Plecotus

Brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus, copyright Dragiša Savić.

Belongs within: Vespertilioninae.

Plecotus, the long-eared bats, is a Holarctic genus of bats with a narrow rostrum and ears much longer than wide (Miller 1907).

Characters (from Miller 1907): Dental formula i2/3, c1/1, pm2/3, m3/3, total 36. Upper incisors well devoloped, each with a distinct secondary cusp, the inner tooth much smaller than the outer, and separated from canine by a space about equal to its diameter; lower incisors subequal, trifid, the crowns increasing in size from first to third, and forming a continuous, strongly convex row between canines. Upper canines rather small and weak, but not peouliar in form; lower canine with cingulum produced into a distinct though small anterior basal cusp. Cheek teeth normal, though rather small; anterior upper premolar (pm²) in contact with canine, but separated from large premolar (pm⁴) by a narrow space; posterior premolar with distinct though small inner cusp; upper molars short on inner side, the spaces between the crowns unusually large; m¹ and m² with no trace of hypocone; m³ with crown area about half that of m², its metacone and third commissure small but distinct; lower molars with all the cusps present and well developed, the protoconid noticeably higher than the hypoconid. Skull with large, elongate and rounded braincase, but with rostrum slender and reduced, its upper surface convex in lateral view; lachrymal ridges well developed (subgenus Plecotus) or lachrymal region smoothly rounded (Corynorhinus); audital bullae large, rounded, their greatest diameter equal to about three times the distance between them. Ears very large, much longer than head, joined across forehead; nostrils opening upward, their orifice continued backward by a slit-like prolongation.

<==Plecotus Geoffroy 1813 [incl. Macrotus Leach 1816 (n. n.) non Gray 1843] M07
    |  i. s.: P. austriacus IT07
    |         P. mexicanus (Allen 1916) MB86
    |         P. rafinesquei Lesson 1827 [=Corynorhinus rafinesquei] K92
    |         P. taivanus IT07
    |         P. teneriffae IT07
    |--*P. (Plecotus) auritus (Linnaeus 1758) M07, K92 [=Vespertilio auritus M07]
    `--P. (Corynorhinus Allen 1865) G69, M07 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. (*C.) macrotis M07
         `--P. (C.) townsendii Cooper 1837 G69, K92
              |--P. t. townsendii MB86
              |--P. t. australis (Handley 1955) MB86
              |--P. t. ingens BP87
              `--P. t. virginianus BP87

Nomen nudum: Macrotus europaeus Leach 1816 M07

Plecotus (Corynorhinus Allen 1865) G69, M07 [=Corynorhynchus Peters 1865 M07; incl. Synotus Allen 1864 non Keyserling & Blasius 1839 M07]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

Mormoopidae

Parnell's moustached bat Pteronotus parnellii, copyright Brock Fenton.

Belongs within: Noctilionoidea.

The Mormoopidae, moustached bats and ghost-faced bats, are family of bats found in tropical and subtropical parts of the New World, characterised by complex outgrowths of the lower lip that take the place of the nose leaf found in other bat groups.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Teeth normal; humerus without secondary articulation with scapula, the tubercles short, rising scarcely above level of head, epitrochlea small, hardly more than base to large spinous process; muzzle without nose leaf; lower lip with plate-like outgrowths.

<==Mormoopidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Mormoops Leach 1821 [incl. Aello Leach 1821] M07
    |    |--*M. blainvillii M07
    |    |--‘*Aello’ cuvieri M07
    |    |--M. magna Silva Taboada 1974 AC98
    |    `--M. megalophylla Peters 1864 MB86
    `--Pteronotus Gray 1838 K92, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*P. davyi Gray 1838 [=Chilonycteris davyi, Dermonotus davyi] C57
         |    |--P. d. davyi MB86
         |    `--P. d. fulvus (Thomas 1892) MB86 [incl. P. suapurensis calvus Goodwin 1958 G69]
         |--P. gymnonotus (Wagner 1843) K06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. macleayii (Gray 1839) K92 [=*Chilonycteris macleayii C57; incl. Lobostoma cinnamomeum G66]
         |--P. parnellii MB86 [=*Phyllodia parnellii M07]
         |    |--P. p. parnellii MB86
         |    `--P. p. mexicanus (Miller 1902) MB86 [=P. rubiginosa mexicana G69]
         |--P. personata (Wagner 1843) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris personata C57, Chylonycteris personatus C57]
         |    |--P. p. personatus G69
         |    `--P. p. psilotis (Dobson 1878) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris psilotis C57]
         |--P. pristinus Silva Taboada 1974 AC98
         |--P. quadridens IT07
         `--P. rubiginosa (Wagner 1843) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris rubiginosus C57, C. rubiginosa G69]
              |--P. r. rubiginosa G69
              `--P. r. fusca (Allen 1911) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca C57]

Mormoopidae [Chilonycteriinae, Chilonycterinae, Lobostomidae, Lobostominae, Mormopes, Mormophidae, Mormopida, Mormopidae, Mormopinae, Mormopini, Mormopsina, Phyllodiana] ST01

Pteronotus Gray 1838 K92, C57 [incl. Chilonycteris Gray 1839 G69, C57, Dermonotus Gill 1901 C57, Lobostoma Gundlach 1840 C57, Phyllodia Gray 1843 C57]

Pteronotus gymnonotus (Wagner 1843) K06, C57 [=Chilonycteris gymnonotus C57; incl. Dermonotus suapurensis Allen 1904 C57, Pteronotus suapurensis K06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. Notice of the examination of the type specimen of Aëllo cuvieri of Leach. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 147–148.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1–11.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

Pipistrellus

Japanese house bat Pipistrellus abramus, photographed by Yushi Osawa.

Belongs within: Vespertilioninae.

Pipistrellus, the pipistrelles, is a genus of small bats found in most of the Old World (including northern Australia) and North America. Most species of the genus have a distinctive weak, fluttery manner of flight that has been described as butterfly-like.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Dental formula I 2/3, C 1/1, Pm 2/2, M 3/3; teeth unspecialised. Outer upper incisor not as large as inner, but extending considerably beyond its cingulum. Inner upper incisor simple, or more often with a well-developed secondary cusp. Canines usually rather stout, posterior cutting edge of upper canine often, though not invariably, with incipient secondary cusp. Anterior upper premolar barely or not in toothrow. Skull similar to Myotis, though with tendency to greater breadth. External characters also similar to Myotis, except ear usually shorter and broader, tragus less acutely pointed, in some species bent forward at tip.

