
    |    |    `--*B. paradoxa (Berthelin 1879) [=Frondicularia paradoxa] LT64b
    |    |--Daucinoides de Klasz & Rérat 1962 LT64b
    |    |    `--*D. circumtegens de Klasz & Rérat 1962 LT64b
    |    |--Ellipsocristellaria Silvestri 1920 LT64b
    |    |    `--*E. sequana (Berthelin 1880) [=Lingulinopsis sequana] LT64b
    |    |--Rimulina d’Orbigny 1826 LT64b
    |    |    `--*R. glabra d’Orbigny 1826 LT64b
    |    |--Gonatosphaera Guppy 1894 [incl. Linguloglandulina Silvestri 1903] LT64b
    |    |    |--*G. prolata Guppy 1894 LT64b
    |    |    `--G. laevigata (Silvestri 1903) [=*Linguloglandulina laevigata] LT64b
    |    |--Lingulinopsis Reuss 1860 LT64b
    |    |    |--*L. bohemica (Reuss 1846) [=Lingulina bohemica] LT64b
    |    |    `--L. carlofortensis LT64b
    |    |--Lingulonodosaria Silvestri 1903 [incl. Lingulinella Gerke 1952] LT64b
    |    |    |--*L. nodosaria (Reuss 1863) [=Lingulina nodosaria] LT64b
    |    |    `--L. arctica (Gerke 1952) [=*Lingulinella arctica] LT64b
    |    |--Mucronina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Nodomorphina Cushman 1927, Staffia Schubert 1911] LT64b
    |    |    |--*M. hasta (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Nodosaria (Mucronine) hasta] LT64b
    |    |    |--‘Nodosaria’ compressiuscula Neugeboren 1852 [=*Nodomorphina compressiuscula] LT64b
    |    |    `--M. tetragona (Costa 1855) [=Nodosaria tetragona, *Staffia tetragona] LT64b
    |    `--Lingulina Orbigny 1826 W76 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--*L. carinata d’Orbigny 1826 C40
    |         |--L. buddencanyonensis BL79
    |         |--L. dubiella (Gerke 1957) [=Frondicularia (*Frondiculina) dubiella, *Frondiculinita dubiella] LT64b
    |         |--L. loryi BL79
    |         |--L. pagoda H04
    |         |--L. strigata Wang 1976 W76
    |         |--L. tenera [incl. L. tenera var. hexogonella, L. tenera var. maxima] W76
    |         `--L. wilcoxensis C40
    `--Nodosariinae [Lageninae] G-B87
         |  i. s.: ‘Cribrella’ Gawor-Biedowa 1987 nec Agassiz 1835 nec Lütken 1857 G-B87
         |           |--*C. lacrima Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
         |           |--C. fusiformis Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
         |           `--C. ovata Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
         |         Alfredosilvestris Andersen 1961 LT64b
         |           `--*A. levinsoni Andersen 1961 LT64b
         |         Astacolus LT64b
         |         Austrocolomia Oberhauser 1960 LT64b
         |           `--*A. marschalli Oberhauser 1960 LT64b
         |         Chrysalogonium Schubert 1907 LT64b
         |           |--*C. polystoma (Schwager 1866) [=Nodosaria polystoma] LT64b
         |           `--C. cretaceum C40
         |         Citharina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |           |--*C. strigillata (Reuss 1846) [=Vaginulina (*Citharina) strigillata] LT64b
         |           |--C. colliezi (Terquem 1866) [=Marginulina colliezi, *Pseudocitharina colliezi] LT64b
         |           |--C. discors LT64b
         |           |--C. gracilana M08
         |           |--C. inaequistriata (Terquem 1864) [=Marginulina inaequistriata, *Saccularia inaequistriata] LT64b
         |           |--‘*Hybridina’ obliqua Kübler & Zwingli 1866 LT64b
         |           `--‘*Pseudovaginulina’ oxyacantha Wedekind 1937 LT64b
         |         Citharinella Marie 1938 LT64b
         |           |--*C. karreri (Berthelin 1880) [=Flabellina karreri] LT64b
         |           `--C. tarrantensis LT64b
         |         Cribrorobulina Thalmann 1947 LT64b
         |           `--*C. serpens (Seguenza 1880) [=Robulina serpens] LT64b
         |         Dentalinoides Marie 1941 LT64b
         |           `--*D. canulina Marie 941 LT64b
         |         Dentalinopsis Reuss 1860 LT64b
         |           `--*D. semitriquetra Reuss 1860 LT64b
         |         Dimorphina d’Orbigny 1826 [=Glandulodimorphina Silvestri 1901] LT64b
         |           `--*D. tuberosa d’Orbigny 1826 [=*Glandulodimorphina tuberosa] LT64b
         |         Dyofrondicularia Asano 1936 LT64b
         |           `--*D. nipponica Asano 1936 C40
         |         Flabellinella Schubert 1900 LT64b
         |           |--*F. tetschensis (Matouschek 1895) [=Frondicularia tetschensis] LT64b
         |           `--F. zittelliana C40
         |         Involutaria Gerke 1957 LT64b
         |           `--*I. triassica Gerke 1957 LT64b
         |         Kyphopyxa Cushman 1929 LT64b
         |           `--*K. christneri (Carsey 1926) [=Frondicularia christneri] LT64b
         |         Lagenoglandulina Silvestri 1923 LT64b
