Agropyrum

Thickspike wheatgrass Agropyrum dasystachyum, copyright Matt Lavin.

Belongs within: Poaceae.

Agropyron, the crested wheat-grasses, is a genus of perennial grasses native to Eurasia, though widely introduced elsewhere for pasture. Examples include couch grass A. repens which spreads by creeping rhizomes that propagate readily, leading to it becoming regarded as an invasive weed in many regions.

Characters (from Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2007): Plants perennial; densely to loosely caespitose, sometimes rhizomatous. Culms 25-110 cm, geniculate or erect. Sheaths open; auricles usually present; ligules membranous, often erose. Inflorescences spikes, usually pectinate; middle internodes 0.2-3(5.5) mm, basal internodes often somewhat longer. Spikelets solitary, usually more than three times as long as the internodes, usually divergent or spreading from the rachis, with 3-16 florets; disarticulation above the glumes and below the florets. Glumes shorter than the adjacent lemmas, lance-ovate to lanceolate, 1-5-veined, asymmetrically keeled, secondary keel sometimes present on wider side, keels glabrous or with hairs, hairs not tufted, apices acute and entire, sometimes awned, awns to 6 mm; lemmas 5-7-veined, asymmetrically keeled, acute to awned, awns to 4.5 mm; paleas from slightly shorter than to exceeding the lemmas, bifid; anthers 3, 3-5 mm, yellow. Caryopses usually falling with lemmas and paleas attached. x = 7. Haplome P.

Agropyrum
    |--A. dasystachyum CL86
    |--A. enysii W27
    |--A. glaucum D37
    |--A. intermedium H91
    |--A. junceum C74
    |    |--A. j. ssp. junceum C74
    |    `--A. j. ssp. littoreum C74
    |--A. multiflorum A27
    |--A. repens TG88
    |--A. scabrum W27 [incl. A. squarrosum A27]
    |--A. smithii CL86
    |--A. spicatum CL86
    |--A. trachycaulum CL86
    `--A. youngii A27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[CL86] Collins, E. I., & R. W. Lichvar. 1986. Vegetation inventory of current and historic black-footed ferret habitat in Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 85–93.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2007. Flora of North America North of Mexico vol. 24. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Oxford University Press.

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[W27] Wall, A. 1927. Some problems of distribution of indigenuous plants in New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 94–105.

Medicago

Bur medick Medicago minima, from here.

Belongs within: Fabeae.

Medicago, medicks, is a genus of mostly herbaceous legumes native to Eurasia and Africa.

Characters (from Flora of China): Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules adnate to petiole at base; leaflets denticulate, lat­eral veins running out into teeth. Racemes axillary, flowers crowded into heads; bracts small and caducous. Calyx 5-toothed, sub­equal. Petals free from staminal tube; standard oblong to obovate, usually reflexed; wings and keel with hooked appendages involved in explosive tripping mechanism for pollination. Stamens diadelphous; filaments not dilated, apical portion of staminal column arched; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate; ovules numerous; style subulate; stigma subcapitate, oblique. Legume compressed, coiled, curved, or straight, surface reticulate, sometimes armed with spines. Seed small, reniform, smooth or rough.

<==Medicago
    |--M. aculeata TG88
    |--M. arabica TG88
    |--M. coronata PT98
    |--M. disciformis PT98
    |--M. falcata O88
    |--M. hispida AGF98
    |--M. intertexta C55
    |--M. laciniata TG88
    |--M. littoralis TG88
    |--M. lupulina O88
    |--M. maculata C55
    |--M. marina C74
    |--M. minima PT98
    |--M. monspeliaca PT98
    |--M. nigra C55
    |--M. orbicularis PT98
    |--M. polymorpha PT98
    |--M. rugosa PT98
    |--M. sativa RM03
    |--M. scutellata TG88
    |--M. sylvestris C55
    |--M. tornata TG88
    |--M. truncatula RM03
    `--M. tuberculata PT98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[RM03] Radutoiu, S., L. H. Madsen, E. B. Madsen, H. H. Felle, Y. Umehara, M. Grønlund, S. Sato, Y. Nakamura, S. Tabata, N. Sandal & J. Stougaard. 2003. Plant recognition of symbiotic bacteria requires two LysM receptor-like kinases. Nature 425: 585–592.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

Genistinae

Sweet broom Cytisus stenopetala, copyright Raul654.

Belongs within: Genisteae.
Contains: Cytisus.

The Genistinae is a group of mostly yellow-flowered leguminous shrubs with a Mediterranean-centred distribution, though a number of species (particularly gorse Ulex europaeus and broom Cytisus scoparius) have become naturalised in other parts of the world. The gorses of the genus Ulex are extremely spiny with leaves almost entirely absent in mature plants and shoots modified into branched thorns.

