Spinicaudata

Limnadia lenticularis, from Sars (1896).

Belongs within: Diplostraca.

The Spinicaudata are a group of clam shrimps characterised by the formation of clasps on the first and second pair of thoracopods of the males. In members of the modern family Limnadiidae, the antennules are two-segmented and the head bears an unpaired, often pedunculate frontal organ.

<==Spinicaudata
    |  i. s.: Caenestheria dictyon TDC06
    |         Caenestheriella TDC06
    |           |--C. mariae T06
    |           `--C. packardi T06
    |         Eocyzicus TDC06
    |--Leptestheria T06 [Leptestheriidae WZK06]
    |    `--L. compleximanus T06
    |--Estheriellidae [Estherielloidea] BWW93
    |    |--Anomalonema Raymond 1946 BWW93
    |    |--Estheriella camerouni Defretin 1953 BWW93
    |    `--Afrograpta tricostata (Defretin 1953) BWW93
    |--Cyzicoidea G88
    |    |--Cyzicus Audouin 1837 [Cyzicidae] BWW93
    |    |--Glyptoasmussiidae G88
    |    `--Asmussia Pacht 1849 [Asmussiidae] BWW93
    |         `--A. membranacea Pacht 1849 BWW93
    |--Vertexioidea BWW93
    |    |--Pemphilimnadiopsis [Pemphilimnadiopsidae] BWW93
    |    |    `--P. ortoni (Clarke 1900) BWW93
    |    |--Ipsiloniidae BWW93
    |    |    |--Ipsilonia auriculata Novozhilov 1953 BWW93
    |    |    `--Aculestheria novojilovi Cardosa 1963 BWW93
    |    `--Vertexiidae BWW93
    |         |--Echinestheria marimbensis Marlière 1950 BWW93
    |         `--Cornia Lyutkevich 1937 BWW93
    |              `--*C. papillaria Lutkevich 1939 BB61
    |--Leaiidae [Leaioidea] BWW93
    |    |--Praeleaia quadricarinata Lyutkevich 1929 BWW93
    |    |--Pteroleaia canadensis Copeland 1962 BWW93
    |    |--Japanoleaia rectangula (Yokohama 1894) BWW93
    |    `--Leaia SC17
    |         |--L. chinensis SC17
    |         |--L. collinsi Mitchell 1925 F71
    |         |--L. compta Mitchell 1925 F71
    |         |--L. elliptica Mitchell 1925 F71
    |         |--L. latissima Mitchell 1925 F71
    |         |--L. oblongata Mitchell 1925 F71
    |         |--L. paraleidyi Mitchell 1925 F71
    |         |--L. pincombei Mitchell 1925 F71
    |         `--L. quadrata Mitchell 1925 F71
    `--Limnadiidae [Limnadioidea, Limnadopsidae] WZK06
         |--Imnadia [Imnadiidae] WZK06
         |--Limnadopsium WZK06
         |--Limnestheria ardra Wright 1920 BWW93
         |--Palaeolimnadiopsis Raymond 1946 BWW93
         |--Belgolimnadiopsis Novozhilov 1958 BWW93
         |--Metalimnadia [Metalimnadiidae, Paraimnadiidae] WZK06
         |    `--M. serratura [incl. Paraimnadia guayanensis] MD01
         |--Limnetis D01
         |    |--L. mucronatus D01
         |    `--L. zichyi Daday 1901 D01
         |--Limnadopsis WZK06
         |    |--L. birchii TDC06
         |    |--L. pilbarensis GMD11
         |    `--L. tatei Spencer & Hall 1896 WZK06
         |--Eulimnadia WZK06
         |    |--E. dahli Sars 1896 WZK06
         |    |--E. feriensis Dakin 1914 WZK06
         |    `--E. texana WZK06
         `--Limnadia WZK06
              |--L. badia Wolf 1911 WZK06
              |--L. lenticularis WZK06
              |--L. sordida King 1855 WZK06
              |--L. stanleyana King 1855 WZK06
              `--L. urukhai Webb & Bell 1979 T06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB61] Benson, R. H., J. M. Berdan, W. A. van den Bold, T. Hanai, I. Hessland, H. V. Howe, R. V. Kesling, S. A. Levinson, R. A. Reyment, R. C. Moore, H. W. Scott, R. H. Shaver, I. G. Sohn, L. E. Stover, F. M. Swain & P. C. Sylvester-Bradley. 1961. Systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q99–Q421. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[BWW93] Briggs, D. E. G., M. J. Weedon & M. A. Whyte. 1993. Arthropoda (Crustacea excluding Ostracoda). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 321–342. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GMD11] George, A. S., N. L. McKenzie & P. Doughty. 2011. A Biodiversity Survey of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia 2002–2007. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1).