         |           `--*L. subovata (Stache 1865) [=Glandulina subovata] LT64b
         |         Lankesterina Loeblich & Tappan 1961 LT64b
         |           `--*L. frondea (Cushman 1922) [=Bolivina frondea, Polymorphina frondea] LT61
         |         Marginulinopsis Silvestri 1904 LT64b
         |           `--*M. densicostata Thalmann 1937 LT64b
         |         Neoflabellina Bartenstein 1948 [=Flabellina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 non Voigt 1834] LT64b
         |           |--*N. rugosa (d’Orbigny 1840) LT64b [=*Flabellina rugosa LT64b, Palmula rugosa C40]
         |           `--N. reticulata G-B87
         |         Orthomorphina Stainforth 1952 LT64b
         |           `--*O. havanensis (Cushman & Bermudez 1937) [=Nodogenerina havanensis] LT64b
         |         Palmula Lea 1833 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |           |--*P. sagittaria Lea 1833 C40
         |           |--‘*Planularia’ elliptica Nilsson 1826 LT64b
         |           |--‘*Frondiculina’ obliqua von Münster 1838 LT64b
         |           |--P. reticulata C40
         |           `--P. tenuistriata (Franke 1936) [=Flabellina tenuistriata, *Falsopalmula tenuistriata] LT64b
         |         Pandaglandulina Loeblich & Tappan 1955 [=Pandoglandulina (l. c.)] LT64b
         |           `--*P. dinapolii Loeblich & Tappan 1955 LT64b
         |         Planularia Defrance in de Blainville 1826 [incl. Megathyra Ehrenberg 1843] LT64b
         |           |--*P. auris (Defrance 1824) [=Peneroplis auris] LT64b
         |           |--P. advena C40
         |           |--P. crepidula M62
         |           `--‘*Megathyra’ planularia Ehrenberg 1843 LT64b
         |         Pseudarcella Spandel 1909 LT64b [=Arpseudacelloum Rhumbler 1913 LT64b, Pseudoarcella (l. c.) H75]
         |           |--*P. rhumbleri Spandel 1909 H75
         |           |--P. campanula LT64b
         |           |--P. feugueuri LT64b
         |           `--P. patella LT64b
         |         Pseudonodosaria Boomgaart 1949 [incl. Rectoglandulina Loeblich & Tappan 1955] LT64b
         |           |--*P. discreta (Reuss 1850) [=Glandulina discreta] LT64b
         |           |--P. appressa (Loeblich & Tappan 1955) [=*Rectoglandulina appressa] LT64b
         |           |--P. humilis BL79
         |           `--P. obesa G-B87
         |         Pseudotristix Miklukho-Maklay 1960 LT64b
         |           `--*P. tcherdynzevi (Miklukho-Maklay 1960) [=Tristix (*Pseudotristix) tcherdynzevi] LT64b
         |         Tentifrons Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
         |           `--*T. barnardi Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
         |         Tribrachia Schubert 1912 LT64b
         |           `--*T. inelegans Loeblich & Tappan 1950 LT64b
         |         Vaginulinopsis Silvestri 1904 LT64b
         |           |--*V. carinata (Silvestri 1898) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |           |--V. hochstetteri B49
         |           `--V. soluta (Silvestri 1898) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |--Saracenaria Defrance in de Blainville 1824 [incl. Hemirobulina Stache 1865, Saracenella Franke 1936] LT64b
         |    |--*S. italica Defrance 1824 C40
         |    |--S. akitaensis Iwasa & Kikuchi 1954 H03
         |    |--S. angularis JW99
         |    |--‘*Hemirobulina’ arcuatula Stache 1865 LT64b
         |    |--S. spinosa BL79
         |    |--S. triangularis M08
         |    `--S. trigona (Terquem 1866) C40, LT64b [=Marginulina trigona LT64b, *Saracenella trigona C40]
         `--+--Lenticulina C40
            `--+--Amphicoryna Schlumberger in Milne-Edwards 1881 C40, LT64b (see below for synonymy)
               |    |--A. scalaris (Batsch 1791) LT64b (see below for synonymy)
               |    |--‘*Plesiocorine’ edwardsi Schlumberger 1882 LT64b
               |    |--‘*Vaginoglandulina’ laevigata Silvestri 1906 LT64b
               |    `--A. separans (Brady 1884) [=Nodosaria scalaris var. separans, *Lagenonodosaria separans] LT64b
               |--+--Marginulina C40
               |  `--+--Dentalina C40
               |     `--+--Nodosaria C40
               |        `--Lagena C40
               `--+--Frondicularia C40
                  `--Vaginulina d’Orbigny 1826 C40 [=Vaginula Risso 1826 LT64b, Vaginulinella (l. c.) LT64b]
                       |--*V. legumen (Linné 1758) [=Nautilus legumen, *Vaginula legumen] LT64b
                       |--V. directa M08
                       |--V. elegans B49
                       |--V. kochii [incl. V. kochii var. striolata] C40
                       |--V. midwayana QS03
                       |--V. patens C40
                       `--V. webbervillensis C40