Genistinae
    |  i. s.: Chorothamnus procumbens (Waldstein & Kitaibel) Presl 1844 (see below for synonymy) P07
    |--Chamaespartium sagittale AB03
    |--+--Echinospartum boissieri AB03
    |  `--+--Pterospartum tridentatum [=Chamespartium tridentatum] AB03
    |     `--Stauracanthus [Ulicinae] AB03
    |          |--S. genistoides AB03
    |          `--+--S. boivinii AB03
    |             `--Ulex AB03
    |                  |  i. s.: U. nanus TG88
    |                  |--U. micranthus AB03
    |                  `--+--U. argenteus AB03
    |                     |    |--U. a. ssp. argenteus AB03
    |                     |    |--U. a. ssp. erinaceus AB03
    |                     |    `--U. a. ssp. subsericeus AB03
    |                     |--U. densus AB03
    |                     |--U. parviflorus AB03
    |                     |    |--U. p. ssp. parviflorus AB03
    |                     |    `--U. p. ssp. funkii AB03
    |                     `--U. sect. Neowilkommia AB03
    |                          |--U. europaeus AB03
    |                          |    |--U. e. ssp. europaeus AB03
    |                          |    `--U. e. ssp. lactebracteatus AB03
    |                          |--U. gallii AB03
    |                          `--U. minor AB03
    `--+--Spartium junceum AB03
       `--+--+--Argyrocytisus AB03
          |  |--Calicotome villosa (Poiret) Link 1808 AB03, PL04
          |  |--Cytisophyllum AB03
          |  |--Cytisus AB03
          |  |--Chamaecytisus AB03
          |  |    |--C. mollis AB03
          |  |    `--C. proliferus [=Cytisus proliferus] H93
          |  `--Spartocytisus AB03
          |       |--S. foliosus ES06
          |       `--S. supranubius ES06
          `--Genista AB03
               |--G. acanthoclada PT98
               |--G. aetnensis H97
               |--G. canariensis [=Cytisus canariensis] H93
               |--G. elata Mönch 1794 P07
               |    |--G. e. f. elata P07
               |    `--G. e. f. pubescens Láng 1824 P07
               |--G. falcata R-RR-GM-S98
               |--G. florida R-RR-GM-S98
               |--G. germanica Linnaeus 1753 [incl. G. heteroacantha Schlosser & Vukotinović 1857] P07
               |--G. januensis Viviani 1802 (see below for synonymy) P07
               |--G. linifolia [=Cytisus linifolius] H93
               |--G. maderensis [=Cytisus maderensis] H93
               |--G. monspessulana [=Cytisus monspessulanus] H06
               |--G. obtusiramea R-RR-GM-S98
               |--G. ovata Waldstein & Kitaibel 1801 P07
               |    |--G. o. ssp. ovata P07
               |    `--G. o. ssp. nervata (Kitaibel) Soó 1971 (see below for synonymy) P07
               |--G. pilosa Linnaeus 1753 [incl. G. pilosa var. umbrosa Heuffel 1858] P07
               |    |--G. p. f. pilosa P07
               |    `--G. p. f. densiflora Soó & Horánszky 1966 [incl. G. pilosa var. dolomitica Pifkó 2007 (n. n.)] P07
               |--G. scorpius L98
               |--G. stenopetala [=Cytisus stenopetalus] H93
               `--G. tinctoria P07
                    |--G. t. ssp. tinctoria P07
                    `--G. t. ssp. elatior (Koch) Nyman 1977 [incl. G. coriacea Kitaibel in Kanitz 1863] P07
                         |--G. t. ssp. e. var. elatior P07
                         `--G. t. ssp. e. var. hungarica (Kerner) Nyman 1977 (see below for synonymy) P07

Chorothamnus procumbens (Waldstein & Kitaibel) Presl 1844 [=Cytisus procumbens; incl. Genista elliptica Kitaibel in Kanitz 1863] P07

Genista januensis Viviani 1802 [incl. G. bihariensis Kerner 1868, G. triangularis Willdenow 1802, G. triquetra Waldstein & Kitaibel 1803] P07

Genista ovata ssp. nervata (Kitaibel) Soó 1971 [=G. nervata Kitaibel ex de Candolle 1825; incl. G. hirsuta Kitaibel in Neilreich 1866] P07

Genista tinctoria ssp. elatior var. hungarica (Kerner) Nyman 1977 [=G. hungarica Kerner 1863; incl. G. tinctoria var. subpubescens Kitaibel in Kanitz 1863] P07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB03] Ainouche, A., R. J. Bayer, P. Cubas & M.-T. Misset. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships within tribe Genisteae (Papilionoideae) with special reference to genus Ulex. In: Klitgaard, B. B., & A. Bruneau (ed.) Advances in Legume Systematics vol. 10. Higher Level Systematics pp. 239–252. Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew.

[ES06] Erber, D., & M. Schöller. 2006. Revision of the Cryptocephalus-species of the Canary Islands and Madeira (Insecta, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 85–107.

[H97] Heenan, P. B. 1997. Wood anatomy of the Carmichaelia (Fabaceae) complex in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 395–415.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[L98] Lienhard, C. 1998. Faune de France. France et Régions Limitrophes. 83. Psocoptères Euro-Méditerranéens. Fédération Française des Sociétés de Sciences Naturelles: Paris.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P07] Pifkó, D. 2007. Taxonomic revision and typification of Genista (Leguminosae) in the Herbarium Carpato-Pannonicum in Budapest. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 23–38.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335–351.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

Last updated: 2 November 2020.

Plumbaginaceae

Thrift Armeria alpina, copyright Meneerke bloem.

Belongs within: Caryophyllales.

The Plumbaginaceae are a cosmopolitan group of mostly herbaceous plants that are most diverse in maritime areas.

Characters (from N. R. Morin): Herbs or shrubs (rarely lianas), perennial or, rarely, annual; taprooted or rhizomatous. Stems woody stocks, acaulescent, or erect to prostrate, nodes swollen; indument of simple hairs, capitate glands that may secrete water or calcium salts, or multicelled glandlike structures. Leaves often basal, alternate, spiralled; stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade linear to broadly obovate, ovate, or round, margins entire or lobed. Inflorescences terminal or axillary cymes, panicles, racemes, or corymbs, or solitary heads; bracts herbaceous, scarious, sometimes absent; involucral bracteoles (epicalyces) immediately subtending calyces usually present. Pedicels absent or present (short). Flowers bisexual, radially symmetric; perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals persistent in mature fruits, 5, connate into 5- or 10-ribbed tube, mostly dry and membranous, sometimes petaloid, toothed or with distinct simple or lobed limbs; petals 5, nearly distinct, connate at bases or for most of their length (corolla salverform); blade clawed or claw absent, margins entire; corona absent; stamens 5; filaments adnate to bases of petals or free; ovary superior, 1-locular, placentation basal; ovules 1 per ovary, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; styles 1 with apically lobed stigma, or 5, each with linear stigma. Fruits utricles, achenes, or capsules. Seeds 1, embryo straight, endosperm present or absent.

