Mirandornithes

Australasian crested grebe Podiceps cristatus australis, copyright Bernard Spragg.

Belongs within: Neognathae.

The Mirandornithes are a clade of birds supported by molecular data, uniting two distinct subgroups, the Podicipedidae and Phoenicopteriformes. The Podicipedidae, grebes and dabchicks, are specialised aquatic birds found on freshwater lakes and ponds. Grebes have large feet set well back on the body with lobed toes, tails reduced to a vestigial tuft, and small narrow wings. Grebe nests are floating platforms made from pieces of vegetation and anchored to reeds in shallow water; both sexes participate in the construction of the nest and the rearing of the chicks. Courtship displays are often complex, comprising mutual or complementary movements by both partners.

The Phoenicopteriformes include the flamingos (Phoenicopteridae) and their fossil relatives. Flamingos have exceedingly long necks and legs, a distinctively-shaped down-curved bill, and front toes joined by full webs while the hind toe is elevated or absent. They feed on brine shrimp and other micro-organisms filtered from water with pigments from their diet giving them a distinctive reddish coloration. The majority of flamingo species are found in the Neotropical region with the greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus and lesser flamingo P. minor found in the Old World. A number of fossil taxa have historically also been included in the Phoenicopteriformes but their positions are uncertain.

<==Mirandornithes [Phoenicopterimorphae] KF-V21
    |--Phoenicopteriformes [Odontoglossae, Phoenicopteri] PB15
    |    |--Phoeniconotius Miller 1963 M09, OF80
    |    |    `--P. eyrensis Miller 1963 M09
    |    |--Scaniornithidae W51
    |    |    |--Scaniornis Dames 1890 M02
    |    |    |    `--*S. lundgreni Dames 1890 M02
    |    |    `--Parascaniornis stensioi Lambrecht 1933 W51, OF80
    |    |--Agnopterus Milne-Edwards 1868 M09, M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--*A. laurillardi Milne-Edwards 1868 Ml02
    |    |    |--A. hantoniensis Lydekker 1891 M09 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--A. sicki Alvarenga 1990 M09
    |    |    `--A. turgaiensis Tugarinov 1940 [incl. Cygnopterus lambrechti Kuročkin 1968] M02
    |    `--Phoenicopteridae BKB15
    |         |--Kashinia Harrison & Walker 1979 [=Tenuicrus Harrison & Walker 1976 non Womersley 1940] M02
    |         |    `--*K. magna (Harrison & Walker 1976) [=*Tenuicrus magnum] M02
    |         |--Harrisonavis Kašin 1978 (see below for synonymy) M02
    |         |    `--*H. croizeti (Gervais 1852) M02, M09 [=Phoenicopterus croizeti M09, *Gervaisia croiseti (l. c.) M02]
    |         |--Elornis Milne-Edwards 1868 M05, M02 [=Helornis Lydekker 1891 M02]
    |         |    |--*E. littoralis Milne-Edwards 1867 M02, M09 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |    |--E. anglicus Lydekker 1891 [=Helornis anglicus] M02
    |         |    `--E. grandis Milne-Edwards 1869 M02
    |         |--Tiliornis senex Ameghino 1899 OF80
    |         `--Phoenicopterus Linnaeus 1758 M02
    |              |  i. s.: P. antiquorum VS14
    |              |         P. floridanus FP64
    |              |         P. novaehollandiae Miller 1963 M09
    |              |--+--*P. ruber Linnaeus 1758 L58, BKB15, CS77
    |              |  `--+--P. andinus CS77 [=Phoenicoparrus andinus BKB15]
    |              |     `--P. jamesi CS77 [=Phoenicoparrus jamesi BKB15]
    |              `--+--P. minor Geoffroy 1798 BKB15, CS77 [=Phoeniconaias minor CS77]
    |                 `--+--P. chilensis Molina 1782 BKB15, CS77 [=P. ruber chilensis RN72]
    |                    `--P. roseus Pallas 1811 JT12, CS77 [=P. ruber roseus CS77]
    `--Podicipedidae (see below for synonymy) JM14
         |  i. s.: Poliocephalus Selby 1840 CC10
         |           |--*P. poliocephalus (Jardine & Selby 1827) (see below for synonymy) CC10
         |           `--P. rufopectus (Gray in Dieffenbach 1843) (see below for synonymy) CC10
         |         Miobaptus Švec 1982 M02
         |           `--*M. walteri Švec 1982 M02, JM14, M02 [=Podiceps walteri M02]
         |--Podilymbus Lesson 1831 BKB15, B94 [Podilymbidae]
         |    |--P. gigas HSS13 [=P. podiceps gigas FP64]
         |    `--P. podiceps (Linnaeus 1758) [=Colymbus podiceps] CS77
         |         |--P. p. podiceps CS77
         |         |--P. p. antarcticus (Lesson 1842) CS77
         |         `--P. p. antillarum Bangs 1913 CS77
         `--+--Tachybaptus Reichenbach 1849 BKB15, CC10
            |    |  i. s.: T. pelzelnii (Hartlaub 1861) CC10
            |    |         T. rufolavatus (Delacour 1932) CC10
            |    |--T. dominicus BKB15
            |    `--+--T. novaehollandiae (Stephens in Shaw 1826) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |       `--T. ruficollis (Pallas 1764) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |            |--T. r. ruficollis CS77
            |            |--T. r. capensis (Salvadori 1884) CS77
            |            |--T. r. iraquensis (Ticehurst 1923) CS77
            |            `--T. r. poggei VP89
            `--+--Aechmophorus BKB15
               |    |--A. clarki BKB15
               |    `--A. occidentalis BKB15
               `--Podiceps Latham 1787 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                    |  i. s.: P. miocenicus Kessler 1984 M02
                    |         P. occipitalis JT12
                    |         P. oligocaenus FP64
                    |         P. rufolavatus FP64
                    |         P. sociatus (Navás 1922) [=*Thiornis sociatus] M02
                    |         P. taczanowskii JT12
                    |--+--P. andinus CS77
                    |  |--P. gallardoi BKB15
                    |  `--P. nigricollis Brehm 1831 BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy)
                    |       |--P. n. nigricollis CS77
                    |       |--P. n. californicus Heermann 1854 CS77
                    |       `--P. n. gurneyi (Roberts 1919) CS77
                    `--+--Rollandia BKB15
                       |    |--R. microptera JT12 [=Podiceps micropterus FP64]
                       |    `--R. rolland BKB15
                       `--+--+--*P. cristatus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                          |  |    |--P. c. cristatus CC10
                          |  |    |--P. c. australis Gould 1844 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                          |  |    `--P. c. infuscatus Salvadori 1884 CC10
                          |  `--P. major (Boddaert 1783) BKB15, CS77
                          `--+--P. auritus (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy)
                             `--P. grisegena (Boddaert 1783) BKB15, M02 [=Colymbus grisegena M02]
                                  |--P. g. grisegena CS77
                                  `--P. g. holboellii Reinhardt 1854 [incl. P. grisegena balchasensis] CS77