Nomen nudum: Plectofrondicularia proparri Battey 1949 B49

Amphicoryna Schlumberger in Milne-Edwards 1881 C40, LT64b [=Amphicoryne Brady 1884 LT64b, Amphycorina (l. c.) LT64b; incl. Lagenonodosaria Silvestri 1900 LT64b, Nodosariopsis Silvestri 1902 non Rzehak 1895 LT64b, Plesiocorine Schlumberger in Milne-Edwards 1882 LT64b, Plesiocoryna (l. c.) LT64b, Vaginoglandulina Silvestri 1906 LT64b]

Amphicoryna scalaris (Batsch 1791) LT64b [=Nautilus scalaris LT64b, Lagenonodosaria scalaris B49; incl. Marginulina falx Jones & Parker 1860 LT64b, *Amphicoryna falx LT64b, *Nodosariopsis falx LT64b]

Citharina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 [=Cytharina (l. c.); incl. Hybridina Kübler & Zwingli 1866, Pseudocitharina Payard 1947, Pseudovaginulina Wedekind 1937, Saccularia Wedekind 1937] LT64b

Lingulina Orbigny 1826 W76 [incl. Frondiculina Gerke 1957 nec Lamarck 1816 nec Muenster 1835 LT64b, Frondiculinita Gerke 1961 LT64b]

Palmula Lea 1833 [incl. Falsopalmula Bartenstein 1948, Frondiculina von Münster in Roemer 1838 non Lamarck 1816, Phalsopalmula Agalarova 1960, Planularia Nilsson 1826 non Defrance 1826] LT64b

*Vaginulinopsis carinata (Silvestri 1898) [=Vaginulina soluta var. carinata, Vaginulinopsis inversa var. carinata] LT64b

Vaginulinopsis soluta (Silvestri 1898) [=Vaginulina soluta; incl. Marginulina inversa Costa 1856 non Neugeboren 1851, Vaginulinopsis inversa] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G-B87] Gawor-Biedowa, E. 1987. New benthic foraminifers from the Late Cretaceous of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32 (1–2): 49–72.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea. Supplement 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2^nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT61] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1961. Remarks on the systematics of the Sarkodina (Protozoa), renamed homonyms and new and validated genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 213–234.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M08] McMillan, I. K. 2008. Reappraisal of foraminiferal assemblages of the Santonia-Campanian Mzamba Formation type section, and their correlation with the stratigraphic succession of the KwaZulu Basin. African Natural History 4: 25–34.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[QS03] Quattrocchio, M. E., & W. A. S. Sarjeant. 2003. Dinoflagellates from the Chorrillo Chico Formation (Paleocene) of southern Chile. Ameghiniana 40 (2): 129–153.

[W76] Wang K. 1976. The foraminifera from the Changhsing Formation in western Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 15 (2): 187–195.

Glandulinidae

Specimen of Oolina, from Foraminifera.eu.

Belongs within: Lagenida.

The Glandulinidae are a group of forams known from from the Jurassic to the present, characterised by the presence of a simple internal tube behind the terminal aperture (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test unilocular or with chambers in biserial, uniserial or polymorphine arrangement; aperture terminal, radial or slitlike, with simple, straight or curved internal (entosolenian) tube.