<==Pipistrellus Kaup 1829 (see below for synonymy) M07
    |--*P. pipistrellus (Schreber 1774) M07, K92 [=Vespertilio pipistrellus M07, Nannugo pipistrellus M07]
    |--P. abramus I92
    |--P. adamsi MF05
    |--P. aegyptius IT07
    |--P. aero IT07
    |--P. affinis IT07
    |--P. anchietai IT07
    |--P. angulatus MP78
    |--P. anthonyi IT07
    |--P. arabicus IT07
    |--P. ariel M07
    |--P. babu IT07
    |--P. bodenheimeri IT07
    |--P. cadornae IT07
    |--P. ceylonicus M07
    |--P. chrysothrix M07
    |--P. circumdatus IT07
    |--P. collinus MP78 [=P. angulatus collinus M72]
    |--P. coromandra IT07
    |--P. crassulus M07
    |--P. cuprosus IT07
    |--P. deserti M07
    |--P. dormeri IT07
    |--P. eisentrauti IT07
    |--P. endoi Imaizumi 1959 I92
    |--P. hesperus (Allen 1864) MB86
    |--P. imbricatus M07 [=Vespertilio imbricatus M89]
    |--P. inexspectatus IT07
    |--P. javanicus (Gray 1838) K92
    |--P. joffrei IT07
    |--P. kitcheneri IT07
    |--‘Hypsugo’ krascheninikowii M07
    |--P. kuhli (Kuhl 1819) KK54 [=Nannugo kuhlii M07, Vesperugo kuhlii T66; incl. *Romicia calcarata M07]
    |--‘Vesperugo’ leisleri P66
    |--P. lophurus IT07
    |--P. macrotis IT07 [=Vesperugo macrotis M89]
    |--P. maderensis IT07
    |--‘Hypsugo’ maurus M07
    |--P. mimus IT07
    |--P. minahassae IT07
    |--P. mordax IT07
    |--P. murrayi M07
    |--P. musciculus IT07
    |--P. nanulus M07
    |--P. nanus (Peters 1852) K92 [=Glischropus nanus M07]
    |--P. nathusii IT07 [=Nannugo nathusii M07]
    |--P. paterculus IT07
    |--P. peguensis IT07
    |--P. permixtus IT07
    |--P. petersi IT07
    |--P. ponceleti MP78 [=P. angulatus ponceleti M72]
    |--P. pulveratus IT07
    |--P. pygmaeus JE06
    |--P. raptor M07
    |--P. ridleyi M07
    |--P. rueppelli B78 [=Scotozous rueppelli B78; incl. *Alobus temminckii M07]
    |--P. rusticus IT07
    |--P. savii (Bonaparte 1837) K92
    |    |--P. s. savii I92
    |    `--P. s. velox (Ognev 1927) I92
    |--P. societatis IT07
    |--P. stenopterus IT07
    |--P. sturdeei Thomas 1915 I92
    |--P. subflavus (Cuvier 1832) [=Vespertilio subflavus] B75
    |    |--P. s. subflavus G69
    |    `--P. s. veraecrucis G69
    |--P. tasmaniensis IT07
    |--P. tenuis [=Vesperugo tenuis] MP78
    |    |--P. t. tenuis MP78
    |    `--P. t. papuanus (Peters & Doria 1881) MP78, R64 [=Vesperugo papuanus R64]
    |--P. vordermanni BP87
    `--P. westralis MF05

Pipistrellus Kaup 1829 [incl. Alobus Peters 1867 non Le Conte 1856, Hypsugo Kolenati 1856, Nannugo Kolenati 1856, Romicia Gray 1838, Romicius Blyth 1840, Vesperugo Keyserling & Blasius 1839] M07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[B78] Butler, P. M. 1978. Insectivora and Chiroptera. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 56–68. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JE06] Jacobs, D. S., G. N. Eick, M. C. Schoeman & C. A. Matthee. 2006. Cryptic species in an insectivorous bat, Scotophilus dinganii. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 161–170.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1–35.

[MP78] McKean, J. L., & W. J. Price. 1978. Pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in northern Australia with some remarks on its systematics. Mammalia 42 (3): 343–347.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

[MF05] Milne, D. J., A. Fisher, I. Rainey & C. R. Pavey. 2005. Temporal patterns of bats in the Top End of the Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 909–920.

[M89] Modigliani, E. 1889. Appunti intorno ai mammiferi dell’isola Nias. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 238–245.

[P66] Peters, W. 1866. Note on a bat from the Azores. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 558.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1–15.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

Rhinolophidae

Trident leaf-nosed bats Asellia tridens, photographed by Drew Gardner.

Belongs within: Rhinolophoidea.
Contains: Rhinolophus, Hipposideros.

The Rhinolophidae, Old World leaf-nosed bats, get their vernacular name from the well-developed leaf-like structure at the end of their muzzle.

Characters (from Miller 1907, as separate families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae): Humerus with trochiter about as large as trochin and definitely articulating with scapula by an articular surface half as large as glenoid fossa, both tubercles rising slightly above level of head, epitrochlea large and with well-developed styloid process, capitellum nearly in line with shaft. Second manal digit consisting of well-developed metacarpal alone; third finger with two phalanges. Shoulder girdle highly abnormal, the seventh cervical vertebra and first dorsal so completely fused that their boundaries cannot be detected; in Rhinolophinae these are fused with first rib, which in turn is fused with presternum and ventral half of second rib, the region between which is completely filled with bone, the presternum appearing to be enlarged to form a broadly crescentic plate; in Hipposiderinae, the fusion of the first and second ribs incorporates the entire bone to and including the corresponding dorsal vertebrae, thus producing a solid ring of bone consisting of the seventh cervical vertebra, first and second dorsals, first and second ribs and entire presternum, the elements of the ring indicated by a slit-like vacuity above, between the ribs and one or two small roundish vacuities below. Foot normal, the hallux with two phalanges, the other toes with two (Hipposiderinae) or three (Rhinolophinae). Fibula complete, threadlike. Pelvis in Rhinolophinae abnormal, the ischium and pubis so reduced in size that dorsal and ventral profiles of innominate bone are nearly parallel, their width at the same time so increased that the thyroid foramen is scarcely more than twice as large as the acetabulum; that in Hipposiderinae like that of Rhinolophinae posteriorly, but anteriorly with a supplemental bridge of bone connecting acicular process with front of ilium and producing a pre-acetabular foramen slightly exceeding the thyroid foramen in size. Lumbar vertebrae in Rhinolophinae showing no tendency to become fused, but centrum of fifth or sixth, often of both, with distinct bifid or double hypophysis; in Hipposiderinae showing a marked tendency to become fused into a solid rod with hypophyses absent. Skull without postorbital processes and with premaxillaries represented by ligulate palatal branches only, the two bones partly cartilaginous, and fused neither with each other nor with maxillaries; palate so deeply emarginate both anteriorly and posteriorly that its median length is less than least distance between tooth rows; teeth normal; ears large, without tragus; muzzle with conspicuous leaflike cutaneous outgrowths consisting of a horizontal anterior horseshoe, a perpendicular median sella, and a posterior erect lancet.

