Pseudomelatomidae

Leucosyrinx subgrundifera, copyright Worldwide Conchology.

Belongs within: Conoidea.
Contains: Antiplanes, Epideira, Megasurcula, Austrotoma, Compsodrillia, Lioglyphostoma, Comitas, Knefastia, Pseudomelatoma, Carinodrillia, Inquisitor, Crassispira (Crassispira).

The Pseudomelatomidae is a diverse group of conoid gastropods, usually with well developed spiral and axial sculpture (Bouchet et al. 2011).

Characters (from Bouchet et al. 2011): Shell small to rather large, 15–100 mm high, claviform to fusiform. Spiral and axial sculpture generally well developed, often strong. Subsutural fold often present. Anal sinus on subsutural ramp, usually moderately deep to very deep, often constrained by callus rendering anal sinus subtubular. Protoconch usually paucispiral, sometimes multispiral, with up to three whorls, smooth or sometimes axially or spirally sculptured on later whorls. Operculum with terminal nucleus. Radula very variable; radular formula 1-(1-R-1)-1, 1-1-0-1-1, 1-0-R-0-1 or 1-0-0-0-1.

<==Pseudomelatomidae [Crassispirinae, Pseudomelatominae, Zonulispirinae] PK11
    |--Leucosyrinx Dall 1889 PK11, P66
    |    |--*L. verrilli (Dall 1881) (see below for synonymy) BW80
    |    |--L. amycus Dall 1919 O27
    |    |--L. caecilia Thiele 1925 P66
    |    |--L. elsa Thiele 1925 P66
    |    |--L. erna Thiele 1925 P66
    |    |--L. falklandica Powell 1951 P66
    |    |--L. galapagana Dall 1919 D19
    |    |--L. iwaensis MacNeil 1960 P66
    |    |--L. julia Thiele 1925 P66
    |    |--L. kincaidi Dall 1919 O27
    |    |--L. macrobertsoni Powell 1958 P66
    |    |--L. mawsoni Powell 1958 P66
    |    |--L. paragenota Powell 1951 P66
    |    |--L. pikei (Dell 1963) [=Waitara pikei] P66
    |    |--L. sansibarica Thiele 1925 P66
    |    |--L. subgrundifera (Dall 1888) [=Pleurotoma subgrundifera] P66
    |    |--L. suratensis (Thiele 1925) [=Surcula suratensis] P66
    |    `--L. tenoceras Dall 1889 P66
    `--+--+--Comitas PK11
       |  `--Knefastia PK11
       `--+--+--Pseudomelatoma PK1
          |  `--Tiariturris Berry 1958 PK11, BK11
          |       `--*T. spectabilis Berry 1958 P66
          `--+--Otitoma Jousseaume 1898 PK11, BK11 [incl. Thelecytharella Shuto 1969 BK11]
             |    `--*O. ottitoma Jousseaume 1898 [=Raphitoma ottitoma] P66
             `--+--Carinodrillia PK11
                |--+--Pyrgospira McLean 1971 PK11, BK11
                |  |    |--P. aenone (Dall 1919) BK11
                |  |    `--P. obeliscus (Reeve 1843) PP78
                |  `--+--Zonulispira Bartsch 1950 PK11, BK11
                |     |    |--*Z. zonulata (Reeve 1843) [=Pleurotoma zonulata, Crassispira (*Zonulispira) zonulata] P66
                |     |    |--Z. chrysochildosa Shasky 1971 BC01
                |     |    `--Z. reigeni Bartsch 1950 [=Crassispira (Zonulispira) reigeni] P66
                |     `--Pilsbryspira McLean 1971 PK11, BK11
                |          |  i. s.: P. albomaculata (Orbigny 1842) S11
                |          |         P. garciacubasi Shasky 1971 BC01
                |          |         P. jayana (Adams 1850) PK11
                |          |         P. leucocyma (Dall 1883) M75 (see below for synonymy)
                |          |--*P. (Pilsbryspira) pilsbryi Bartsch 1950 [=Crassispira (*P.) pilsbryi] P66
                |          `--P. (Nymphispira McLean 1971) BK11
                `--+--Hindsiclava Hertlein & Strong 1955 [incl. Turrigemma Berry 1958] BK11
                   |    |--*H. militaris (Hinds 1843) [=Clavatula militaris] P66
                   |    |--H. alesidota (Dall 1889) BK11
                   |    |--H. andromeda (Dall 1919) [=Clathrodrillia andromeda] P66
                   |    |--H. dotella (Hinds 1843) [=Turris (Surcula) dotella] P66
                   |    |--H. hertleini Emerson & Radwin 1969 BC01
                   |    `--‘*Turrigemma’ torquifer Berry 1958 P66
                   `--+--+--Cheungbeia Taylor & Wells 1994 PK11, BK11
                      |  |    `--C. robusta (Hinds 1839) BK11
                      |  `--Funa Kilburn 1988 PK11, BK11
                      |       `--F. incerta (Smith 1877) BK11
                      `--+--Inquisitor PK11
                         `--+--Ptychobela Thiele 1925 BK11 (see below for synonymy)
                            |    |--*P. crenularis (Lamarck 1816) (see below for synonymy) P66
                            |    |--P. flavidula (Lamarck 1822) MG-H11 (see below for synonymy)
                            |    |--‘Pleurotoma’ stromboides Sowerby 1832 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) P66
                            |    |--‘Pleurotoma’ sumatrensis Petit 1852 [=Brachytoma sumatrensis] P66
                            |    `--P. suturalis (Gray 1838) BK11
                            `--Crassispira Swainson 1840 PK11, BK11
                                 |  i. s.: C. funebralis Fernandes, Rolán & Otero-Schmitt 1995 BC01
                                 |         C. monilecosta Fernandes, Rolán & Otero-Schmitt 1995 BC01
                                 |         C. oliva Fernandes, Rolán & Otero-Schmitt 1995 BC01
                                 |         C. pini Fernandes, Rolán & Otero-Schmitt 1995 BC01
                                 |         C. quadrilirata (Smith 1882) BK11
                                 |         C. sacerdotalis Rolán & Fernandes 1992 BC01
                                 |--C. (Crassispira) P66
                                 `--C. (Crassispirella Bartsch & Rehder 1939) P66
                                      |--C. (*C.) rugitecta (Dall 1918) P66 [=Turris (Crassispira) rugitecta D19]
                                      |--C. (C.) ebenina (Dall 1890) [=Drillia ebenina] P66
                                      |--C. (C.) fuscescens (Reeve 1843) [=Pleurotoma fuscescens] P66
                                      |--C. (C.) hadromeres (Melvill 1927) [=Melatoma hadromeres] P66
                                      |--C. (C.) nigrescens (Adams 1845) [=Pleurotoma nigrescens] P66
                                      |--C. (C.) sanibelensis Bartsch & Rehder 1939 P66
                                      `--C. (C.) tampaensis Bartsch & Rehder 1939 P66