<==Glandulinidae
    |--Seabrookia Brady 1890 C40 [incl. Cerviciferina Goddard & Jensen 1907 C40; Seabrookiinae LT64a]
    |    |--*S. pellucida Brady 1890 C40
    |    `--‘*Cerviciferina’ hilli Goddard & Jensen 1907 LT64b
    |--Oolininae S-VC91
    |    |--Fissurina Reuss 1850 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
    |    |    |--*F. laevigata Reuss 1850 [=*Ellipsofissurina laevigata, *Hyaleina laevigata] LT64b
    |    |    |--‘Lagena’ acutissima Fornasini 1890 [=*Ellipsolagena acutissima] LT64b
    |    |    |--‘Ellipsolagena’ apiculata C40
    |    |    |--F. bradyformata S05
    |    |    |--F. lucida (Williamson 1848) [=Entosolenia marginata var. lucida] H03
    |    |    |--F. marginata (Montagu 1808) [=Vermiculum marginatum] H03
    |    |    |--‘*Trigonulina’ oblonga Seguenza 1862 LT64b
    |    |    `--F. orbignyana Seguenza 1862 S-VC91
    |    `--Oolina d’Orbigny 1839 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
    |         |--*O. laevigata d’Orbigny 1839 LT64b
    |         |--O. acuticosta (Seguenza 1862) [=*Obliquina acuticosta] LT64b
    |         |--O. apiculata Reuss 1851 [=Lagena (*Reussoolina) apiculata] LT64b
    |         |--‘Vermiculum’ globosum Montagu 1803 LT64b [=*Entolagena globosa LT64b, Entosolenia globosa]
    |         |--O. lineata (Williamson 1848) [=*Entosolenia apiculata] LT64b
    |         |--O. marginata LT64a
    |         |--‘Entosolenia’ orbignyana C40
    |         |--‘*Cenchridium’ sphaerula Ehrenberg 1845 LT64b
    |         |--‘Entosolenia’ staphyllearia C40
    |         |--O. striatopunctata LT64b
    |         `--‘*Lagenulina’ sulcata Terquem 1876 LT64b
    `--Glandulininae LT64b
         |--Dainita Loeblich & Tappan 1964 [=Mariella Dain in Bykova et al. 1958 non Nowak 1916] LT64b
         |    `--*D. sibirica (Dain in Bykova et al. 1958) [=*Mariella sibirica] LT64b
         |--Entolingulina Loeblich & Tappan 1961 LT64b
         |    `--*E. aselliformis (Buchner 1942) [=Lingulina aselliformis] LT64b
         |--Esosyrinx Loeblich & Tappan 1953 LT64b
         |    `--*E. curta (Cushman & Ozawa 1930) [=Pseudopolymorphina curta] LT64b
         |--Globulotuba Collins 1958 LT64b
         |    `--*G. entosoleniformis Collins 1958 LT64b
         |--Laryngosigma Loeblich & Tappan 1953 LT64b
         |    `--*L. hyalascidia Loeblich & Tappan 1953 LT64b
         |--Oolitella Makiyama & Nakagawa 1941 LT64b
         |    `--*O. irregularis Makiyama & Nakgawa 1941 LT64b
         |--Siphonoglobulina Parr 1950 LT64b
         |    `--*S. siphonifera Parr 1950 LT64b
         |--Tristix Macfadyen 1941 [incl. Quadratina Ten Dam 1946, Tricarinella Ten Dam & Schijfsma 1945] LT64b
         |    |--*T. liasina (Berthelin 1879) [=Rhabdogonium liasinum] LT64b
         |    |--‘*Quadratina’ depressula Ten Dam 1946 LT64b
         |    |--‘Rhabdogonium’ excavatum Reuss 1863 [=*Tricarinella excavata] LT64b
         |    `--T. reesidei LT64b
         `--Glandulina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--*G. laevigata (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Nodosaria (Glanduline) laevigata, *Atractolina laevigata] LT64b
              |--G. antarctica PHT13
              |--G. aperta B49
              |--G. deformis Costa 1853 [=Dimorphina deformis, Ellipsopolymorphina deformis] LT64b
              |--‘*Psecadium’ ellipticum Neugeboren 1856 LT64b
              |--‘*Encorycium’ nodosaria Ehrenberg 1858 LT64b
              `--G. symmetrica JW99

Glandulinidae incertae sedis:
  ‘Lingulina’ armata Sidebottom 1907 LT61
  ‘Lingulina bicarinata f.’ nasuta Buchner 1942] LT61
  ‘Lingulina carinata var.’ biloculi Wright 1911 LT61
  ‘Lingulina’ cornigera Buchner 1942 LT61
  ‘Lingulina’ cucullifera Buchner 1942 LT61
  ‘Lingulina’ falcata Heron-Allen & Earland 1932 LT61
  ‘Lingulina’ herdmanni Chaster 1892 LT61
  ‘Lingulina’ inarimensis Buchner 1942 LT61
  ‘Lingulina’ lagenoides Buchner 1942 LT61
  ‘Lingulina’ translucida Heron-Allen & Earland 1932 LT61
  ‘Lingulina’ tubulata Buchner 1942 LT61

Fissurina Reuss 1850 [=Ellipsofissurina Silvestri 1923, Hyaleina Costa 1856; incl. Ellipsolagena Silvestri 1923, Trigonulina Seguenza 1862 non d’Orbigny 1846] LT64b

Glandulina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 [=Atractolina von Schlicht 1870; incl. Encorycium Ehrenberg 1858, Psecadium Neugeboren 1856] LT64b

Oolina d’Orbigny 1839 [=Ovulina Ehrenberg 1845; incl. Cenchridium Ehrenberg 1845, Entolagena Silvestri 1900, Entosalenia Parker & Jones 1857, Entosolenia Williamson 1848, Lagenulina Terquem 1876, Obliquina Seguenza 1862, Reussoolina Colom 1956] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT61] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1961. Remarks on the systematics of the Sarkodina (Protozoa), renamed homonyms and new and validated genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 213–234.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PHT13] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann & J. Tyszka. 2013. New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropalaeontology 100: 1–10.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Polymorphinidae

Opposite sides and top view of Sigmomorphina spatula, from Loeblich & Tappan (1964b).