Rhinolophidae [Rhinolophi, Rhinolophineae, Rhinolophini]
    |--Rhinolophinae KJ70
    |    |--Rhinolophus KJ70
    |    |--Paleonycteris KJ70
    |    |--Rhinomegalophus KJ70
    |    |--Anthops Thomas 1888 KJ70, M07
    |    |    `--*A. ornatus M07
    |    `--Asellia Gray 1838 KJ70, M07
    |         |--*A. tridens (see below for synonymy) M07
    |         |--A. murraiana M07
    |         |--A. patrizii IT07
    |         |--A. tricuspidata G66
    |         `--A. vetus Lavocat 1961 B78
    `--Hipposiderinae [Hipposideridae, Phyllorhinae, Phyllorhininae] KJ70
         |  i. s.: Miophyllorhina Hand 1997 LA02
         |           `--*M. riversleighensis Hand 1997 LA02
         |         Riversleigha Hand 1998 LA02
         |           `--*R. williamsi Hand 1998 LA02
         |         Xenorhinos Hand 1998 LA02
         |           `--*X. halli Hand 1998 LA02
         |         Brachipposideros Sigé 1968 LA02
         |           |--*B. collongensis (Depéret 1892) [=Hipposideros (*Brachipposideros) collongensis] LA02
         |           |--B. aguilari Legendre 1982 LA02
         |           |--B. branssatensis (Hugueney 1965) LA02
         |           |--B. dechaseauxi Sigé 1968 LA02
         |           |--B. khengkao Mein & Ginsburg 1997 LA02
         |           |--B. nooraleebus Sigé, Hand & Archer 1982 LA02
         |           |--B. omani Sigé et al. 1994 LA02
         |           `--B. watsoni Hand 1997 LA02
         |--Palaeophyllophorini KJ70
         |    |--Palaeophyllophora KJ70
         |    `--Paraphyllophora KJ70
         |--Coelopsini KJ70
         |    |--Paracoelops megalotis KJ70, IT07
         |    `--Coelops Blyth 1849 KJ70, B88
         |         |--*C. frithi [incl. C. bernsteini] M07
         |         |--C. hirsutus IT07
         |         `--C. robinsoni IT07
         `--Hipposiderini KJ70
              |--Hipposideros KJ70
              |--Cloeotis Thomas 1901 KJ70, M07
              |    `--*C. percivali M07
              |--Rhinonicteris Gray 1847 LA02 [=Rhinonycteris Gray 1866 KJ70, M07; Rhinonycterina]
              |    |--*R. aurantius (Gray 1845) LA02 [=Rhinolophus aurantius M07, *Rhinonycteris aurantius G66]
              |    `--R. tedfordi Hand 1997 LA02
              |--Triaenops Dobson 1871 KJ70, M07
              |    |--*T. persicus Dobson 1871 M07, K92 [incl. T. afer K92]
              |    `--T. furculus IT07
              `--Aselliscus KJ70
                   |--A. stoliczkanus IT07
                   `--A. tricuspidatus IT07
                        |--A. t. tricuspidatus M72
                        `--A. t. novehebridensis M72

*Asellia tridens [=Rhinolophus tridens, Hipposideros (*Asellia) tridens, Phyllorhina (*A.) tridens] M07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B78] Butler, P. M. 1978. Insectivora and Chiroptera. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 56-68. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. A revision of the genera of Rhinolophidae, or horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 81-83.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[KJ70] Koopman, K. F., & J. K. Jones, Jr. 1970. Classification of bats. In About Bats (Slaughter & Walton, eds) pp. 22-28. Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas.

[LA02] Long, J., M. Archer, T. Flannery & S. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1-35.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i-xvii, 1-282, pl. I-XIV.

Dobsonia

Bare-backed fruit bat Dobsonia moluccensis magna, photographed by Bruce Thomson.

Belongs within: Pteropini.

Dobsonia includes the naked-backed fruit bats, a group of bats found from Sulawesi to the Solomon Islands, characterised byu the attachment of the wing membranes along the midline of the back.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Dental formula i1/1, c1/1, p2/3, m2/3. Upper incisors short, but well developed, in contact or nearly so, the crowns about as wide as long and with distinct cutting edge. Lower incisors almost structureless spicules with barely indicated blunt crowns. Canines rather short, not peculiar in form, without secondary cusps, those of the lower jaw nearly in contact. No small upper premolar (pm²). The corresponding tooth in the lower jaw relatively larger than in Pteropus, not separated from canine or from first large premolar by any appreciable space. Other premolars both above and below differing from those of Pteropus in greater development of cusps and in more trenchant ridges. Small posterior molars (m² and m₃) as in Pteropus. Anterior molars (m¹ and m₁, m₂) resembling the large premolars in their general characteristics as compared with the corresponding teeth in Pteropus, the crown of each with a distinct median longitudinal ridge at middle of furrow. This ridge is continuous nearly from end to end of m₂, in m¹ and m₁ it is confined to the region behind the cusps, and in some specimens is obsolete in the first lower molar. Skull much shorter and more heavily built than that of Pteropus but of essentially the same type. Distance from orbit to nares about equal to lachrymal width. Posterior portion of brain case slightly tubular, and occipital region so deflected that alveolar line projected backward passes just below root of zygoma. Premaxillaries very narrow, the width scarcely more than that of crown of incisor. The inner extremities barely come in contact. Audital bullae somewhat wider than in Pteropus but less developed than in Cynopterus. External characters unlike those of Pteropus in the absence of the claw of index finger, the presence of a distinct tail, and the attachment of the wing membranes along middle of back.

