Colchicaceae

Male (left) and female plants of Wurmbea dioica, copyright Murray Fagg.

Belongs within: Liliales.

The Colchicaceae are a family of perennial herbs growing from corms or rhizomes.

Characters (from here): Colchicine alkaloid present, flavones present, steroidal saponins absent; raphides absent; cuticular wax with parallel platelets; leaves conduplicate, blade with midrib (occasionally absent), base sheathing; inflorescence various, flowers axillary; tepals towards base U-shaped and folded around each stamen in bud, connate or not, sexine thick; styluli present, or style ± branched, or stigma with recurved lobes, wet or dry; ovules 2-many/carpel, ± ascending, orientation various, micropyle bistomal; antipodal cells multinucleate; capsule septicidal; seeds rounded, strophiole, sarcotesta or aril present; phlobaphene present; embryo small; chromosomes 1-16 µm long; cotyledon photosynthetic or not, bifacial (occasionally ligulate).

<==Colchicaceae
    |--Burchardia DS04
    |    |--B. congesta GK00
    |    |--B. monantha GK00
    |    |--B. multiflora DS04
    |    `--B. umbellata DS04
    `--+--Schelhammera multiflora DS04
       `--Wurmbea DS04
            |--W. dioica GK00
            |    |--W. d. ssp. dioica GK00
            |    `--W. d. ssp. alba GK00
            `--W. odorata KM08

Colchicaceae incertae sedis:
  Ornithoglossum calcicola P01, CV06
  Littonia P01
  Sandersonia P01
  Gloriosa superba P01, NDG98
  Colchicum P01
    |--C. autumnale Linnaeus 1753 HE80
    |--C. baytopiorum P01
    |--C. boissieri P01
    |--C. eichleri P01
    |--C. hierosolymitanum P01
    |--C. leptanthum Persson 2001 P01
    |--C. minutum P01
    |--C. munzurense Persson 1999 P01
    |--C. psaridis P01
    |--C. rausii P01
    |--C. serpentinum [incl. C. tauri] P01
    |--C. sieheanum P01
    |--C. soboliferum P01
    |--C. szovitsii P01
    `--C. trigynum P01
  Androcymbium exiguum CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[NDG98] Neal, P. R., A. Dafni & M. Giurfa. 1998. Floral symmetry and its role in plant-pollinator systems: terminology, distribution, and hypotheses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 345–373.

[P01] Persson, K. 2001. A new soboliferous species of Colchicum in Turkey. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 135 (1): 85–88.

Disporum

Rough-fruited fairybells Disporum trachycarpum, copyright Jason Hollinger.

Belongs within: Liliaceae.
Contains: Disporum sect. Disporum.

Disporum is a genus of rhizomatous herbs found in east Asia and North America.

Characters (from Hara 1988): Perennial herb, glabrous or pubescent. Rhizome thickened with fleshy roots, or slender and long-creeping. Stem erect, simple or branched (often dichotomously) in the upper part, with one to several sheathing bracts in the lower part, and with normal leaves in the upper part. Leaves alternate, sessile or shortly petioled, linear to roundish. Inflorescence terminal, or in appearance lateral (i.e. terminal on a short lateral branchlet opposite to a leaf). Flower solitary to umbellate, on slender inarticulate pedicel, without bract, rotate to cylindric-campanulate, drooping or spreading. Tepals 6 in two similar series, seubequal, free, oblanceolate to obovate, whitish, greenish, yellow, or dark purple, often saccate or spurred at the base, caducous with stamen. Stamens 6, included or exserted, inserted on the very base of tepal; filaments often filiform, sometimes thickened in lower part; anthers generally oblong, basifixed, extrorse, laterally dehiscent. Pollen grains usually monocolpate (in D. calcaratum 2-4-colpate), with reticulate exine, sometimes with tuberculate muri. Ovary obovoid or globose, three-celled; ovules 2-6 per locule; style filiform, three-lobed in upper part, with three stigmas. Berry subglobose or slightly 3-coccous, blue-black or red when mature. Seeds globose or ovoid, smooth, with stony endocarp.

