Orthopsidae

Orthopsis miliaris, copyright Sartha.

Belongs within: Euechinoidea.

The Orthopsidae are a group of echinoids of uncertain affinities known from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Test small or large, regularly hemispherical or globular. Lantern camarodont (known only in Orthopsis). Ambulacra simple, without compounded plates, at most with only incipient triads; zygopores arranged in straight meridians. Tubercles perforate, noncrenulate. Apical system dicyclic, exceptionally with posterior oculars insert. Spines unknown.

Orthopsidae [Orthopsida, Orthopsina, Orthopsinae] FP66
    |--Brochechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1908 FP66
    |    `--*B. elisae Lambert & Thiéry 1908 FP66
    |--Dubarechinus Lambert 1937 FP66
    |    `--*D. despujolsi Lambert 1937 FP66
    |--Gymnodiadema de Loriol 1884 FP66
    |    `--*G. choffati de Loriol 1884 FP66
    |--Orthocidaris Cotteau 1862 FP66
    |    `--*O. inermis (Gras 1848) [=Hemicidaris inermis] FP66
    |--Scaptodiadema de Loriol 1891 FP66
    |    `--*S. matheyi de Loriol 1891 FP66
    `--Orthopsis Cotteau 1864 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |--*O. miliaris (d’Archiac 1835) [=Cidarites miliaris] FP66
         |--O. flouesti Cotteau 1867 [=*Miorthopsis flouesti] FP66
         `--O. similis Stoliczka 1873 [=*Arialopsis similis, *Stephanopsis similis, *Stephomma simile] FP66

Orthopsis Cotteau 1864 [incl. Arialopsis Lambert & Thiéry 1925, Miorthopsis Pomel 1883, Stephanopsis Lambert 1900 non Bedot 1896, Stephomma Stechow 1921] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Hemicidaroida

Tetragramma variolare, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Echinacea.

The Hemicidaroida are a group of echinoids with a stirodont lantern and perforate primary tubercles known from the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous (Fell & Pawson 1966).

<==Hemicidaroida [Hemicidarina]
    |  i. s.: Allomma Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*A. normanniae (Cotteau 1863) [=Pseudodiadema normanniae] FP66
    |         Colpotiara Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*C. matheyi (de Loriol 1870) [=Heterodiadema matheyi] FP66
    |         Trochodiadema de Loriol 1900 FP66
    |           `--*T. abramense de Loriol 1900 FP66
    |--Hemicidaridae FP66
    |    |--Cidaropsis Cotteau 1863 FP66
    |    |    `--*C. minor (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris minor] FP66
    |    |--Hessotiara Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. florescens (Agassiz 1840) [=Diadema florescens] FP66
    |    |--Heterodiadema Cotteau 1864 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. libycum (Desor 1846) [=Hemicidaris libyca] FP66
    |    |--Asterocidaris Cotteau 1859 FP66
    |    |    |--*A. notodi Cotteau 1859 FP66
    |    |    `--A. minor FP66
    |    |--Gymnocidaris Agassiz 1838 [incl. Prodiadema Pomel 1869] FP66
    |    |    |--*G. diademata (Agassiz 1838) [=Hemicidaris diademata] FP66
    |    |    `--‘Cidarites’ agassizi Roemer 1839 [=*Prodiadema agassizi] FP66
    |    |--Plesiocidaris Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*P. alpina (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris alpina] FP66
    |    |    `--P. durandi FP66
    |    |--Hemicidaris Agassiz 1838 [incl. Hemipygus Etallon 1859] FP66
    |    |    |--*H. crenularis (Lamarck 1816) (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--H. glasvillei FP66
    |    |    `--H. mondegoensis FP66
    |    |--Hemitiaris Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*H. stramonium (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris stramonium] FP66
    |    |    |--H. morinica FP66
    |    |    `--H. purbeckensis FP66
    |    |--Sphaerotiaris Lambert & Thiéry 1914 [=Tiaris Quenstedt 1873 (preoc.); incl. Dorytiaris Beurlin 1937] FP66
    |    |    |--*S. quenstedti (Merian in Desor 1858) [=Hemicidaris quenstedti, *Tiaris quenstedti] FP66
    |    |    |--‘Hemicidaris’ intermedia Fleming 1828 [=*Dorytiaris intermedia] FP66
    |    |    `--S. koechlini FP66
    |    `--Pseudocidaris Étallon 1859 FP66
    |         |--*P. thurmanni (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris thurmanni] FP66
    |         |--P. clunifera FP66
    |         |--P. lusitanica FP66
    |         |--P. mammosa FP66
    |         |--P. rupellensis FP66
    |         `--P. subcrenularis FP66
    `--Pseudodiadematidae FP66
         |--Dumblea Cragin 1893 FP66
         |    `--*D. symmetrica Cragin 1893 FP66
         |--Loriolia Neumayr 1881 [=Heterotiara Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    `--*L. foucardi (Cotteau 1851) [=Diadema foucardi, *Heterotiara foucardi] FP66
         |--Microdiadema Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |    `--*M. richerianum (Cotteau 1869) [=Arbacia richeriana] FP66
         |--Pedinopsis Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |    `--*P. meridanensis Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |--Tiaromma Pomel 1883 FP66
         |    `--*T. schlueteri (de Loriol 1887) [=Pseudodiadema schlueteri] FP66
         |--Diplopodia M’Coy 1848 [incl. Polyplodia Valette 1906, Pseudoplopodia Valette 1906] FP66
         |    |--*D. pentagona M’Coy 1848 FP66
         |    `--D. morieri FP66
         |--Pseudodiadema Desor 1855 [incl. Aplodiadema de Loriol 1902, Stereopyga Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*P. pseudodiadema (Lamarck 1816) [=Cidarites pseudodiadema] FP66
         |    |--P. langi Desor 1868 [=*Aplodiadema langi] FP66
         |    `--P. moorei Wright 1857 [=*Stereopyga moorei] FP66
         |--Acrocidaris Agassiz 1840 [incl. Acrotiaris Quenstedt 1872] FP66
         |    |--*A. nobilis Agassiz 1840 FP66
         |    |--A. formosa FP66
         |    `--A. minor FP66
         |--Hypodiadema Desor 1858 [incl. Gymnotiara Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*H. saleniforme (Desor 1853) [=Hemicidaris saleniformis] FP66
         |    |--H. desoriana FP66
         |    `--‘Pseudodiadema’ varusense Cotteau 1880 [=*Gymnotiara varusensis] FP66
         |--Polydiadema Lambert 1888 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*P. mamillanum (Roemer 1836) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--‘*Leptarbacia’ argutus Clark & Twitchell 1915 FP66
         |    |--P. tenue FP66
         |    `--‘*Polypedina’ tounatensis Lambert 1933 FP66
         |--Trochotiara Lambert 1901 [incl. Tiarella Pomel 1883 nec Swainson 1840 nec Schultze 1876] FP66
         |    |--*T. prisca (Agassiz 1840) [=Diadema priscum] FP66
         |    |--T. bourgeti FP66
         |    |--T. guathieri FP66
         |    `--T. thiriai FP66
         `--Tetragramma Agassiz 1840 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |--*T. variolare (Brongniart 1821) [=Cidarites variolare, *Acanthechinopsis variolare] FP66
              |--T. argonnensis Lambert 1925 [=*Strictotiara argonnensis] FP66
              |--T. malbosi FP66
              |--T. raulini FP66
              |--T. renevieri FP66
              `--‘Pseudodiadema’ subangulatum Stoliczka 1873 [=*Orthodiadema subangulatum] FP66