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1–124.

[SC17] Schwentner, M., D. J. Combosch, J. P. Nelson & G. Giribet. 2017. A phylogenomic solution to the origin of insects by resolving crustacean-hexapod relationships. Current Biology 27: 1818–1824.

[T06] Timms, B. V. 2006. The large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of gnammas (rock holes) in Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 163–173.

[TDC06] Timms, B. V., B. Datson & M. Coleman. 2006. The wetlands of the Lake Carey catchment, northeast Goldfields of Western Australia, with special reference to large branchiopods. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 175–183.

[WZK06] Weeks, S. C., M. Zofkova & B. Knott. 2006. Limnadiid clam shrimp distribution in Australia (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 155–161.

Last updated: 7 March 2022.

Chydoridae

Alona affinis, copyright Päule.

Belongs within: Anomopoda.

The Chydoridae are a group of benthic cladocerans with setae on the endite of the second trunk limb modified for scraping algae.

<==Chydoridae
    |  i. s.: Rak obtusus P05
    |--Chydorinae CC02
    |    |--Dunhevedia crassa King 1853 CC02
    |    `--Chydorus CC02
    |         |--C. globosus D01
    |         |--C. sphaericus (Muller 1776) CC02
    |         `--C. ventricosus Daday 1898 CC02
    `--Aloninae CC02
         |--Leydigia acanthocercoides (Fischer 1854) CC02
         |--Kurzia latissima (Kurz 1875) CC02
         |--Euryalona orientalis (Daday 1898) CC02
         |--Oxyurella CC02
         |    |--O. singalensis (Daday 1898) CC02
         |    `--O. tenuicaudis (Sars 1862) CC02
         `--Alona CC02
              |--A. acanthocercoides D01
              |--A. affinis D01
              |--A. bessei D86
              |--A. costata D01
              |--A. davidi Richard 1895 CC02
              |    |--A. d. davidi CC02
              |    `--A. d. punctata (Daday 1898) CC02
              |--A. guttata D86
              |--A. lineata D01
              |--A. phreatica D86
              |--A. protzi D86
              |--A. pulchella King 1853 CC02
              |--A. quadrangularis D01
              |--A. rostrata D01
              |--A. smirnovi D86
              |--A. tenuicaudis D01
              `--A. testudinaria D01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC02] Chandrasekhar, S. V. A., & T. Chatterjee. 2002. Cladoceran fauna of Malda district, West Bengal. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 467–470.

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[D86] Dumont, H. J. 1986. Cladocera. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 263–264. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[P05] Pinder, A. M. 2005. A review of biodiversity in wetlands with organic sediments on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, with an emphasis on aquatic invertebrates. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 129–132.

Branchiopoda

Brine shrimp Artemia salina, copyright Hans Hillewaert.

Belongs within: Allotriocarida.
Contains: Calmanostraca, Diplostraca, Anostracina.

The Branchiopoda are a morphologically diverse group of crustaceans with phyllopodous limbs, including the water fleas, fairy shrimp and tadpole shrimp. Within the Branchiopoda, a well-developed carapace is present in members of the clade Phyllopoda but absent in the Anostraca. The Anostraca, brine shrimps, typically inhabit saline habitats such as ephemeral pools and marine lagoons, and swim with their ventral side upwards. Brine shrimps may be divided between the clades Anostracina and Artemiina with the latter being characterised by two rigid wart- or spine-like outgrowths on the inner side of the median article of the second antenna in males, a short brood pouch often with two lateral lobes in females, and the seventh abdominal segment often being fused with the telson (Weekers et al. 2002).