<==Disporum Salisbury ex Don 1825 [incl. Drapiezia Blume 1827] H88
    |  i. s.: D. luzoniense Merrill 1910 H88
    |--D. sect. Prosartes (Don) Jones 1951 [=Prosartes Don 1839] H88
    |    |--D. (sect *Prosartes) lanuginosum H88
    |    `--+--D. maculatum H88
    |       `--+--D. hookeri H88
    |          `--+--D. smithii H88
    |             `--D. trachycarpum H88
    `--+--D. sect. Disporum H88
       |--D. sect. Ovalia Hara 1988 nec Ovalia Latreille in Griffith & Pidgeon 1833 (ICZN) nec Nalivkin 1937 (ICZN) H88
       |    `--D. (sect. *Ovalia) ovale Ohwi 1931 [=Streptopus ovalis (Ohwi) Wang & Tang 1978] H88
       |         |--D. o. f. ovale H88
       |         `--D. o. f. albiflorum (Lee & Lee) Hara 1988 [=D. ovale var. albiflorum Lee & Lee ex Lee 1979] H88
       `--D. sect. Paradisporum Hara 1988 H88
            `--D. (sect. *Paradisporum) acuminatum Wright 1929 H88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H88] Hara, H. 1988. A revision of the Asiatic species of the genus Disporum (Liliaceae). In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 163-209.

Disporum section Disporum

Disporum viridescens, copyright Qwert1234.

Belongs within: Disporum.

The section Disporum of the plant genus Disporum is found in Asia. Its species characterised by shortly petioled or subsessile leaves, tepals with acute to roundish apices, and blue to black berries (Hara 1988).

Characters (from Hara 1988): Glabrous, sometimes scabrous. Inflorescence terminal or pseudo-lateral. Flowers rotate to cylindric-campanulate, white, greenish, yellow or dark purple. Tepals lanceolate to obovate, mostly gibbose, or spurred at the base; main veins of tepal parallel with sparce transverse connecting veinlets. Style with three short stigmas at apex, or deeply 3-cleft up to the middle. Ovules ascending. Berries dark blue to black. Chromosomes 2n = 14, 16, 30, including a few pairs of larger chromosomes.

<==Disporum sect. Disporum [=D. sect. Eudisporum Jones 1951] H88
    |--D. lutescens (Maximowicz) Koidzumi 1919 [=D. smilacinum var. lutescens Maximowicz 1883] H88
    |--D. smilacinum Gray in Perry 1957 (see below for synonymy) H88
    |--D. viridescens (Maximowicz) Nakai 1911 (see below for synonymy) H88
    |--+--D. bodinieri (Léveillé & Van.) Wang & Tang 1949 (see below for synonymy) H88
    |  |--D. leschenaultianum Don 1839 (see below for synonymy) H88
    |  |    |--D. l. var. leschenaultianum H88
    |  |    `--D. l. var. angustifolium Fischer 1957 H88
    |  |--D. leucanthum Hara 1972 H88
    |  `--D. tonkinense Koyama 1958 H88
    `--+--D. austrosinense Hara 1988 H88
       |--D. hainanense Merrill 1922 [incl. D. sanpomonticolum Yamamoto 1943] H88
       |--D. longistylum (Léveillé & Van.) Hara 1984 (see below for synonymy) H88
       |--D. megalanthum Wang & Tang 1978 H88
       |--D. trabeculatum Gagnepain 1934 (se below for synonymy) H88
       |--+--D. cantoniense (Loureiro) Merrill 1920 [=Fritillaria cantoniensis Loureiro 1790] H88
       |  |    |--D. c. var. cantoniense (see below for synonymy) H88
       |  |    |    |--D. c. var. c. f. cantoniense H88
       |  |    |    |--D. c. var. c. f. brunneum (Wright) Hara 1988 (see below for synonymy) H88
       |  |    |    `--D. c. var. c. f. parviflorum (Wallich) Hara 1988 (see below for synonymy) H88
       |  |    |--D. c. var. kawakamii (Hayata) Hara 1988 [=Disporum kawakamii Hayata 1911] H88
       |  |    |--D. c. var. multiflorum (Blume) Hara 1988 (see below for synonymy) H88
       |  |    `--D. c. var. sikkimense Hara 1984 H88
       |  `--D. calcaratum Don 1839 (see below for synonymy) H88
       `--+--D. sessile Don ex Schultes 1829 [=Uvularia sessilis Thunberg 1784 (nom. illeg.)] H88
          |    |--D. s. var. sessile (see below for synonymy) H88
          |    |    |--D. s. var. s. f. sessile H88
          |    |    |--D. s. var. s. f. macrophyllum (Koidzumi) Hara 1988 (see below for synonymy) H88
          |    |    |--D. s. var. s. f. minus (Miquel) Hara 1988 (see below for synonymy) H88
          |    |    `--D. s. var. s. f. stenophyllum (Franch. & Sav.) Hayashi ex Hara 1988 (see below for synonymy) H88
          |    `--D. s. var. shimadai (Hayata) Hara 1988 [=D. shimadai Hayata 1911] H88
          |         |--D. s. var. s. f. shimadai H88
          |         `--D. s. var. s. f. intermedium Hara 1988 H88
          `--D. uniflorum Baker 1875 (see below for synonymy) H88