Dobsonia Palmer 1898 R64 [=Hypoderma Geoffroy 1828 non Latreille 1825 R64, Hypodermis (l. c.) M07; Dobsoniina]
    |--*D. peroni (Geoffroy 1810) [=Cephalotes peroni, *Hypoderma peroni] R64
    |--D. anderseni AC98
    |--D. beauforti IT07
    |--D. chapmani FS01
    |--D. crenulata AC98
    |--D. emersa IT07
    |--D. exoleta Andersen 1909 K92
    |--D. inermis Andersen 1909 K92
    |    |--D. i. inermis M72
    |    `--D. i. nesea M72
    |--D. minor M72
    |--D. moluccensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) K92
    |    |--D. m. moluccensis R64
    |    `--D. m. magna Thomas 1905 R64
    |--D. pannietensis IT07
    |--D. praedatrix IT07
    |--D. remota Cabrera 1920 M72
    |--D. palliata M07
    `--D. viridis M72

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1-29.

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1-35.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i-xvii, 1-282, pl. I-XIV.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1-15.

Cynopterini

Eastern tube-nosed bat Nyctimene robinsoni, photographed by Michael Pennay.

Belongs within: Pteropodidae.
Contains: Cynopterus.

The Cynopterini is a group of generally smaller fruit bats including the dog-faced fruit bats (Cynopterus) and the tube-nosed fruit bats (Nyctimene).

Cynopterini
    |--Cynopterina KJ70
    |    |--Cynopterus KJ70
    |    |--Dyacopterus spadiceus KJ70, IT07
    |    |--Chironax melanocephalus (Temminck 1825) KJ70, K92
    |    |--Aethalops alecto (Thomas 1923) KJ70, K92
    |    |--Penthetor lucasi (Dobson 1880) KJ70, K92
    |    |--Haplonycteris fischeri Lawrence 1939 KJ70, K92
    |    |--Sphaerias Miller 1906 KJ70, M07
    |    |    `--*S. blanfordi [=Cynopterus (Thoopterus) blanfordi] M07
    |    |--Balionycteris Matschie 1899 KJ70, M07
    |    |    `--*B. maculata (Thomas 1893) M07, K92 [=Cynopterus maculatus M07]
    |    |--Thoopterus Matschie 1899 KJ70, M07
    |    |    |--*T. nigrescens (Gray 1870) MY12 [=Cynopterus marginatus var. nigrescens MY12; incl. C. latidens M07]
    |    |    |--T. spadiceus M07
    |    |    `--T. suhaniahae Maryanto, Yani et al. 2012 MY12
    |    |--Ptenochirus Peters 1861 KJ70, M07
    |    |    |--*P. jagori (Peters 1861) M07, K92 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--P. lucasi M07
    |    |    `--P. minor Yoshiyuki 1979 K92
    |    `--Megaerops Peters 1865 KJ70, M07 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--*M. ecaudatus (see below for synonymy) M07
    |         |--M. kusnotoi IT07
    |         |--M. niphanae IT07
    |         `--M. wetmorei IT07
    `--Nyctimenina KJ70
         |--Paranyctimene raptor KJ70, BWB05
         `--Nyctimene Bechstein 1800 (see below for synonymy) M07
              |--*N. cephalotes [=Vespertilio cephalotes] M07
              |--N. aello [incl. N. celaeno] M72
              |--N. albiventer M72 [=Cynopterus albiventer M07, *Uronycteris albiventer M07]
              |    |--N. a. albiventer M72
              |    |--N. a. bougainville M72
              |    |--N. a. minor M72
              |    `--N. a. papuanus M72
              |--N. cyclotis M72
              |    |--N. c. cyclotis M72
              |    `--N. c. certans M72
              |--N. draconilla IT07
              |--N. lullulae M07
              |--N. major [=Harpyia (*Bdelygma) major] M07
              |--N. malaitensis IT07
              |--N. masalai IT07
              |--N. minutus IT07
              |--‘Harpyia’ pallasii G66
              |--N. rabori Heaney & Peterson 1984 K92
              |--N. robinsoni M07
              |--N. sanctacrucis FS01
              `--N. vizcaccia IT07

Megaerops Peters 1865 KJ70, M07 [=Megaera Temminck 1841 nec Wagler 1830 nec Robineau-Devoidy 1830 M07, Megera M07]

*Megaerops ecaudatus [=*Megaera ecaudata, Cynopterus (Megaerops) ecaudatus, Ptenochirus (Megaerops) ecaudatus] M07

Nyctimene Bechstein 1800 [incl. Bdelygma Matschie 1899, Cephalotes Geoffroy 1810, Gelasinus Temminck 1837, Harpyia Illiger 1811 non Ochsenheimer 1810, Uronycteris Gray 1862; Harpyiana, Nyctimeninae] M07

*Ptenochirus jagori (Peters 1861) M07, K92 [=Pachysoma (*Ptenochirus) jagori M07, Cynopterus (*Ptenochirus) jagori M07]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. A revision of the genera of pteropine bats (Pteropidae), and the descriptions fo some apparently undescribed species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 62-67.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[KJ70] Koopman, K. F., & J. K. Jones, Jr. 1970. Classification of bats. In About Bats (Slaughter & Walton, eds) pp. 22-28. Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas.

[MY12] Maryanto, I., M. Yani, S. N. Prijono & S. Wiantoro. 2012. A new species of fruit bat (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae: Thoopterus) from Sulawesi and adjacent islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 68-84.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1-35.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i-xvii, 1-282, pl. I-XIV.

Chiroptera

Large-eared slit-faced bat Nycteris macrotis, copyright Jakob Fahr.

Belongs within: Scrotifera.
Contains: Pteropodidae, Rhinolophoidea, Noctilionoidea, Natalidae, Molossidae, Miniopterus, Vespertilionidae, Emballonuridae.