Inorganic: Padiceps ruficollis minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Agnopterus Milne-Edwards 1868 M09, M02 [incl. Gigantibis Harrison & Walker 1976 M02, Headonornis Harrison & Walker 1976 M05; Agnopteridae]

Agnopterus hantoniensis Lydekker 1891 M09 [=*Headonornis hantoniensis M02, Presbyornis hantoniensis M02; incl. *Gigantibis incognita Harrison & Walker 1976 M02, M09]

*Elornis littoralis Milne-Edwards 1867 M02, M09 [=*Helornis littoralis M02; incl. E. antiquus Aymard 1856 (nom. inv.) M02]

Harrisonavis Kašin 1978 [=Gervaisia Harrison & Walker 1976 nec Bonaparte 1854 nec Waga 1858 nec Robineau-Desvoidy 1863] M02

Podiceps Latham 1787 BKB15, CC10 [=Lophaethyia Agassiz 1846 CC10, Lophaithyia Kaup 1829 CC10, Podicipes Oken 1839 CC10; incl. Thiornis Navás 1922 M02]

Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02 [=Colymbus auritus M02; incl. Podiceps arcticus Boie 1822 CS77, Podiceps cornutus (Gmelin 1788) CS77, Fulica pisana Portis 1889 M02, Podicipes pisanus M02]

*Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Colymbus cristatus CC10, *Lophaethyia cristata CC10, Lophaethyria (l. c.) cristata CC10, *Lophaithyia cristata CC10, Podicipes cristatus HD09]