Disporum bodinieri (Léveillé & Van.) Wang & Tang 1949 [=Tovaria bodinieri Léveillé & Van. 1905; incl. D. brachystemon Wang & Tang 1949, D. pullum var. ovalifolium Léveillé in Fedde 1909] H88

Disporum calcaratum Don 1839 [=Uvularia calcarata Wallich 1832 (n. n.); incl. U. betua Buchanan-Ham. ex Wallich 1832 (nom. illeg.), U. hamiltoniana Wallich 1832 (n. n.), Disporum hamiltonianum Don 1839, D. calcaratum var. hamiltonianum (Don) Baker 1875, D. latipetalum Collett & Hemsley 1890, D. wallichii Don 1839] H88

Disporum cantoniense (Loureiro) Merrill 1920 var. cantoniense [incl. Uvularia chinensis Ker-Gawler 1806, D. chinense (Ker-Gawler) Kuntze 1891, Streptopus chinensis (Ker-Gawler) Smith 1818, S. peduncularis Smith 1818, Disporum pitsutum Don 1825, Uvularia pitsuta (Don) Buchanan-Hamilton ex Sprengel 1827, *D. pullum Salisbury ex Hooker 1892, U. umbellata Wallich 1820] H88

Disporum cantoniense var. cantoniense f. brunneum (Wright) Hara 1988 [=D. pullum var. brunnea Wright 1919, D. cantoniense var. brunneum (Wright) Hand.-Mazz. 1936] H88

Disporum cantoniense var. cantoniense f. parviflorum (Wallich) Hara 1988 [=Uvularia parvifloa Wallich 1820, D. cantoniense var. parviflorum (Wallich) Hara 1966, D. parviflorum (Wallich) Don 1825, D. pullum var. parviflorum (Wallich) Baker 1875] H88

Disporum cantoniense var. multiflorum (Blume) Hara 1988 [=Drapiezia multiflora Blume 1827, Di. multiflorum (Blume) Don 1841, Di. pullum var. multiflorum (Blume) Rindley 1909, Streptopus multiflorus (Blume) Dietrich 1840, Uvularia multiflora Reinw. 1823 (n. n.); incl. Disporum chinense var. albidum Kuntze 1891, Drapiezia multiflora var. albiflora Zoll. 1854, Di. horsfieldii Don 1839, Di. chinense var. longipedunculatum Kuntze 1891, Di. chinense var. purpurascence Kuntze 1891] H88

Disporum leschenaultianum Don 1839 [=Uvularia leschenaultiana Wallich 1832 (n. n.); incl. D. ceylanicum Wight 1853, D. mysorense Wight 1853] H88

Disporum longistylum (Léveillé & Van.) Hara 1984 [=Tovaria longistyla Léveillé & Van. 1905; incl. D. cavaleriei Léveillé in Fedde 1909] H88

Disporum sessile var. sessile Don ex Schultes 1829 [incl. Tovaria hallaisanensis Léveillé 1909, D. hallaisanense (Léveillé) Ohwi 1932, D. sessile var. micranthum Hatusima 1971, D. taquetii Léveillé 1912] H88

Disporum sessile var. sessile f. macrophyllum (Koidzumi) Hara 1988 [=D. sessile var. macrophyllum Koidzumi 1916; incl. D. sessile var. dolichocarpum Honda 1938, D. sessile var. latifolia Miquel 1870 (n. n.)] H88

Disporum sessile var. sessile f. minus (Miquel) Hara 1988 [=D. sessile var. minus Miquel 1867, D. hallaisanense f. minus (Miquel) Nakai 1942, D. sessile var. minor Miquel 1870; incl. D. sessile var. inobeanum Honda 1936] H88

Disporum sessile var. sessile f. stenophyllum (Franch. & Sav.) Hayashi ex Hara 1988 [=D. sessile var. stenophyllum Franch. & Sav. 1877, D. hallaisanense var. stenophyllum (Franch. & Sav.) Nakai 1942; incl. D. hallaisanense var. stenophyllum f. cupreum Nakai 1942] H88

