Exocoetoidei

Yellowtip halfbeak Hemirhamphus marginatus, copyright John E. Randall.

Belongs within: Atherinomorpha.
Contains: Belonidae, Exocoetidae.

The Exocoetoidei are a group of fishes in which the lower jaw is elongate for at least part of the life history. Members of the suborder also possess a plate-like process on the posterioventral part of the basioccipital, one nasal opening on each side of the head, a median lower pharyngeal tooth plate, and more than three anterior branchiostegals (Bond 1996).

Exocoetoidei
    |  i. s.: Zenarchopterus M58 [Zenarchopteridae B-RB13]
    |           |--Z. brevirostris (Günther 1866) [=Hemirhamphus brevirostris] M58
    |           |--Z. buffonis (Valenciennes 1846) [=Hemiramphus buffonis] M58
    |           |--Z. dispar (Valenciennes 1846) [=Hemirhamphus dispar] M58
    |           |--Z. dunckeri Mohr 1926 M58
    |           |--Z. kampeni (Weber 1913) [=Hemiramphus (Zenarchopterus) kampeni] M58
    |           |--Z. novaeguineae (Weber 1913) [=Hemiramphus (Zenarchopterus) novaeguineae] M58
    |           |--Z. philippinus (Peters 1868) [=Hemirhamphus (Zenarchopterus) philippinus] JR10
    |           `--Z. sepikensis Herre 1935 M58
    |--+--Dermogenys collettei ND13
    |  `--+--Xenentodon cancila ND13
    |     `--Scomberesocoidei M58
    |          |--+--Belonidae ND13
    |          |  `--Platybelone argala ND13
    |          `--Scomberesocidae C02a
    |               |--Cololabis saira B96
    |               |--Cobitopsis acutus R13
    |               |--Chriodorus atherinoides R13
    |               `--Scomberesox ND13
    |                    |--S. edwardsi Jordan & Gilbert 1919 P93
    |                    |--S. licatae Sauvage 1880 P93
    |                    `--S. saurus (Walbaum 1792) C02a
    `--+--Exocoetidae ND13
       `--Hemiramphidae G75
            |--Rhynchorhamphus georgii (Valenciennes 1846) M58 (see below for synonymy)
            |--Labidorhamphus caudovittatus (Weber 1908) [=Hemiramphus (Zenarchopterus) caudovittatus] M58
            |--Arrhamphus sclerolepis ND13
            |    |--A. s. sclerolepis G75
            |    `--A. s. kreffti G75
            |--Euleptorhamphus C02b
            |    |--E. longirostris (Cuvier 1829) [=Hemirhamphus longirostris] M58
            |    |--E. velox C02b
            |    `--E. viridis G75
            |--Hyporhamphus C02b
            |    |--H. australis [=Hemirhamphus australis] G75
            |    |--H. erythrorhinchus (Lesueur 1821) M58 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |--H. gaimardi (Valenciennes 1846) [=Hemirhamphus gaimardi] M58
            |    |--H. intermedius T90
            |    |--H. meeki Banford & Collette 1993 C02b
            |    |--H. melanochir G75
            |    |--H. regularis G75
            |    |    |--H. r. regularis G75
            |    |    `--H. r. ardelio G75
            |    |--H. sajori (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) PC01 [=Hemiramphus sajori MK00]
            |    `--H. unifasciatus (Ranzani 1842) [=Hemirhamphus unifasciatus] M58
            `--Hemirhamphus M58
                 |--H. balinensis Bleeker 1858-1859 M58
                 |--H. brasiliensis [incl. H. pleii Günther 1866] F16
                 |--H. commersonii Cuvier 1829 [incl. H. far Weber 1913, H. moar Thiollière 1857] M58
                 |--H. cotnog Smith 1902 JR10
                 |--H. edwardsi Bassani 1876 P93
                 |--H. limbatus JR10
                 |--H. lutkei JR10
                 |--H. marginatus JR10
                 |--H. melanurus Cuvier & Valenciennes 1846 M58
                 |--H. neglectus JR10
                 |--H. ovalis Stinton 1978 P93
                 |--H. quoyi Valenciennes 1846 M58 [=Hyporhamphus quoyi G75; incl. Reporhamphus caudalis G75]
                 `--H. robustus G75

Inorganic: Hemiramphus sajori minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Hyporhamphus erythrorhinchus (Lesueur 1821) M58 [=Hemirhamphus erythrorhinchus M58; incl. He. dussumieri Herre 1931 M58, Hyporhamphus dussumieri G75]

Rhynchorhamphus georgii (Valenciennes 1846) M58 [=Hemirhamphus georgii M58; incl. Hemiramphus cantori Macleay 1883 M58, Loligorhamphus normani G75]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[C02a] Collette, B. B. 2002a. Sauries. Family Scomberesocidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 285–287. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[C02b] Collette, B. B. 2002b. Halfbeaks. Family Hemiramphidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 289–291. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[MK00] Machida, M., & T. Kuramochi. 2000. Digenean trematodes from halfbeaks and needlefishes of Japan and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the Natural Science Museum Series A (Zoology) 26: 203–218.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: A check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[ND13] Near, T. J., A. Dornburg, R. I. Eytan, B. P. Keck, W. L. Smith, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, S. A. Price, F. T. Burbrink, M. Friedman & P. C. Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (31): 12738–12743.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[PC01] Pichelin, S., & T. H. Cribb. 2001. The status of the Diplosentidae (Acanthocephala: Palaeacanthocephala) and a new family of acanthocephalans from Australian wrasses (Pisces: Labridae). Folia Parasitologica 48: 289–303.