*Hemicidaris crenularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Cidarites crenularis; incl. H. intermedia Cotteau 1880 non Fleming 1828] FP66

Polydiadema Lambert 1888 [=Plesiodiadema Duncan 1885 non Pomel 1883; incl. Leptarbacia Clark & Twitchell 1915, Placodiadema Duncan 1889, Polypedina Lambert 1933] FP66

*Polydiadema mamillanum (Roemer 1836) [=Cidaris mamillanum, *Plesiodiadema mamillanum; incl. Pseudodiadema davidsoni Wright 1857, Polydiadema davidsoni] FP66

Tetragramma Agassiz 1840 [=Acanthechinopsis Gregory 1906; incl. Hexagramma Pomel 1883, Orthodiadema Lambert & Thiéry 1908, Strictotiara Lambert & Thiéry 1925] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Temnopleuroida

Temnotrema maculatum, from here.

Belongs within: Echinacea.

The Temnopleuroida are a group of echinoids with a camarodont lantern known from the Lower Jurassic to the present (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern camarodont (unknown in Glyphocyphidae). Test usually sculptured with ridges (epistroma) or sutural depressions or both, at least in immature stages; if test not sculptured, then gill slits very deep and conspicuous. Radioles solid.

<==Temnopleuroida [Temnopleurina]
    |  i. s.: Gagaria Duncan 1889 [incl. Leiopleurus Lambert 1902] FP66
    |           |--*G. venustula (Duncan & Sladen 1884) [=Micropsis venustula] FP66
    |           |--G. mossomi FP66
    |           `--‘Psammechinus’ orbignyi Cotteau 1883 [=*Leiopleurus orbignyi] FP66
    |--Glyphocyphidae [Glyphocyphinae] FP66
    |    |--Arachniopleurus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. reticulatus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Glyptodiadema Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    `--*G. cayluxense (Cotteau 1880) [=Pseudodiadema cayluxense] FP66
    |    |--Progonechinus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*P. eocenicus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Radiocyphus Cotteau 1890 FP66
    |    |    `--*R. villanovae Cotteau 1890 FP66
    |    |--Dictyopleurus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    |--*D. ziczac Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--D. haimei FP66
    |    |--Echinopsis Agassiz 1840 [incl. Hebertia Michelin 1859] FP66
    |    |    |--*E. elegans (Desmoulins 1837) [=Echinus elegans] FP66
    |    |    `--E. parisiensis (Michelin 1859) [=*Hebertia parisiensis] FP66
    |    |--Glyphocyphus Haime 1853 FP66
    |    |    |--*G. (Glyphocyphus) radiatus (Hoeninghaus 1826) [=Echinus radiatus] FP66
    |    |    `--G. (Rhabdopleurus Cotteau 1893) [=Cryptocyphus Lambert & Thiéry 1914] FP66
    |    |         `--G. (*R.) ataxensis Cotteau 1886 [=*Cryptocyphus ataxensis] FP66
    |    |--Hemidiadema Agassiz 1846 FP66
    |    |    |--*H. rugosum Agassiz 1846 FP66
    |    |    |--H. intermedium FP66
    |    |    `--H. neocomiense FP66
    |    `--Ambipleurus Lambert 1932 [incl. Medochechinus Jeannet 1935] FP66
    |         |--*A. douvillei (Lambert 1824) [=Dictyopleurus douvillei] FP66
    |         |--A. darchiaci FP66
    |         |--A. darguini FP66
    |         `--‘*Medochechinus’ fabrei Jeannet 1935 FP66
    |--Toxopneustidae FP66
    |    |--Pseudocentrotus Mortensen 1903 FP66
    |    |    `--*P. depressus (Agassiz 1863) [=Toxocidaris depressa] FP66
    |    |--Cyrtechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*C. verruculatus (Lutken 1864) [=Psammechinus verruculatus] FP66
    |    |--Goniopneustes Duncan 1889 FP66
    |    |    `--*G. pentagonus (Agassiz 1872) [=Amblypneustes pentagonus] FP66
    |    |--Gymnechinus Mortensen 1903 FP66
    |    |    `--*G. robillardi (de Loriol 1883) [=Echinus robillardi] FP66
    |    |--Scoliechinus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
    |    |    `--*S. axiologus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
    |    |--Nudechinus Clark 1912 [incl. Taxophyma Lambert 1899] FP66
    |    |    |--*N. scotiopremnus Clark 1912 FP66
    |    |    `--N. lyonsi (Gregory 1898) [=Psammechinus lyonsi, *Taxophyma lyonsi] FP66
    |    |--Toxopneustes Agassiz 1841 [=Boletia Desor 1846; incl. Hemiechinus Girard in Agassiz 1872] FP66
    |    |    |--*T. pileolus (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus pileolus, *Boletia pileolus] FP66
    |    |    `--T. roseus FP66
    |    |--Pseudoboletia Troschel 1869 FP66
    |    |    |--*P. stenostoma Troschel 1869 FP66
    |    |    `--P. indiana (Michelin 1862) MG-H11
    |    |--Lytechinus Agassiz 1863 [=Psilechinus Lutken 1864] FP66
    |    |    |--*L. variegatus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--L. anamesus BK77
    |    |--Oligophyma Pomel 1869 FP66
    |    |    |--*O. oranense Pomel 1869 FP66
    |    |    `--O. cellense FP66
    |    |--Schizechinus Pomel 1869 [incl. Toxophyma Lambert & Thiéry 1925] FP66
    |    |    |--*S. tuberculatus (Pomel 1887) [=Anapesus tuberculatus] FP66
    |    |    `--S. duciei FP66
    |    |--Sphaerechinus Desor 1856 B01
    |    |    |--*S. granularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus granularis] FP66
    |    |    |--S. esculentus H04
    |    |    `--S. lividus D56
    |    `--Tripneustes Agassiz 1841 [incl. Heliechinus Girard 1850, Hipponoe Gray 1840 (n. n.)] FP66
    |         |--*T. ventricosus (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus ventricosus; incl. *Heliechinus gouldii Girard 1850] FP66
    |         |--T. esculentus W79
    |         `--T. gratilla (Linnaeus 1758) BM09
    `--Temnopleuridae FP66
         |--Mespilia Desor 1846 FP66
         |    `--*M. globulus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus globulus] FP66
         |--Asterechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
         |    `--*A. elegans Mortensen 1942 FP66
         |--Erbechinus Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |    `--*E. erbi Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |--Genocidaris Agassiz 1869 FP66
         |    `--*G. maculata Agassiz 1869 FP66
         |--Glyptechinus de Loriol 1873 FP66
         |    `--*G. rochati de Loriol 1873 FP66
         |--Goniosigma Fell 1964 FP66
         |    `--*G. enysi (Hutton 1873) [=Echinus enysi] FP66