<==Plumbaginaceae [Plumbaginales]
    |--Ceratostigma ulicinum O88
    |--Acantholimon ulicinum SL06
    |--Muellerolimon salicorniaceum KM08
    |--Aegialitis [Aegialitidoideae] T00
    |    `--A. annulata H09
    |--Statice M55 [Staticoideae T00]
    |    |--S. minutiflora M55
    |    |--S. plantaginea C55
    |    `--C. virgata C74
    |--Plumbago [Plumbaginoideae] K02
    |    |--P. auriculata K02
    |    |--P. pearsonii CV06
    |    |--P. wissii CV06
    |    `--P. zeylanica BB07
    |--Limonium CV06
    |    |--L. dyeri CV06
    |    |--L. graecum PT98
    |    |--L. narbonense PT98
    |    |--L. sinuatum PT01
    |    `--L. virgatum PT98
    `--Armeria NFFAR01
         |--A. alpina [=A. maritima ssp. alpina] NFFAR01
         |--A. bigerrensis NFFAR01
         |--A. bourgaei NFFAR01
         |--A. cantabrica NFFAR01
         |--A. chilensis D03
         |    |--A. c. var. chilensis D03
         |    `--A. c. var. magellanica D03
         |--A. colorata NFFAR01
         |--A. filicaulis NFFAR01
         |    |--A. f. ssp. filicaulis NFFAR01
         |    |    |--A. f. ssp. f. var. filicaulis NFFAR01
         |    |    `--A. f. ssp. f. var. minor NFFAR01
         |    `--A. f. ssp. nevadensis NFFAR01
         |--A. maritima G60
         |--A. pubinervis NFFAR01
         |--A. rothmaleri NFFAR01
         |--A. ruscinonensis C74
         |--A. splendens NFFAR01
         |--A. transmontana NFFAR01
         |--A. trianoi Nieto Feliner in Nieto Feliner, Fuertes Aguilar & Rosselló 2001 NFFAR01
         `--A. villosa NFFAR01
              |--A. v. ssp. villosa NFFAR01
              |--A. v. ssp. bernisii NFFAR01
              |--A. v. ssp. carratracensis NFFAR01
              `--A. v. ssp. longiaristata NFFAR01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 121–154.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 224 pls.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[G60] Gillham, M. E. 1960. Vegetation of Little Brother Island, Cook Strait, in relation to spray-bearing winds, soil salinity, and pH. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 405–424.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[K02] Krüger, M. 2002. Revision of the Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis group IV: the genus Drepanogynis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Transvaal Museum Monograph 13: 1–220.

[M55] Mertens, R. 1955. Die Mauereidechsen der Liparischen Inseln, gesammelt von Dr. Antonino Trischitta. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 25–40.

[NFFAR01] Nieto Feliner, G., J. Fuertes Aguilar & J. A. Rosselló. 2001. A new species of Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) from southern Spain with molecular and morphometric evidence on its origin. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 135 (1): 71–84.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[SL06] Schulz, H.-J., & P. Lymberakis. 2006. First contribution to the knowledge of the Collembola fauna of the White Mountains (Lefká Óri) in west Crete (Insecta, Collembola, Isotomidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 229–234.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Chenopodiaceae

Russian thistle Salsola kali, from here.

Belongs within: Caryophyllales.
Contains: Suaeda, Einadia, Halosarcia, Rhagodia, Chenopodium, Dysphania, Maireana, Sclerolaena, Atriplex.

The Chenopodiaceae are a cosmopolitan family of herbs and shrubs with small, greenish flowers (Allan 1961). Members include the genus Salsola, saltworts, a group of herbs or subshrubs (rarely shrubs or small trees), native to the western Palaearctic but widely introduced elsewhere, with mostly alternate leaves that often narrow terminally to a spine or soft bristle. Salicornia, glassworts or marsh samphires, are small, succulent herbs found growing in salty habitats such as salt marshes or the shores of salt lakes; the species S. europaea is eaten as a herb.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Annual to perennial herbs or shrubs with mostly alternate, simple, exstipulate leaves. Flowers very small, often bracted, greenish, perfect or unisexual, regular or nearly so. Perianth 3–5-lobed or absent; often accrescent in female; stamens usually 3–5, free, anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, indehiscent; embryo annular.

<==Chenopodiaceae
    |--Polycnemoideae T00
    |    |--Polycnemum T00
    |    |--Hemichroa pentandra T00, LK14
    |    `--Nitrophila T00
    |         |--N. mohavensis H93
    |         `--N. occidentalis H93
    |--Salicornia Linnaeus 1753 A61 [Salicornioideae T00]
    |    |--S. bigelovii M83
    |    |--S. europaea [incl. S. rubra] H93
    |    |--S. fruticosa P05
    |    |--S. herbacea PP64
    |    |--S. subterminalis H93
    |    |--S. tenuis T08
    |    |--S. utahensis H93
    |    `--S. virginica H93
    |--Chenopodioideae T00
    |    |  i. s.: Chenopodium BB01
    |    |         Dysphania T00
    |    |--Sclerolaeneae M99
    |    |    |--Maireana M99
    |    |    `--Sclerolaena KM08
    |    |--Beta [Beteae] M99
    |    |    |--B. maritima F92 [=B. vulgaris ssp. maritima H90]
    |    |    |--B. procumbens A02
    |    |    `--B. vulgaris M99
    |    |         |--B. v. var. vulgaris K-WK92
    |    |         `--B. v. var. esculenta K-WK92
    |    `--Atripliceae M99
    |         |--Atriplex FO03
    |         |--Endolepis FO03
    |         |--Proatriplex FO03
    |         `--Theleophyton Moq. 1849 FO03, A61
    |              `--T. billardierei Moq. in DC. 1849 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--Salsola GR98 [Salsoloideae T00]
         |--S. albisepala CV06
         |--S. arborea CV06
         |--S. aroabica CV06
         |--S. campyloptera CV06
         |--S. cauliflora CV06
         |--S. columnaris CV06
         |--S. cryptoptera CV06
         |--S. denudata CV06
         |--S. dinteri CV06
         |--S. dolichostigma CV06
         |--S. etoshensis CV06
         |--S. garubica CV06
         |--S. gemmata CV06
         |--S. giessii CV06
         |--S. hoanibica CV06
         |--S. hottentottica CV06
         |--S. huabica CV06
         |--S. iberica RJ11
         |--S. inermis GR98
         |--S. kali [incl. S. australis] C06
         |    |--S. k. var. kali H90
         |    `--S. k. var. strobilifera H90
         |--S. kleinfonteini CV06
         |--S. koichabica CV06
         |--S. longifolia GR98
         |--S. marginata CV06
         |--S. mirabilis CV06
         |--S. namibica CV06
         |--S. nepalensis O88
         |--S. okaukuejensis CV06
         |--S. omaruruensis CV06
         |--S. parviflora CV06
         |--S. paulsenii H93
         |--S. pazetzkiana S00
         |--S. procera CV06
         |--S. ptiloptera CV06
         |--S. richteri S00
         |--S. robinsonii CV06
         |--S. schreiberae CV06
         |--S. scopiformis CV06
         |--S. seminuda CV06
         |--S. seydelii CV06
         |--S. soda R-CT01
         |--S. spenceri CV06
         |--S. swakopmundi CV06
         |--S. tetragona B28
         |--S. tragus KM08
         |    |--S. t. ssp. tragus LK14
         |    `--S. t. ssp. grandiflora LK14
         |--S. ugabica CV06
         |--S. unjabica CV06
         |--S. vermiculata H93
         `--S. volkensii DH98