The Chiroptera are the bats, easily the most distinctive group of mammals and the only one to develop flight. Older classifications divided bats between the Megachiroptera (Old World fruit bats, Pteropodidae) and Microchiroptera (echolocating bats), but more recent studies have indicated that the Rhinolophoidea (horseshoe bats and allies) are more closely related to the pteropodids than to other 'microchiropterans'. The remaining microchiropterans form a clade Yangochiroptera in which the premaxillary and maxillary bones of the skull have become fused. A number of early fossil forms probably lie outside the chiropteran crown clade though as yet all such forms known already possessed well-developed wings.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Mammals with front limbs modified for true flight, the fingers greatly elongated (the third usually at least equal to head and body) and joined together by a membrane which extends to sides of body and legs; shoulder girdle much more developed than pelvis, sternum usually keeled; knee directed backward owing to rotation of leg for support of wing membrane.

<==Chiroptera (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: Paleunycteris KJ70
    |         Paradoxonycteris KJ70
    |         Tanzanycteris Gunnell, Jacobs et al. 2003 [Tanzanycterididae] GJ03
    |           `--*T. mannardi Gunnell, Jacobs et al. 2003 GJ03
    |--Onychonycteris Simmons, Seymour et al. 2008 [Onychonycteridae] SS08
    |    `--*O. finneyi Simmons, Seymour et al. 2008 SS08
    `--+--Icaronycteris Jepsen 1966 SS08, D07 [Icaronycterididae]
       |    |--I. index SS08
       |    `--I. menui Russell, Louis & Savage 1973 RLS73
       `--+--Archaeonycterididae [Archaeonycterinae] LA02
          |    |--Australonycteris Hand, Novacek et al. 1994 LA02
          |    |    `--*A. clarkae Hand, Novacek et al. 1994 LA02
          |    `--Archaeonycteris Revilliod 1917 SS08, RLS73
          |         |--A. brailloni Russell, Louis & Savage 1973 RLS73
          |         |--A. praecursor OB13
          |         |--A. revilliodi BS07
          |         `--A. trigonodon RLS73
          `--+--Hassianycteris [Hassionycterididae] SS08
             |    `--H. messelensis S12
             `--+--Palaeochiropterygidae ST01
                |    |--Cecilionycteris prisca KJ70, M79
                |    `--Palaeochiropteryx SS08
                |         |--P. spiegeli BS07
                |         `--P. tupaiodon GJ03
                `--+--Yinpterochiroptera ST01
                   |    |--Pteropodidae FS15
                   |    `--Rhinolophoidea FS15
                   `--Yangochiroptera [Noctiliones, Noctilionina, Nyctophili, Nyctophilina] ST01
                        |--Noctilionoidea FS15
                        `--+--+--Myzopoda Milne Edwards & Grandidier 1878 FS15, M07 (see below for synonymy)
                           |  |    |--*M. aurita M07
                           |  |    `--M. schliemanni MJ11
                           |  `--Vespertilionoidea MJ11
                           |       |  i. s.: Philistidae MJ11
                           |       |           |--Dizzya exsultans MJ11, GH99
                           |       |           `--Philisis GJ03
                           |       |--Natalidae MJ11
                           |       `--+--Molossidae MJ11
                           |          `--+--Miniopterus MJ11
                           |             `--Vespertilionidae SS08
                           `--Emballonuroidea MJ11
                                |--Emballonuridae FS15
                                `--Nycteridae [Nycterides, Nycterididae, Nycterina, Nycterinae] MJ11
                                     |--Chibanycteris herberti MJ11, OB13
                                     `--Nycteris Geoffroy 1803 (see below for synonymy) M07
                                          |  i. s.: N. aethiopica M07
                                          |         N. capensis M07
                                          |         N. fuliginosa M07
                                          |         N. luteola M07
                                          |--+--N. gambiensis FS15
                                          |  `--N. thebaica Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 1818 FS15, A-OABA00
                                          `--+--+--N. madagascariensis FS15
                                             |  `--+--N. macrotis FS15
                                             |     `--N. vinsoni FS15
                                             `--+--+--+--N. parisii FS15
                                                |  |  `--N. woodi FS15
                                                |  `--+--N. grandis FS15
                                                |     `--+--*N. hispida M07, FS15 (see below for synonymy)
                                                |        `--N. aurita FS15
                                                `--+--+--N. javanica FS15 (see below for synonymy)
                                                   |  `--N. tragata FS15
                                                   `--+--N. arge FS15
                                                      |--N. intermedia F15
                                                      |--N. major FS15
                                                      `--N. nana FS15

Chiroptera [Animalivora, Anistiophori, Apo-Chiroptera, Chauve-souris, Chiropteres, Istiophori, Microchiroptera, Palaeochiropterygoidea, Phyllostomata]

Myzopoda Milne Edwards & Grandidier 1878 FS15, M07 [=Myxopoda Dobson 1878 M07; Myxopodeae, Myzopodidae MJ11]

Nycteris Geoffroy 1803 [=Nicteris Desmarest 1803, Nycterus Fischer 1813; incl. Nycterops Gray 1866, Petalia Gray 1838, Pelatia Gray 1866] M07

*Nycteris hispida M07, FS15 [=Vespertilio hispidus M07; incl. *Nycterops pilosa M07]

Nycteris javanica FS15 [=*Pelatia javanica M07, *Petalia javanica M07]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A-OABA00] Al-Omari, K. A., M. A. Abu Baker & Z. S. Amr. 2000. First record of the Egyptian slit-faced bat, Nycteris thebaica, from Jordan. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 5–7.

[BS07] Bloch, J. I., M. T. Silcox, D. M. Boyer & E. J. Sargis. 2007. New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (4): 1159–1164.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[GH99] Gheerbrant, E., & J.-L. Hartenberger. 1999. Nouveau mammifère insectivore (?Lipotyphla, ?Erinaceomorpha) de l’Eocène inférieur de Chambi (Tunisie). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 73 (1–2): 143–156.

[GJ03] Gunnell, G. F., B. F. Jacobs, P. S. Herendeen, J. J. Head, E. Kowalski, C. P. Msuya, F. A. Mizambwa, T. Harrison, J. Habersetzer & G. Storch. 2003. Oldest placental mammal from sub-Saharan Africa: Eocene microbat from Tazania—evidence for early evolution of sophisticated echolocation. Palaeontologica Electronica 5: 3. http://palaeo_electronica.org/paleo/2002_2/africa/issue2_02.htm.