Disporum smilacinum Gray in Perry 1957 [incl. D. smilacinum var. album Maximowicz 1883, D. smilacinum var. ramosum Nakai 1931, D. smilacinum var. rotundatum Satake 1941, D. smilacinum var. variegatum Nakai ex Satake 1941] H88

Disporum trabeculatum Gagnepain 1934 [incl. Tovaria esquirolii Léveillé 1909 non Disporum esquirolii Léveillé 1907] H88

Disporum uniflorum Baker 1875 [incl. D. flavens Kitagawa 1934, D. sessile ssp. flavens (Kitagawa) Kitagawa 1939, D. sessile var. pachyrrhizum Hand.-Mazz. 1936] H88

Disporum viridescens (Maximowicz) Nakai 1911 [=Uvularia viridescens Maximowicz 1859, Disporum smilacinum var. viridescens (Maximowicz) Maximowicz 1883, Prosartes viridescens (Maximowicz) Regel 1861] H88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H88] Hara, H. 1988. A revision of the Asiatic species of the genus Disporum (Liliaceae). In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 163-209.

Liliaceae

Madonna lily Lilium candidum, copyright Zachi Evenor.

Belongs within: Liliales.
Contains: Disporum section Disporum.

The Liliaceae is a family of bulbous or rhizomatous monocotyledons that are most diverse in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The family has been used in a much broader sense in the past than currently; at its broadest, it included a large proportion of the taxa now classed elsewhere in the Liliales and Asparagales. Many species of Liliaceae are widely cultivated as ornamentals; prominent examples include various species of Lilium (lilies) or Tulipa (tulips). Lilium species go to heights of two to six feet with the more or less funnel-shaped flowers produced in a raceme at the top of the stem.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Flavonols present, chelidonic acid absent; raphides absent; bracteole lateral; tepals often spotted; anthers often centrifixed; stigma dry (rarely wet); ovules 2-many/carpel, more or less pendulous, nucellar cap (0-)1-3 cells across; antipodal cells not multinucleate; testal cells all more or less thickened, some with brown contents; cotyledon more or less photosynthetic, bifacial, hypocotyl absent; x = 8.