Podiceps cristatus australis Gould 1844 [incl. P. cristatus christiani Mathews 1911, P. hectori Buller 1865] CC10

Podiceps nigricollis Brehm 1831 BKB15, M02 [=Proctopus nigricollis M01; incl. Colymbus caspicus Hablizl 1783 (nom. rej.) CS77, Podiceps caspicus CS77]

Podicipedidae [Colymbiformes, Podicepinae, Podicepsinae, Podicipediformes, Podicipinae, Podicipitidae, Podicipitiformes] JM14

*Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Jardine & Selby 1827) [=Podiceps poliocephalus; incl. Pod. poliocephalus cloatesi Mathews 1912, Pod. nestor Gould 1837] CC10

Poliocephalus rufopectus (Gray in Dieffenbach 1843) [=Podiceps (Poliocephelus [l. c.]) rufopectus, Podiceps rufipectus, Podicipes rufipectus; incl. Fulica novaezelandiae Colenso 1844, F. novazealandiae] CC10

Tachybaptus novaehollandiae (Stephens in Shaw 1826) JT12, CC10 [=Podiceps novaehollandiae CC10; incl. P. fluviatilis carterae Mathews 1912 CC10, P. gularis Gould 1837 CC10, P. fluviatilis parryi Mathews 1912 CC10]

Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas 1764) BKB15, CC10 [=Colymbus ruficollis M02, Podiceps ruficollis M02; incl. C. minor CC10, *Tachybaptus minor CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[HD09] Hutton, F. W., & J. Drummond. 1909. The Animals of New Zealand: An account of the Dominion's air-breathing vertebrates 3^rd ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited.

[JM14] Jarvis, E. D., S. Mirarab, A. J. Aberer, B. Li, P. Houde, C. Li, S. Y. W. Ho, B. C. Faircloth, B. Nabholz, J. T. Howard, A. Suh, C. C. Weber, R. R. de Fonseca, J. Li, F. Zhang, H. Li, L. Zhou, N. Narula, L. Liu, G. Ganapathy, B. Boussau, M. S. Bayzid, V. Zavidovych, S. Subramanian, T. Gabaldón, S. Capella-Gutiérrez, J. Huerta-Cepas, B. Rekepalli, K. Munch, M. Schierup, B. Lindow, W. C. Warren, D. Ray, R. E. Green, M. W. Bruford, X. Zhan, A. Dixon, S. Li, N. Li, Y. Huang, E. P. Derryberry, M. F. Bertelsen, F. H. Sheldon, R. T. Brumfield, C. V. Mello, P. V. Lovell, M. Wirthlin, M. P. Cruz Schneider, F. Prosdocimi, J. A. Samaniego, A. M. Vargas Velazquez, A. Alfaro-Núñez, P. F. Campos, B. Petersen, T. Sitcheritz-Ponten, A. Pas, T. Bailey, P. Scofield, M. Bunce, D. M. Lambert, Q. Zhou, P. Perelman, A. C. Driskell, B. Shapiro, Z. Xiong, Y. Zeng, S. Liu, Z. Li, B. Liu, K. Wu, J. Xiao, X. Yinqi, Q. Zheng, Y. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Wang, L. Smeds, F. E. Rheindt, M. Braun, J. Fjeldså, L. Orlando, F. K. Barker, K. A. Jønsson, W. Johnson, K.-P. Koepfli, S. O'Brien, D. Haussler, O. A. Ryder, C. Rahbek, E. Willerslev, G. R. Graves, T. C. Glenn, J. McCormack, D. Burt, H. Ellegren, P. Alström, S. V. Edwards, A. Stamatakis, D. P. Mindell, J. Cracraft, E. L. Braun, T. Warnow, W. Jun, M. T. P. Gilbert & G. Zhang. 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[KF-V21] Kuhl, H., C. Frankl-Vilches, A. Bakker, G. Mayr, G. Nikolaus, S. T. Boerno, S. Klages, B. Timmermann & M. Gahr. 2021. An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life. Molecular Biology and Evolution 38 (1): 108–127.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[OF80] Olson, S. L., & A. Feduccia. 1980. Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 316: 1–73.

[PB15] Prum, R. O., J. S. Berv, A. Dornburg, D. J. Field, J. P. Townsend, E. M. Lemmon & A. R. Lemmon. 2015. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526: 569–573.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[VS14] Vinther, J., M. Stein, N. R. Longrich & D. A. T. Harper. 2014. A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian. Nature 507: 496–499.