Chenopodiaceae incertae sedis:
  Axyris V09
    |--A. amaranthoides V09
    `--A. prostrata O88
  Borsczowia YY22
  Ceratocarpus YY22
  Cypselocarpus YY22
  Microgynoecium tibeticum O88
  Suckleya YY22
  Pachycornia triandra H90
  Arthrocnemum PT98
    |--A. fruticosum C55
    `--A. macrostachyum PT98
  Didymanthus roei KM08
  Halocnemum YY22
  Halopeplis YY22
  Heterostachys YY22
  Kalidium YY22
  Microcnemum YY22
  Monolepis YY22
    |--M. nuttalliana H93
    |--M. pusilla H93
    `--M. spatulata H93
  Osteocarpum YY22
    |--O. acropterum [=Babbagia acroptera] H90
    |    |--O. a. var. acropterum H90
    |    `--O. a. var. deminuta H90
    |--O. dipterocarpum [=Babbagia dipterocarpa] H90
    |--O. pentapterum [=Babbagia pentaptera] H90
    `--O. scleropterum [=Babbagia scleroptera] H90
  Suaeda MM09
  Threlkeldia KM08
    |--T. diffusa KM08
    `--T. inchoata H90
  Agathophora YY22
  Alexandra YY22
  Bassia Y98
    |--B. hyssopifolia H93
    |--B. muricata AGF98
    `--B. scoparia Y98
  Bienertia YY22
  Camphorosma monspeliaca YY22, C74
  Chenolea YY22
  Enchylaena tomentosa GR98
  Exomis YY22
  Halogeton glomeratus H93
  Hypocylix YY22
  Kirilowia YY22
  Kochia YY22
    |--K. americana H93
    |--K. californica H93
    |--K. pubescens C55
    `--K. scoparia [incl. K. scoparia var. culta, K. scoparia var. subvillosa] H93
  Cycloloma atriplicifolium H93
  Krascheninnikovia H93
    |--K. ceratoides O88
    `--K. lanata [=Ceratoides lanata, Eurotia lanata] H93
  Einadia GR98
  Halosarcia KM08
  Rhagodia A61
  Sarcocornia quinqueflora KM08 (see below for synonymy)
  Neobassia H90
    |--N. astrocarpa KM08
    `--N. proceriflora [=Threlkeldia proceriflora] H90
  Sclerostegia H90
    |--S. arbuscula [=Arthrocnemum arbuscula] H90
    |--S. disarticulata KM08
    |--S. medullosa H90
    `--S. tenuis [=Pachycornia tenuis] H90
  Tecticornia LK14
    |--T. australasica B00
    |--T. halocnemoides LK14
    |    |--T. h. ssp. halocnemoides LK14
    |    `--T. h. ssp. tenuis LK14
    |--T. indica LK14
    |    |--T. i. ssp. indica LK14
    |    |--T. i. ssp. julacea LK14
    |    `--T. i. ssp. leiostachya LK14
    `--T. pergranulata LK14
  Halimione pedenculata F92
  Allenrolfea H93
    |--A. occidentalis H93
    `--A. vaginata RH96
  Aphanisma blitoides H93
  Corispermum hyssopifolium H93
  Grayia spinosa [=Atriplex spinosa] H93
  Salicornites massalongoi Principi 1926 CBH93
  Polyporina cribraria Srivastava 1969 CBH93
  Dissocarpus H90
    |--D. biflorus [=Sclerolaena biflora, Bassia biflora] H90
    |    |--B. b. var. biflorus H90
    |    `--D. b. var. cephalocarpus (see below for synonymy) H90
    |--D. fontinalis H90
    |--D. latifolius [=Bassia paradoxa var. latifolia, D. paradoxus var. latifolius] H90
    `--D. paradoxus [=Sclerolaena paradoxa, Bassia paradoxa] H90
  Malacocera H90
    |--M. albolanata [=Bassia albolanata, Sclerolaena albolanata] H90
    `--M. tricornis H90
  Scleroblitum atriplicinum [=Chenopodium atriplicinum] H90
  Anserina Dumort. 1827 KC01
  Esfandiaria Charif & Aellen 1955 KC01
  Morrisiella Aellen 1938 KC01

Dissocarpus biflorus var. cephalocarpus [=Sclerolaena biflora var. cephalocarpa, Bassia biflora var. cephalocarpa] H90

Sarcocornia quinqueflora KM08 [=Salicornia quinqueflora H90; incl. Sal. australis Sol. ex Benth. 1870 H90, A61]

Theleophyton billardierei Moq. in DC. 1849 A61 [=Obione billardieri Moq. 1840 A61, Atriplex billardierei LMC97; incl. A. (Theleophyton) chrystallina Hook. f. 1847 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A02] Atkinson, H. J. 2002. Molecular approaches to novel crop resistance against nematodes. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 569–598. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[BB01] Bedrossian, A. G., P. S. Beauchamp, B. Bernichi, V. Dev, K. Z. Kitaw & H. Rechtshaffen. 2001. Analysis of North American Chenopodium botrys essential oil isolation and structure of two new sesquiterpene alcohols. Journal of Essential Oil Research 13: 393–400.