[R13] Regan, C. T. 1913. The classification of the percoid fishes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, 12: 111–145.

[T90] Taguchi, S. 1990. Nihon no Sakana. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

Tilapia

Banded tilapia Tilapia sparrmanii, copyright Alexandra Tyers.

Belongs within: Pseudocrenilabrinae.

Tilapia is a genus of cichlid fishes, found in southern Africa, in which the articulation of the base of the skull with the upper pharyngeal bones is formed from the parasphenoid alone.

Tilapia
    |--*T. sparrmanii B06
    |--T. bemini G96
    |--T. boops Boulenger 1901 B01
    |--T. brevimanus Boulenger 1911 B06
    |--T. busumana (Guenther 1913) B06
    |--T. buttikoferi (Hubrecht 1881) B06
    |--T. bythobates Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey 1992 B06
    |--T. deckerti Thys van den Audenaerde 1967 B06
    |--T. discolor B06
    |--T. esculenta G74
    |--T. grahami CS77
    |--T. guineensis (Bleeker 1862) B06
    |--T. joka Thys van den Audenaerde 1969 B06
    |--T. karongae M47
    |--T. leucosticta B96
    |--T. lidole M47
    |--T. macrochir B96
    |--T. mariae Boulenger 1899 B06
    |--T. melanopleura B96
    |--T. natalensis BHN02
    |--T. pleurotaenia Boulenger 1901 B01
    |--T. rendalli (Boulenger 1897) C01
    |--T. snyderae B06
    |--T. spilurus W73
    |--T. trematocephala Boulenger 1901 B01
    |--T. variabilis G74
    `--T. zilli (Gervais 1848) C01 [=Oreochromis zilli B96, Sarotherodon zilli B96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BHN02] Beeching, S. C., B. A. Holt & M. P. Neiderer. 2002. Ontogeny of melanistic color pattern elements in the convict cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum. Copeia 2002 (1): 199–203.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[B06] Boruchowitz, D. E. 2006. Guide to Cichlids. T.F.H. Publications: Neptune City (New Jersey).

[B01] Boulenger, G. A. 1901. Diagnoses of new fishes discovered by Mr. J. E. S. Moore in Lakes Tanganyika and Kivu. II. Cichlidae, Mastacembelidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 1–6.

[C01] Carpenter, K. E. 2001. Cichlidae. Cichlids. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) pp. 3333–3336. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[G96] Gibbons, A. 1996. On the many origins of species. Science 273: 1496–1499.

[G74] Greenwood, P. H. 1974. The cichlid fishes of Lake Vistoria, East Africa: The biology and evolution of a species flock. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology Suppl. 6: 1–134.

[M47] Mayr, E. 1947. Ecological factors in speciation. Evolution 1: 263–288.

[W73] Woodruff, D. S. 1973. Natural hybridization and hybrid zones. Systematic Zoology 22 (3): 213–218.

Atherinidae

Spotted hardyhead Allanetta mugiloides, copyright Australian National Fish Collection.

Belongs within: Atherinoidei.

The Atherinidae, silversides, are a group of small, elongate fishes found in both freshwater and marine habitats, often in large schools. The Indo-West Pacific genus Atherion differs from other members of the family in the presence of distinct rows and clusters of spinelets on the head, together with the absence of teeth on most of the palate (Smith 1965).

Characters (from Smith 1965): Body elongate, sub-cylindrical to highly compressed, completely or partially covered usually with cycloid scales. No distinct lateral line. Usually with a brilliant silvery lateral stripe along the middle of the body to the caudal base. Head short, often wide, usually flattened above, sometimes rough with fine denticles. Eyes relatively large, lateral, nostrils close before eye. Hind preopercle margin may be gently irregular, or with a marked concavity just above angle, or with angle produced as triangular lobe. Mouth moderate to small, maxilla reaching to or not far beyond level of front of eye. Jaws subequal or lower projecting slightly. Dentition feeble, variable, fine sharp teeth, curved, sometimes strongly, in one or more series in both jaws, often some external when mouth is closed. Small, slender, sharp teeth may be present on vomer, palatines, pterygoid and tongue. Fold of skin around angle of jaw may restrict opening of mouth. Gill openings unrestricted, gillrakers well developed, slit usually present behind last gill, rarely absent. Anus from close before to well in advance of anal origina, often at or near tips of pelvic. Two dorsal fins, the first at about mid length, with 4–11 (usually 4–7) weak spines. Second dorsal of a feeble spine, a simple ray and nine to more than twenty branched rays. Pectoral shorter than head, inserted high up, covering front of silver stripe. Pelvics inserted well behind pectorals, shorter than pectorals. Caudal usually forked in marine species, may be truncate or rounded in freshwater forms.