Pseudomelatomidae incertae sedis:
  Antiplanes BK11
  Epideira BK11
  Megasurcula BK11
  Naudedrillia Kilburn 1988 BK11
  Abyssocomitas Sysoev & Kantor 1986 BK11
  Aguilaria Taylor & Wells 1994 BK11
  Austrotoma BK11
  Calcatodrilla Dall 1919 BK11
  Compsodrillia BK11
  Cretaspira Kuroda & Oyama in Kuroda, Habe & Oyama 1971 BK11
  Gibbaspira McLean 1971 BK11
  Glossispira McLean 1971 BK11
  Kurodadrillia Azuma 1975 BK11
  Lioglyphostoma BK11
  Lioglyphostomella Shuto 1970 BK11
  Megittia Ray 1977 BK11
  Pseudotaranis McLean 1995 BK11
  Crassiclava McLean 1971 BK11
    `--C. turricula (Sowerby 1834) BK11
  Conorbela Powell 1951 BK11
    `--*C. antarctica (Strebel 1908) [=Bela antarctica] P66
  Plicisyrinx Sysoev & Kantor 1986 BK11
    `--P. vitjazi Sysoev & Kantor 1986 BK11
  Maesiella McLean 1971 BK11
    `--M. maesae McLean & Poorman 1971 BK11
  Kurilohadalia Sysoev & Kantor 1986 BK11
    `--K. elongata Sysoev & Kantor 1986 BK11
  Anticomitas Powell 1942 BK11
    `--*A. vivens Powell 1942 P66
  Benthodaphne Oyama 1962 BK11
    `--*B. glabra (Yokoyama 1920) [=Pleurotoma (Bela) glabra] P66
  Conticosta Laseron 1954 BK11
    `--*C. petilinus (Hedley 1922) [=Inquisitor petilinus] P66
  Doxospira McLean 1971 BK11
    `--D. hertleini Shasky 1971 BC01
  Hormospira Berry 1958 BK11
    |--*H. maculosa (Sowerby 1834) [=Pleurotoma maculosa] P66
    `--H. libya (Dall 1919) [=Turricula libya] P66
  Burchia Bartsch 1944 BK11
    |--*B. redondoensis (Burch 1938) (see below for synonymy) P66
    `--B. clionella (Dall 1908) [=Leucosyrinx clionella, Crassispira (Burchia) clionella] P66
  Buridrillia Olsson 1942 BK11
    |--*B. panarica (Olsson 1942) [=Clathrodrillia (*Buridrillia) panarica] P66
    `--B. deroyorum Emerson & McLean 1992 BC01
  Carinoturris Bartsch 1944 BK11
    |--*C. adrastia (Dall 1919) [=Cryptogemma adrastia] P66
    |--C. fortis Bartsch 1944 P66
    `--C. polycaste (Dall 1919) [=Cryptogemma polycaste] P66
  Dallspira Bartsch 1950 BK11
    |--*D. dalli Bartsch 1950 [=Crassispira (*Dallspira) dalli] P66
    |--D. bifurca (Smith 1888) [=Crassispira (Dallspira) bifurca] PP78
    |--D. lowei Bartsch 1950 [=Crassispira (Dallspira) lowei] P66
    `--D. martiae (McLean & Poorman 1971) [=Crassispira (Dallspira) martiae] BC01
  Rhodopetoma Bartsch 1944 BK11
    |--*R. rhodope (Dall 1919) [=Borsonella rhodope] P66
    |--R. akkeshiensis Habe 1958 P66
    |--R. amycus (Dall 1919) [=Antiplanes amycus] P66
    `--‘Pleurotoma (Clavatula)’ erosa Schrenck 1867 P66
  Viridrillia Bartsch 1943 [incl. Viridrillina Bartsch 1943] BK11
    |--*V. williami Bartsch 1943 P66
    |--V. bahamensis Bartsch 1943 P66
    |--V. cervina Bartsch 1943 P66
    `--V. hendersoni Bartsch 1943 [=V. (*Viridrillina) hendersoni] P66
  Miraclathurella Woodring 1928 BK11
    |--*M. vittata Woodring 1928 [=Euclathurella (*Miraclathurella) vittata] P66
    |--M. amica (Pilsbry & Johnson 1917) [=Clathurella amica, Euclathurella (Miraclathurella) amica] P66
    |--M. entemna Woodring 1928 [=Euclathurella (Miraclathurella) entemna] P66
    |--M. gracilis (Gabb 1873) [=Defrancia gracilis, Euclathurella (Miraclathurella) gracilis] P66
    `--M. subconsors (Bose 1910) (see below for synonymy) P66
  Striospira Bartch 1950 BK11
    |--*S. lucasensis (Bartsch 1950) [=Crassispira (*Striospira) lucasensis] P66
    |--S. cortezi Shasky & Campbell 1964 [=Crassispira (Striospira) cortezi] P66
    |--S. luctuosa (Hinds 1843) [=Pleurotoma luctuosa, Crassispira (Striospira) luctuosa] P66
    |--S. tabogaensis Bartsch 1950 [=Crassispira (Striospira) tabogaensis] P66
    `--S. unicolor (Sowerby 1834) [=Pleurotoma unicolor, Crassispira (Striospira) unicolor] P66
  Monilispira Bartsch & Rehder 1939 BK11
    |--*M. monilis Bartsch & Rehder 1939 [=Crassispira (*Monilispira) monilis] P66
    |--M. archeri Fargo 1953 [=Crassispira (Monilispira) archeri] P66
    |--M. bandata (Usticke 1969) [=Psarostola bandata] BC01
    |--M. monilifera (Carpenter 1856) [=Drillia monilifera, Crassispira (Monilispira) monilifera] P66
    |--M. nephele (Dall 1919) [=Crassispira (Monilispira) nephele] P66
    `--M. ochsneri Hertlein & Strong 1949 (see below for synonymy) P66
  Antimelatoma Powell 1942 BK11
    |--A. buchanani (Hutton 1873) [=Pleurotoma buchanani] P66
    |    |--A. b. buchanani P66
    |    `--*A. b. maorum (Smith 1877) [=Drillia maorum] P66
    |--A. ahiparana Powell 1942 P66
    |--A. benthicola Powell 1942 P66
    `--A. canyonensis Dell 1956 P66
  Paracomitas Powell 1942 BK11
    |--*P. castlecliffensis (Marshall & Murdoch 1919) [=Surcula castlecliffensis] P66
    |--P. augusta (Murdoch & Suter 1906) [=Pleurotoma (Leucosyrinx) augusta] P66
    |    |--P. a. augusta P61
    |    `--P. a. powelli Dell 1956 P61
    |--P. gemmea (Murdoch 1900) [=Pleurotoma gemmea] P66
    |--P. gypsata (Watson 1881) [=Pleurotoma (Drillia) gypsata] P66
    |--P. protransenna (Marshall & Murdoch 1923) [=Surcula protransenna] P66
    `--P. rodgersi MacNeil 1960 P66