         |--Grammechinus Duncan & Sladen 1885 FP66
         |    `--*G. regularis Duncan & Sladen 1885 FP66
         |--Graphepleurus Clark 1945 [=Graphechinus (l. c.)] FP66
         |    `--*G. granularis Clark 1945 FP66
         |--Hypsiechinus Mortensen 1903 FP66
         |    `--*H. coronatus Mortensen 1903 FP66
         |--Irenechinus Fell 1964 FP66
         |    `--*I. hentyi Fell 1964 FP66
         |--Lamprechinus Döderlein 1905 FP66
         |    `--*L. nitidus Döderlein 1905 FP66
         |--Leiocyphus Cotteau 1866 FP66
         |    `--*L. conjunctus (Agassiz 1840) [=Arbacia conjuncta] FP66
         |--Martinechinus Jeannet 1937 FP66
         |    `--*M. molengraaffi Jeannet 1937 FP66
         |--Orechinus Döderlein 1905 FP66
         |    `--*O. monolini (Agassiz 1879) [=Trigonocidaris monolini] FP66
         |--Paratrema Koehler 1927 FP66
         |    `--*P. doederleini (Mortensen 1904) [=Pleurechinus doederleini] FP66
         |--Printechinus Koehler 1927 FP66
         |    `--*P. impressus Koehler 1927 FP66
         |--Prionechinus Agassiz 1879 FP66
         |    `--*P. sagittiger Agassiz 1879 FP66
         |--Pseudarbacina Fourtau 1920 FP66
         |    `--*P. fraasi (Gauthier in Fourtau 1902) [=Arbacina fraasi] FP66
         |--Pseudodicoptella Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |    `--*P. reicheli Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |--Salmaciella Mortensen 1942 FP66
         |    `--*S. dussumieri (Agassiz 1846) [=Salmacis dussumieri] FP66
         |--Temnechinus Forbes 1852 FP66
         |    `--*T. excavatus Forbes 1852 FP66
         |--Zeuglopleurus Gregory 1889 FP66
         |    `--*Z. costulatus Gregory 1889 FP66
         |--Salmacis Agassiz 1841 FP66 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*S. bicolor Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    `--‘Echinus’ sphaeroides Linnaeus 1758 [incl. *Melebosis mirabilis Girard 1850] FP66
         |--Amblypneustes Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    |--*A. ovum (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus ovum] FP66
         |    `--A. pachistus FP66
         |--Arbacina Pomel 1869 FP66
         |    |--*A. monilis (Desmarest 1816) [=Echinus monilis] FP66
         |    `--A. romana FP66
         |--Desmechinus Clark 1923 [incl. Javanechinus Jeannet 1935] FP66
         |    |--*D. anomalus Clark 1923 FP66
         |    `--‘*Javanechinus’ rembangensis Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |--Echinocyphus Cotteau 1860 FP66
         |    |--*E. tenuistriatus (Desor 1857) [=Glyphocyphus tenuistriatus] FP66
         |    `--E. matronensis FP66
         |--Holopneustes Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    |--*H. porosissimus Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    `--H. inflatus FP66
         |--Leptopleurus Lambert & Thiéry 1910 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*L. hemisphaericus (Duncan & Sladen 1885) [=*Lepidopleurus hemisphaericus] FP66
         |    `--L. balli FP66
         |--Paradoxechinus Laube 1869 [incl. Coptechinus Cotteau 1883, Ortholophus Duncan 1887] FP66
         |    |--*P. novus Laube 1869 [incl. Temnechinus lineatus Duncan 1876, *Ortholophus lineatus] FP66
         |    `--P. bardini (Cotteau 1883) [=*Coptechinus bardini] FP66
         |--Scolechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1925 FP66
         |    |--*S. dallonii Lambert & Thiéry 1925 FP66
         |    `--S. catenata FP66
         |--Trigonocidaris Agassiz 1869 FP66
         |    |--*T. albida Agassiz 1869 FP66
         |    `--T. micropora FP66
         |--Brochopleurus Fourtau 1920 FP66
         |    |--*B. stellulatus (Duncan & Sladen 1886) [=Temnechinus stellulatus] FP66
         |    |--B. gajensis FP66
         |    `--B. sadeki FP66
         |--Pseudechinus Mortensen 1903 [incl. Notechinus Döderlein 1905] FP66
         |    |--*P. albocinctus (Hutton 1872) [=Echinus albocinctus] FP66
         |    |--P. flemingi FP66
         |    `--‘Echinus’ magellanicus Philippi 1857 [=*Notechinus magellanicus] FP66
         |--Triplacidia Bittner 1891 [incl. Acrocircus Lambert 1911] FP66
         |    |--*T. veronensis (Bittner 1883) [=Micropsis veronensis] FP66
         |    |--T. biarritzensis (Cotteau 1863) [=Micropsis biarritzensis, *Acrocircus biarritzensis] FP66
         |    |--T. fraasi FP66
         |    `--T. stachei FP66
         |--Temnopleurus Agassiz 1841 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |    i. s.: ‘*Prymnechinus’ proctalis Koehler 1927 FP66
         |    |--*T. (Temnopleurus) toreumatica (Leske 1778) [=Cidaris toreumatica] FP66
         |    `--T. (Toreumatica Gray 1855) [incl. Coptopleura Ikeda 1940] FP66
         |         |--T. (*T.) reevesi (Gray 1855) [=*Toreumatica reevesi] FP66
         |         `--‘*Coptopleura’ sema Ikeda 1940 FP66
         |--Opechinus Desor 1856 [=Pseudopechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1910; incl. Trumechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1910] FP66
         |    |--*O. costatus (d’Archiac & Haime 1853) [=Temnopleurus costatus, *Pseudopechinus costatus] FP66
         |    |--‘*Trumechinus’ batheri Lambert & Thiéry 1910 FP66
         |    |--O. gerthi FP66
         |    |--O. hookeri FP66
         |    `--O. rousseaui FP66
         |--Microcyphus Agassiz 1846 [incl. Anthechinus Agassiz 1863, Salmacopsis Döderlein 1885] FP66
         |    |--*M. macalatus Agassiz 1846 FP66
         |    |--M. annulatus Mortensen 1904 MG-H11
         |    |--M. javanus FP66
         |    |--M. keiensis Mortensen 1942 MG-H11
         |    |--‘*Salmacopsis’ olivacea Döderlein 1885 FP66
         |    `--‘*Anthechinus’ roseus Agassiz 1863 FP66
         `--Temnotrema Agassiz 1863 [incl. Dicoptella Lambert 1907, Paradicoptella Jeannet 1935] FP66
              |--*T. sculptum Agassiz 1863 [incl. *Dicoptella agassizi Lambert 1907] FP66
              |--T. elegans Mortensen 1918 BM09
              |--T. maculatum (Mortensen 1904) MG-H11
              |--T. pulchellum FP66
              |--‘*Paradicoptella’ rutteni Jeannet 1935 FP66
              |--T. scillae (Mazzetti 1894) MG-H11
              `--T. siamense (Mortensen 1904) MG-H11