Atherinidae
    |--Atherion Jordan & Starks 1901 [Atherioninae] S65
    |    |--*A. elymus Jordan & Starks 1901 S65
    |    |--A. africanus Smith 1965 S65
    |    |--A. maccullochi S65
    |    `--A. villosa (Duncker & Mohr 1926) [=Atherina villosa] M58
    `--Atherininae S65
         |--Teramulus Smith 1965 S65
         |    |--*T. kieneri Smith 1965 [=Pranesus kieneri] S65
         |    `--T. waterloti (Pellegrin 1932) [=Atherina (Hepsetia) duodecimalis var. waterloti] S65
         |--Atherina Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |    |--*A. hepsetus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |    |--A. lineata Günther 1872 JR10
         |    |--A. mochon CS77
         |    `--A. panatela Jordan & Richardson 1908 JR10
         |--Hepsetia Bonaparte 1836 S65
         |    |--*H. boyeri (Risso 1810) [=Atherina boyeri] S65
         |    `--H. breviceps (Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835) [=Atherina breviceps] S65
         |         |--H. b. breviceps S65
         |         `--H. b. parvipinnis (Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835) [=Atherina parvipinnis] S65
         |--Pranesus Whitley 1930 [incl. Thoracoatherina Fowler 1941] S65
         |    |--P. pinguis (Lacepede 1803) (see below for synonymy) S65
         |    |    |--P. p. pinguis S65 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |    |--P. p. forskalii (Ruppell 1838) [=Atherina forskalii, Allanetta forskali] S65
         |    |    `--P. p. ruppelli Smith 1965 S65
         |    `--P. endrachtensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) [=Atherina endrachtensis] M58
         `--Allanetta Whitley 1943 [incl. Hypoatherina Schultz 1948] S65
              |--*A. mugiloides (McCulloch 1912) [=Atherina mugiloides] S65
              |--A. afra (Peters 1855) (see below for synonymy) S65
              |--‘Hypoatherina’ barnesi Schultz 1953 M58
              |--A. duodecimalis (C & V 1837) S65 [=Atherina duodecimalis S65, Pranesus duodecimalis M58]
              |--A. klunzingeri Smith 196 S65
              |--‘Atherina’ lacunosa (Schneider 1801) (see below for synonymy) M58
              `--A. valenciennesi (Bleeker 1853) [=Atherina valenciennesi] M58

Atherinidae incertae sedis:
  Chirostoma B96
    |--C. estor B00
    |--C. lucius Boulenger 1900 B00
    `--C. sphyraena Boulenger 1900 B00
  Leuresthes tenuis B96
  Stenatherina temmincki (Bleeker 1853) [=Atherina temmincki] M58
  Craterocephalus A80
    |--C. annator Whitley 1938 M58
    |--C. fluviatilis G75
    |--C. helenae Ivantsoff, Crowley & Allen 1987 AL90
    |--C. lacustris Trewavas 1940 M58
    |--C. lentiginosus Ivantsoff, Crowley & Allen 1987 M10
    |--C. marjoriae G75
    |--C. nouhuysi (Weber 1910) [=Atherinichthys nouhuysi] M58
    |--C. pauciradiatus A80
    |--C. randi Nichols & Raven 1934 M58
    `--C. stercusmuscarum G75
  Basilichthys B78
    |--B. microlepidotus B78
    `--B. semotilus [=Protistius semotilus] C07
  Quirichthys stramineus (Whitley 1950) [=Quiris stramineus] AL90
  Atherinosoma Castelnau 1872 A80, O96
    `--A. presbyteroides A80
  Palaeoatherina G88
    |--P. formosa Gaudant 1984 P93
    |--P. rhodanica Gaudant 1976 P93
    `--P. vardinis (Sauvage 1883) P93
  Atherinidarum P93
  Paratherina B50
    |--P. cyanea B50
    |--P. labiosa B50
    |--P. striata B50
    `--P. wolterecki B50

Allanetta afra (Peters 1855) [=Atherina afra; incl. At. cylindrica Klunzinger 1870 (preoc.), At. gobio Klunzinger 1884, Allanetta gobio, Hypoatherina gobio, Atherina uisila Jordan & Seale 1906, *H. uisila] S65

‘Atherina’ lacunosa (Schneider 1801) [=Hepsetia lacunosa, Hypoatherina lacunosa; incl. Atherina togar Thollière 1857] M58

Pranesus pinguis (Lacepede 1803) [=Atherina pinguis, Hepsetia pinguis; incl. P. capricornensis Woodland 1961] S65

Pranesus pinguis pinguis (Lacepede 1803) S65 [incl. Atherina affinis Bennett 1831 S65, A. insularum Jordan & Evermann 1902 S65, Pranesus insularum S65, *Thoracoatherina insularum S65, A. lacunosa Forster in C & V 1835 non Schneider 1801 S65, Hepsetia pinguis mineri Nichols & Roemhild 1951 S65, A. morrisi Jordan & Starks 1906 S65, *Pranesus ogilbyi Whitley 1930 S65, A. pectoralis Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835 S65, A. vaigiensis Quoy & Gaimard 1824 S65, Pranesus pinguis vaigiensis M58]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A80] Allen, G. R. 1980. A generic classification of the rainbowfishes (family Melanotaeniidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 8 (3): 449–490.