Branchiopoda
    |--Phyllopoda MD01
    |    |  i. s.: Estheria B66
    |    |           |--E. fukiensis G31
    |    |           |--E. mangaliensis F71
    |    |           |--E. newcombii Baird 1866 B66
    |    |           `--E. striata [incl. E. striata var. tateiana] T64
    |    |         Ozestheria rubra SC17
    |    |--Calmanostraca MD01
    |    `--Diplostraca MD01
    `--Anostraca MD01
         |  i. s.: Prochiracephalus S02
         |         Chirocephalopsis bundyi D56
         |         Siphonophanes grubei [=Chirocephalus grubei] A99
         |--Anostracina WM02
         `--Artemiina WM02
              |--Parartemia [Parartemiidae, Parartemiinae] WM02
              |    `--P. zietziana WM02
              `--Artemia Leach 1819 BWW93 [Artemiidae WM02]
                   |--A. franciscana WM02
                   `--A. salina WM02

Branchiopoda incertae sedis:
  Leptestheriella ineremis T06
  Daphniopsis pusilla TDC06
  Cyclestherioides lenticularis (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria lenticularis] F71
  Discoleaia discoidalis (Mitchell 1925) [=Leaia discoidea] F71
  Estheriina F71
    |--E. glabra (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria glabra, Palaeolimnadia glabra] F71
    |--E. glenleensis (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria glenleensis, Palaeolimnadia glenleensis] F71
    `--E. linguiformis [=Estheria linguiformis, Palaeolimnadia linguiformis] F71
  Estherites wianamattensis (Mitchell 1927) (see below for synonymy) F71
  Trileaia F71
    |--T. belmontensis (Mitchell 1925) [=Leaia belmontensis] F71
    |--T. etheridgei Kobayashi 1954 F71
    |--T. intermedia (Mitchell 1925) [=Leaia intermediata] F71
    |--T. mitchelli (Etheridge 1892) [=Leaia mitchelli] F71
    `--T. sulcata Kobayashi 1954 F71
  Quadrileaia quadricarinata (Mitchell 1925) [=Leaia quadricarinata] F71
  Lioestheria F71
    |--L. bellambiensis (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria bellambiensis] F71
    `--L. belmontensis (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria belmontensis, Pseudestheria belmontensis] F71
  Euestheria F71
    |--E. coghlani (Etheridge 1888) [=Estheria coghlani, Palaeolimnadia coghlani] F71
    |--E. harveyi [=Isaura (Euestheria) harveyi] T61
    |    |--E. h. harveyi T61
    |    `--E. h. wellingtoni [=Isaura (Euestheria) harveyi wellingtoni] T61
    |--E. ipsviciensis (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria ipsviciensis, Pseudestheria ipsviciensis] F71
    |--E. lata (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria lata, Pseudestheria lata] F71
    |--E. middendorfii K84
    |--E. novocastrensis (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria novocastrensis, Pseudestheria novocastrensis] F71
    |--E. obliqua (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria obliqua, Pseudestheria obliqua] F71
    `--E. trigonellaris (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria trigonellaris, Pseudestheria trigonellaris] F71

Estherites wianamattensis (Mitchell 1927) [=Estheria wianamattensis, Euestheria wianamattensis, Palaeolimnadia wianamattensis] F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (transl. 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[B66] Baird, W. 1866. Descriptions of two new species of phyllopodous crustaceans. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 122–123.

[BWW93] Briggs, D. E. G., M. J. Weedon & M. A. Whyte. 1993. Arthropoda (Crustacea excluding Ostracoda). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 321–342. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D56] Dexter, R. W. 1956. A new fairy shrimp from western United States, with notes on other North American species. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 159–165.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[K84] Kobayashi, T. 1984. On the non-marine Mesozoic faunas of Asia and their bearing on the historical geology. Fossils 35: 33–37.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1–124.

[SC17] Schwentner, M., D. J. Combosch, J. P. Nelson & G. Giribet. 2017. A phylogenomic solution to the origin of insects by resolving crustacean-hexapod relationships. Current Biology 27: 1818–1824.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[T61] Tasch, P. 1961. Paleolimnology: Part 2—Harvey and Sedgwick counties, Kansas: stratigraphy and biota. Journal of Paleontology 35: 836–865.

[T64] Tate, G. 1864. Description of a sea-star, Cribellites carbonarius, from the Mountain Limestone formation of Northumberland, with a notice of its association with Carboniferous plants. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 88–89.

[T06] Timms, B. V. 2006. The large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of gnammas (rock holes) in Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 163–173.

[TDC06] Timms, B. V., B. Datson & M. Coleman. 2006. The wetlands of the Lake Carey catchment, northeast Goldfields of Western Australia, with special reference to large branchiopods. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 175–183.

