Russian thistle Salsola kali, from here.
Belongs within: Caryophyllales.
Contains: Suaeda,
Einadia,
Halosarcia,
Rhagodia,
Chenopodium,
Dysphania,
Maireana,
Sclerolaena,
Atriplex.
The Chenopodiaceae are a cosmopolitan family of herbs and shrubs with small, greenish flowers (Allan 1961). Members include the genus
Salsola, saltworts, a group of herbs or subshrubs (rarely shrubs or small trees), native to the western Palaearctic but widely introduced elsewhere, with mostly alternate leaves that often narrow terminally to a spine or soft bristle.
Salicornia, glassworts or marsh samphires, are small, succulent herbs found growing in salty habitats such as salt marshes or the shores of salt lakes; the species
S. europaea is eaten as a herb.
Characters (from Allan 1961): Annual to perennial herbs or shrubs with mostly alternate, simple, exstipulate leaves. Flowers very small, often bracted, greenish, perfect or unisexual, regular or nearly so. Perianth 3–5-lobed or absent; often accrescent in female; stamens usually 3–5, free, anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, indehiscent; embryo annular.
<==Chenopodiaceae
|--Polycnemoideae T00
| |--Polycnemum T00
| |--Hemichroa pentandra T00, LK14
| `--Nitrophila T00
| |--N. mohavensis H93
| `--N. occidentalis H93
|--Salicornia Linnaeus 1753 A61 [Salicornioideae T00]
| |--S. bigelovii M83
| |--S. europaea [incl. S. rubra] H93
| |--S. fruticosa P05
| |--S. herbacea PP64
| |--S. subterminalis H93
| |--S. tenuis T08
| |--S. utahensis H93
| `--S. virginica H93
|--Chenopodioideae T00
| | i. s.: Chenopodium BB01
| | Dysphania T00
| |--Sclerolaeneae M99
| | |--Maireana M99
| | `--Sclerolaena KM08
| |--Beta [Beteae] M99
| | |--B. maritima F92 [=B. vulgaris ssp. maritima H90]
| | |--B. procumbens A02
| | `--B. vulgaris M99
| | |--B. v. var. vulgaris K-WK92
| | `--B. v. var. esculenta K-WK92
| `--Atripliceae M99
| |--Atriplex FO03
| |--Endolepis FO03
| |--Proatriplex FO03
| `--Theleophyton Moq. 1849 FO03, A61
| `--T. billardierei Moq. in DC. 1849 A61 (see below for synonymy)
`--Salsola GR98 [Salsoloideae T00]
|--S. albisepala CV06
|--S. arborea CV06
|--S. aroabica CV06
|--S. campyloptera CV06
|--S. cauliflora CV06
|--S. columnaris CV06
|--S. cryptoptera CV06
|--S. denudata CV06
|--S. dinteri CV06
|--S. dolichostigma CV06
|--S. etoshensis CV06
|--S. garubica CV06
|--S. gemmata CV06
|--S. giessii CV06
|--S. hoanibica CV06
|--S. hottentottica CV06
|--S. huabica CV06
|--S. iberica RJ11
|--S. inermis GR98
|--S. kali [incl. S. australis] C06
| |--S. k. var. kali H90
| `--S. k. var. strobilifera H90
|--S. kleinfonteini CV06
|--S. koichabica CV06
|--S. longifolia GR98
|--S. marginata CV06
|--S. mirabilis CV06
|--S. namibica CV06
|--S. nepalensis O88
|--S. okaukuejensis CV06
|--S. omaruruensis CV06
|--S. parviflora CV06
|--S. paulsenii H93
|--S. pazetzkiana S00
|--S. procera CV06
|--S. ptiloptera CV06
|--S. richteri S00
|--S. robinsonii CV06
|--S. schreiberae CV06
|--S. scopiformis CV06
|--S. seminuda CV06
|--S. seydelii CV06
|--S. soda R-CT01
|--S. spenceri CV06
|--S. swakopmundi CV06
|--S. tetragona B28
|--S. tragus KM08
| |--S. t. ssp. tragus LK14
| `--S. t. ssp. grandiflora LK14
|--S. ugabica CV06
|--S. unjabica CV06
|--S. vermiculata H93
`--S. volkensii DH98
Chenopodiaceae incertae sedis:
Axyris V09
|--A. amaranthoides V09
`--A. prostrata O88
Borsczowia YY22
Ceratocarpus YY22
Cypselocarpus YY22
Microgynoecium tibeticum O88
Suckleya YY22
Pachycornia triandra H90
Arthrocnemum PT98
|--A. fruticosum C55
`--A. macrostachyum PT98
Didymanthus roei KM08
Halocnemum YY22
Halopeplis YY22
Heterostachys YY22
Kalidium YY22
Microcnemum YY22
Monolepis YY22
|--M. nuttalliana H93
|--M. pusilla H93
`--M. spatulata H93
Osteocarpum YY22
|--O. acropterum [=Babbagia acroptera] H90
| |--O. a. var. acropterum H90
| `--O. a. var. deminuta H90
|--O. dipterocarpum [=Babbagia dipterocarpa] H90
|--O. pentapterum [=Babbagia pentaptera] H90
`--O. scleropterum [=Babbagia scleroptera] H90
Suaeda MM09
Threlkeldia KM08
|--T. diffusa KM08
`--T. inchoata H90
Agathophora YY22
Alexandra YY22
Bassia Y98
|--B. hyssopifolia H93
|--B. muricata AGF98
`--B. scoparia Y98
Bienertia YY22
Camphorosma monspeliaca YY22, C74
Chenolea YY22
Enchylaena tomentosa GR98
Exomis YY22
Halogeton glomeratus H93
Hypocylix YY22
Kirilowia YY22
Kochia YY22
|--K. americana H93
|--K. californica H93
|--K. pubescens C55
`--K. scoparia [incl. K. scoparia var. culta, K. scoparia var. subvillosa] H93
Cycloloma atriplicifolium H93
Krascheninnikovia H93
|--K. ceratoides O88
`--K. lanata [=Ceratoides lanata, Eurotia lanata] H93
Einadia GR98
Halosarcia KM08
Rhagodia A61
Sarcocornia quinqueflora KM08 (see below for synonymy)
Neobassia H90
|--N. astrocarpa KM08
`--N. proceriflora [=Threlkeldia proceriflora] H90
Sclerostegia H90
|--S. arbuscula [=Arthrocnemum arbuscula] H90
|--S. disarticulata KM08
|--S. medullosa H90
`--S. tenuis [=Pachycornia tenuis] H90
Tecticornia LK14
|--T. australasica B00
|--T. halocnemoides LK14
| |--T. h. ssp. halocnemoides LK14
| `--T. h. ssp. tenuis LK14
|--T. indica LK14
| |--T. i. ssp. indica LK14
| |--T. i. ssp. julacea LK14
| `--T. i. ssp. leiostachya LK14
`--T. pergranulata LK14
Halimione pedenculata F92
Allenrolfea H93
|--A. occidentalis H93
`--A. vaginata RH96
Aphanisma blitoides H93
Corispermum hyssopifolium H93
Grayia spinosa [=Atriplex spinosa] H93
Salicornites massalongoi Principi 1926 CBH93
Polyporina cribraria Srivastava 1969 CBH93
Dissocarpus H90
|--D. biflorus [=Sclerolaena biflora, Bassia biflora] H90
| |--B. b. var. biflorus H90
| `--D. b. var. cephalocarpus (see below for synonymy) H90
|--D. fontinalis H90
|--D. latifolius [=Bassia paradoxa var. latifolia, D. paradoxus var. latifolius] H90
`--D. paradoxus [=Sclerolaena paradoxa, Bassia paradoxa] H90
Malacocera H90
|--M. albolanata [=Bassia albolanata, Sclerolaena albolanata] H90
`--M. tricornis H90