[AL90] Allen, G. R., & R. Leggett. 1990. A collection of freshwater fishes from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 14 (4): 527–545.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[B00] Boulenger, G. A. 1900. Descriptions of two new atherinoid fishes from Mexico. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 54–55.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.

[B78] Brooks, D. R. 1978. Evolutionary history of the cestode order Proteocephalidea. Systematic Zoology 27 (3): 312–323.

[C07] Cadle, J. E. 2007. The snake genus Sibynomorphus (Colubridae: Dipsadinae: Dipsadini) in Peru and Ecuador, with comments on the systematics of Dipsadini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 158 (5): 183–284.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M10] Morgan, D. L. 2010. Fishes of the King Edward River in the Kimberley region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (4): 351–368.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[O96] Ogilby, J. D. 1896. A new family of Australian fishes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (2): 118–135.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S65] Smith, J. L. B. 1965. Fishes of the family Atherinidae of the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean with a new freshwater genus and species from Madagascar. Ichthyological Bulletin 31: 601–632.

Last updated: 9 February 2022.

Belonidae

Houndfish Tylosurus crocodilus, copyright Philippe Bourjon.

Belongs within: Exocoetoidei.

The Belonidae, needlefishes, are a group of fast-swimming predatory fishes in which the jaws are prolonged to form a long, slim beak with numerous teeth (Collette 2002).

<==Belonidae
    |--Ablennes hians (Valenciennes 1846) C02 [=Belone hians M58]
    |--Eurycaulus persimilis [incl. E. dorsalis] G75
    |--Thalassosteus appendiculata (Klunzinger 1871) [=Belone appendiculata] M58
    |--Stenocaulus krefftii (Günther 1866) [=Belone krefftii, Tylosurus krefftii; incl. B. cancila Macleay 1883] M58
    |--Belone LD09
    |    |--B. ardeola CS77
    |    |--B. belone (Linnaeus 1761) LD09
    |    |--B. harmati Weiler 1933 P93
    |    `--B. menelitica Pauca 1938 P93
    |--Strongylura C02
    |    |--S. anastomella SSE10
    |    |--S. incisa (Valenciennes 1846) [=Belone incisa; incl. B. liuroides Günther 1880] M58
    |    |--S. krefftii (Günther 1866) M10 [incl. Stenocaulis perornatus Whitley 1938 AC90, M58]
    |    |--S. leiura (Bleeker 1850) [=Belone leiurus] M58
    |    |--S. marina (Walbaum 1792) [=Tylosurus marinus] C02
    |    |--S. strongylura (Van Hasselt 1823) (see below for synonymy) M58
    |    `--S. urvillii (Valenciennes 1846) [=Belone urvillii; incl. B. macrolepis Duncker & Mohr 1926] M58
    `--Tylosurus C02
         |--T. acus Lacepède 1803 C02
         |--T. caudimaculatus JR10
         |--T. crocodilus (Lesueur 1821) (see below for synonymy) M58
         |--T. giganteus JR10
         |--T. indica (Lesueur 1821) [=Belone indica; incl. B. annulata Macleay 1883, Tylosurus annulatus] M58
         |--T. leiuroides JR10
         |--T. leiurus JR10
         |--T. macleayanus G75
         |--T. melanotus (Bleeker 1850) M58 [=Belone melanotus M58, Djulongius melanotus M58, Tylosurus acus melanotus MK00]
         |--T. notatus F15
         |--T. punctulatus (Günther 1871) [=Belone punctulata] M58
         |--T. schismatorhynchus JR10
         `--T. terebra G75

Strongylura strongylura (Van Hasselt 1823) [=Belone strongylura, Mastacambelus strongylurus, Tylosurus strongylurus] M58

Tylosurus crocodilus (Lesueur 1821) [=Belone crocodila, Orphie rov Montrouzier in Thiollière 1857 (n. n.); incl. B. choram Peters 1876] M58

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC90] Allen, G. R., & D. Coates. 1990. An ichthyological survey of the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 34: 31–116.

[C02] Collette, B. B. 2002. Needlefishes. Family Belonidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 287–289. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[F15] Fowler, H. W. 1915. Cold-blooded vertebrates from Florida, the West Indies, Costa Rica, and eastern Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 244–269.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[LD09] Li, B., A. Dettaï, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, M. Desoutter-Meniger & G. Lecointre. 2009. RNF213, a new nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50: 345–363.

[MK00] Machida, M., & T. Kuramochi. 2000. Digenean trematodes from halfbeaks and needlefishes of Japan and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the Natural Science Museum Series A (Zoology) 26: 203–218.