Leptopleurus Lambert & Thiéry 1910 [=Lepidopleurus Duncan & Sladen 1885 nec Risso 1826 nec Claparède 1868 nec Carpenter in Dall 1879] FP66

*Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 [=Echinus variegatus FP66, *Psilechinus variegatus FP66, Toxopneustes variegata BK77]

Salmacis Agassiz 1841 FP66 [incl. Diploporus Troschel 1866 FP66, Melebosis Girard 1850 FP66, Malebosis (l. c.) FP66, Melobosis Girard 1851 A66]

Temnopleurus Agassiz 1841 [incl. Prymnechinus Koehler 1927, Temnotrema Lambert & Jeannet 1935 non Agassiz 1863] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Anon. 1966. Doubtful nominal genera of echinoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U633. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.

[BM09] Bryce, C., & L. Marsh. 2009. Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 209–220.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[W79] Warner, G. F. 1979. Aggregation in echinoderms. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 375–396. Academic Press: London.

Echinoida

Purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, copyright Kirt L. Onthank.

Belongs within: Echinacea.
Contains: Echinus.

The Echinoida are a group of echinoids with a camarodont lantern known from the Palaeocene (possibly the Upper Cretaceous) to the present (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern camarodont. Test not sculptured. Gill slits shallow. Tubercles imperforate, noncrenulate. Spines solid.