[KJ70] Koopman, K. F., & J. K. Jones Jr. 1970. Classification of bats. In: Slaughter, B. H., & D. W. Walton (eds) About Bats pp. 22–28. Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas.

[LA02] Long, J., M. Archer, T. Flannery & S. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pls 1–14.

[M79] Müller, A. H. 1979. Fossilization (taphonomy). In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A2–A78. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[OB13] O'Leary, M. A., J. I. Bloch, J. J. Flynn, T. J. Gaudin, A. Giallombardo, N. P. Giannini, S. L. Goldberg, B. P. Kraatz, Z.-X. Luo, J. Meng, X. Ni, M. J. Novacek, F. A. Perini, Z. S. Randall, G. W. Rougier, E. J. Sargis, M. T. Silcox, N. B. Simmons, M. Spaulding, P. M. Velazco, M. Weksler, J. R. Wible & A. L. Cirranello. 2013. The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K–Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339: 662–667.

[RLS73] Russell, D. E., P. Louis & D. E. Savage. 1973. Chiroptera and Dermoptera of the French early Eocene. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 95: 1–57.

[S12] Schaal, S. 2012. Messel Pit fossil site—the legacy of the environment and life of the Eocene. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 225–236. Springer.

[SS08] Simmons, N. B., K. L. Seymour, J. Habersetzer & G. F. Gunnell. 2008. Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation. Nature 451: 818–822.

[ST01] Springer, M. S., E. C. Teeling, O. Madsen, M. J. Stanhope & W. W. de Jong. 2001. Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98 (11): 6241–6246.

Last updated: 6 August 2018.

Vespertilionidae

Round-eared tube-nosed bat Murina cyclotis, photographed by Pipat Soisook.

Belongs within: Chiroptera.
Contains: Kerivoulinae, Vespertilioninae, Myotis, Miniopterus, Natalidae.

The Vespertilionidae, vesper bats, are a cosmopolitan and speciose family of bats. Members of the family have a fairly generalised external appearance, but a distinctly derived wing structure with a greatly reduced ulna and only two bony phalanges present in the third finger (Miller 1907).

Characters (from Miller 1907): Humerus with trochiter very noticeably larger than trochin and projecting distinctly beyond head, its surface of articulation on scapula decidedly more than half as large as glenoid fossa, distinctly concave and sharply outlined, epitrochlea obsolete, capitellum scarcely out of line with shaft; ulna usually fused with radius at head, shaft reduced to a scarcely ossified fibrous strand; second finger with fully developed metacarpal and one small bony phalanx; third finger with three phalanges, of which the distal is cartilaginous throughout except at extreme base, where distinct joint is formed with middle phalanx ; shoulder girdle strictly normal in its general structure, the seventh cervical vertebra free; presternum small, with forward-projecting, variously developed median lobe, mesosternum flat and scarcely keeled, usually slender; foot normal; fibula thread-like, complete or with upper extremity cartilaginous, extending to head of tibia; pelvis normal, boundaries of sacral vertebrae distinct, ischia widely separated posteriorly, symphysis pubis in males; lumbar vertebrae free; skull without postorbital processes; premaxillaries without palatal branches, palate widely emarginate anteriorly; palate abruptly narrowed behind toothrows, the sides of its posterior extension parallel or nearly so; teeth usually normal, though in a few genera showing a tendency to reduction of cusps; ears usually though not invariably separate, anterior border with distinct basal lobe; tragus usually well developed, simple; muzzle without distinct leaf-like outgrowths; tail well developed, extending to edge of wide interfemoral membrane.

<==Vespertilionidae [Vespertilioneae, Vespertiliones, Vespertilionina]
    |  i. s.: Scoteanax Troughton 1943 HM98, R64
    |           `--*S. rueppellii (Peters 1866) [=Nycticejus rueppellii] R64
    |         Scotorepens Troughton 1943 LA02, R64
    |           |--*S. orion (Troughton 1937) [=Scoteinus orion] R64
    |           |    |--S. o. orion R64
    |           |    `--‘Scoteinus’ o. aquilo Troughton 1937 R64
    |           |--S. balstoni R64
    |           |    |--S. b. balstoni R64
    |           |    `--S. b. caprenus Troughton 1937 R64
    |           |--S. greyii MF05
    |           `--S. sanborni MF05
    |         Nyctophilinae [Nyctophilini] KJ70
    |           |--Lamingtona lophorhina KJ70, BP87 [=Nyctophilus lophorhina BP87]
    |           |--Pharotis imogene KJ70, BP87
    |           `--Nyctophilus Leach 1822 [incl. Barbastellus Gray 1831] M07
    |                |--*N. geoffroyi M07, LA02
    |                |--N. arnhemensis Johnson 1959 R64
    |                |--N. bifax MF05
    |                |--N. gouldi G66
    |                |--N. heran IT07
    |                |--N. howensis McKean 1975 M75
    |                |--N. microdon IT07
    |                |--N. microtis M07
    |                |--N. timoriensis M75 [=Plecotus timoriensis M07]
    |                `--N. walkeri M07
    |         Vespadelus Troughton 1943 LA02, R64
    |           |--*V. pumilus (Gray 1841) [=Scotophilus pumilus] R64
    |           |--V. caurinus MF05
    |           `--V. finlaysoni MF05
    |         Falsistrellus Troughton 1943 LA02, R64
    |           `--*F. tasmaniensis (Gould 1858) [=Vespertilio tasmaniensis] R64
    |         Registrellus Troughton 1943 R64
    |           `--*R. regulus (Thos. 1906) [=Pipistrellus regulus] R64
    |         Idionycteris phyllotis IT07
    |--Murininae ST01
    |    |--Harpiocephalus Gray 1842 [=Harpyiocephalus Gray 1866] M07
    |    |    `--H. harpia [=Vespertilio harpia; incl. Ocypetes cavernarum, *Harpiocephalus rufus] M07
    |    `--Murina Gray 1842 [incl. Ocypetes Lesson 1842 non Wagler 1832] M07
    |         |--*M. suilla [=Vespertilio suillus, Harpiocephalus (*Murina) suillus, Ocypetes suillus] M07
    |         |--M. aenea IT07
    |         |--M. aurita M07
    |         |--M. canescens BP87
    |         |--M. cyclotis M07
    |         |--M. feae M07
    |         |--M. florium BP87
    |         |--M. fusca IT07
    |         |--M. griseus M07
    |         |--M. hilgendorfi M07
    |         |--M. huttoni IT07
    |         |--M. leucogaster M07
    |         |--M. puta BP87
    |         |--M. rozendaali IT07
    |         |--M. silvatica IT07
    |         |--M. tenebrosa Yoshiyuki 1970 I92
    |         |--M. tubinaris M07
    |         `--M. ussuriensis IT07
    `--+--Kerivoulinae ST01
       `--+--Vespertilioninae ST01
          |--Myotinae [Myotini] ST01
          |    |--Myotis KJ70
          |    |--Stehlinia KJ70
          |    |--Oligomyotis KJ70
          |    |--Suaptenos KJ70
          |    |--Miomyotis KJ70
          |    `--Lasionycteris Peters 1865 KJ70, M07 (see below for synonymy)
          |         `--*L. noctivagans (LeConte 1831) M07, K92 [=Vespertilio noctivagans M07]
          `--+--Miniopterus ST01
             `--+--Natalidae ST01
                `--Furipteridae [Furiae, Furipterina] ST01
                     |--Furipterus Bonaparte 1837 [incl. Furia Cuvier 1828 non Linnaeus 1758, Furiella Gray 1866] C57
                     |    `--*F. horrens (Cuvier 1828) (see below for synonymy) C57
                     `--Amorphochilus Peters 1877 C57
                          `--*A. schnablii Peters 1877 [incl. A. schnablii osgoodi Allen 1914] C57