[M10] Morgan, D. L. 2010. Fishes of the King Edward River in the Kimberley region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (4): 351–368.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SSE10] Sokolovskaya, T. G., A. S. Sokolovsky & I. V. Epur. 2010. Composition and seasonal variability of ichthyoplankton collected using fishing lights in Vostok Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 182–186. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Blenniidae

Striped fangblenny Meiacanthus grammistes, copyright Francois Libert.

Belongs within: Blennioidei.
Contains: Omobranchus, Salariidae, Blenniini.

The Blenniidae, blennies, are a group of small, shallow-water fishes with a normally naked, elongate body, well-developed pectoral and vertical fins, and reduced pelvic fins with the rays hidden in thick tissue (Smith 1959).

Blenniidae [Petroscirtinae]
    |--+--Salariidae ND13
    |  `--Ophioblennius [Ophioblenniinae] ND13
    |       |--O. atlanticus ND13
    |       `--O. webbii CS77
    `--+--Blenniini ND13
       `--+--Enchelyurus Peters 1868 ND13, S59
          |    |--*E. flavipes Peters 1868 S59
          |    `--E. krausii (Klunzinger 1871) [=Petroscirtes krausii] S59
          `--Meiacanthus Norman 1943 ND13, S59
               |--*M. oualensis (Gunther 1880) [=Petroscirtes oualensis] S59
               |--M. anema (Bleeker 1852) [=Petroskirtes anema] M58
               |--M. atrodordalis (Günther 1877) S59
               |--M. grammistes (Valenciennes 1836) [=Blennechis grammistes; incl. Petroscirtes kulambangrae Herre 1931] M58
               |--M. mossambicus Smith 1959 S59
               `--M. nigrolineatus B96

Blenniidae incertae sedis:
  Dasson Jordan & Hubbs 1925 S59
    |--*D. trossulus (Jordan & Snyder 1902) [=Aspidontus trossulus] S59
    |--D. ancylodon (Ruppell 1835) [=Petroscirtes ancylodon] S59
    `--D. variabilis (Cantor 1850) [=Petroscirtes variabilis; incl. P. cynodon Peters 1855] S59
  Andamia heteroptera (Bleeker 1857) [=Salarias heteropterus; incl. A. cyclocheilus Weber 1909] M58
  Negoscartes guttatus (Valenciennes 1835) [=Salarias guttatus] M58
  Petroscirtes Ruppell 1828 S59
    |--*P. mitratus Rüppell 1828 (see below for synonymy) S59
    |--P. breviceps (Valenciennes 1836) MM09
    |--P. dussumieri Val. 1836 S59
    |--P. eretes Jordan & Seale 1905 [incl. P. vulsus Jordan & Seale 1906] JR10
    |--P. grammistes JR10
    |--P. pindae Smith 1959 S59
    |--P. solorensis O97
    |--P. vincinguerria Borsieri 1904 S59
    `--P. xestus Jordan & Seale 1906 S59
  Aspidontus Quoy & Gaimard 1835 S59 [incl. Macrurrhynchus Ogilby 1896 O96]
    |  i. s.: A. dussumieri (Valenciennes 1836) MM09
    |         A. maroubrae (Ogilby 1896) M58 [=*Macrurrhynchus maroubrae O96, M58, Petroscirtes maroubrae M58]
    |--A. (Aspidontus) S59
    |    |--*A. (A.) taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard 1835 S59 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--A. (A.) tractus Fowler 1903 S59
    `--A. (Escadotus Smith 1959) S59
         |--A. (*E.) fluctuans (Weber 1909) [=Petroscirtes fluctuans] S59
         |--A. (E.) gorrorensis Herre 1936 S59
         `--A. (E.) wamiziensis Smith 1959 S59
  Omobranchus B77
  Nemophini B77
  Phenablennini B77
  Blenniella periophthalmus (Valenciennes 1836) MM09
  Plagiotremus MM09
    |--P. rhinorhynchos (Bleeker 1852) MM09
    |--P. tapeinosoma (Bleeker 1857) MM09
    `--P. townsendi B96
  Laiphognathus Smith 1955 S59
    `--*L. multimaculatus Smith 1955 S59
  Cruantus Smith 1959 S59
    |--*C. dealmeida (Smith 1949) [=Omobranchus dealmeida] S59
    `--C. petersi (Kossman & Rauber 1877) [=Petroscirtes petersi] S59
  Runula Jordan & Bollman 1890 S59
    |--*R. azalea Jordan & Bollman 1890 S59
    |--R. amblyrhynchus (Bleeker 1857) [=Petroscirtes amblyrhynchus] S59
    |--R. rhinorhynchos (Bleeker 1852) S59 (see below for synonymy)
    `--R. tapeinosoma (Bleeker 1857) S59 (see below for synonymy)
  Blennechis Valenciennes 1836 S59
    `--*B. filamentosus Valenciennes 1836 [=Aspidontus filamentosus, Petroscirtes filamentosus] S59
  Xiphasia Swainson 1839 [Xiphasiidae] S59
    `--*X. setifer Swainson 1839 S59 (see below for synonymy)
  Cristiceps filifer Steindachner 1867 JR10
  Blenniidarum blondeaui Nolf & Lapierre 1979 P93
  Oncolepis isseli Bassani 1898 P93