*Burchia redondoensis (Burch 1938) [=Pseudomelatoma semiinflata redondoensis, Crassispira (*Burchia) redondoensis] P66

*Leucosyrinx verrilli (Dall 1881) [=Pleurotoma (Pleurotomella) verrilli; incl. P. talismani var. attenuata Locard 1897, P. talismani var. curta Locard 1897 nec P. formosa var. curta Locard 1897 nec P. leptoconchum var. curta Locard 1897, P. devestitum Locard 1897, P. talismani var. elongata Locard 1897 nec P. elongata Deshayes 1834 nec P. nebula elongata Jeffreys 1867, Surcula gradata Thiele 1925, Leucosyrinx janetae Bartsch 1934, Pleurotoma (Pleurotomella) sigsbeei Dall 1881, P. (Leucosyrinx) sigsbeei, P. talismani Locard 1897] BW80

Miraclathurella subconsors (Bose 1910) [=Pleurotoma (Drillia) subconsors, Euclathurella (Miraclathurella) subconsors] P66

Monilispira ochsneri Hertlein & Strong 1949 [=Crassispira (Monilispira) ochsneri; incl. Pleurotoma bicolor Sowerby 1834 non Risso 1826] P66

Pilsbryspira leucocyma (Dall 1883) M75 [=Drillia leucocyma P66, Crassispira (Monilispira) leucocyma M75]

‘Pleurotoma’ stromboides Sowerby 1832 (n. d.) [=Brachytoma stromboides, P. strombiformis Sowerby 1839, *B. strombiformis, *Strombina stromboides] P66

Ptychobela Thiele 1925 BK11 [incl. Brachytoma Swainson 1840 (n. d.) BK11, Strombina Gregorio 1890 nec Mörch 1852 P66; Brachytominae]

*Ptychobela crenularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Pleurotoma crenularis, Brachytoma crenularis, Clavatula crenularis, Inquisitor crenularis] P66

Ptychobela flavidula (Lamarck 1822) MG-H11 [=Pleurotoma flavidula P66, Brachytoma flavidula P66, Inquisitor flavidulus P66]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK11] Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev & N. Puillandre. 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.

[BW80] Bouchet, P., & A. Waren. 1980. Revision of the north-east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies Supplement 8: 1–119.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[D19] Dall, W. H. 1919. Descriptions of new species of mollusks of the family Turritidae from the west coast of America and adjacent regions. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 1–86, pls 1–24.

[M75] Maes, V. O. 1975. The genus Pilsbryspira: its position in history and the family Turridae. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1975: 60–61.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

[PK11] Puillandre, N., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, A. Couloux, C. Meyer, T. Rawlings, J. A. Todd & P. Bouchet. 2011. The dragon tamed? A molecular phylogeny of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 259–272.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

Turridae

Turris annulata, copyright Didier Gille.

Belongs within: Conoidea.
Contains: Unedogemmula, Coronia, Cryptogemma, Pleuroliria, Eopleurotoma (Eopleurotoma), Polystira, Turridrupa, Lophiotoma, Gemmula (Gemmula), Turris (Turris).

The Turridae are a group of marine gastropods previously recognised as including all non-conid and non-terebrid conoids but now restricted to a monophyletic group with a usually narrowly fusiform shell bearing obsolete axial sculpture and a peripheral anal sinus (Bouchet et al. 2011).

Characters (from Bouchet et al. 2011): Shell of medium to large size (usually 20–30 mm, up to 110 mm high), short- to high-fusiform, usually with high spire and long (rarely short and truncated) siphonal canal. Axial sculpture weak or absent. Anal sinus on whorl periphery. Protoconch typically multispiral, up to six whorls, protoconch I smooth, protoconch II with arcuate axial riblets; reduced paucispiral protoconch usually smooth, may have arcuate axial riblets. Operculum fully developed, with terminal nucleus. Radular formula typically 1-(1:R:1)-1. Small and narrow rachidian and plate-like laterals fused together, together constituting central formation of different development, varying from well-defined broad central tooth to tooth clearly formed of three elements through gradual reduction of rachidian and/or laterals to complete absence. Marginals duplex, of variable morphology, from broadly oval and flattened with nearly equally developed limbs to awl-shaped and divided only in basal part; major limb most commonly large and knife-shaped, accessory limb dorsal and more weakly developed.

<==Turridae [Pleurotomaceae, Pleurotomidae, Pleurotomina, Pleurotominae, Turritidae, Turrinae, Turrini, Turritinae] PK11
    |--Lucerapex Iredale 1936 PK11, P66
    |    |--*L. casearia (Hedley & Petterd 1906) [=Pleurotoma casearia] P66
    |    |    |--L. c. casearia P66
    |    |    `--L. c. regilla Iredale 1936 P66
    |    |--L. adenica Powell 1964 P66
    |    |--L. angustatus (Powell 1940) [=Micantapex angustatus] P66
    |    |--L. carola (Thiele 1925) [=Pleurotoma carola] P66
    |    |--L. ‘denticulata’ (Thiele 1925) [=Pleurotoma denticulata non Smith 1884] P66
    |    |--L. indagatoris (Finlay 1927) [=Gemmula indagatoris; incl. Pleurotoma optata Smith 1899 non Harris 1897] P66
    |    |--L. molengraffi (Tesch 1915) [=Pleurotoma molengraffi] P66
    |    `--L. murrayana (Pritchard 1904) [=Pleurotoma murrayana] P66
    `--+--Polystira PK11
       `--+--Turridrupa PK11
          `--+--+--Lophiotoma PK11
             |  `--Gemmula Weinkauff 1875 PK11, BK11 [incl. Eugemmula Iredale 1931 BK11]
             |       |  i. s.: G. complicata A27
             |       |         G. cretacea Sohl 1964 BD12
             |       |         G. mystica Simone 2005 S11
             |       |         G. rarimaculata (Kuroda & Oyama 1971) BK11
             |       |         G. westaustralis Kosuge 1990 MG-H11
             |       |--G. (Gemmula) P66
             |       `--G. (Pinguigemmula MacNeil 1960) BK11
             |            |--‘*Pinguigemmula’ okinavensis MacNeil 1960 P66
             |            |--‘Pinguigemmula’ luzonica Powell 1964 P66
             |            |--‘Pinguigemmula’ philippinensis Powell 1964 MG-H11
             |            `--G. (P.) thielei Finlay 1930 (see below for synonymy) P66
             `--+--+--Iotyrris Medinskaya & Sysoev 2001 PK11, BK11
                |  |    `--I. cingulifera (Lamarck 1822) BK11
                |  `--Xenuroturris Iredale 1929 PK11, P66 [incl. Clamturris Iredale 1931 P66]
                |       |--X. cingulifera (Lamarck 1822) [=Pleurotoma cingulifera; incl. *X. legitima Iredale 1929] P66
                |       |    |--X. c. cingulifera P66
                |       |    `--X. c. erythraea (Weinkauff 1875) [=Pleurotoma erythraea] P66
                |       |--X. castanella Powell 1964 P66
                |       |--X. cerithiformis Powell 1964 P66
                |       |--X. incredula (Iredale 1931) [=*Clamturris incredula] P66
                |       |--X. kingae Powell 1964 P66
                |       |--X. legitima Iredale 1929 BK11
                |       `--X. millepunctata (Sowerby 1908) [=Pleurotoma millepunctata] P66
                `--Turris Batsch 1789 PK11, BK11 [=Pleurotoma Lamarck 1799 BK11, Pleurotomus Blainville 1810 BK11]
                     |  i. s.: T. carlsoni Anderson & Martin 1914 AV03
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ circumsecta Mighels 1845 J49
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ clarkei Tenison-Woods 1879 F71
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ coronata Mighels 1845 J49
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ coronifer Bellardi 1877 F27
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma crassilabrum’ Mighels 1845 non Reeve 1843 J49
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ crispata De Cristofori & Jan 1832 BW80
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ eritmeta BW80
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ excavata H86a
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ gemmata Hinds 1843 H09
                     |         T. granosa (Helbling 1779) [=Murex granosus] H09
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ haasti [incl. Surcula atractoides] H86b
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ insculpta Mighels 1844 J49
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ micans Mighels 1845 J49
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ murndaliana Tenison-Woods 1878 F71
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ obnubila Mighels 1845 J49
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ parva Conrad 1830 F27
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ pumila Mighels 1845 J49 (see below for synonymy)
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ renieri Scacchi 1835 BW80
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma reticulata’ Philippi 1844 non Brown 1827 F27
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ sinuosa Mighels 1845 J49
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ todilla Mighels 1845 J49
                     |         ‘Pleurotoma’ torquata Philippi 1844 BW80
                     |--T. (Turris) P66
                     `--T. (Annulaturris Powell 1966) P66
                          |--T. (*A.) amicta (Smith 1877) [=Pleurotoma amicta] P66
                          `--T. (A.) annulata (Reeve 1843) (see below for synonymy) P66