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DH98] Danin, A., & I. C. Hedge. 1998. Contributions to the flora of Jordan 2. A new species of Satureja (Labiatae) and some new records. Willdenowia 28: 135–142.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[FO03] Flores Olvera, H. 2003. Classification of North American species of Atriplex section Obione (Chenopodiaceae) based on numerical taxonomic analysis. Taxon 52: 247–260.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K-WK92] Korn-Wendisch, F., & H. J. Kutzner. 1992. The family Streptomycetaceae. In: Balows, A., H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K.-H. Schleifer (eds) The Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 921–995. Springer-Verlag: New York.

[LMC97] Lange, P. J. de, B. G. Murray & G. M. Crowcroft. 1997. Chromosome number of New Zealand specimens of Atriplex billardierei, Chenopodiaceae. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 129–131.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species. Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds)The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P05] Papapavlou, K. P. 2005. New distributional data on the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of the northern Dodecanese (“southern Sporadhes”) archipelago, Greece. Graellsia 61 (1): 3–11.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[RH96] Remaudière, G., & S. E. Halbert. 1996. American species of the genus Brachyunguis Das (Homoptera: Aphididae), including two new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 249–255.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[T08] Turner, F. 1908. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 288.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 6 July 2020.

Dianthus

Carnation Dianthus caryophyllus, copyright Roula30.

Belongs within: Caryophyllaceae.

Dianthus, pinks and carnations, are a group of herbaceous plants native to Eurasia, Africa and North America that bear often pink flowers with divided edges to the petals. Several species are grown as ornamentals such as the carnation D. caryophyllus and garden pink D. plumarius.

Characters (from R. K. Rabeler & R. L. Hartman): Herbs, usually perennial (rarely annual or biennial), sometimes mat-forming. Taproots stout, rhizomes (when present) slender or stout. Stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, terete or angled. Leaves connate proximally into sheath, petiolate (basal leaves) or sessile; blade 1-veined, linear or oblong to ovate, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal, open cymes, dense bracteate clusters or heads, or flowers solitary; bracts paired, herbaceous to scarious, or absent; involucel bracteoles 1-3 pairs, herbaceous or scarious. Pedicels erect in fruit. Flowers: sepals connate proximally into tube, 10-22 mm, tube green or reddish, 20-60-veined, ± cylindric, terete, commissures between sepals absent, lobes green or reddish, 3-8-veined, triangular to lanceolate, shorter than tube, margins white or reddish, mostly scarious, apex acute or obtuse; petals often pink or red, sometimes white or purple, sometimes spotted or with darker center, clawed, auricles absent, coronal appendages absent, blade apex dentate or fimbriate to 1/2 of length; nectaries at filament bases; stamens 10, adnate with petals to carpophore; filaments distinct; staminodes absent; ovary 1-locular; styles 2, filiform, 0.7-6 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 2, linear along adaxial surface of styles, papillate (30×). Capsules ovoid to cylindric, opening by 4 teeth; carpophore present. Seeds 40-100+, blackish brown, shield-shaped, dorsiventrally compressed, papillose-striate to papillate, marginal wing absent, appendage absent; embryo central, straight. x = 15.

<==Dianthus
    |--D. allwoodii WFA00
    |--D. alpinus WFA00
    |--D. armeria D37
    |--D. barbatus C06
    |--D. bisignoni M55
    |--D. callizonus H09
    |--D. carthusianorum [incl. D. atrorubens] C55
    |--D. caryophyllus Linnaeus 1753 CD07
    |--D. catalaunicus C74
    |--D. deltoides D37
    |--D. fruticosus S98
    |    |--D. f. ssp. fruticosus S98
    |    |--D. f. ssp. amorginus S98
    |    `--D. f. ssp. occidentalis Y98
    |--D. glacialis H09
    |    |--D. g. ssp. glacialis H09
    |    `--D. g. ssp. gelidus H09
    |--D. henteri H09
    |--D. pinifolius KB96
    |    |--D. p. ssp. pinifolius KB96
    |    `--D. p. ssp. lilacinus KB96
    |--D. plumarius WFA00
    |--D. sylvestris S96
    `--D. tenuifolius H09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[KB96] Konstantinou, M., & D. Babalonas. 1996. Metal uptake by Caryophyllaceae species from metalliferous soils in northern Greece. Plant Systematics and Evolution 203: 1–10.

[M55] Mertens, R. 1955. Die Mauereidechsen der Liparischen Inseln, gesammelt von Dr. Antonino Trischitta. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 25–40.

[S98] Salmeri, C. 1998. Allium brulloi (Alliaceae), a new species from Astypalea (Aegean Islands, Greece). Willdenowia 28: 69–76.

[S96] Schatz, H. 1996. Oribatid mites (Oribatida) in alpine dry meadows (Austria, central Alps). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 633–635. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[WFA00] Wurr, D. C. E., J. R. Fellows & L. Andrews. 2000. The effects of temperature and daylength on flower initiation and development in Dianthus allwoodii and Dianthus alpinus. Scientia Horticulturae 86: 57–70.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 4 August 2020.

Ipomoea

Morning glory Ipomoea violacea, from here.

Belongs within: Convolvuloideae.