Belongs within: Lagenida.

The Polymorphinidae are a group of multichambered forams known from the Triassic to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test multilocular, chambers in spiral or sigmoidal coil about longitudinal axis of growth, or biserial or uniserial, typically somewhat overlapping; aberrant forms may be irregular and attached; apertures all develop in same direction, terminal, radiate.

<==Polymorphinidae
    |--Ramulininae LT64b
    |    |--Ramulinella Paalzow 1932 LT64b
    |    |    `--*R. suevica Paalzow 1932 LT64b
    |    |--Sporadogenerina Cushman 1927 LT64b
    |    |    `--S. proteiformis (Flint 1899) [=Ramulina proteiformis; incl. *S. flintii Cushman 1927] LT64b
    |    |--Washitella Tappan 1943 LT64b
    |    |    `--*W. typica Tappan 1943 LT64b
    |    `--Ramulina Jones in Wright 1875 C40
    |         |--*R. laevis Jones in Wright 1875 C04
    |         |--R. aculeata [=Dentalina aculeata] LT64b
    |         `--R. globulifera C40
    |--Webbinellinae LT64a
    |    |--Webbinella Rhumbler 1904 [=Arwebbinum Rhumbler 1913] LT64b
    |    |    `--*W. hemisphaerica (Jones, Parker & Brady 1865) [=Trochammina (Webbina) irregularis hemisphaerica] LT64b
    |    |--Histopomphus Loeblich & Tappan 1949 LT64b
    |    |    `--*H. redriverensis (Tappan 1943) [=Globulina redriverensis] LT64b
    |    |--Vitriwebbina Chapman 1892 LT64b
    |    |    `--*V. sollasi Chapman 1892 LT64b
    |    `--Bullopora Quenstedt 1856 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
    |         |--*B. rostrata Quenstedt 1856 C40
    |         |--B. breoni (Terquem & Piette in Terquem 1862) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
    |         |--B. irregularis (d’Orbigny 1850) [=Webbina irregularis, *Arperneroum irregulare] LT64b
    |         `--B. laevis C40
    `--Polymorphininae C40
         |  i. s.: Enantiomorphina Marie 1941 LT64b
         |           `--*E. lemoinei Marie 1941 LT64b
         |         Falsoguttulina Bartenstein & Brand 1949 LT64b
         |           `--*F. wolburgi Bartenstein & Brand 1949 LT64b
         |         Globulina d’Orbigny in De la Sagra 1839 [incl. Aulostomella Alth 1850] LT64b
         |           |--*G. gibba (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Polymorphina (Globuline) gibba, Guttulina (*Globulina) gibba] LT64b
         |           |--G. arenacea Brotzen 1948 LT64a
         |           |--G. inaequalis C40
         |           `--‘*Aulostomella’ pediculus Alth 1850 LT64b
         |         Paradentalina Uchio 1960 LT64b
         |           `--*P. muraii (Uchio 1953) [=Enantiodentalina muraii] LT64b
         |         Pyrulina d’Orbigny in De la Sagra 1839 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |           |--*P. gutta (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Polymorphina (Pyruline) gutta] LT64b
         |           |--P. cylindroides C40
         |           |--P. fusiformis C40
         |           `--‘Polymorphina’ lanceolata Reuss 1851 [=*Pyrulinella lanceolata] LT64b
         |         Pyrulinoides Marie 1941 LT64b
         |           `--*P. acuminata (d’Orbigny 1840) [=Pyrulina acuminata] LT64b
         |         Sagoplecta Tappan 1951 LT64b
         |           `--*S. goniata Tappan 1951 LT64b
         |         Tobolia Dain in Bykova et al. 1958 LT64b
         |           `--*T. veronikae Dain in Bykova et al. 1958 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |--Glandulopleurostomella Silvestri 1903 G-B87 [incl. Paleopolymorphina Cushman & Ozawa 1930 C40]
         |    |--*G. subcylindrica (Hantken 1875) [=Polymorphina subcylindrica] LT64b
         |    |--G. pleurostomelloides (Franke 1928) G-B87 (see below for synonymy)
         |    `--‘Paleopolymorphina’ rara Vassilenko 1961 G-B87
         |--Eoguttulina Cushman & Ozawa 1930 C40
         |    |--*E. anglica Cushman & Ozawa 1930 C40
         |    `--E. polygona C40
         |--Spirofrondicularia Schubert 1902 LT64b [incl. Quadrulina Cushman & Ozawa 1930 C40, LT64b]
         |    |--*S. frondicularioides (Chapman 1894) [=Polymorphina frondicularioides] LT64b
         |    |--‘Quadrulina’ lagenalis C40
         |    `--‘Polymorphina’ rhabdogonoides Chapman 1894 [=*Quadrulina rhabdogonoides] LT64b
         `--+--Pseudopolymorphina Cushman & Ozawa 1928 C40
            |    |--*P. hanzawai Cushman & Ozawa 1928 C04
            |    |--P. atlantica LT64a
            |    |--P. jonesi C40
            |    |--P. rutila C40
            |    `--P. tasmanica Parr & Collins 1937 Q72
            |--Guttulina d’Orbigny in De la Sagra 1839 C40 [incl. Sigmomorpha Cushman & Ozawa 1928 LT64b]
            |    |--*G. communis (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Polymorphina (Guttuline) communis] LT64b
            |    |--G. cuspidata M08
            |    |--G. lactea M62
            |    |--G. problema C40
            |    |--G. pulchella C40
            |    |--G. sadoensis (Cushman & Ozawa 1928) [=*Sigmomorpha sadoensis] LT64b
            |    `--G. trigonula M08
            `--+--Sigmomorphina Cushman & Ozawa 1928 C40 (see below for synonymy)
               |    |--*S. yokoyamai (Cushman & Ozawa 1928) [=Sigmomorpha (*Sigmomorphina) yokoyamai] LT64b
               |    |--S. frondiculariformis C40
               |    |--S. parisiensis Rouvillois 1960 [=S. (*Sigmomorphinoides) parisiensis] LT64b
               |    |--S. pseudoregularis C40
               |    |--S. semitecta [incl. S. semitecta var. terquemiana] C40
               |    |--S. spatula (Lalicker 1950) [=*Ellisina spatula, *Pealerina spatula] LT64b
               |    |--S. williamsoni M62
               |    `--S. wynyardensis Parr & Collins 1937 Q72
               `--+--Sigmoidella Cushman & Ozawa 1928 C04 [incl. Sigmoidina Cushman & Ozawa 1928 LT64b]
                  |    |--*S. kagaensis Cushman & Ozawa 1928 C04
                  |    |--S. elegantissima C40
                  |    `--S. pacifica Cushman & Ozawa 1928 [=S. (*Sigmoidina) pacifica] LT64b
                  `--Polymorphina d’Orbigny 1826 C40 (see below for synonymy)
                       |--*P. burdigalensis d’Orbigny 1826 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
                       |--P. charlottensis C40
                       `--P. complanata C40