Turridae incertae sedis:
  Unedogemmula BK11
  Coronia P66
  Cryptogemma P66
  Pleuroliria P66
  Eothesbia Finlay & Marwick 1937 P66
    `--*E. microtomoides Finlay & Mariwck 1937 P66
  Fusitoma Casey 1904 P66
    `--*F. sipho Casey 1904 P66
  Pyramitoma Martin 1914 P66
    `--*P. puruensis (Martin 1914) [=Pleurotoma (Pyramitoma) puruensis] P66
  Tritonimangilia Martin 1914 P66
    `--*T. varicifera (Martin 1914) [=Mangilia (Tritonimangilia) varicifera] P66
  Varicobela Casey 1904 P66
    `--*V. smithi (Aldrich 1885) [=Strombus smithi] P66
  Parasyngenochilus Long 1981 DK08
    `--P. angustior Long 1981 DK08
  Trypanotopsis Gardner 1945 P66
    `--*T. texana (Gabb 1860) [=Turris texana] P66
  Sinistrella Meyer 1887 P66
    `--*S. americana (Aldrich 1885) [=Triforis americanus, Trypanotoma americana] P66
  Echinoturris Powell 1942 P66
    `--E. finlayi (Powell 1935) [=Turris finlayi] P66
  Decollidrillia Habe & Ito 1965 BK11
    `--*D. nigra Habe & Ito 1965 P66
  Nekewis Stewart 1926 P66
    |--*N. washingtoniana (Weaver 1912) [=Fasciolaria washingtoniana] P66
    `--N. io (Gabb 1864) (see below for synonymy) P66
  Campylacrum Finlay & Marwick 1937 P66
    |--*C. sanum Finlay & Marwick 1937 P66
    `--C. debile Finlay & Marwick 1937 P66
  Hemipleurotoma Cossmann 1889 P66
    |--*H. archimedis (Bellardi 1878) [=Pleurotoma archimedis] P66
    `--H. denticula (Basterot 1825) [=Pleurotoma denticula] P66
  Epidirella Iredale 1913 [=Austrogemmula Laseron 1954] BK11
    |--E. xanthophaes (Watson 1886) (see below for synonymy) P66
    `--E. sayceana (Chapman 1912) [=Pleurotoma sayceana] P66
  Heteroterma Gabb 1868 P66
    |--*H. trochoidea Gabb 1868 P66
    |--‘Cominella’ praecursor Wilckens 1907 P66
    `--H. zelandica Marshall 1917 P66
  Hesperiturris Gardner 1945 P66
    |--*H. nodocarinata (Gabb 1860) [=Turris nodocarinata] P66
    |--H. amichel Gardner 1945 P66
    `--H. zacatensis Gardner 1945 P66
  Zexilia Finlay 1927 P66
    |--*Z. waihaoensis (Suter 1917) [=Exilia waihaoensis] P66
    |--Z. cingulata [=Latirofusus cingulatus] F27
    |--Z. crassicostata [=Exilia crassicostata] F27
    `--Z. dalli (Suter 1915) [=Exilia dalli] F27
  Eoturris Finlay & Marwick 1937 P66
    |--*E. complicatus (Suter 1917) [=Turris complicatus] P66
    |--E. multicinctus (Marshall 1917) [=Turris multicinctus] P66
    |--E. neglectus (Suter 1917) P66 (see below for synonymy)
    `--E. uttleyi (Suter 1917) [=Turris uttleyi] P66
  Optoturris Powell 1944 P66
    |--*O. optata (Harris 1897) [=Pleurotoma optata] P66
    |--O. edita Powell 1944 P66
    |--O. kyushuensis Shuto 1961 P66
    `--O. paracantha (Tenison-Woods 1877) [=Pleurotoma paracantha] P66
  Kuroshioturris Shuto 1961 BK11
    |--*K. hyugaensis Shuto 1961 [=Gemmula (*Kuroshioturris) hyugaensis, Ptychosyrinx (*K.) hyugaensis] P66
    |--K. asukana (Yokoyama 1926) [=Drillia asukana, Ptychosyrinx (Kuroshioturris) asukana] P66
    |--K. nipponica (Shuto 1961) [=Gemmula (Ptychosyrinx) nipponicus] P66
    `--K. totomiensis (Makiyama 1931) (see below for synonymy) P66
  Epalxis Cossmann 1889 P66
    |--*E. crenulata (Lamarck 1804) [=Pleurotoma crenulata] P66
    |--E. bilirata (Boury 1899) [=Pleurotoma bilirata] P66
    |--E. lemoinei Boury 1899 P66
    |--E. multigyrata (Deshayes 1865) [=Pleurotoma multigyrata] P66
    `--E. ventricosa (Lamarck 1804) P66 [=Pleurotoma ventricosa P66, Drillia ventricosa H09]
  Exilia Conrad 1860 P66
    |--*E. pergracilis Conrad 1860 P66
    |--E. diaboli (Gabb 1864) [=Fusus diaboli] P66
    |--E. fausta Anderson & Hanna 1925 P66
    |--E. kelseyi Dall 1908 O27
    |--E. microptygma (Gabb 1864) [=Cordieria microptygma] P66
    `--E. rectirostris Carpenter 1865 O27
  Eopleurotoma Cossmann 1889 [incl. Eodrillia Casey 1904] P66
    |--E. (Eopleurotoma) P66
    `--E. (Oxyacrum Cossmann 1889) P66
         |--E. (*O.) obliterata (Deshayes 1834) [=Pleurotoma obliterata] P66
         |--E. (O.) constricta (Edwards 1861) [=Pleurotoma constricta] P66
         |--E. (O.) inflexa (Lamarck 1804) [=Pleurotoma inflexa] P66
         `--E. (O.) lepta (Edwards 1861) P66
  Veruturris Powell 1944 P66
    |--V. (Veruturris) P66
    |    |--*V. (V.) quadricarinata (Powell 1944) [=Xenuroturris (V.) quadricarinatus] P66
    |    |--V. (V.) bisculpta (Powell 1944) [=Xenuroturris (V.) bisculptus] P66
    |    |--V. (V.) cochleata (Powell 1944) [=Xenuroturris (V.) cochleatus] P66
    |    |--V. (V.) subconcava (Harris 1897) [=Pleurotoma subconcava] P66
    |    `--V. (V.) tomopleuroides (Powell 1944) [=Xenuroturris (V.) tomopleuroides] P66
    `--V. (Cinguliturris Powell 1964) P66
         `--V. (*C.) tatei (Cossmann 1896) [=Asthenotoma tatei] P66
  Ptychosyrinx Thiele 1925 [incl. Bathybermudia Haas 1949] P66
    |--*P. bisinuata (Martens 1901) [=Pleurotoma (Subulata) bisinuata] P66
    |--P. carynae (Haas 1949) [=*Bathybermudia carynae] P66
    |--P. chilensis Berry 1968 BK11
    |--P. lobata (Sowerby 1903) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) lobata] P66
    |--P. timorensis (Tesch 1915) [=Pleurotoma timorensis] P66
    |    |--P. t. timorensis P66
    |    `--P. t. teschi Powell 1964 P66
    `--P. truncata (Schepman 1913) [=Pleurotoma truncata] P66
  Trypanotoma Cossmann 1896 P66
    |--*T. terebriformis (Meyer 1886) [=Pleurotoma terebriformis] P66
    |    |--T. t. terebriformis P66
    |    |--T. t. cooperi Harris 1937 P66
    |    `--T. t. curta Harris 1937 P66
    |--T. carlottae (Harris 1899) [=Pleurotoma carlottae] P66
    |--T. longispira Casey 1904 P66
    |--T. melanella Harris 1937 P66
    |--T. obtusa Casey 1904 P66
    `--T. stocki (Dickerson 1916) [=Turris stocki] P66
  Corinnaeturris Bouchet & Waren 1980 BW80
    `--*C. leucomata (Dall 1881) (see below for synonymy) BW80