Ipomoea is a cosmopolitan genus of twining herbs, many of which are commonly referred to as morning glories. Notable members include the kumara or sweet potato I. batatas, widely grown for its edible tubers. Water spinach or kangkong I. aquatica is cultivated in Asia as a vegetable green. The beach morning glory I. pes-caprae is a pantropical species found growing on the upper parts of sandy shores; its seeds are tolerant of salt water and may be widely dispersed by oceanic currents.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Twining prostrate or scrambling herbs, often lianoid, with alternate, variously cut leaves. Flowers pentamerous, large, ebracteate, axillary, solitary or in cymes. Outer calyx-lobes or sepals usually larger than inner, erect. Corolla usually broad-funnelform, limb sometimes angled or lobed. Staminal filaments filiform, stigma capitate or with two globose lobes. Capsule usually subglobose, four-valved. Seeds glabrous or pubescent.

<==Ipomoea Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--I. sect. Batatas ST98
    |    |--‘Batatas’ acetosaefolia C55a
    |    |--I. batatas ST98 [incl. Convolvulus chrysorhizus C06]
    |    |--‘Batatas’ edulis [incl. Convolvulus batatas] C55b
    |    |--‘Batatas’ littoralis [=Convolvulus littoralis] C55b
    |    |--‘Batatas’ paniculata [=Convolvulus paniculatus; incl. Ipomoea insignis] C55b
    |    `--‘Batatas’ pentaphylla [=Ipomoea pentaphylla] C55b
    |--I. sect. Calonyction ST98
    |    |--I. alba ST98
    |    |--‘Calonyction’ speciosum [incl. Ipomoea bona-nox] C55b
    |    `--I. turbinata ST98
    |--I. sect. Eriospermum ST98
    |    |--I. anisomeres ST98
    |    |--I. batatoides ST98
    |    |--I. eremnobrocha ST98
    |    |--I. habeliana ST98
    |    |--I. horsfalliae ST98
    |    |--I. reticulata ST98
    |    `--I. umbraticola ST98
    |--I. sect. Erpipomoea ST98
    |    |--I. aquatica ST98
    |    `--I. violacea ST98
    |--I. sect. Mina ST98
    |    |--I. hederifolia ST98
    |    `--I. neei ST98
    |--I. (sect. Orthipomoea) cairica ST98
    |    |--I. c. ssp. cairica ST98
    |    `--I. c. ssp. brasiliensis ST98
    `--I. sect. Pharbitis ST98
         |--‘Pharbitis’ cathartica C38
         |--I. eriocarpa ST98
         |--I. nil P88 [=Convolvulus nil C55b, Pharbitis nil C55b]
         `--I. setifera ST98

Ipomoea incertae sedis:
  *I. pes-tigridis SAO03
  I. abrupta VT13
  I. biloba YZ02
  I. calobra ST98
  I. carnea ST98
    |--I. c. ssp. carnea H06
    `--I. c. ssp. fistulosa H06
  I. coptica C55a
  I. costata VT13
  I. diamantinensis Black ex Eardley 1965 E65
  I. diversifolia LK14
  I. fastigiata [=Convolvulus fastigiatus] C55b
  I. filicaulis C55b
  I. gracilis E65
  I. graminea VT13
  I. hastata BR65
  I. hederacea GR98 [=Pharbitis hederacea C55b]
  I. heterophylla BR65
  I. indica H06
  I. involucrata C55a
  I. lonchophylla BR65
  I. macrantha VT13
  I. malvaeoides F11
  I. mammosa [=Batata mammosa, Convolvulus mammosus] C55b
  I. mauritiana LC02
  I. muelleri BR65
  I. muricata C55a
  I. mutabilis H93 [incl. I. acuminata H93, Pharbitis acuminata C55a]
  I. oligantha C55a
  I. palmata Forsk. 1775 A61 (see below for synonymy)
  I. pes-caprae (Linnaeus) Roth 1821 [=Convolvulus pes-caprae Linnaeus 1753] A61
    |--I. p. ssp. pes-caprae P88
    `--I. p. ssp. brasiliensis P88
  I. plebeja E65
  I. polpha ST98
  I. polymorpha M99
  I. purpurea H06
  I. quamoclit LK14
  I. racemigera BR65
  I. sagittata C55b
  I. sessiliflora C55b
  I. sidaefolia C55b
  I. sindica PP07
  I. sinuata C55b
  I. staphylina RS02
  I. stolonifera C74
  I. tamnifolia C55a
  I. tiliacea G38
  I. trichosperma LK14
  I. tricolor TG88
  I. triloba LK14
  I. tuberosa C55b
  I. umbellata C55b
  I. vagans GC05
  I. verticillata PP07

Ipomoea palmata Forsk. 1775 A61 [incl. I. pendula Br. 1810 A61, I. pulchella ME70, I. tuberculata Roem. & Schult. 1819 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. Some new or little known Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 35–43.

[E65] Eardley, C. M. 1965. Diagnoses to new taxa. In: Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae pp. 945–946. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[GC05] Granjon, L., J.-F. Cosson, E. Quesseveur & B. Sicard. 2005. Population dynamics of the multimammate rat Mastomys huberti in an annually flooded agricultural region of central Mali. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 997–1008.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[LC02] Långström, E., & M. W. Chase. 2002. Tribes of Boraginoideae (Boraginaceae) and placement of Antiphytum, Echiochilon, Ogastemma and Sericostoma: a phylogenetic analysis based on atpB plastid DNA sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 234: 137–153.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RS02] Radhakrishna, S., & M. Singh. 2002. Activity schedule and habitat use of the slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 400–407.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791–806.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[VT13] Vigilante, T., J. Toohey, A. Gorring, V. Blundell, T. Saunders, S. Mangolamara, K. George, J. Oobagooma, M. Waina, K. Morgan & K. Doohan. 2013. Island country: aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 145–182.

[YZ02] Yahya, H. S. A., & A. A. Zarri. 2002. Status, ecology and behaviour of Narcondam hornbill (Aceros narcondami) in Narcondam Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 434–445.

Last updated: 4 April 2020.

Plantaginaceae

Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus, copyright Dinesh Valke.

Belongs within: Lamiales.
Contains: Gratioleae, Cheloneae, Callitriche, Veroniceae, Plantago.