[WM02] Weekers, P. H. H., G. Murugan, J. R. Vanfleteren, D. Belk & H. J. Dumont. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 535–544.

Last updated: 25 December 2021.

Anomopoda

Daphnia magna, from Biopix.

Belongs within: Diplostraca.
Contains: Chydoridae.

The Anomopoda is the largest generally-recognised subgroup within the waterfleas (Cladocera). It contains the most speciose genus of waterfleas, Daphnia. Members of the family Daphniidae have the setae on the gnathobase of the second trunk limb and its neighbouring endite plumose and forming a filtering fan (Santos-Flores & Dodson 2003).

Characters (from Santos-Flores & Dodson 2003): Trunk limb 1 with five pseudosegments: endites 1-3 largely merged with corm, endite 4 and exopodite well differentiated; two ejector hooks present at base of corm (absent in Neothrix). Trunk limb 3 composed of single lobed exopodite, provided with 6 plumose setae, and more complex endopodite, resulting from a degree of fusion of corm with a series of endites.

<==Anomopoda
    |  i. s.: Neothrix [Neothricidae] S-FD03
    |--Ilyocryptus MD01 [Ilyocryptidae S-FD03]
    |--Dumontia Santos-Flores & Dodson 2003 [Dumontiidae] S-FD03
    |    `--*D. oregonensis Santos-Flores & Dodson 2003 S-FD03
    |--Bosminidae S-FD03
    |    |--Bosminopsis S-FD03
    |    `--Bosmina D01
    |         |--B. cornuta D01
    |         |--B. diaphana D01
    |         |--B. longirostris D01
    |         |--B. longispina [incl. B. longispina var. laevis Daday 1901] D01
    |         |--B. pelagica D01
    |         `--B. sibirica Daday 1901 D01
    |--Moinidae S-FD03
    |    |--Moinodaphnia MD01
    |    `--Moina G-DW03
    |         |--M. australiensis TDC06
    |         |--M. australis D01
    |         |--M. baylyi TDC06
    |         |--M. brachiata D01
    |         |--M. micrura Kurz 1874 CC02
    |         |--M. mongolica Daday 1901 D01
    |         `--M. rectirostris G-DW03
    |--Radopoda S-FD03
    |    |  i. s.: Bunops S-FD03
    |    |         Ophryoxus S-FD03
    |    |         Parophryoxus S-FD03
    |    |         Eurycercus lamellatus S-FD03, D01
    |    |         Acantholeberis S-FD03
    |    |--Chydoridae S-FD03
    |    `--Macrothricidae [Macrothricinae] S-FD03
    |         |--Echinisca triserialis (Brady 1886) CC02
    |         `--Macrothrix D01
    |              |--M. carinata TDC06
    |              |--M. flabelligera PH10
    |              |--M. laticornis D01
    |              |--M. rosea D01
    |              |--M. serricaudata D01
    |              |--M. sibirica Daday 1901 D01
    |              |--M. spinosa Daday 1901 D01
    |              `--M. triserialis D01
    `--Daphniidae S-FD03
         |--Scapholeberis CC02
         |    |--S. cornuta [incl. S. cornuta var. intermedia, S. cornuta var. mucronata] D01
         |    `--S. kingi Sars 1903 CC02
         |--Simocephalus CC02
         |    |--S. elisabethae D01
         |    |--S. exspinosus (Koch 1841) CC02
         |    `--S. vetutus D01
         |--Hyalodaphnia D01
         |    |--H. jardinei (see below for synonymy) D01
         |    |--H. longiremis D01
         |    |--H. magniceps D01
         |    |--H. retrocurva D01
         |    `--H. vitica D01
         |--Ceriodaphnia D01
         |    |--C. cornuta R96
         |    |--C. megops D01
         |    |--C. pulchella D01
         |    |--C. quadrangula D01
         |    |--C. reticulata D01
         |    `--C. rotunda D01
         `--Daphnia S-FD03
              |--D. acuminirostris Lucas 1846 E12
              |--D. ambigua B68
              |--D. carinata TDC06
              |--D. catawba B68
              |--D. crystallina [=Monoculus crystallinus] L02
              |--D. cucullata R96
              |--D. curvirostris [=Monoculus curvirostris] L02
              |--D. dubia B68
              |--D. galeata GEW01
              |--D. hyalina B68
              |--D. longiremis R96
              |--D. longispina D01 [=Monoculus longispinus L02]
              |--D. lumholtzi R96 [incl. D. monacha B68]
              |--D. magna G-DW03
              |--D. mucronata [incl. Monoculus bispinosus] L02
              |--D. obtusa CCG01
              |--D. projecta TDC06
              |--D. pulex (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 (see below for synonymy)
              |--D. pulicaria AH03
              |--D. quadrangula L02
              |--D. rectirostris [=Monoculus rectirostris] L02
              |--D. retrocurva R96
              |--D. setifera [=Monoculus setiferus] L02
              `--D. sima [incl. Monoculus laevis] L02