*Furipterus horrens (Cuvier 1828) [=Furia horrens, Furipterus torrens (l. c.); incl. Furipterus coerulescens Tomes 1856] C57

Lasionycteris Peters 1865 KJ70, M07 [incl. Cnephalophilus Fitzinger 1870 M07, Vesperides Coues in Coues & Yarrow 1875 M07]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria - Unguiculata - Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1-307.

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. Notes on some Mammalia from Port Albany (Cape York Peninsula), North Australia, with the descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 219-221.

[HM98] Hand, S. J., P. Murray, D. Megirian, M. Archer & H. Godthelp. 1998. Mystacinid bats (Microchiroptera) from the Australian Tertiary. Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 538-545.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[KJ70] Koopman, K. F., & J. K. Jones, Jr. 1970. Classification of bats. In About Bats (Slaughter & Walton, eds) pp. 22-28. Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas.

[LA02] Long, J., M. Archer, T. Flannery & S. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[M75] McKean, J. L. 1975. The bats of Lord Howe Island with the description of a new nyctophiline bat. Journal of the Australian Mammal Society 1 (4): 329-332.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i-xvii, 1-282, pl. I-XIV.

[MF05] Milne, D. J., A. Fisher, I. Rainey & C. R. Pavey. 2005. Temporal patterns of bats in the Top End of the Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 909-920.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1-15.

[ST01] Springer, M. S., E. C. Teeling, O. Madsen, M. J. Stanhope & W. W. de Jong. 2001. Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98 (11): 6241-6246.

Emballonuridae

Black-bearded tomb bats Taphozous melanopogon, from PSUNHM.

Belongs within: Chiroptera.
Contains: Emballonura.

The Emballonuridae are the sheath-tailed bats, a pantropical family characterised by the emergence of the tail from the dorsal surface of the uropatagium ahead of its posterior margin. Within the Emballonuridae, the New World Diclidurinae are distinguished from the Old World Emballonurinae and Taphozoinae by the possession of a broad postorbital process and greatly expanded clavicle (Miller 1907) Members of the Taphozoinae have a short, very conical muzzle, with a distint concavity on the lower margin of the mandible (Miller 1907).

Characters (from Miller 1907): Humerus with trochiter well developed, though not as large as trochin, not articulating with scapula, neither tubercle rising above head; epitrochlea not specially developed, but with distinct spinous process (especially in Taphozous and Diclidurus), capitellum nearly in line with shaft; second manal digit with fully developed metacarpal, but no phalanges; third finger with two phalanges, of which the proximal is flexed on dorsal surface of metacarpal when at rest; shoulder girdle normal, seventh cervical vertebra free; foot normal; fibula complete, thread-like; tibia flattened or grooved posteriorly; pelvis normal, except boundaries of sacral vertebrae nearly or quite obliterated; skull with well-developed postorbital processes (in Diclidurus these are obscured by very wide supraorbital ridges); premaxillaries represented by nasal branches only, never fused with each other or with maxillaries; palate ending in plane of last molars or produced somewhat behind it, in the latter case very abruptly narrowed back of toothrows; audital bullae emarginate on inner side; teeth normal; tragus present, simple; muzzle without special cutaneous outgrowths.