*Aspidontus (Aspidontus) taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard 1835 S59 [=Petroscirtes taeniatus M58, Macrurrhynchus taeniatus O96]

Petroscirtes mitratus Rüppell 1828 [incl. P. barbatus Peters 1855, P. lienardi Day 1876, P. marmoratus Bleeker 1878] S59

Runula rhinorhynchos (Bleeker 1852) S59 [=Petroscirtes rhinorhynchos S59, Aspidontus rhinorhynchus M58, Macrurrhynchus rhinorhynchus O96]

Runula tapeinosoma (Bleeker 1857) S59 [=Petroscirtes tapeinosoma S59, Aspidontus tapeinosoma S59, Macrurrhynchus tapeinosoma O96]

*Xiphasia setifer Swainson 1839 S59 [=Xiphogadus setifer RD-O86; incl. Nemophis lessoni Sauvage 1875 S59, Xiphasia lessoni M58, Xiphogadus madagascariensis Playfr. 1868 S59, Xiphasia madagascariensis S59, Xiphichthys russellii Jerdon 1851 RD-O86, Ophidium tonkahtalawaree RD-O86]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B77] Bath, H. 1977. Revision der Blenniini (Pisces: Blenniidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4–6): 167–234.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[MM09] Moore, G. & S. Morrison. 2009. Fishes of three North West Shelf atolls of Western Australia: Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 221–255.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[ND13] Near, T. J., A. Dornburg, R. I. Eytan, B. P. Keck, W. L. Smith, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, S. A. Price, F. T. Burbrink, M. Friedman & P. C. Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (31): 12738–12743.

[O96] Ogilby, J. D. 1896. Descriptions of two new genera and species of Australian fishes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (2): 136–142.

[O97] Ogilby, J. D. 1897. On some Australian Eleotrinae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (4): 725–757.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[RD-O96] Ramsay, E. P., & J. Douglas-Ogilby. 1886. On specimens of the genus Xiphasia, Swainson, from Port Jackson. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (3): 582–584.

[S59] Smith, J. L. B. 1959. Fishes of the families Blenniidae and Salariidae of the western Indian Ocean. Ichthyological Bulletin 14: 229–252.

Harpagochromis

Harpagochromis sp., from african-cichlid.com.

Belongs within: Haplochromini.

Harpagochromis is a genus of large predatory cichlids found in Lake Victoria and neighbouring water bodies (Greenwood 1980).

Characters (from Greenwood 1980): Robust and deep to relatively deep-bodied (body depth 30–42% standard length), reaching large maximum adult size (146–200 mm standard length). Mouth generally horizontal or slightly oblique, sometimes distinctly oblique; lower jaw long (43–61% head length) with promiment mental protuberance. Anterior and anterolateral regions of premaxilla not produced to form distinct peak or beak. Neurocranium essentially of generalised type but with shallower otic region (40–44% neurocranial length) and higher supraoccipital crest which is generally near pyramidal in outline. Preorbital skull depth 23–28% neurocranial length, skull width 54–60%, greatest orbital depth 25–31%. Outer jaw teeth strong and recurved, unequally bicuspid and a few unicuspids in fishes <90 mm SL, proportion of unicuspids increasing in larger fishes until only unicuspids are present in specimens >120 mm SL; outer row in premaxilla with 48–80 teeth. One or two (less commonly three to five) inner rows of teeth in each jaw. Cheek fully scaled, generally with four or five rows of scales (less frequently two, three or six rows).

Harpagochromis Greenwood 1980 G80
    |--*H. serranus (Pfeffer 1896) [=Hemichromis serranus, Haplochromis serranus] G80
    |--H. altigenis (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis altigenis] G80
    |--H. artaxerxes (Greenwood 1962) [=Haplochromis artaxerxes] G80
    |--H. boops (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis boops] G80
    |--H. cavifrons (Hilgendorf 1888) [=Haplochromis cavifrons] G80
    |--‘Haplochromis’ diplotaenia Regan & Trewavas 1928 G80
    |--H. guiarti (Pellegrin 1904) [=Haplochromis guiarti] G80
    |--H. maculipinna (Pellegrin 1913) [=Haplochromis maculipinna] G80
    |--H. michaeli (Trewavas 1928) [=Haplochromis michaeli] G80
    |--H. nyanzae (Greenwood 1962) [=Haplochromis nyanzae] G80
    |--H. pachycephalus (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis pachycephalus] G80
    |--‘Haplochromis’ paraplagiostoma Greenwood & Gee 1969 G80
    |--H. pectoralis (Boulenger 1911) (see below for synonymy) G80
    |--H. plagiostoma (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis plagiostoma] G80
    |--H. spekii (Boulenger 1906) [=Haplochromis spekii] G80
    |--H. squamipinnis (Regan 1921) [=Haplochromis squamipinnis; incl. H. mentatus] G80
    |--H. thuragnathus (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis thuragnathus] G80
    |--H. victorianus (Pellegrin 1904) [=Haplochromis victorianus] G80
    `--‘Haplochromis’ worthingtoni Regan 1929 G80

Harpagochromis pectoralis (Boulenger 1911) [=Haplochromis pectoralis non Pfeffer 1893, Haplochromis squamulatus Regan 1922] G80

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G80] Greenwood, P. H. 1980. Towards a phyletic classification of the ‘genus’ Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part II; the species from Lakes Victoria, Nabugabo, Edward, George and Kivu. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology 39: 1–101.