The Plantaginaceae is a clade of flowering plants identified by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Olmstead et al. 2001). Members of this clade are morphologically diverse, with many having been previously classified in the Scrophulariaceae rather than with the wind-pollinated genus Plantago. They include the snapdragons Antirrhinum, a genus of herbs found in western North America and the western Mediterranean, whose often cleistogamous flowers commonly have the lower lip base swollen and covering the mouth. The foxgloves of the genus Digitalis are a western Palaearctic group of erect herbs with bell-shaped, generally pink or white flowers. The mare's-tail Hippuris vulgaris is an emergent aquatic, wind-pollinated herb found in temperate and cool regions of the world (Hickman 1993). Globularia, the globe daisies, is a western Palaearctic genus of mat-forming herbs and subshrubs that produce flowers in dense capitula held on an erect stem.

<==Plantaginaceae [Plantaginales, Veronicaceae]
    |--+--Gratioleae OP01
    |  `--Angelonia [Angelonieae] OP01
    |       |--A. pubescens OP01
    |       `--A. salicariifolia B00
    `--+--Cheloneae OP01
       `--+--Antirrhinum [Antirrhinaceae, Antirrhineae, Antirrhinoideae] OP01
          |    |--A. cornutum H93
          |    |--A. coulterianum H93
          |    |--A. cyathiferum H93
          |    |--A. filipes H93
          |    |--A. kelloggii H93
          |    |--A. kingii H93
          |    |--A. leptaleum [=A. cornutum var. leptaleum] H93
          |    |--A. majus OP01
          |    |--A. molle D37
          |    |--A. multiflorum [incl. A. glandulosum] H93
          |    |--A. nuttallianum H93
          |    |    |--A. n. ssp. nuttallianum H93
          |    |    `--A. n. ssp. subsessile H93
          |    |--A. orontium C55b
          |    |--A. ovatum H93
          |    |--A. rhinanthoides [=A. majus × A. molle] D37
          |    |--A. subcordatum H93
          |    |--A. vexillo-calyculatum H93
          |    |    |--A. v. ssp. vexillo-calyculatum H93
          |    |    |--A. v. ssp. breweri H93
          |    |    `--A. v. ssp. intermedium H93
          |    `--A. virga H93
          `--+--+--Callitriche OP01
             |  `--Hippuris [Hippuridaceae] OP01
             |       `--H. vulgaris OP01
             `--+--Globularieae [Globulariaceae] OP01
                |    |--Poskea OP01
                |    `--Globularia OP01
                |         |--G. cordifolia OP01
                |         |--G. nudicaulis C55a
                |         `--G. punctata H91
                `--+--+--Hemiphragma [Hemiphragmieae] OP01
                   |  |    `--H. heterophyllum OP01
                   |  `--+--Veroniceae OP01
                   |     `--Plantagineae C06
                   |          |--Plantago OP01
                   |          |--Littorella uniflora C06, V72
                   |          `--Bougueria C06
                   `--Digitalis [Digitalideae] OP01
                        |--D. ambigua D37
                        |--D. grandiflora OP01
                        |--D. lanata D37
                        |--D. lutea D37
                        |--D. mertonensis D37
                        |--D. micrantha D37
                        `--D. purpurea OP01

Plantaginaceae incertae sedis:
  Limnophila LK14
    |--L. australis LK14
    |--L. brownii LK14
    |--L. chinensis LK14
    |--L. fragrans LK14
    |--L. heterophylla VB02
    `--L. serrata C55a
  Scoparia dulcis LK14
  Aragoa AM-O04
  Sibthorpia repens [incl. Veronica rotundifolia Ruiz & Pav. 1798] AM-O04
  Plantaginacearumpollis CBH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AM-O04] Albach, D. C., M. M. Martínez-Ortega, M. A. Fischer & M. W. Chase. 2004. A new classification of the tribe Veroniceae—problems and a possible solution. Taxon 53 (2): 429–452.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OP01] Olmstead, R. G., C. W. dePamphilis, A. D. Wolfe, N. D. Young, W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Last updated: 13 September 2019.

Umbilicaria

Umbilicaria leiocarpa, copyright Jason Hollinger.

Belongs within: Lecanoromycetes.
Contains: Umbilicaria section Glabrae, Umbilicaria section Polymorphae, Umbilicaria secton Velleae.

Umbilicaria, rock tripe, is a cosmopolitan genus of saxicolous lichens that derive their name from their attachment to the substrate by a distinct 'navel'.

Characters (from Frey 1933): Thallus foliaceous, navel simple, thin or often divided into several strands, with the base very firmly attached, upper surface smooth or cracked-areolate, often with scaly or sheet-like attachments or protruding ribs. Apothecia sessile on upper surface, occasionally slightly sunk or pressed, often top-shaped, short-stalked, black. Underside of the thallus smooth and hairless or cracked-areolate, with or without rhizines. Rhizines simple or branched or warty, also often reticulate or pitted and with anastomosing discontinuous ribs. More or less radially arranged bars often extending outward from navel. Thallus layered, upper crust usually solid (exceptionally thin), forming a palisade plectenchyma, paraplectenchyma or an almost amorphous-appearing tissue. Gonidia Cytococcus, usually in a continuous or more or less regularly interrupted zone. Hyphae of gonidial zone loose, rarely fused like the rind. Central mass usually loose, rarely dense; lower crust usually similar to top layer, rhizines mostly similarly textured to underside of thallus. Apothecia always without gonidia, often quite black inside or at least partly dark, hypothecium usually at least brownish, hymenium often with a tendency to split. Spores unicellular and hyaline, or 2- to multicellular (forming a brick-like arrangement), hyaline or partially brown. Pycnidia sunk in thallus, but alwayswith a clear, point-like, black crown, pitcher-shaped or pear-shaped, often quite strongly broadened at the base.