<==Emballonuridae [Emballonurina, Emballonurini]
    |  i. s.: Mosia nigrescens IT07
    |         Tachypteron franzeni OB13
    |         Eppsinycteris GJ03
    |--Diclidurinae KJ70
    |    |--Cyttarops Thomas 1913 C57
    |    |    `--*C. alecto Thomas 1913 C57
    |    |--Depanycteris Thomas 1920 [=Drepanycteris] C57
    |    |    `--*D. isabella Thomas 1920 C57
    |    `--Diclidurus Wied 1819 [Dicliduri, Diclidurina] C57
    |         |--*D. albus Wied 1819 [incl. D. freyreissi Wied 1838, D. scutatus Peters 1869] C57
    |         |    |--D. a. albus G69
    |         |    `--D. a. virgo G69
    |         |--D. ingens Hernández-Camacho 1955 C57
    |         `--D. isabellus IT07
    |--Emballonurinae [Emballonurae] KJ70
    |    |--Vespertiliavus KJ70
    |    |--Emballonura M07
    |    |--Rhynchonycteris Peters 1867 G69 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--*R. naso (Wied 1820) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |    |--Cormura Peters 1867 [incl. Myropteryx Miller 1906] C57
    |    |    `--*C. brevirostris (Wagner 1843) C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Coleura Peters 1867 M07
    |    |    |--*C. afra (Peters 1852) M07, K92 [=Emballonura afra M07; incl. C. gallorum K92]
    |    |    `--C. seychellensis IT07
    |    |--Centronycteris Gray 1838 C57
    |    |    `--C. maximiliani Fischer 1829 [=Vespertilio maximiliani] C57
    |    |         |--C. m. maximiliani C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         `--C. m. centralis Thomas 1912 C57
    |    |--Balantiopteryx Peters 1867 C57
    |    |    |--*B. plicata Peters 1867 C57, F55 [=Saccopteryx (*Balantiopteryx) plicata M07]
    |    |    |    |--B. p. plicata F55
    |    |    |    `--B. p. pallida Burt 1948 F55
    |    |    |--B. infusca (Thomas 1897) [=Saccopteryx infusca] C57
    |    |    |--B. io G69
    |    |    `--B. ochoterenai Martinez & Villa 1938 F55
    |    |--Saccopteryx Illiger 1811 [incl. Urocryptus Temminck 1838] C57
    |    |    |--*S. leptura (Schreber 1774) [=Vespertilio lepturus, S. lepturus, Taphozous lepturus] C57
    |    |    |--S. bilineata (Temminck 1838) C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--S. canescens Thomas 1901 C57
    |    |    |--S. gymnura Thomas 1901 C57
    |    |    |--S. perspicillifer Miller 1899 C57
    |    |    `--S. pumila Thomas 1914 C57
    |    `--Peropteryx Peters 1867 C57
    |         |  i. s.: P. trinitatis M07
    |         |--P. (Peropteryx) C57
    |         |    |--P. (P.) macrotis (Wagner 1843) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |    `--P. (P.) kappleri Peters 1867 C57
    |         |         |--P. k. kappleri C57
    |         |         `--P. k. intermedia Sanborn 1951 [=P. k. intermedius] C57
    |         `--P. (Peronymus Peters 1868) C57
    |              `--P. (*P.) leucoptera Peters 1867 [=*Peronymus leucopterus] C57
    |                   |--P. l. leucoptera C57
    |                   `--P. l. cyclops (Thomas 1924) [=Peronymus cyclops] C57
    `--Taphozoinae [Taphozoi] MJ11
         |--Saccolaimus Lesson 1842 MJ11, M07
         |    |--S. flaviventris IT07
         |    |--S. mixtus Troughton 1925 R64
         |    |--S. peli IT07
         |    |--S. pluto IT07
         |    `--S. saccolaimus IT07
         `--Taphozous Geoffroy 1813 [=Taphagous (l. c.)] M07
              |--*T. perforatus M07
              |--T. affinis [=T. (Taphonycteris) affinis] M07
              |--T. australis P66
              |--T. flaviventris Gould ex Peters 1866 P66
              |--T. georgianus IT07
              |--T. hamiltoni IT07
              |--T. hildegardeae IT07
              |--T. hilli LA02
              |--T. incognita (Butler & Hopwood 1957) [=Saccolaimus incognita] B78
              |--T. kapalgensis IT07
              |--T. longimanus IT07
              |--T. mauritianus M07
              |--T. melanopogon M07
              |--T. mixtus BP87
              |--T. nudicluniatus BP87
              |--T. nudiventris M07
              |--T. peli [=T. (Taphonycteris) peli] M07
              |--T. philippinensis IT07
              |--T. saccolaimus [=T. (Taphonycteris) saccolaimus] M07
              |--T. theobaldi IT07
              `--T. troughtoni Tate 1952 R64

Centronycteris maximiliani maximiliani Fischer 1829 C57 [incl. Vespertilio calcaratus Wied in Schinz 1821 non Rafinesque 1818 C57, Emballonura calcarata C57, Proboscidea (*Centronycteris) calcarata C57, Saccopteryx (*C.) calcarata M07, S. wiedi Palmer 1898 C57]

*Cormura brevirostris (Wagner 1843) C57 [=Emballonura brevirostris C57, Saccopteryx brevirostris M07; incl. *Myropteryx pullus Miller 1906 M07, C57]

Peropteryx (Peropteryx) macrotis (Wagner 1843) [=Emballonura macrotis; incl. E. brunnea Gervais 1855, Vespertilio caninus Wied 1826 non Blumenbach 1797, E. canina, *Peropteryx canina, Saccopteryx canina] C57

Rhynchonycteris Peters 1867 G69 [=Rhynchiscus Miller 1907 G69; incl. Proboscidea Spix 1823 non Brugière 1791 M07]

*Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied 1820) [=Vespertilio naso, *Rhynchiscus naso; incl. Emballonura lineata Temminck 1840, Rhynchiscus naso priscus Allen 1914, Proboscidea rivalis Spix 1823, P. saxatilis Spix 1823] C57

Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck 1838) C57 [=*Urocryptus bilineatus M07, C57, Emballonura bilineata C57; incl. Saccopteryx bilineata centralis Thomas 1904 C57, E. insignis Wagner 1855 C57]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[B78] Butler, P. M. 1978. Insectivora and Chiroptera. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 56–68. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[F55] Felten, H. 1955. Fledermäuse (Mammalia, Chiroptera) aus El Salvador. Teil 1. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (5–6): 271–285.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[GJ03] Gunnell, G. F., B. F. Jacobs, P. S. Herendeen, J. J. Head, E. Kowalski, C. P. Msuya, F. A. Mizambwa, T. Harrison, J. Habersetzer & G. Storch. 2003. Oldest placental mammal from sub-Saharan Africa: Eocene microbat from Tazania—evidence for early evolution of sophisticated echolocation. Palaeontologica Electronica 5 (3). http://palaeo_electronica.org/paleo/2002_2/africa/issue2_02.htm.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[KJ70] Koopman, K. F., & J. K. Jones Jr. 1970. Classification of bats. In: Slaughter & Walton (eds) About Bats pp. 22–28. Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas.

[LA02] Long, J., M. Archer, T. Flannery & S. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

[OB13] O'Leary, M. A., J. I. Bloch, J. J. Flynn, T. J. Gaudin, A. Giallombardo, N. P. Giannini, S. L. Goldberg, B. P. Kraatz, Z.-X. Luo, J. Meng, X. Ni, M. J. Novacek, F. A. Perini, Z. S. Randall, G. W. Rougier, E. J. Sargis, M. T. Silcox, N. B. Simmons, M. Spaulding, P. M. Velazco, M. Weksler, J. R. Wible & A. L. Cirranello. 2013. The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339: 662–667.

[P66] Peters, W. 1866. On Taphozous flaviventris, Gould, a new species of bat from Australia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 430.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1–15.