Prognathochromis

Prognathochromis prognathus, from Boulenger (1907).

Belongs within: Haplochromini.

Prognathochromis is a genus of slender-bodied, large-mouthed cichlids found in Lake Victoria and neighbouring lakes (Greenwood 1980).

Characters (from Greenwood 1980): Body form variable, from shallow to deep (24–45% standard length) but usually relatively slender (body depth 30–34% SL), never markedly compressed. Lower jaw long (41–62% head length) with prominent mental protuberance; premaxilla distinctly beaked or peaked. Overall habitus slender, streamlined, with large, often oblique mouth, head with relatively acute entry angle. Maximum adult size 70–230 mm SL. Neurocranium elongate, slender, shallow, with low supra-occiptal crest, wedge-shaped in lateral outline. Preorbital skull depth 18.6–23% neurocranial length (NL), greatest orbital depth 22–28% NL, depth of otic region 31–42% NL, skull width 42–55% NL. Teeth in outer row of both jaws strong and recurved, mostly unicuspid in fishes >90 mm SL, unequally bicuspid with some unicuspids in smaller fishes; 34–94 outer teeth in premaxilla. Inner teeth uni- or tricuspid, arranged in two or three (rarely one, five or six) rows anteriorly and anterolaterally. Cheek fully scaled, with usually three or four (sometimes five or six, rarely two) scale rows.

Prognathochromis Greenwood 1980 G80
    |--P. (Prognathochromis) G80
    |    |--*P. (P.) prognathus (Pellegrin 1904) [=Paratilapia prognatha, Haplochromis prognathus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) arcanus (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis arcanus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) argenteus (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis argenteus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) bartoni (Greenwood 1962) [=Haplochromis bartoni] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) bayoni (Boulenger 1909) [=Haplochromis bayoni] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) decticostoma (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis decticostoma] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) dentex (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis dentex] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) dichrourus (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis dichrourus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) estor (Regan 1929) [=Haplochromis estor] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) flavipinnis (Boulenger 1906) [=Haplochromis flavipinnis] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) gilberti (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis gilberti] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) gowersi (Trewavas 1928) [=Haplochromis gowersi] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) longirostris (Hilgendorf 1888) [=Haplochromis longirostris] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) macrognathus (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis macrognathus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) mandibularis (Green wood 1962) [=Haplochromis mandibularis] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) mento (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis mento] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) nanoserranus (Greenwood & Barel 1978) [=Haplochromis nanoserranus] G80
    |    |--‘Astatotilapia’ nigrescens Pellegrin 1909 G80
    |    |--P. (P.) paraguiarti (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis paraguiarti] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) pellegrini (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis pellegrini] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) percoides (Boulenger 1915) [=Haplochromis percoides] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) pseudopellegrini (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis pseudopellegrini] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) venator (Greenwood 1965) [=Haplochromis venator] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) vittatus (Boulenger 1901) [=Haplochromis vittatus] G80
    |    `--P. (P.) xenostoma (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis xenostoma] G80
    `--P. (Tridontochromis Greenwood 1980) G80
         |--P. (*T.) tridens (Regan & Trewavas 1928) [=Haplochromis tridens] G80
         |--P. (T.) chlorochrous (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis chlorochrous] G80
         |--P. (T.) crocopeplus (Greenwood & Barel 1978) [=Haplochromis crocopeplus] G80
         |--P. (T.) cryptogramma (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis cryptogramma] G80
         |--P. (T.) dolichorhynchus (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis dolichorhynchus] G80
         |--‘Haplochromis’ eutaenia Regan & Trewavas 1928 G80
         |--P. (T.) melichrous (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis melichrous] G80
         |--P. (T.) plutonius (Greenwood & Barel 1978) [=Haplochromis plutonius] G80
         |--P. (T.) sulphureus (Greenwood & Barel 1978) [=Haplochromis sulphureus] G80
         `--P. (T.) tyrianthinus (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis tyrianthinus] G80

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G80] Greenwood, P. H. 1980. Towards a phyletic classification of the ‘genus’ Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part II; the species from Lakes Victoria, Nabugabo, Edward, George and Kivu. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology 39: 1–101.

Lipochromis

Male Lipochromis melanopterus, from african-cichlid.com.

Belongs within: Astatotilapia.