*Corinnaeturris leucomata (Dall 1881) [=Pleurotoma (Drillia) leucomata; incl. P. dalli Bush 1893 non Verrill & Smith 1882, P. joubini Dautzenberg & Fischer 1906, P. projecticium Locard 1897] BW80

Eoturris neglectus (Suter 1917) P66 [=Turris neglectus nec Lesson 1837 (not preoc. as in homonymous genera) nec Pleurotoma neglecta Reeve 1842 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.) P66, T. insensus Finlay 1924 F27, Gemmula insensa F27]

Epidirella xanthophaes (Watson 1886) [=Pleurotoma xanthophaes; incl. Hemipleurotoma tasmanica May 1911, *Austrogemmula tasmanica, *Epidirella tasmanica] P66

Gemmula (Pinguigemmula) thielei Finlay 1930 [incl. Pleurotoma (Gemmula) fusiformis Thiele 1925 nec Pl. fusiforme Requien 1848 nec Pl. nebula fusiforme Marshall 1893] P66

Kuroshioturris totomiensis (Makiyama 1931) [=Turris (Gemmula) totomiensis, Ptychosyrinx (Kuroshioturris) totomiensis] P66

Nekewis io (Gabb 1864) [=Fasciolaria io; incl. Surcula alizensis Anderson & Hanna 1925, S. ioformis Anderson & Hanna 1925] P66

‘Pleurotoma’ pumila Mighels 1845 J49 [incl. P. reticulata Garrett 1857 nec Brown 1827 nec Philippi 1844 F27]

Turris (Annulaturris) annulata (Reeve 1843) [=Pleurotoma annulata; incl. P. fagina Adams & Reeve 1850] P66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[AV03] Amano, K., & G. J. Vermeij. 2003. Evolutionary adaptation and geographic spread of the Cenozoic buccinid genus Lirabuccinum in the North Pacific. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 863–872.

[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.

[BK11] Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev & N. Puillandre. 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.

[BW80] Bouchet, P., & A. Waren. 1980. Revision of the north-east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies Supplement 8: 1–119.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86a] Hutton, F. W. 1886a. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[H86b] Hutton, F. W. 1886b. Notes on some Australian Tertiary fossils. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 481–482.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

[PK11] Puillandre, N., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, A. Couloux, C. Meyer, T. Rawlings, J. A. Todd & P. Bouchet. 2011. The dragon tamed? A molecular phylogeny of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 259–272.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

Melongenidae

Florida crown conch Melongena corona, copyright Andrea Westmoreland.

Belongs within: Muricoidea.

The Melongenidae, crown conches, are a group of large, solid-shelled neogastropods similar in appearance to large whelks.