<==Echinoida [Echinina]
    |  i. s.: Spaniocyphus Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*S. fallax [=Echinus fallax] FP66
    |         Trochoechinus de Loriol 1909 FP66
    |           |--*T. zumoffeni (de Loriol 1902) [=Psammechinus zumoffeni] FP66
    |           `--T. tortonicus FP66
    |--Parasaleniidae [Parasaleninae] FP66
    |    |--Diplosalenia Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*D. gosseleti (Cotteau 1894) [=Parasalenia gosseleti] FP66
    |    `--Parasalenia Agassiz 1863 [=Cladosalenia Agassiz 1872] FP66
    |         |--*P. gratiosa Agassiz 1863 [=*Cladosalenia gratiosa] FP66
    |         `--P. poehli Pfeffer 1887 BM09
    |--Strongylocentrotidae FP66
    |    |--Allocentrotus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. fragilis (Jackson 1912) [=Strongylocentrotus fragilis] FP66
    |    |--Hemicentrotus Mortensen 1942 [incl. Discaster Agassiz 1872] FP66
    |    |    `--*H. pulcherrimus (Agassiz 1863) [=Sphaerechinus pulcherrimus] FP66
    |    `--Strongylocentrotus Brandt 1835 B01 [=Euryechinus Verrill 1866 FP66]
    |         |--S. droebachiensis (Müller 1776) FP66 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--S. echinoides BK77
    |         |--S. franciscanus BK77
    |         |--S. intermedius KBC03
    |         |--S. nudus BK77
    |         |--S. polyacanthus BH95
    |         |--S. pulchellus BK77
    |         |--S. pulcherrimus HR95
    |         `--S. purpuratus (Stimpson 1857) W01
    |--Echinidae [Triplechinidae] FP66
    |    |--Echinus FP66
    |    |--Dermechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*D. horridus (Agassiz 1879) [=Echinus horridus] FP66
    |    |--Paracentrotus Mortensen 1903 B01
    |    |    `--*P. lividus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Atactus Pomel 1883 [=Rotulechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914] FP66
    |    |    `--*A. fischeri (Cotteau 1880) [=Psammechinus fischeri, *Rotulechinus fischeri] FP66
    |    |--Hypechinus Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. patagonensis (d’Orbigny 1842) [=Echinus patagonensis] FP66
    |    |--Isechinus Lambert 1903 FP66
    |    |    `--*I. praecursor (Ortmann 1904) [=Toxopneustes praecursor] FP66
    |    |--Loxechinus Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |    `--*L. albus (Molina 1782) [=Echinus albus] FP66
    |    |--Parechinus Mortensen 1903 [=Protocentrotus Döderlein 1906] FP66
    |    |    `--*P. angulosus (Leske 1778) [=Cidaris angulosa, *Protocentrotus angulosus] FP66
    |    |--Polyechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*P. agulhensis (Döderlein 1905) [=Paracentrotus agulhensis] FP66
    |    |--Stirechinus Desor 1856 [=Styrechinus (l. c.)] FP66
    |    |    `--*S. scillae Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |--Sterechinus Koehler 1901 FP66
    |    |    |--*S. antarcticus Koehler 1901 FP66
    |    |    `--S. neumayeri AB01
    |    |--Psammechinus Agassiz & Desor 1846 FP66
    |    |    |--*P. miliaris (Müller 1771) FP66 [=Echinus miliaris FP66, Parechinus miliaris BK77]
    |    |    `--P. microtuberculatus [=Parechinus microtuberculatus] BK77
    |    `--Gracilechinus Fell & Pawson 1966 FP66
    |         |--*G. gracilis (Agassiz 1869) [=Echinus gracilis] FP66
    |         |--G. acutus FP66
    |         `--G. multidentatus (de Meijere 1904) MG-H11
    `--Echinometridae [Echinometradae] FP66
         |--Colobocentrotus Brandt 1835 [=Colobocentrus Gray 1840] FP66
         |    `--*C. mertensii Brandt 1835 [=*Colobocentrus mertensii] FP66
         |--Evechinus Verrill 1871 FP66
         |    `--*E. chloroticus (Valenciennes 1846) [=Echinus chloroticus] FP66
         |--Anthocidaris Lutken 1864 FP66
         |    `--*A. crassispina (Agassiz 1863) [=Toxocidaris crassispina] FP66
         |--Caenocentrotus Clark 1912 FP66
         |    `--*C. gibbosus (Agassiz & Desor 1840) [=Echinus gibbosus] FP66
         |--Pachycentrotus Clark 1912 [=Cryptopora Agassiz 1872 non Jeffreys 1869, Pachechinus Agassiz 1872] FP66
         |    `--*P. australiae (Agassiz 1872) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |--Podophora Agassiz 1840 FP66
         |    `--*P. atrata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus atratus] FP66
         |--Selenechinus de Meijere in Delage & Hérouard 1903 FP66
         |    `--*S. armatus (de Meijere 1902) [=Echinus armatus] FP66
         |--Zenocentrotus Clark 1931 FP66
         |    `--*Z. kellersi Clark 1931 FP66
         |--Heterocentrotus Brandt 1835 [=Holocentronotus Gray 1855; incl. Acrocladia Agassiz & Desor 1846] FP66
         |    |--*H. mammillatus (Linnaeus 1758) FP66 [=Echinus mamillatus L58, *Holocentronotus mammillatus FP66]
         |    `--H. trigonarius (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus trigonarius, *Acrocladia trigonaria] FP66
         |--Echinostrephus Agassiz 1863 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*E. aciculatus Agassiz 1863 FP66
         |    `--E. molaris (de Blainville 1825) BM09 [=Echinus molaris FP66, *Raphidechinus molaris FP66]
         |--Heliocidaris Agassiz & Desor 1846 [incl. Toxocidaris Agassiz 1863] FP66
         |    |--*H. tuberculata (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus tuberculatus] FP66
         |    `--H. erythrogramma (Valenciennes 1846) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         `--Echinometra Gray 1825 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |--*E. lucunter (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus lucunter] FP66
              |--E. mathaei (de Blainville 1825) BM09
              |--‘Echinus’ oblonga de Blainville 1825 [=*Mortensenia oblonga] FP66
              |--E. prisca Cotteau 1875 [=*Plagiechinus priscus] FP66
              `--E. vanbrunti Agassiz 1863 [incl. *Ellipsechinus macrostomus Lutken 1864] FP66

Echinometra Gray 1825 [incl. Ellipsechinus Lutken 1864, Ellipsocidaris Pomel 1869 (n. n.), Mortensenia Döderlein 1906, Plagiechinus Pomel 1883] FP66

Echinostrephus Agassiz 1863 [incl. Perinatus Agassiz 1872 (n. n.), Raphidechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914] FP66

Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Valenciennes 1846) [=Echinus erythrogrammus; incl. Toxopneustes delalandi Agassiz & Desor 1846, *Toxocidaris delalandi] FP66

*Pachycentrotus australiae (Agassiz 1872) [=Sphaerechinus australiae, *Cryptopora australiae, *Pachechinus australiae] FP66

*Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 [=Echinus lividus BK77, Strongylocentrotus lividus BK77, Toxopneustes lividus BK77]

Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller 1776) FP66 [=Echinus droebachiensis FP66, Toxopneustes droebachiensis BK77; incl. *Strongylocentrotus chlorocentrotus Brandt 1835 FP66, *Euryechinus chlorocentrotus FP66, Echinus neglectus BK77, Ec. pictus BK77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB01] Aronson, R. B., & D. B. Blake. 2001. Global climate change and the origin of modern benthic communities in Antarctica. American Zoologist 41: 27–39.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.

[BH95] Bousfield, E. L., & E. A. Hendrycks. 1995. The amphipod family Pleustidae on the Pacific coast of North America: Part II. Subfamilies Parapleustinae, Dactylopleustinae, and Pleusirinae. Systematics and distributional ecology. Amphipacifica 2: 65–133.

[BM09] Bryce, C., & L. Marsh. 2009. Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 209–220.

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[HR95] Haya, D., & M. B. Régis. 1995. Comportement trophique de Paracentrotus lividus (Lam.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) soumis à six régimes alimentaires dans des conditions expérimentales. Mésogée 54: 35–42.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[W01] Williamson, D. I. 2001. Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 111–122.

Thylechinus

Apical view of female Thylechinus said, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Phymosomatoida.

Thylechinus is a genus of echinoids known from the Upper Cretaceous to the Oligocene of Eurasia, northern Africa and South America (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Test hemispherical, of moderate size. Ambulacral plates trigeminate. Apical system dicyclic, oculars usually widely exsert. Female (of type species) with sunken aboral marsupia in interambulacrals.