Lipochromis is a genus of cichlids found in Lake Victoria, characteristed by a thick-lipped, widely distensible and protractile mouth with small teeth deeply embedded in the oral mucosa (Greenwood 1980).

Lipochromis Regan 1920 G80
    |--L. (Cleptochromis Greenwood 1980) G80
    |    |--L. (*C.) parvidens (Boulenger 1911) G80 [=Paratilapia parvidens G80, Haplochromis parvidens G74]
    |    `--+--L. (C.) cryptodon (Greenwood 1959) G80 [=Haplochromis cryptodon G74]
    |       `--L. (C.) microdon (Boulenger 1906) G80 [=Haplochromis microdon G74]
    `--+--‘Haplochromis’ cronus Greenwood 1959 G74, G80
       `--L. (Lipochromis) G80
            |  i. s.: L. (L.) taurinus (Trewavas 1933) [=Haplochromis taurinus] G80
            |--*L. (L.) obesus (Boulenger 1906) G80 (see below for synonymy)
            `--+--L. (L.) maxillaris (Trewavas 1928) G80 [=Haplochromis maxillaris G74]
               `--L. (L.) melanopterus (Trewavas 1928) G80 [=Haplochromis melanopterus G74]

*Lipochromis (Lipochromis) obesus (Boulenger 1906) G80 [=Paratilapia obesus G80, Haplochromis obesus G74, Pelmatochromis obesus G80]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G74] Greenwood, P. H. 1974. The cichlid fishes of Lake Vistoria, East Africa: The biology and evolution of a species flock. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology Suppl. 6: 1–134.

[G80] Greenwood, P. H. 1980. Towards a phyletic classification of the ‘genus’ Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part II; the species from Lakes Victoria, Nabugabo, Edward, George and Kivu. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology 39: 1–101.

Cyprinodontiformes

Blue panchax Aplocheilus panchax, copyright Sahat Ratmuangkhwang.

Belongs within: Atherinomorpha.
Contains: Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Poeciliidae.

The Cyprinodontiformes, killifishes and related forms, are a cosmopolitan group of small fishes usually found in estuarine or marine environments (Bond 1996). Members include the four-eyed fishes of the Anablepidae, in which the pupil is divided between an upper and a lower section to enable simultaneous vision above and below the water line. The Aplocheilidae of tropical Asia and Madagascar have the pelvic fin bases inserted close together and a black blotch is present on the dorsal fin of females.

Characters (from Bond 1996): Soft-rayed physoclists with abdominal pelvic fins. Single dorsal fin set behind middle of body. Caudal fin with varying number of rays, never forked. Orbitosphenoid, mesocoracoid, and basisphenoid absent; maxillaries excluded from border of mouth by premaxillaries. Lateral line canal system incomplete or not well formed on head and body.

Cyprinodontiformes [Microcyprini]
    |--Aplocheilidae [Aplocheilinae, Aplocheiloidei] B-RB13
    |    |--Fundulopanchax B96
    |    |--Aphiosemion B96
    |    |--Epiplatys B96
    |    |--Pachypanchax playfairii B96, ND13
    |    `--Aplocheilus L91
    |         |--A. latipes L91
    |         `--A. panchax CS77
    `--Cyprinodontoidei B-RB13
         |  i. s.: Profundulus B96 [Profundulidae B-RB13]
         |           `--P. hildebrandi B96
         |         Valencia B96 [Valenciidae B-RB13]
         |           `--V. hispanica B96
         |         Anablepidae B-RB13
         |           |--Jenynsia [Jenynsiidae] B96
         |           |    `--J. multidentata (Jenyns 1842) MGV06
         |           `--Anableps LD09
         |                |--A. anableps (Linnaeus 1758) LD09 [incl. A. tetrophthalmus Günther 1866 F16]
         |                `--A. microleps Müller & Troschel 1844 PC01
         |         Goodeidae B-RB13
         |           |  i. s.: Tapatia occidentalis Alvarez & Arriola 1972 P93
         |           |--Goodeinae B96
         |           `--Empetrichthyinae B96
         |                |--Crenichthys B96
         |                `--Empetrichthys B96
         |                     |--E. erdisi G88
         |                     |--E. latos USDI77
         |                     |    |--E. l. latos D81
         |                     |    |--E. l. concavus D81
         |                     |    `--E. l. pahrump D81
         |                     `--E. merriami D81
         |         Nothobranchius B96 [Nothobranchiidae B-RB13]
         |           `--N. rachowi B96
         |         Rivulidae B-RB13
         |           |--Pterolebias B96
         |           |--Cynolebias B96
         |           `--Rivulus R88
         |                |--R. cylindraceus R88
         |                |--R. garciai R88
         |                |--R. harti [=Haplochilus harti; incl. R. micropus Günther 1866] F16
         |                |--R. heyei R88
         |                |--R. insulaepinorum R88
         |                |--R. isthmensis F15
         |                |--R. marmoratus R86
         |                `--R. roloffi R88
         |--Cyprinodontidae ND13
         `--+--Fundulidae ND13
            `--Poeciliidae ND13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

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Last updated: 9 February 2022.