<==Liliaceae
    |--Oceanoros YY22
    |--Schoenocaulon YY22
    |--Stenanthium YY22
    |--Zygadenus YY22
    |--Heterosmilax YY22
    |--Ruscus aculeatus H91, G98
    |--Trillidium govanianum O88
    |--Tricyrtis esquirolii (Léveillé) Hara 1988 (see below for synonymy) H88
    |--Ipheion uniflorum (Lindley) Rafinesque-Schmaltz 1837 HE80
    |--Bulbinopsis semibarbata HE80
    |--Rohdea japonica MH98
    |--Aspidistra elatior MH98
    |--Herpolirion Hook. f. 1853 ME70
    |    `--H. novae-zelandiae Hook. f. 1853 ME70 [incl. H. tasmaniae C06]
    |--Enargea Banks & Solander 1788 C06
    |    `--E. marginata [=Callixene marginata] C06
    |--Smilacina O88
    |    |--S. purpurea O88
    |    `--S. racemosa A16
    |--Notholirion O88
    |    |--N. bulbuliferum O88
    |    `--N. macrophyllum O88
    |--Ypsilandra yunnanensis O88
    |    |--Y. y. var. yunnanensis O88
    |    `--Y. y. var. himalaica O88
    |--Tulbaghia HE80
    |    |--T. calcarea CV06
    |    `--T. violacea HE80
    |--Cardiocrinum HE80
    |    |--C. cordatum T03
    |    `--C. giganteum HE80
    |--Iphigenia Kunth 1843 ME70
    |    |--I. indica LK14
    |    |--I. novae-zelandiae (Hooker) Baker 1879 [=Anguillaria novae-zelandiae Hooker in Kirk 1878] ME70
    |    `--I. stellata YG03
    |--Fritillaria FF01
    |    |--F. cirrhosa O88
    |    |--F. lanceolata RS98
    |    |--F. meleagris C55
    |    `--F. ruthenica ED02
    |--Nolina V01
    |    |--N. microcarpa V01
    |    |--N. parryi C90
    |    `--N. texana SZ03
    |--Streptopus H88
    |    |--S. amplexicaule H88
    |    |--S. parasimplex O88
    |    |--S. roseus A16
    |    `--S. simplex O88
    |--Clintonia DS04
    |    |--C. borealis DS04
    |    `--C. udensis O88
    |         |--C. u. var. udensis O88
    |         `--C. u. var. alpina O88
    |--Tulipa Y98
    |    |--T. gesneriana TG88
    |    |--T. goulimyi Y98
    |    |--T. oculus-solis C55
    |    `--T. sylvestris C55
    |--Gagea Y98
    |    |--G. arvensis H91
    |    |--G. bracteolaris [incl. Ornithogalum glaucum Dethard. ex Schult.f. 1702] MGF04
    |    |--G. elegans O88
    |    |--G. fibrosa Y98
    |    `--G. graeca PT98
    |--Lloydia O88
    |    |--L. flavonutans O88
    |    |--L. longiscapa O88
    |    `--L. serotina O88
    |         |--L. s. var. serotina O88
    |         `--L. s. var. parva O88
    |--Disporum Salisbury ex Don 1825 [incl. Drapiezia Blume 1827] H88
    |    |  i. s.: D. luzoniense Merrill 1910 H88
    |    |--D. sect. Prosartes (Don) Jones 1951 [=Prosartes Don 1839] H88
    |    |    |--D. (sect *Prosartes) lanuginosum H88
    |    |    `--+--D. maculatum H88
    |    |       `--+--D. hookeri H88
    |    |          `--+--D. smithii H88
    |    |             `--D. trachycarpum H88
    |    `--+--D. sect. Disporum H88
    |       |--D. sect. Ovalia Hara 1988 nec Ovalia Latreille in Griffith & Pidgeon 1833 (ICZN) nec Nalivkin 1937 (ICZN) H88
    |       |    `--D. (sect. *Ovalia) ovale Ohwi 1931 [=Streptopus ovalis (Ohwi) Wang & Tang 1978] H88
    |       |         |--D. o. f. ovale H88
    |       |         `--D. o. f. albiflorum (Lee & Lee) Hara 1988 [=D. ovale var. albiflorum Lee & Lee ex Lee 1979] H88
    |       `--D. sect. Paradisporum Hara 1988 H88
    |            `--D. (sect. *Paradisporum) acuminatum Wright 1929 H88
    `--Lilium CD07
         |--L. candidum Y98
         |--L. formosanum Wallace 1891 HE80
         |--L. hansonii D37
         |--L. lancifolium Thunberg 1794 HE80
         |--L. × maculatum HE80
         |--L. martagon D37
         |--L. nanum O88
         |    |--L. n. f. nanum O88
         |    `--L. n. f. flavidum O88
         |--L. oxypetalum O88
         |--L. pyrenaicum C55
         |--L. regale Wilson 1913 CD07
         |--L. superbum Linnaeus 1762 CD07
         |--L. tigrinum Ker-Gawler 1809 HE80
         `--L. tyrinum GM96

Tricyrtis esquirolii (Léveillé) Hara 1988 [=Disporum esquirolii Léveillé 1907; incl. T. bakeri Koidzumi 1924, T. puberula Nakai & Kitagawa 1934] H88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[ED02] Evtushenko, L. I., L. V. Dorofeeva, V. I. Krausova, E. Y. Gavrish, S. G. Yashina & M. Takeuchi. 2002. Okibacterium fritillariae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Microbacteriaceae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 987–993.

[FF01] Friedman, W. E., & S. K. Floyd. 2001. Perspective: The origin of flowering plants and their reproductive biology—a tale of two phylogenies. Evolution 55 (2): 217–231.

[GM96] Griffiths, A. J. F., J. H. Miller, D. T. Suzuki, R. C. Lewontin & W. M. Gelbart. 1996. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis 6^th ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[G98] Gruber, J. 1998. Beiträge zur Systematik der Gattung Dicranolasma (Arachnida: Opiliones, Dicranolasmatidae). I. Dicranolasma thracium Staręga und verwandte Formen aus Südosteuropa und Südwestasien. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien. Serie B. Botanik und Zoologie 100: 489–537.

[H88] Hara, H. 1988. A revision of the Asiatic species of the genus Disporum (Liliaceae). In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 163–209.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MGF04] Manning, J. C., P. Goldblatt & M. F. Fay. 2004. A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (3): 533–568.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[RS98] Ramsey, J., & D. W. Schemske. 1998. Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 467–501.

[SZ03] Sobek, E. A., & J. C. Zak. 2003. The Soil FungiLog procedure: method and analytical approaches toward understanding fungal functional diversity. Mycologia 95 (4): 590–602.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.

[V01] Vánky, K. 2001. The emended Ustilaginaceae of the modern classificatory system for smut fungi. Fungal Diversity 6: 131–147.