Polymorphinidae incertae sedis:
  Misilus de Montfort 1808 C40, LT64b
    `--*M. aquatifer de Montfort 1808 LT64b
  Apiopterina Zborzewski 1834 (n. d.) LT64b
    `--*A. orbignyi Zborzewski 1834 LT64b
  Raphanulina Zborzewski 1834 (n. d.) LT64b
    `--*R. humboldtii Zborzewski 1834 LT64b
  ‘Diplostoma’ Ebensberger 196 nec Rafinesque 1817 nec de Fromentel 1860 (n. d.) LT64b
    `--*D. siamesia Ebensberger 1962 (n. d.) LT64b
  Arethusa de Montfort 1808 (n. d.) LT64b
    `--*A. corymbosa de Montfort 1808 LT64b

Nomina nuda: Polymorphina labiata [=Ellipsopleurostomella labiata] LT64b
             Polymorphina nodosa Battey 1949 B49

Bullopora Quenstedt 1856 [incl. Arperneroum Rhumbler 1913, Arplacopsum Rhumbler 1913, Placopsum Rhumbler 1913] LT64b

Bullopora breoni (Terquem & Piette in Terquem 1862) [=Webbina breoni, *Arplacopsum breoni, *Placopsum breoni] LT64b

Glandulopleurostomella pleurostomelloides (Franke 1928) G-B87 [=Polymorphina pleurostomelloides G-B87, *Paleopolymorphina pleurostomelloides C40]

Polymorphina d’Orbigny 1826 C40 [=Glandulopolymorphina Silvestri 1901 LT64b, Rostrolina von Schlicht 1870 LT64b]

*Polymorphina burdigalensis d’Orbigny 1826 [=*Glandulopolymorphina burdigalensis, *Rostrolina burdigalensis] LT64b

Pyrulina d’Orbigny in De la Sagra 1839 [=Pirulina Bronn & Roemer 1853; incl. Pyrulinella Cushman & Ozawa 1928] LT64b

Sigmomorphina Cushman & Ozawa 1928 C40 [incl. Ellisina Lalicker 1950 non Norman 1903 LT64b, Pealerina Lalicker in Thalmann 1950 LT64b, Sigmomorphinoides Rouvillois 1960 LT64b]