Scleroblitum atriplicinum [=Chenopodium atriplicinum] H90
Anserina Dumort. 1827 KC01
Esfandiaria Charif & Aellen 1955 KC01
Morrisiella Aellen 1938 KC01
Dissocarpus biflorus var. cephalocarpus [=Sclerolaena biflora var. cephalocarpa, Bassia biflora var. cephalocarpa] H90
Sarcocornia quinqueflora KM08 [=Salicornia quinqueflora H90; incl. Sal. australis Sol. ex Benth. 1870 H90, A61]
Theleophyton billardierei Moq. in DC. 1849 A61 [=Obione billardieri Moq. 1840 A61, Atriplex billardierei LMC97; incl. A. (Theleophyton) chrystallina Hook. f. 1847 A61]
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years.
Willdenowia 28: 123–134.
[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961.
Flora of New Zealand vol. 1.
Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[A02] Atkinson, H. J. 2002. Molecular approaches to novel crop resistance against nematodes.
In: Lee, D. L. (ed.)
The Biology of Nematodes pp. 569–598. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[BB01] Bedrossian, A. G., P. S. Beauchamp, B. Bernichi, V. Dev, K. Z. Kitaw & H. Rechtshaffen. 2001. Analysis of North American
Chenopodium botrys essential oil isolation and structure of two new sesquiterpene alcohols.
Journal of Essential Oil Research 13: 393–400.
[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928.
Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.
[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000.
Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).
[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855.
Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906.
Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.
[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens).
Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.
[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’).
In: Benton, M. J. (ed.)
The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.
[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia.
Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.
[DH98] Danin, A., & I. C. Hedge. 1998. Contributions to the flora of Jordan 2. A new species of
Satureja (Labiatae) and some new records.
Willdenowia 28: 135–142.
[F92] Fan Z. 1992.
Key to the Common Flies of China 2
nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.
[FO03] Flores Olvera, H. 2003. Classification of North American species of
Atriplex section
Obione (Chenopodiaceae) based on numerical taxonomic analysis.
Taxon 52: 247–260.
[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17.
Willdenowia 28: 163–174.
[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990.
Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993.
The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia.
Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001.
Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9
th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[K-WK92] Korn-Wendisch, F., & H. J. Kutzner. 1992. The family Streptomycetaceae.
In: Balows, A., H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K.-H. Schleifer (eds)
The Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications 2
nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 921–995. Springer-Verlag: New York.
[LMC97] Lange, P. J. de, B. G. Murray & G. M. Crowcroft. 1997. Chromosome number of New Zealand specimens of
Atriplex billardierei, Chenopodiaceae.
New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 129–131.
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia.
Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[M99] Matthews, M. 1999.
Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.
[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the
Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species.
Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.
[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree
Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida.
Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.
[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note.
In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds)
The Himalayan Plants vol. 1.
The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.
[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi.
Willdenowia 28: 95–116.
[P05] Papapavlou, K. P. 2005. New distributional data on the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of the northern Dodecanese (“southern Sporadhes”) archipelago, Greece.
Graellsia 61 (1): 3–11.
[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee.
Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.
[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily.
In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds)
Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.
[RH96] Remaudière, G., & S. E. Halbert. 1996. American species of the genus
Brachyunguis Das (Homoptera: Aphididae), including two new species.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 249–255.
[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows).
In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds)
Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16.
Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000.
Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2
nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).
[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae).
The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.
[T08] Turner, F. 1908. Notes and exhibits.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 288.
[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records.
Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.
[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora.
Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.
[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I.
Willdenowia 28: 77–94.
Last updated: 6 July 2020.