[YG03] Yadav, S. R., & S. P. Gaikwad. 2003. A revision of the Indian Aponogetonaceae. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 39–76.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 5 July 2017.

Liliales

Rough bindweed Smilax aspera, photographed by Carsten Niehaus.

Belongs within: Monocotyledoneae.
Contains: Colchicaceae, Liliaceae.

The Liliales is a major clade within the monocotyledons, many species of which are significant garden plants. Many species are bulbous or rhizomatous herbs; others are climbers, such as the greenbriers Smilax and supplejacks Ripogonum. The Corsiaceae are small mycoheterotrophic herbs that lack chlorophyll, found in Australasia and South America. Campynema lineare, green mountain lily, is a small, somewhat grass-like herb with green flowers found in subalpine and alpine regions of Tasmania.

Synapomorphies (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Storage fructans, chelidonic acid, steroidal saponins present; leaves elliptical, fine venation reticulate; inflorescence terminal; tepals large (sometimes small), free, tepal nectaries present; anthers extrorse; style often long, stigma capitate; ovules many/carpel, parietal tissue absent, nucellar cap present; perianth deciduous; tegmen with cellular structure; endosperm with thick pitted walls, hemicellulosic; mitochondrial sdh3 gene lost.

Liliales [Alstroemeriales]
    |  i. s.: Lachnanthes tinctoria MM96
    |--Arachnitis [Corsiaceae] DS04
    |    `--A. uniflora DS04
    `--+--Campynema [Campynemataceae] DS04
       |    `--C. lineare DS04
       `--+--+--Petermannia [Petermanniaceae] DS04
          |  |    `--P. cirrosa DS04
          |  `--+--Luzuriaga Ruiz & Pav. 1802 (nom. cons.) DS04, ME70 [Luzuriagaceae]
          |     |    |--*L. radicans ME70
          |     |    |--L. marginata ME70
          |     |    `--L. parviflora (Hook. f.) Kunth 1850 (see below for synonymy) ME70
          |     `--+--Colchicaceae DS04
          |        `--Alstroemeriaceae DS04
          |             |--Bomarea HE80
          |             |    |--B. edulis J87
          |             |    `--B. multiflora HE80
          |             `--Alstroemeria SaaRai07
          |                  |--A. aurantiaca Don in Sweet 1833 HE80
          |                  |--A. caryophyllaea DS04
          |                  `--A. pulchella Linnaeus 1781 HE80
          `--+--+--Trillium [Trilliaceae] SaaRai07
             |  |    |--T. grandiflorum DS04
             |  |    |--T. kamtschaticum T03
             |  |    `--T. pusillum R56
             |  |         |--T. p. var. pusillum R56
             |  |         `--T. p. var. virginianum R56
             |  `--Melanthiaceae DS04
             |       |  i. s.: Melanthium YY22
             |       |--Chamaelirium luteum DS04
             |       `--+--Amianthium muscaetoxicum DS04
             |          `--Veratrum DS04
             |               |--V. album DS04
             |               |--V. nigrum C55
             |               `--V. viride DS04
             `--+--+--Philesia [Philesiaceae] DS04
                |  |    `--P. buxifolia DS04
                |  `--Ripogonum Forster & Forster 1776 DS04, ME70 [Ripogonaceae]
                |       |--*R. scandens Forster & Forster 1776 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
                |       |--R. discolor DS04
                |       `--R. elseyanum DS04
                `--+--+--Liliaceae SaaRai07
                   |  `--Calochortus [Calochortaceae] DS04
                   |       |--C. longebarbatus RS98
                   |       `--C. minimus DS04
                   `--Smilax [Smilacaceae] DS04
                        |--S. aspera Linnaeus 1753 PL04
                        |--S. australis LK14
                        |--S. bona-nox WM14
                        |--S. havanensis J87
                        |--S. lanceifolia D07
                        |--S. mexicana GJ09
                        |--S. perfoliata BB07
                        |--S. rotundifolia DS04
                        `--S. zeylanica SanRav07

Luzuriaga parviflora (Hook. f.) Kunth 1850 [=Callixene parviflora Hook. f. 1844, Enargea parviflora (Hook. f.) Skottsb. 1915; incl. C. melantha Col. 1885] ME70

*Ripogonum scandens Forster & Forster 1776 ME70 [incl. Rhipogonum parviflorum C06, Smilax ripogonum Forst. f. 1786 ME70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

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[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

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[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 27 June 2018.