<==Thylechinus Pomel 1883 [incl. Cenchritechinus Lambert 1911, Terina Agassiz 1838 (n. n.)] FP66
    |--T. (Thylechinus) FP66
    |    |--T. (*T.) said (Peron & Gauthier 1881) [=Cyphosoma said] FP66
    |    `--T. (T.) aublini FP66
    |--T. (Mistechinus de Loriol 1897) [incl. Egyptechinus Lambert 1936] FP66
    |    |--T. (*M.) mayeri (de Loriol 1897) [=*Mistechinus mayeri] FP66
    |    `--‘*Egyptechinus’ cuvillieri Lambert 1936 FP66
    |--T. (Orthechinus Gauthier 1889) FP66
    |    `--T. (*O.) tunetanus (Gauthier 1889) [=*Orthechinus tunetanus] FP66
    `--T. (Orthocyphus Arnaud 1896) FP66
         `--T. (*O.) pulchellus [=Cyphosoma pulchellus] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Phymosomatoida

Adoral view of Phymosoma koenigi, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Echinacea.
Contains: Thylechinus.

The Phymosomatoida are a group of echinoids known from the Lower Jurassic to the present, characterised by the possession of a stirodont lantern and imperforate primary tubercles (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern stirodont. Apical system lacking large polygonal suranal plates, not simulating calyx. Primary tubercles imperforate. Ambulacral plates simple throughout, or (more usually) compounded in diadematoid manner, trigeminate or polyporous.

<==Phymosomatoida [Phymosomina]
    |  i. s.: Boletechinus Cooke 1955 FP66
    |           `--*B. macglameryae Cooke 1955 FP66
    |--Phymosomatidae [Cyphosominae] FP66
    |    |--Thylechinus FP66
    |    |--Acanthechinus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. nodulosus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Actinophyma Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. spectabile Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 FP66
    |    |--Aeolopneustes Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. delorioli Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Eurypneustes Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*E. grandis Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Hemithylus Arnaud 1895 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. rejaudryi (Cotteau 1894) [=Thylechinus rejaudryi] FP66
    |    |--Jacquiertia Mercier 1936 FP66
    |    |    `--*J. minuta Mortensen & Mercier 1939 FP66
    |    |--Micropsis Cotteau 1856 [incl. Micropsidia Pomel 1869] FP66
    |    |    `--*M. desori Cotteau 1856 FP66
    |    |--Narindechinus Lambert 1933 FP66
    |    |    `--*N. checchiai Lambert 1933 FP66
    |    |--Rachiosoma Pomel 1883 [incl. Miocyphosoma Pomel 1883] FP66
    |    |    `--*R. delamarrei (Deshayes 1831) [=Cyphosoma delamarrei] FP66
    |    |--Gauthieria Lambert 1888 FP66
    |    |    |--*G. radiata [=Cyphosoma radiata] FP66
    |    |    `--G. speciosa FP66
    |    |--Glyptocidaris Agassiz 1853 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*G. crenularis Agassiz 1853 FP66
    |    |    `--‘*Heteractis’ heteroporus Lambert 1897 [=*Heteractechinus heteroporus] FP66
    |    |--Glyptocyphus Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*G. difficilis [=Cyphosoma difficilis] FP66
    |    |    `--G. rotatus FP66
    |    |--Lambertechinus Cossman 1899 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*L. lapparenti (Cotteau 1883) [=*Asteropsis lapparenti, *Actinopsis lapparenti] FP66
    |    |    `--L. arnaudi FP66
    |    |--Leptechinus Gauthier 1889 [=Peronia Duncan 1899 non Fleming 1822; incl. Prototiara Lambert 1900] FP66
    |    |    |--*L. heinzi (Peron & Gauthier 1889) [=Cyphosoma heinzi, *Peronia heinzi] FP66
    |    |    `--‘Pleurodiadema’ jutieri [=*Prototiara jutieri] FP66
    |    |--Pleurodiadema de Loriol 1870 [incl. Phalacrechinus Lambert 1900] FP66
    |    |    |--*P. stutzi de Loriol 1870 FP66
    |    |    `--P. gauthieri Cotteau 1883 [=*Phalacrechinus gauthieri] FP66
    |    |--Porosoma Cotteau 1856 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*P. cribrum [=Cyphosoma cribrum, *Coptosoma cribrum] FP66
    |    |    |--‘Coptosoma’ lefebvrei Gauthier 1901 [=*Euporophyma lefebvrei] FP66
    |    |    `--P. rousseli FP66
    |    `--Phymosoma Haime 1853 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |         |--*P. koenigi (Mantell 1822) [=Cidaris koenigi, *Phymatosoma koenigi] FP66
    |         |--P. girumnense FP66
    |         |--P. regulare FP66
    |         |--‘Cyphosoma’ salmanni [=*Cosmocyphus salmanni] FP66
    |         |--P. subnudum FP66
    |         `--P. taeniatum FP66
    `--Stomechinidae [Stomopneustidae] FP66
         |--Stomopneustes Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    `--*S. variolaris (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus variolaris] FP66
         |--Codechinus Desor 1856 FP66
         |    `--*C. rotundus (Gras 1848) [=Echinus rotundus] FP66
         |--Diplechinus Lambert 1931 FP66
         |    `--*D. hebbriensis Lambert 1931 FP66
         |--Diplotagma Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |    `--*D. altum Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |--Gomphechinus Pomel 1883 FP66
         |    `--*G. selim [=Leiosoma selim] FP66
         |--Phymotaxis Lambert & Thiéry 1914 [=Micropeltis Pomel 1883 nec Redtenbacher 1867 nec Kraatz 1880] FP66
         |    `--*P. tournoueri (Cotteau 1867) [=Leiosoma tournoueri, *Micropeltis tournoueri] FP66
         |--Polycyphus Agassiz & Desor 1846 [incl. Sporadocyphus Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    `--*P. normannus Agassiz & Desor 1846 FP66
         |--Pseudarbacia Lambert 1897 FP66
         |    `--*P. archiaci (Cotteau 1866) [=Leiosoma archiaci] FP66
         |--Thierychinus Lambert 1910 FP66
         |    `--*T. delaunayi Lambert 1910 FP66
         |--Tiarechinopsis Lambert 1936 FP66
         |    `--*T. besairei Lambert 1936 FP66
         |--Triadechinus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
         |    `--*T. multiporus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
         |--Jeannetia Mercier 1936 [incl. Parastomechinus Philip 1963] FP66
         |    |--*J. mortenseni Mercier 1936 FP66
         |    `--‘*Parastomechinus’ broughtoni Philip 1963 FP66
         |--Noetlingaster Vredenburg 1911 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*N. paucituberculatus (Noetling 1897) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    `--N. sanfilippoi FP66
         |--Phymechinus Desor 1856 [incl. Alternechinus Schlüter 1870] FP66
         |    |--*P. mirabilis [=Echinus mirabilis] FP66
         |    `--‘*Alternechinus’ cretaceus Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |--Echinotiara Pomel 1883 [=Echinodiadema Cotteau 1869 non Verrill 1867] FP66
         |    |--*E. bruni (Cotteau 1885) [=*Echinodiadema bruni] FP66
         |    |--E. neocomiensis FP66
         |    `--E. somaliensis FP66
         |--Psephechinus Pomel 1883 [incl. Tiarotropus Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*P. michelini (Cotteau 1884) [=Stomechinus michelini] FP66
         |    |--P. hyatti FP66
         |    `--P. morierei FP66
         |--Stomechinus Desor 1856 [incl. Cretacechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1911, Sporotaxis Pomel 1883 (n. n.)] FP66
         |    |--*S. bigranularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus bigranularis] FP66
         |    |--S. camarensis de Loriol 1887 [=*Cretacechinus camarensis] FP66
         |    |--S. choffati FP66
         |    `--S. perlatus FP66
         |--Circopeltis Pomel 1883 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*C. meridanensis (Cotteau 1867) [=Leiosoma meridanensis] FP66
         |    |--‘*Circopeltaris’ baicheri Valette 1907 FP66
         |    |--‘*Micropsina’ baudoni Cotteau 1893 FP66
         |    `--‘*Strictechinus’ pouechi Cotteau 1893 FP66
         `--Trochalosoma Lambert 1897 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |  i. s.: ‘Circopeltis’ gourdoni Cotteau 1889 [=*Plesiopeltis gourdoni] FP66
              |--*T. (Trochalosoma) rugosum (Cotteau 1860) [=*Leiosoma rugosum] FP66
              `--T. (Plistophyma Peron & Gauthier 1881) FP66
                   |--T. (*P.) africanum (Peron & Gauthier 1881) [=*Plistophyma africanum] FP66
                   `--T. (P.) vidali FP66