<==Melongenidae [Cassidulina, Cassidulinae]
    |--Echinofulgur Olsson & Harbison 1953 [Echinofulgurinae] BR05
    `--Melongeninae BR05
         |--Heligmotoma Mayer-Eymar 1896 [Heligmotomidae] BR05
         |--Volema Röding 1798 [Volemidae] BR05
         |    `--V. cornuta [=Galeodes (Volema) cornuta] H62
         |--‘Galeodes’ Röding 1798 non Olivier 1791 BR05
         |    |--G. cochlidium (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex cochlidium] H09
         |    `--G. pricei (Smith 1887) [=Fusus pricei] H09
         `--Melongena Schumacher 1817 [incl. Cassidulus Gray 1854 nec Lamarck 1801 nec Berthold 1827] BR05
              |--M. (Rexmela) bispinosa (Philippi 1844) P89
              |--M. corona C59
              |    |--M. c. corona BC01
              |    `--M. c. johnstonei Clench & Turner 1956 BC01
              |--M. lainei (Basterot 1825) GK02
              |--M. patula ZLK11
              |--M. perponderosa Martin 1919 [=M. (Pugilina) ponderosa (Martin 1895) non Trophon ponderosum] F27
              |--M. (Pugilina) ponderosa [=Trophon ponderosum] F27
              `--M. sprucecreekensis Tucker 1994 BC01

Melongenidae incertae sedis:
  Volegalea Iredale 1938 WG71
    `--V. wardiana Iredale 1938 WG71
  Rhombopsis Gardner 1916 [=Neptunella Meek 1864 non Gray 1854] P66
    `--*R. newberryi (Meek & Hayden 1857) [=Fusus newberryi, *Neptunella newberryi] P66
  Bruclarkia P66
    `--‘Fusus’ corpulentus Conrad 1849 [=Priscofusus corpulentus] P66
  Hemifusus ZLK11
    |--H. colosseus ZLK11
    |--H. ternatanus ZLK11
    `--H. tuba ZLK11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C59] Caldwell, D. K. 1959. Notes on the crown conch, Melongena corona. Nautilus 72 (4): 117–122.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[H62] Häntzschel, W. 1962. Trace fossils and problematica. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W177–W245. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[P89] Petuch, E. J. 1989. New species of Malea (Gastropoda: Tonnidae) from the Pleistocene of southern Florida. Nautilus 103 (3): 92–95.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

[ZLK11] Zou, S., Q. Li & L. Kong. 2011. Additional gene data and increased sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Neogastropoda, within the caenogastropod phylogenetic framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 425–435.

Zoila

Zoila friendii, copyright S. & A. Nappo.

Belongs within: Cypraeidae.

Zoila is a genus of medium- to large-sized cowries currently restricted to coasts of Australia, though fossils indicate a wider distribution in the western Pacific in the past. Members of this genus are direct developers, without a planktonic larval stage (Meyer 2003).

<==Zoila Jousseaume 1884 [Zoilinae] BR05
    |  i. s.: Z. gigas (McCoy 1867) [=Cypraea (Zoila) gigas] WG71
    |         Z. mariellae M03
    |         Z. perlae M03
    |--Z. marginata Gaskoin 1849 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) marginata WG71]
    |--Z. rosselli Cotton 1948 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) rosselli WG71]
    |--Z. venusta Sowerby 1846 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) venusta WG71; incl. C. catei Schilder 1963 WG71]
    |    |--Z. v. venusta BC01
    |    `--Z. v. episema (Iredale 1939) BC01 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--Z. decipiens Smith 1880 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) decipiens WG71]
       |--Z. eludens Raybaudi 1991 M03
       `--+--Z. friendii Gray 1831 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) friendii WG71; incl. C. friendii f. contraria WG71]
          |    |--Z. f. friendii MG-H11
          |    |--Z. f. jeaniana Cate 1968 MG-H11 [=Cypraea friendii f. jeaniana WG71]
          |    |--Z. ‘jenaiana’ sherylae Raybaudi 1990 M03
          |    `--Z. f. vercoi Schilder 1930 MG-H11 [=Cypraea friendii f. vercoi WG71]
          `--Z. thersites Gaskoin 1849 [=Cypraea (Zoila) friendii thersites] M03

Zoila venusta episema (Iredale 1939) BC01 [=Cypraea venusta episema WG71; incl. Z. venusta sorrentensis Schilder 1963 BC01, C. venusta sorrentensis WG71]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B. & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1-170.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1-191.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401-459.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Marshallena

Marshallena philippinarum, copyright Maurice Jay.

Belongs within: Conoidea.

Marshallena is a genus of moderate- to large-sized conoids known from deep waters of the Indo-west Pacific (Powell 1966).

Characters (from Powell 1966): Shell of moderate to large size, 14–78 mm, fusiform-biconic, with medially angulate to subangulate turreted whorls, sculptured with closely spaced regular, narrowly crested axial folds, crossed by dense spiral cords and threads. Body-whorl slowly tapered to moderately long, slightly flexed, unnotched anterior canal. Sinus weak, a broad shallow concavity, occupying most of shoulder slope. Protoconch regular conic of three to five almost smooth whorls. Operculum small, thin, corneous, ovated, with subterminal nucleus that curves inward toward columella. Radula a pair of simple wishbone-type marginals; basal limbs bridged by thin plate.

<==Marshallena Allan 1927 BK11 [incl. Sugitania Kuroda 1958 non Matsumura 1926, Sugitanitoma Kuroda 1959] P66
    |--*M. neozelanica (Suter 1917) [=Daphnella neozelanica; incl. Belophos incertus Marshall 1919] P66
    |--M. anomala Powell 1942 P66
    |--M. austrotomoides Powell 1931 P66
    |--M. carinaria Powell 1935 P66
    |--M. celsa Marwick 1931 P66
    |--M. curtata (Marwick 1926) [=Turricula curtata] P66
    |--M. decens Marwick 1931 P66
    |--M. esdailei (Marwick 1926) [=Turricula esdailei] P66
    |--M. gracilispira Powell 1969 MG-H11
    |--M. impar Powell 1942 P66
    |--M. ‘lepta’ (Watson 1881) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) lepta non P. lepta Edwards 1861] P66
    |--M. nereis (Smith 1906) [=Pleurotoma nereis] P66
    |    |--M. n. nereis P66
    |    `--M. n. ‘reticulata’ (Kuroda 1959) non Sugitania reticulata Kuroda 1958 P66
    |--M. nierstraszi (Schepman 1913) [=Surcula nierstraszi] P66
    |--M. ovata (Marshall 1917) [=Daphnella ovata] F27
    |--M. philippinarum (Watson 1882) BK11
    |--M. reticulata (Kuroda 1958) [=*Sugitania reticulata, *Sugitanoma reticulata] P66
    `--M. serotina (Suter 1917) [=Surcula serotina] P66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK11] Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev & N. Puillandre. 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

Comitas

Comitas kamakurana, copyright Korina Sangiouloglou.

Belongs within: Conoidea.

Comitas is a genus of relatively large, tall-spired conoids with a sculpture of long fold-like axials and a leaf-shaped operculum (Powell 1966).

Characters (from Powell 1966): Shell moderately large to very large, up to 95 mm, elongate-fusiform, with tall spire and moderately long, straight to slightly flexed, unnotched anterior canal. Protoconch papillate, of two smooth whorls, carinate or subcarinate over last whorl. Adult sculpture of long fold-like axials, crossed by dense spiral lirae. Suture submargined by very weak fold at most. Sinus moderately deep, rather broadly U-shaped, on shoulder slope, but nearer to periphery than to suture. Operculum leaf-shaped, with terminal nucleus. Radula of "wishbone"-type, paired marginals but with distal limb detached.