Daphnia pulex (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Monoculus pulex L02; incl. Animalculum aquatile L02, Daphnia pennata L02]

Hyalodaphnia jardinei [incl. H. jardinei var. apicata, H. cristata var. cederstroemi, H. jardinei var. cristata, H. jardinei var. cucullata, H. jardinei var. hermani, H. jardinei var. incerta, H. cristata var. kahlbergiensis, H. jardinei var. procurva, H. jardinei var. vitrea] D01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AH03] Ahlgren, G., & P. Hyenstrand. 2003. Nitrogen limitation effects of different nitrogen sources on nutritional quality of two freshwater organisms, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyceae) and Synechococcus sp. (Cyanophyceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 906–917.

[B68] Brooks, J. L. 1968. The effects of prey size selection by lake planktivores. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 273–291.

[CCG01] Canivet, V., P. Chambon & J. Gibert. 2001. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of arsenic and chromium in epigean and hypogean freshwater macroinvertebrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40: 345–354.

[CC02] Chandrasekhar, S. V. A., & T. Chatterjee. 2002. Cladoceran fauna of Malda district, West Bengal. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 467–470.

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G-DW03] Giblin-Davis, R. M., D. S. Williams, S. Bekal, D. W. Dickson, J. A. Brito, J. O. Becker & J. F. Preston. 2003. ‘Candidatus Pasteuria usgae’ sp. nov., an obligate endoparasite of the phytoparasitic nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 197–200.

[GEW01] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe & W. C. Wheeler. 2001. Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. Nature 413: 157–161.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 4. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MD01] Martin, J. W., & G. E. Davis. 2001. An updated classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County, Science Series 39: 1–124.

[PH10] Pinder, A. M., S. A. Halse, R. J. Shiel & J. M. McRae. 2010. An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 205–246.

[R96] Roff, D. A. 1996. The evolution of threshold traits in animals. Quarterly Review of Biology 71 (1): 3–35.

[S-FD03] Santos-Flores, C. J., & S. I. Dodson. 2003. Dumontia oregonensis n. fam., n. gen., n. sp., a cladoceran representing a new family of ‘water-fleas’ (Crustacea, Anomopoda) from U.S.A., with notes on the classification of the order Anomopoda. Hydrobiologia 500: 145–155.

[TDC06] Timms, B. V., B. Datson & M. Coleman. 2006. The wetlands of the Lake Carey catchment, northeast Goldfields of Western Australia, with special reference to large branchiopods. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 175–183.

Last updated: 5 November 2017.

Diplostraca

Lynceus brachyurus, from here.

Belongs within: Branchiopoda.
Contains: Eosestheria, Spinicaudata, Cladoceromorpha.

The Diplostraca is a clade of freshwater crustaceans with the body enclosed within a bivalved carapace. They have a fossil record extending back to the early Devonian (Briggs et al. 1993). The diplostracans have been divided in the past between the Cladocera (water fleas) and 'Conchostraca' (clam shrimps) with the Conchostraca having a more expansive carapace and retaining posterior appendages. However, current indications are that the clam shrimps are paraphyletic with the Spinicaudata being more closely related to the Cladocera than to the Lynceidae.

The clam shrimps of the Lynceidae have a smooth carapace without growth lines, and a greatly reduced telson lacking a furca. They have a less extensive fossil record than the Spinicaudata, going back only to the Cretaceous (Briggs et al. 1993), suggesting the existence of a long ghost lineage.