Umbilicaria Hoffmann ex Linnaeus 1891 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |--U. subg. Gyrophora Endlich 1836 F33
    |    |--U. sect. Agyrophora Nylander 1878 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |    |--U. cinerascens (Arnold) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |    |    |--U. c. f. cinerascens F33
    |    |    |    `--U. c. f. laciniata Frey 1933 non Lichen corneus var. laciniatus Retzius 1779 F33
    |    |    |--U. laevis (Schaerer) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |    |--U. leiocarpa (de Candolle in de Lamarck & de Candolle 1805) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |    |--U. microphylla (Laurer) Massal. 1852 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |    |--U. reticulata F33 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |    |--U. r. f. reticulata F33
    |    |    |    |--U. r. f. maxima F33
    |    |    |    |--U. r. f. perforata F33
    |    |    |    `--U. r. f. typica F33
    |    |    |--U. rigida (Du Rietz) Frey 1931 [=Gyrophora rigida Du Rietz 1925] F33
    |    |    |    |--U. r. var. rigida F33
    |    |    |    `--U. r. var. discissa F33
    |    |    `--U. subglabra  (Nylander) Harm. 1910 [=Gyrophora subglabra Nylander 1896] F33
    |    |         |--U. s. var. subglabra F33
    |    |         |--U. s. var. pallens (Nylander) Frey 1933 (see below for synonymy) F33
    |    |         `--U. s. var. schmidtii Frey 1933 F33
    |    |--U. sect. Glabrae F33
    |    |--U. sect. Polymorphae F33
    |    `--U. sect. Velleae F33
    `--U. subg. Gyrophoropsis (Elenkin & Sav.) Zahlbr. 1927 [=Gyrophoropsis Elenkin & Sav. 1911] F33
         |--U. cinereorufescens (Schaerer) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |--U. crustulosa (Acharius) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
         |    |--U. c. var. crustulosa F33
         |    `--U. c. var. badiofusca Frey 1933 F33
         |--U. depressa (Acharius) Duby 1830 [=Gyrophora crustulosa var. depressa Acharius 1810] F33
         |--U. ruebeliana (DR. & Frey) Frey 1931 [=Gyrophora ruebeliana DR. & Frey 1929] F33
         |    |--U. r. f. ruebeliana F33
         |    `--U. r. f. rhizinosa Frey 1933 F33
         `--U. spodochroa (Acharius) Frey 1931 (see below for synonymy) F33
              |--U. s. var. spodochroa F33
              `--U. s. var. lapponica Frey 1933 F33

Umbilicaria incertae sedis:
  U. angulata F33
  U. calvescens F33
  U. dichroa F33
  U. esculenta F33
  U. haplocarpa F33
  U. krempelhuberi F33
  U. mammulata JK06
  U. membranacea F33
  U. muehlenbergii F33
  U. nanella Frey & Poelt 1977 S03
  U. pennsylvanica F33
  U. phaea F33
  U. semitensis F33
  U. yunnana F33

Umbilicaria Hoffmann ex Linnaeus 1891 [incl. Gyrophora Acharius 1803; Gyrophoraceae, Umbilicariaceae, Umbilicariales] F33

Umbilicaria sect. Agyrophora Nylander 1878 [=Gyrophora sect. Agyrophora (Nylander) Zahlbr. 1906; incl. U. sect. Anthracinae Frey 1931] F33

Umbilicaria cinerascens (Arnold) Frey 1931 [=Gyrophora cinerascens Arnold 1875, U. polyphylla var. cinerascens (Arnold) Wain. 1899] F33

Umbilicaria laevis (Schaerer) Frey 1931 [=Gyrophora atropruniosa var. laevis Schaerer 1848, G. laevis (Schaerer) Du Rietz 1925, Umbilicaria anthracina var. laevis (Schaerer) Schaerer 1850; incl. U. anthracina var. laevis f. nuda Schaere 1850] F33

Umbilicaria leiocarpa (de Candolle in de Lamarck & de Candolle 1805) Frey 1931 [=Gyrophora leiocarpa (de Candolle) Du Rietz 1925; incl. G. anthracina Körb. 1855, Umbilicaria atropruinosa Schaerer 1823, G. atropruinosa var. tessellata Schaerer 1818, U. anthracina var. tessellata (Schaerer) Schaerer 1850, U. atropruinosa var. tessellata (Schaerer) Fries 1831] F33

Umbilicaria microphylla (Laurer) Massal. 1852 [=U. atropruinosa var. microphylla Laurer 1832, Gyrophora anthracina var. microphylla (Laurer) Jatta 1911, G. microphylla (Laurer) Arnold 1878, Umbilicaria anthracina var. microphylla (Laurer) Schaerer 1850, U. cinerascens var. microphylla (Laurer) Stizenb. 1882; incl. Gyrophora microphylloides Zahlbr. 1927] F33

Umbilicaria reticulata F33 [=Gyrophora polymorpha var. reticulata Schaerer 1818 F33, G. anthracina var. reticulata (Schaerer) Rabenhorst 1859 F33, G. reticulata (Schaerer) Fries 1871 F33, Lecidea atropruinosa var. reticulata (Schaerer) Schaerer 1828 F33, Umbilicaria anthracina var. reticulata (Schaerer) Tuck. 1848 F33, U. atropruinosa var. reticulata (Schaerer) Fries 1831 F33, U. tessellata var. reticulata (Schaerer) Duby 1830 F33; incl. Lichen decussatus Vill. 1789 F33, Gyrophora decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr. 1927 F33, Umbilicaria decussata C74, G. discolor Fries 1867 F33, U. ptychophora Nylander 1869 F33]

Umbilicaria subglabra var. pallens (Nylander) Frey 1933 [=U. atropruinosa var. pallens Nylander 1864, U. cinerascens var. pallens (Nylander) Nylander 1869] F33

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 224 pls.

[F33] Frey, E. 1933. Cladoniaceae (unter Ausschluss der Gattung Cladonia), Umbilicariaceae. In: Die Flechten (Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz vol. 9 sect. 4 pt 1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M. B. H.: Leipzig (reprinted 1971. Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York).

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[S03] Sinha, G. P. 2003. Additions to the lichen flora of India from Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1–4): 221–224.