<==Comitas Finlay 1926 [incl. Carinacomitas Powell 1942] P66
    |--C. fusiformis (Hutton 1877) P66 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. abnormis King 1933 P66
    |--C. aldingensis Powell 1944 [=C. (Carinacomitas) aldingensis] P66
    |--C. allani Powell 1942 P66
    |--C. anteridion (Watson 1881) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) anteridion] P66
    |--C. arcana (Smith 1899) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) arcana] P66
    |--C. bilix Marwick 1931 P66
    |--C. breviplicata (Smith 1899) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) breviplicata] P66
    |--C. chuni (von Martens 1902) MG-H11 [=Pleurotoma (Pseudomata) chuni P66]
    |--C. clarae (Tenison-Woods 1880) [=Pleurotoma clarae, *Carinacomitas clarae] P66
    |--C. crenularoides (Pritchard 1896) [=Drillia crenularoides] P66
    |--C. declivis Powell 1931 P66
    |--C. eurina (Smith 1899) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) eurina] P66
    |--C. galatheae Powell 1969 MG-H11
    |--C. habei Shuto 1961 [=C. (Fusiturricula) habei] P66
    |--C. hillegondae (Martin 1931) [=Pleurotoma hillegondae] P66
    |--C. ilariae Bozzetti 1991 BC01
    |--C. imperfecta King 1933 P66
    |--C. kaderlyi (Lischke 1872) [=Pleurotoma kaderlyi] P66
    |--C. kaipara Laws 1939 P66
    |--C. kamakurana (Pilsbry 1895) P66 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. kayalensis (Dey 1962) [=Turricula kayalensis] P66
    |--C. kuroharai (Oyama 1962) [=Turricula kuroharai] P66
    |--C. latescens (Hutton 1873) [=Pleurotoma latescens] P66
    |--C. latiaxialis (Marshall 1918) [=Surcula latiaxialis] P66
    |--C. lurida (Adams & Reeve 1850) [=Pleurotoma lurida] P66
    |--C. margaritae (Smith 1904) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) margaritae] P66
    |--C. melvilli (Schepman 1913) [=Surcula melvilli] P66
    |--C. miyazakiensis Shuto 1961 [=C. (Fusiturricula) miyazakiensis] P66
    |--C. murrawolga (Garrard 1961) [=Turricula murrawolga] P66
    |--C. onokeana King 1933 P66
    |    |--C. o. onokeana P66
    |    `--C. o. vivens Dell 1956 P66
    |--C. pagodaeformis (Schepman 1913) [=Drillia pagodaeformis] P66
    |--C. pseudoclarae Powell 1944 P66
    |--C. saldanhae (Barnard 1958) [=Turris saldanhae] P66
    |--C. salebrosa (Harris 1897) [=Pleurotoma salebrosa] P66
    |--C. sibogae (Schepman 1913) [=Spergo sibogae] P66
    |--C. sobrina (Yokoyama 1923) [=Drillia sobrina] P66
    |--C. solitaria (King 1933) [=Insolentia solitaria] P66
    |--C. stolida (Hinds 1843) [=Pleurotoma stolida] P66
    |--C. subcarinapex Powell 1942 [=C. (Carinacomitas) subcarinapex] P66
    |--C. subsuturalis (Martens 1902) P66
    |--C. symbiotes (Wood-Mason & Alcock 1891) [=Pleurotoma symbiotes] P66
    |    |--C. s. symbiotes P66
    |    `--C. s. subcorpulenta (Smith 1894) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) subcorpulenta] P66
    |--C. terrisae Vella 1954 P66
    |--C. thisbe (Smith 1906) [=Pleurotoma (Surcula) thisbe] P66
    |--C. torquayensis Powell 1944 P66
    |--C. trailli (Hutton 1873) [=Pleurotoma trailli; incl. Surcula verrucosa Suter 1899] P66
    `--C. wynyardensis (Pritchard 1896) [=Pleurotoma wynyardensis] P66

Comitas fusiformis (Hutton 1877) P66 [=Drillia fusiformis P66; incl. Surcula huttoni Suter 1914 P66, Surcula oamarutica Suter 1917 P66, *Comitas oamarutica P66, Turricula oamarutica F27]

Comitas kamakurana (Pilsbry 1895) P66 [=Pleurotoma kamakurana P66; incl. Turricula (Surcula) laysanica Dall 1919 P66, D19]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[D19] Dall, W. H. 1919. Descriptions of new species of mollusks of the family Turritidae from the west coast of America and adjacent regions. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56 (2288): 1–86, pls 1–24.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

Unedogemmula

Unedogemmula unedo, copyright Eng's Auctions.

Belongs within: Conoidea.

Unedogemmula is a group of relatively large conoids found in warm waters of the Indo-west Pacific (Powell 1966).

Characters (from Powell 1966): Shell large, 30–105 mm, fusiform, with tall spire and long straight unnotched anterior canal. Protoconch multispiral, narrowly conic, typically smooth of 3–3.5 whorls, terminating in half-whorl of brephic axials, varying to two whorls smooth followed by two axially costate. Sinus peripheral, a deep and narrow slit at the termination of a sinus rib formed of two, sometimes three, sharply raised cords. Coloration plain olive-brown, or with irregularly disposed reddish-brown dots on pale ground to larger maculations and axial streaks. Operculum leaf-shaped with terminal nucleus. Radula of modified wishbone-type, consisting of pair of stout hollow-based conical marginals tapering to sharp point.

<==Unedogemmula MacNeil 1961 BK11
    |--*U. unedo (Kiener 1839) P66, MG-H11 (see below for synonymy)
    |--U. bemmeleni (Oostingh 1941) [=Turris (Gemmula) bemmeleni] P66
    |--U. deshayesii (Doumet 1839) [=Pleurotoma deshayesii, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) deshayesii] P66
    |--U. hastula (Reeve 1843) (see below for synonymy) P66
    |--U. haydeni (Vredenburg 1925) [=Pleurotoma haydeni, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) haydeni] P66
    |--U. ickei (Martin 1906) [=Pleurotoma ickei, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) ickei] P66
    |--U. ina MacNeil 1960 [=Gemmula (Unedogemmula) ina] P66
    |--U. indica (Deshayes 1832) [=Pleurotoma indica, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) indica] P66
    |--U. koolhoveni (Oostingh 1938) [=Turris (Gemmula) koolhoveni] P66
    `--U. sondeiana (Martin 1895) [=Pleurotoma sondeina, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) sondeiana] P66

Unedogemmula hastula (Reeve 1843) [=Pleurotoma hastula, Gemmula (Unedogemmula) hastula; incl. P. trypanodes Melvill 1904] P66

*Unedogemmula unedo (Kiener 1839) P66, MG-H11 [=Pleurotoma unedo P66, Gemmula (*Unedogemmula) unedo P66; incl. Turris binda Garrard 1961 P66]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK11] Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev & N. Puillandre. 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

Gemmula (Gemmula)

Gemmula gemmulina, photographed by Jan Delsing.