Synapomorphies (from Ax 1999): Median placement of compound eyes in close proximity; second antenna biramous, strongly developed with locomotory function; first thoracopod of male with hooks for copulation, movable finger differentiated from endopodite; eggs deposited in dorsal shell space between carapace and back of thorax, eggs attached onto dorsal structures of endopodite; abdomen short, legless, folded downwards; dorsal telson with pair of long setae; branches of furca differentiated into backward-directed claws.

<==Diplostraca [Conchostraca, Onychura]
    |--+--Spinicaudata LSE13
    |  `--Cladoceromorpha LSE13
    `--Lynceidae [Laevicauda, Laevicaudata, Laeviscaudata, Lyncaeidae] RS10
         |--Camptocercus lilljeborgii D01
         |--Acroperus leucocephalus D01
         |--Duvenhedia setigera D01
         |--Pleuroxus D01
         |    |--P. aduncus D01
         |    |--P. csikii Daday 1901 D01
         |    |--P. excisus D01
         |    |--P. hastatus D01
         |    |--P. personatus D01
         |    |--P. trigonellus D01
         |    `--P. truncatus D01
         `--Lynceus LSE13
              |--L. branchyurus G20 [=Monoculus brachyurus L02]
              |--L. lamellatus [=Monoculus lamellatus] L02
              |--L. longirostris [=Monoculus longirostris] L02
              |--L. macleayanus T06
              |--L. macrourus [=Monoculus macrourus] L02
              |--L. quadrangularis [=Monoculus quadrangularis] L02
              |--L. socors [=Monoculus socors] L02
              |--L. sphaericus [=Monoculus sphaericus] L02
              |--L. stschukini Chernyshev 1940 BWW93
              |--L. trigonellus [=Monoculus trigonellus] L02
              `--L. truncatus [=Monoculus truncatus] L02

Diplostraca incertae sedis:
  Bairdestheria S02
  Eosestheria S81
  Diestheria S81
    |--D. gansuensis S81
    |--D. jiayuguanensis S81
    |--D. ovalis S81
    |--D. xiagouensis S81
    |--D. yixianensis S81
    `--D. zhoulangensis S81
  Gansulimnadia S81
    |--G. ovata S81
    `--G. quadrata S81
  Pseudestherites qinghemensis S81
  Yanjiestheria S81
    |--Y. fusiformis S81
    |--Y. hanhsiaensis S81
    |--Y. minor S81
    |--Y. sinensis S81
    |--Y. venulosa S81
    `--Y. yumenensis S81
  Neodiestheria S81
    |--N. changmaensis S81
    `--N. dalaziensis S81
  Orthesteriopsis liupanshanensis S81
  Lepidilla Matthew 1886 BB61
    `--*L. anomala Matthew 1886 BB61
  Lepiditta Matthew 1886 BB61
    `--*L. alata Matthew 1886 BB61
  Laxitextella laxitexta (Jones 1890) DS16

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Ax, P. 2000. Muticellular Animals: the phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer.

[BB61] Benson, R. H., J. M. Berdan, W. A. van den Bold, T. Hanai, I. Hessland, H. V. Howe, R. V. Kesling, S. A. Levinson, R. A. Reyment, R. C. Moore, H. W. Scott, R. H. Shaver, I. G. Sohn, L. E. Stover, F. M. Swain & P. C. Sylvester-Bradley. 1961. Systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt Q. Arthropoda 3: Crustacea: Ostracoda pp. Q99–Q421. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[BWW93] Briggs, D. E. G., M. J. Weedon & M. A. Whyte. 1993. Arthropoda (Crustacea excluding Ostracoda). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 321–342. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[DS16] Dzik, J., & T. Sulej. 2016. An early Late Triassic long-necked reptile with a bony pectoral shield and gracile appendages. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (4): 805–823.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 4. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[LSE13] Legg, D. A., M. D. Sutton & G. D. Edgecombe. 2013. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nature Communications 4 (2485): 1–7.

[RS10] Regier, J. C., J. W. Shultz, A. Zwick, A. Hussey, B. Ball, R. Wetzer, J. W. Martin & C. W. Cunningham. 2010. Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences. Nature 463: 1079–1083.

[S81] Shen Y.-B. 1981. Fossil conchostracans from the Chijinpu Formation (Upper Jurassic) and the Xinminpu group (Lower Cretaceous) in Hexi Corridor, Gansu. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 20 (3): 266–272.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[T06] Timms, B. V. 2006. The large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of gnammas (rock holes) in Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 163–173.

Last updated: 22 October 2020.