Circopeltis Pomel 1883 [incl. Circopeltaris Valette 1893, Micropsina Cotteau 1893, Strictechinus Cotteau 1893] FP66

Glyptocidaris Agassiz 1853 [incl. Heteractechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1910, Heteractis Lambert 1897 non Milne-Edwards & Haime 1853; Glyptocidaridae] FP66

Lambertechinus Cossman 1899 [=Actinopsis Lambert 1897 (preoc.), Asteropsis Cotteau 1883 non Müller & Troschel 1840; incl. Psilosoma Pomel 1883 (preoc.)] FP66

Noetlingaster Vredenburg 1911 [=Noetlingia Lambert 1898 non Hall & Clark 1893, Protechinus Noetling 1897 (preoc.)] FP66

*Noetlingaster paucituberculatus (Noetling 1897) [=*Protechinus paucituberculatus, *Noetlingia paucituberculata] FP66

Phymosoma Haime 1853 [=Phymatosoma Lambert & Thiéry 1910; incl. Cosmocyphus Pomel 1883, Cyphosoma Agassiz 1838 non Mannerheim 1837, Dixieus Cooke 1948, Pliocyphosoma Pomel 1883] FP66

Porosoma Cotteau 1856 [=Coptosoma Desor 1855 non Laporte 1833; incl. Euporophyma Gauthier 1901, Microsoma Cotteau 1886] FP66

Trochalosoma Lambert 1897 [=Leiosoma Cotteau 1860 nec Stephens 1829 nec Chevrolat 1837 nec Nicolet 1855; incl. Plesiopeltis Lambert 1897] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Cassiduloida

Lateral view of Pygurus montmollini, from here.

Belongs within: Atelostomata.
Contains: Pliolampadidae, Nucleolitidae.

The Cassiduloida are a group of irregular echinoids with a more or less flat oral surface and rounded aboral surface, known from the Jurassic to the present (Kier 1966).

Characters (from Kier 1966): Ambulacra petaloid adapically; periproct outside apical system; phyllodes and bourrelets usually present; no jaws or gill slits in adult.