Belongs within: Conoidea.

The type subgenus of the genus Gemmula is a group of relatively large, tall-spired conoids found in warmer waters (Powell 1966).

Characters (from Powell 1966): Shell rather large, 24–88 mm, elongate-fusiform, with tall spiral and long straight unnotched anterior canal. Protoconch tall, conical, polygyrate, axially costate. Adult sculpture of spiral keels and cords, peripheral keel mostly double, often flanged, always studded with gemmules, often cog-like in vertically fused pairs. Sinus deep and narrow, on peripheral carina. Operculum leaf-shaped, with terminal nucleus. Radula consisting of pair of wishbone-shaped marginals only, or with addition of central tooth which be vestigial to fully formed, unicuspid, with large broad base.

<==Gemmula Weinkauff 1875 (Gemmula) BK11
    |--G. (G.) hindsiana Berry 1958 [incl. Pleurotoma gemmata Reeve 1843 non Hinds 1843, *G. gemmata] P66
    |--G. (G.) aethiopica (Thiele 1925) [=Pleurotoma (G.) aethiopica] P66
    |--G. (G.) alternata (Conrad 1833) [=Pleurotoma alternata] P66
    |--G. (G.) amabilis (Weinkauff 1875) [=Pleurotoma amabilis] P66
    |--G. (G.) bimarginata (Suter 1917) [=Turris bimarginatus] P66
    |--G. (G.) birmanica (Vredenburg 1921) [=Pleurotoma (G.) birmanica] P66
    |--G. (G.) carodenta Harris 1937 P66
    |--G. (G.) clifdenensis Powell 1942 P66
    |--G. (G.) congener (Smith 1894) [=Pleurotoma congener] P66
    |    |--G. c. congener P66
    |    |--G. c. cosmoi (Sykes 1930) [=Turris cosmoi] P66
    |    `--G. c. mekranica (Vredenburg 1925) P66 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. (G.) dampierana Powell 1964 P66
    |--G. (G.) diomedea Powell 1964 P66, MG-H11 [=G. congener diomedea P66]
    |--G. (G.) disjuncta Laws 1936 P66
    |--G. (G.) ducalis (Thiele 1925) [=Pleurotoma (G.) ducalis] P66
    |--G. (G.) duplex (Suter 1917) [=Turris duplex] P66
    |--G. (G.) gellibrandensis Chapple 1934 P66
    |--G. (G.) gemmulina (Martens 1902) [=Pleurotoma (G.) gemmulina] P66
    |--G. (G.) gilchristi (Sowerby 1902) [=Pleurotoma gilchristi] P66
    |--G. (G.) graeffei (Weinkauff 1875) [=Pleurotoma (G.) graeffei] P66
    |--G. (G.) hawleyi (Iredale 1931) [=*Eugemmula hawleyi] P66
    |--G. (G.) hombroni Hedley 1922 P66 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. (G.) imitatrix (Martin 1916) [=Pleurotoma (Hemipleurotoma) imitatrix] P66
    |--G. (G.) iris (Vredenburg 1921) [=Pleurotoma (Hemipleurotoma) iris] P66
    |--G. (G.) kaiparaensis (Marshall 1918) [=Turris kaiparaensis] P66
    |--G. (G.) karangensis (Martin 1895) [=Pleurotoma karangensis] P66
    |--G. (G.) kieneri (Doumet 1840) [=Pleurotoma kieneri] P66
    |    |--G. k. kieneri P66
    |    `--G. k. ryukyuensis MacNeil 1960 P66
    |--G. (G.) kishimaensis Shuto & Ueda 1963 P66
    |--G. (G.) kotorai (Nomura & Zinbo 1935) [=Turris (G.) kotorai] P66
    |--G. (G.) lawsi Powell 1942 P66
    |--G. (G.) longwoodensis Powell 1942 P66
    |--G. (G.) margaritata (Marshall 1919) [=Turris margaritatus] P66
    |--G. (G.) margaritosa Casey 1904 P66
    |--G. (G.) martini (Tesch 1915) [=Pleurotoma martini; incl. P. (G.) valdiviae Thiele 1925] P66
    |--G. (G.) miocoronifera Powell 1964 P66
    |--G. (G.) monilifera (Pease 1860) [=Turris monilifera; incl. T. aelomitra Dall in Tinker 1952] P66
    |--G. (G.) murrayi Powell 1964 P66
    |--G. (G.) orba Marwick 1931 P66
    |--G. (G.) ornata (Marshall 1918) [=Turris ornatus] P66
    |--G. (G.) pakistanica (Eames 1952) [=Turris (G.) pakistanica] P66
    |--G. (G.) peraspera Marwick 1931 P66
    |--G. (G.) periscelida (Dall 1889) [=Pleurotoma periscelida] P66
    |--G. (G.) polita (Marshall 1919) [=Turris politus] P66
    |--G. (G.) praesignis (Smith 1895) [=Pleurotoma praesignis] P66
    |--G. (G.) pulchella Shuto 1961 [=G. granosa pulchella] P66
    |--G. (G.) reticulata (Marshall 1919) [=Turris reticulatus] P66
    |--G. (G.) rotatilis (Martens 1902) [=Pleurotoma (G.) rotatilis] P66
    |--G. (G.) samueli (Tenison-Woods 1879) [=Pleurotoma samueli] P66
    |--G. (G.) sibogae (Schepman 1913) [=Pleurotoma sibogae] P66
    |--G. (G.) sibukoensis Powell 1964 P66
    |--G. (G.) sindiensis (Vredenburg 1925) [=Pleurotoma (G.) sindiensis] P66
    |--G. (G.) soriensis (Eames 1952) [=Turris (G.) soriensis] P66
    |--G. (G.) speciosa (Reeve 1833) P66, DK08 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. (G.) thyrsus (Vredenburg 1921) [=Pleurotoma (G.) thyrsus] P66
    |--G. (G.) vagata (Smith 1895) [=Pleurotoma vagata] P66
    `--G. (G.) waihaoensis Finlay 1924 [=Turris regius Suter 1917 (preoc.)] P66

Gemmula (Gemmula) congener mekranica (Vredenburg 1925) P66 [=Pleurotoma (Gemmula) congener var. mekranica F27; incl. P. coronifer Martin 1879 non Bellardi 1877 F27]

Gemmula (Gemmula) hombroni Hedley 1922 P66 [incl. Pleurotoma fusca Hombron & Jacquinot 1853 non Reeve 1843 P66, Drillia fusca H09]

Gemmula (Gemmula) speciosa (Reeve 1833) P66, DK08 [=Pleurotoma speciosa P66; incl. P. carinata Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon 1834 P66, Turris (Gemmula) guadurensis Melvill 1917 P66]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK11] Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev & N. Puillandre. 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.