*Tobolia veronikae Dain in Bykova et al. 1958 [=T. veronica Bykova, Dain & Fursenko in Rauzer-Chernousova & Fursenko 1959] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G-B87] Gawor-Biedowa, E. 1987. New benthic foraminifers from the Late Cretaceous of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32 (1–2): 49–72.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M08] McMillan, I. K. 2008. Reappraisal of foraminiferal assemblages of the Santonia-Campanian Mzamba Formation type section, and their correlation with the stratigraphic succession of the KwaZulu Basin. African Natural History 4: 25–34.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

Lagenida

Longitudinal section of Syzrania pulchra, from Groves et al. (2003).

Belongs within: Foraminifera.
Contains: Nodosariidae, Polymorphinidae, Glandulinidae, Geinitzinidae.

The Lagenida are a group of foraminifera with a low-magnesium, calcitic secreted test that is monolamellar and radial (Groves et al. 2004) They first appeared in the middle late Carboniferous, though they did not become prominent until the Middle Permian (Grobes et al. 2003).

<==Lagenida [Lagenina, Nodosariata, Syzraniidae]
    |--Syzrania Reitlinger 1950 GAR03
    |    |--*S. bella Reitlinger 1950 [=Earlandia bella] LT64
    |    |--S. amazonica Atliner & Savini 1997 GAR03
    |    |--S. grovesi Altiner & Savini 1997 GAR03
    |    `--S. pulchra Kireeva 1958 GAR03
    `--+--Tezaquina Vachard 1980 [incl. Syzranella] GAR03
       |    `--*T. clivuli Vachard 1980 GAR03
       |--Amphoratheca Mamet & Pinard 1992 GAR03
       |    `--A. iniqua Mamet & Pinard 1992 GAR03
       `--+--Geinitzinidae GAR03
          `--Protonodosariidae GAR03
               |--Frondina Sellier de Civrieux & Dessauvagie 1965 GRA04
               |--Tauridia Sellier de Civrieux & Dessauvagie 1965 GRA04
               `--Protonodosaria Gerke 1959 GAR03
                    |--*P. proceraformis (Gerke 1952) GRA04 [=Nodosaria proceraformis LT64]
                    |--P. praecursor (Rauser-Chernousva 1949) GRA04
                    `--P. rauserae Gerke 1959 GAR03

Lagenida incertae sedis:
  Polarisella Mamet & Pinard 1992 GAR03
    `--*P. blindensis Mamet & Pinard 1992 GAR03
  Nodosariacea [Enclinostegia, Lagenicae, Lagenidea, Nodosalidia, Titanostichostegia] S-VC91
    |--Nodosariidae LT64
    |--Polymorphinidae LT64
    `--Glandulinidae S-VC91
  Nodosinellidae [Nodosinellida, Nodosinellinae] LT64
    |--Frondilina Bykova 1952 LT64
    |    `--*F. devexis Bykova 1952 LT64
    |--Hipporina Bykova in Bykova & Polenova 1955 [=Hypporina (l. c.)] LT64
    |    `--*H. hastila Bykova in Bykova & Polenova 1955 LT64
    |--Lunucammina Spandel 1898 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--*L. permiana (Spandel 1898) [=Geinitzella (*Lunucammina) permiana] LT64
    |    |--‘*Eogeinitzina’ devonica Lipina 1950 LT64
    |    |--L. excavata (Cushman & Waters 1928) [=*Spandelina excavata] LT64
    |    |--L. orientalis (Miklukho-Maklay 1954) [=*Neogeinitzina orientalis] LT64
    |    `--L. perforata (Lange 1925) [=*Padangia perforata] LT64
    `--Nodosinella Brady 1876 (n. d.) GRA04 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*N. digitata Brady 1876 GRA04 [=*Arnodosinum digitatum LT64]
         |--‘*Monogenerina’ atava Spandel 1901 LT64
         |--‘*Eonodosaria’ evlanensis Lipina 1950 LT64
         |--N. glennensis C40
         |--N. measpis (Bykova 1952) [=*Tikhinella measpis] LT64
         `--N. nodosariformis (Cushman & Waters 1928) [=Spandelina (*Spandelinoides) nodosariformis] LT64
  Olympina Reichel 1946 GRA04
    `--*O. insolita Reichel 1945 LT64
  Colaniellidae [Colaniellinae] GRA04
    |--Multiseptida Bykova 1952 LT64
    |    `--*M. corallina Bykova 1952 LT64
    `--Colaniella Licharev 1939 W76 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*C. parva (Colani 1924) [=*Pyramis parva] LT64
         |--C. cylindrica M.-Maclay 1954 W76
         |--C. nana M.-Maclay 1954 W76
         `--C. ussuriensis (Sosnina in Kiparisova et al. 1956) [=*Wanganella ussuriensis] LT64