<==Cassiduloida
    |--Clypeidae K66
    |    |--Bothryopneustes Fourtau 1924 [incl. Clypeobrissus Currie 1925] K66
    |    |    |--*B. lamberti Fourtau 1924 K66
    |    |    `--B. somaliensis (Currie 1925) [=*Clypeobrissus somaliensis] K66
    |    `--+--Astrolampas Pomel 1883 K66
    |       |    `--*A. productus (Agassiz 1836) [=Pygurus productus] K66
    |       `--+--Clypeus Leske 1778 (see below for synonymy) K66
    |          |    |--*C. plotii Leske 1778 [=*Echinoclypeus plotii] K66
    |          |    |--‘Nucleolites’ agassizi Wright 1851 [=*Crotoclypeus agassizi] K66
    |          |    |--‘Nucleolites’ michelini Wright 1851 [=*Auloclypeus michelini] K66
    |          |    |--C. sinuatus K66
    |          |    `--C. wylliei Currie 1925 [=*Dactyloclypeus wylliei] K66
    |          `--+--Pseudopygurus Lambert 1911 K66
    |             |    `--*P. letteroni Lambert 1911 K66
    |             `--Pygurus Agassiz 1839 [incl. Echinanthites Leske 1778] K66
    |                  |--P. (Mepygurus Pomel 1883) K66
    |                  |    `--P. (M.) depressus Agassiz 1847 [=P. (*M.) michelini Cotteau 1849] K66
    |                  `--+--P. (Pygurus) K66 [incl. Echinonaus de la Beche 1822 A66, Echinopygus d’Orbigny 1856 K66]
    |                     |    |--*P. (P.) montmollini (Agassiz 1836) [=Echinopygus montmollini] K66
    |                     |    `--‘Clypeaster’ oviformis Lamarck 1816 [=*Echinopygus oviformis] K66
    |                     `--P. (Pyguropsis de Loriol 1902) K66
    |                          `--P. (*P.) noetlingi de Loriol 1899 K66
    `--+--Galeropygidae K66
       |    |--Galeropygus Cotteau 1856 [=Galeopygus (l. c.); incl. Ressopygus Pomel 1883] K66
       |    |    |--*G. agariciformis (Wright 1851) [=Hyboclypus agariciformis] K66
       |    |    `--‘Clypeus’ constantini Cotteau 1873 [=*Ressopygus constantini] K66
       |    `--Hyboclypus Agassiz 1839 (see below for synonymy) K66
       |         |--*H. gibberulus Agassiz 1839 K66
       |         `--H. caudatus Wright 1851 [=*Aulacopygus caudatus] K66
       `--+--Nucleolitidae K66
          |--Apatopygus Hawkins 1920 [Apatopygidae] K66
          |    `--*A. recens (Edwards 1836) [=Nucleolites recens] K66
          `--Cassidulidae K66
               |--Nucleopygus Agassiz 1840 [=Lychnidius Pomel 1883, Porobrissus Lambert 1916] K66
               |    |--*N. minor Desor 1842 K66
               |    |--‘Echinobrissus’ angustatus Clark 1915 [=*Porobrissus angustatus] K66
               |    `--‘Nucleolites’ scrobiculatus Goldfuss 1826 [=*Lychnidius scrobiculatus] K66
               `--+--Ochetes Pomel 1883 K66
                  |    `--*O. morrisii (Forbes 1849) [=Nucleolites morrisii] K66
                  `--+--Hypsopygaster Bajarunas 1915 K66
                     |    `--*H. ungosensis Bajarunas 1915 K66
                     |--Cassidulus Lamarck 1801 K66 (see below for synonymy)
                     |    |--*C. cariboearum Lamarck 1801 K66
                     |    `--C. sorigneti Cotteau 1887 [=*Glossaster sorigneti] K66
                     |--Rhynchopygus d’Orbigny 1856 (see below for synonymy) K66
                     |    |--*R. marmini (Agassiz in Agassiz & Desor 1847) [=Cassidulus marmini] K66
                     |    |--‘Echinites’ lapiscaneri Leske 1778 [=*Procassidulus lapiscaneri] K66
                     |    `--‘*Paralampas’ pileus Duncan & Sladen 1882 K66
                     `--Rhyncholampas Agassiz 1869 (see below for synonymy) K66
                          |--*R. pacificus (Agassiz 1863) [=Pygorhynchus pacificus] K66
                          |--‘*Anisopetalus’ ellipticus Arnold & Clark 1927 K66
                          |--‘Nucleolites’ grignonensis Defrance 1825 (see below for synonymy) K66
                          |--‘Rhynchopygus’ navillei de Loriol 1880 [=*Gisopygus navillei] K66
                          `--‘*Galerolampas’ sorigneti Cotteau 1889 K66

Cassiduloida incertae sedis:
  Archiaciidae [Archiacidae] K66
    |--Archiacia Agassiz 1847 K66
    |    `--*A. sandalina Agassiz 1847 K66
    `--Gentilia Lambert 1918 [incl. Thomasaster Lambert 1920, Thomasia Lambert 1918 non Poche 1908] K66
         |--*G. tafiletensis Lambert 1918 K66
         |--‘Archiacia’ araidahensis Gauthier 1889 [=*Thomasaster araidahensis, *Thomasia araidahensis] K66
         `--G. syriensis K66
  Pliolampadidae K66
  Astropygaulus Checchia-Rispoli 1945 K66
    `--*A. trigonopygus Checchia-Rispoli 1945 K66
  Centropygus Ebray 1858 [=Antropygus (l. c.), Centroclypus (l. c.)] K66
    `--*C. guetinicus Ebray 1859 [=Antropygus guetinicus] K66
  Claviaster d’Orbigny 1856 [incl. Passalaster Pomel 1883] K66
    |--*C. cornutus (Agassiz 1847) [=Archiacia cornuta] K66
    `--‘C. cornutus’ Pomel 1883 non Archiacia cornuta Agassiz 1847 [=*Passalaster cornutus] K66
  Clypeanthus Cotteau 1894 K66
    `--*C. pentagonalis (Fraas 1878) [=Toxaster pentagonalis] K66
  Echinanthus Leske 1778 (n. d.) K66
    `--*E. ivatus Leske 1778 K66
  Jolyclypus Lambert 1918 K66
    `--*J. jolyi (Gauthier 1898) [=Galeropygus jolyi] K66
  Lovenilampas Maury 1934 K66
    `--*L. baixadoleitensis (Maury 1934) [=Lovenia baixadoleitensis] K66
  Platipygus de Loriol 1902 K66
    `--*P. posthumum (Ortmann 1901) [=Cyrtoma posthumum] K66
  Corystus Pomel 1883 (n. d.) A66

Cassidulus Lamarck 1801 K66 [=Cassidula (l. c.) non Gray 1847 BR05; incl. Glossaster Lambert 1918 K66]

Clypeus Leske 1778 [=Echinoclypeus de Blainville 1830; incl. Auloclypeus Pomel 1883, Crotoclypeus Pomel 1883, Dactyloclypeus Maccagno 1847] K66

Hyboclypus Agassiz 1839 [=Hyboclipus (l. c.), Hyboclybus (l. c.), Hyboclypeus (l. c.), Hybodyhus (l. c.); incl. Aulacopygus Pomel 1883] K66

‘Nucleolites’ grignonensis Defrance 1825 [=*Plagiopygus grignonensis, *Pleuropygus grignonensis] K66

Rhyncholampas Agassiz 1869 [incl. Anisopetalus Arnold & Clark 1927, Galerolampas Cotteau 1889, Gisopygus Gauthier 1889, Plagiopygus Lambert 1898, Pleuropygus Lambert & Thiéry 1913] K66

Rhynchopygus d’Orbigny 1856 [incl. Paralampas Duncan & Sladen 1882, Procassidulus Lambert 1918] K66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Anon. 1966. Doubtful nominal genera of echinoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U633. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[K66] Kier, P. M. 1966. Cassiduloids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U492–U523. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.