Colaniella Licharev 1939 W76 [=Pyramis Colani 1924 nec Röding 1798 nec Schumacher 1817 LT64; incl. Wanganella Sosnina in Kiparisova et al. 1956 LT64]

Lunucammina Spandel 1898 (n. d.) [incl. Eogeinitzina Lipina 1950, Neogeinitzina Miklukho-Maklay 1954, Padangia Lange 1925 nec Babor 1900 nec Werner 1924, Spandelina Cushman & Waters 1928] LT64

Nodosinella Brady 1876 (n. d.) GRA04 [=Arnodosinum Rhumbler 1913 LT64; incl. Eonodosaria Lipina 1950 LT64, Monogenerina Spandel 1901 LT64, Spandelinoides Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64, Tikhinella Bykova 1952 LT64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[GAR03] Groves, J. R., D. Altiner & R. Rettori. 2003. Origin and early evolutionary radiation of the order Lagenida (Foraminifera). Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 831–843.

[GRA04] Groves, J. R., R. Rettori & D. Altiner. 2004. Wall structures in selected Paleozoic lagenide Foraminifera. Journal of Paleontology 78: 245–256.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[W76] Wang K. 1976. The foraminifera from the Changhsing Formation in western Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 15 (2): 187–195.

Geinitzinidae

Longitudinal section of Pachyphloia ovata under plane-polarised light, from Groves et al. (2004).

Belongs within: Lagenida.

The Geinitzinidae are a group of uniserial foraminifera known from the Late Carboniferous and Permian, with an ancestrally atelo-monolamellar (i.e. lacking secondary lamellarity), hyaline-radial wall structure. In the derived genus Pachyphloia, the wall becomes plesio-monolamellar, with secondary lamellae enveloping some but not all previous chambers (Groves et al. 2003).

<==Geinitzinidae
    |--Vervilleina Groves in Groves & Boardman 1999 GAR03
    |    `--V. bradyi (Spandel 1901) GAR03
    |--Nodosinelloides Mamet & Pinard 1992 GAR03
    |    |--N. netschajewi (Cherdyntsev 1914) GAR03
    |    |--N. pinardae Groves & Wahlmann 1997 GRA04
    |    `--N. ronda (Lipina 1949) GAR03
    `--+--Geinitzina Spandel 1901 GAR03 [=Geinitzella Spandel 1898 non Waagen & Wentzel 1866 LT64]
       |    |--‘Textularia’ jonesi Brady 1876 (see below for synonymy) LT64
       |    |--G. ciscoensis C40
       |    |--G. postcarbonica Spandel 1901 GAR03 [incl. G. triangularis F71]
       |    `--G. tcherdynzevi Miklukho-Maclay 1954 W76
       `--+--Howchinella Palmieri in Foster et al. 1985 GAR03
          |    |--*H. woodwardi (Howchin 1895) [=Frondicularia woodwardi] GAR03
          |    `--‘Geinitzina’ caseyi Crespin 1958 GAR03
          `--Pachyphloia Lange 1925 GAR03 (see below for synonymy)
               |--*P. ovata Lange 1925 LT64
               |--P. asymmetrica (Miklukho-Maklay 1954) [=*Parapachyphloia asymmetrica] LT64
               |--P. cukurkoyi Sellier de Civrieux & Dessauvagie 1965 GRA04
               |--P. depressa (Miklukho-Maklay 1954) [=*Parageinitzina depressa] LT64
               |--P. gefoensis (Miklukho-Maklay 1953) [=*Parapermodiscus gefoensis] LT64
               |--P. magna (Miklukho-Maklay 1954) [=*Pseudogeinitzina magna] LT64
               `--P. pigmobesa Wang 1976 W76

Pachyphloia Lange 1925 GAR03 [incl. Parageinitzina Miklukho-Maklay 1954 LT64, Parapachyphloia Miklukho-Maklay 1954 LT64, Parapermodiscus Miklukho-Maklay 1953 LT64, Pseudogeinitzina Miklukho-Maklay 1954 LT64; Pachyphloiidae]

‘Textularia’ jonesi Brady 1876 [=Lunucammina jonesi; incl. Textularia cuneiformis Jones in King 1850 non d’Orbigny 1876, *Geinitzella cuneiformis, *Geinitzina cuneiformis] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use (3^rd ed.) Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[GAR03] Groves, J. R., D. Altiner & R. Rettori. 2003. Origin and early evolutionary radiation of the order Lagenida (Foraminifera). Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 831-843.

[GRA04] Groves, J. R., R. Rettori & D. Altiner. 2004. Wall structures in selected Paleozoic lagenide Foraminifera. Journal of Paleontology 78: 245-256.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. C. Protista 2, vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[W76] Wang K. 1976. The foraminifera from the Changhsing Formation in western Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 15 (2): 187-195.