[W51] Wetmore, A. 1951. A revised classification for the birds of the world. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (4): 1–22.

Aequornithia

Common loon Gavia immer, copyright Gary Irwin.

Belongs within: Neognathae.
Contains: Procellariiformes, Spheniscidae, Ciconiidae, Sulida, Fregata, Threskiornithidae, Ardeidae, Pelecanidae.

The Aequornithia are a clade of birds united by molecular phylogenetic analysis, commonly referred to as the 'higher water-birds'. Most species are associated with aquatic habitats, from open ocean to terrestrial wetlands. Members of the clade include the Gaviiformes, divers or loons, a group of streamlined birds with the feet placed far back on the body, making them powerful swimmers but rather poor walkers.

<==Aequornithia [Natatores] JM14
    |--Gaviidae [Colymbidae, Colymboididae, Eudytidae, Gaviiformes, Gaviimorphae, Urinatoridae] KF-V15
    |    |--Gaviella pusilla (Shufeldt 1915) M09
    |    |--Neogaeornis wetzeli Lambrecht 1929 C02, M09
    |    |--Eupterornis Lemoine 1878 FP64, M02
    |    |    `--*E. remensis Lemoine 1878 M02
    |    |--Polarornis Chatterjee 2002 C02
    |    |    `--*P. gregorii Chatterjee 2002 C02
    |    |--Colymboides Milne-Edwards 1867 (see below for synonymy) M02
    |    |    |--*C. minutus Milne-Edwards 1867 [incl. *Hydrornis natator Milne-Edwards 1867, *Dyspetornis natator] M02
    |    |    |--C. anglicus Lydekker 1891 M05
    |    |    |--C. belgicus Mayr & Smith 2002 M09
    |    |    `--C. metzleri Mayr 2004 M05
    |    `--Gavia Forster 1788 M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |  i. s.: ‘Colymbus’ capensis K08
    |         |         G. concinna M02
    |         |         ‘Colymbus’ dominicus S18
    |         |           |--C. d. dominicus S18
    |         |           `--C. d. brachyrhynchus S18
    |         |         G. egeriana Švec 1982 M02
    |         |         G. moldavica Kessler 1984 M02
    |         |         G. paradoxa Umans’ka 1981 M02
    |         |         G. portisi (Regàlia 1902) [=Colymbus portisi] M02
    |         |         G. schultzi Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    |         |--G. stellata (Pontoppidan 1763) JT12, CS77 [=Colymbus stellatus CS77]
    |         `--+--G. arctica (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CS77 [=Colymbus arcticus CS77]
    |            |    |--G. a. arctica CS77
    |            |    `--G. a. viridigularis Dwight 1918 CS77
    |            `--+--G. pacifica (Lawrence 1858) JT12, CS77 [=G. arctica pacifica CS77]
    |               `--+--*G. immer (Brünnich 1764) B94, JT12, B94 [=*Colymbus immer B94]
    |                  `--G. adamsii (Gray 1859) JT12, CS77 [=Colymbus adamsii CS77]
    `--+--Procellariimorphae JM14
       |    |--Procellariiformes JM14
       |    `--+--Spheniscidae JM14
       |       `--Plotopteridae M04
       |            |  i. s.: Hokkaidornis abashiriensis Sakurai et al. 2008 M09
       |            |--Phocavis maritimus Goedert 1988 M09
       |            `--+--Tonsala hildegardae Olson 1980 M09
       |               `--Copepteryx Olson & Hasegawa 1996 M09, D07
       |                    |--C. hexeris Olson & Hasegawa 1996 M09
       |                    `--C. titan Olson & Hasegawa 1996 M09
       `--Pelecanimorphae [Herodiones, Pelargi, Pelecanides, Steganograllatores, Steganopodes] PB15
            |  i. s.: Novacaesareala hungerfordi Parris & Hope 2002 M09
            |         Torotigidae FP64
            |           |--Gallornis straeleni Lambrecht 1931 FP64, OF80
            |           `--Torotix Brodkorb 1963 OF80
            |                `--*T. clemensi Brodkorb 1963 OF80
            |--Ciconiidae JT12
            `--+--Suliformes JT12
               |    |--Sulida JM14
               |    `--Fregatidae M09
               |         |--Fregata JT12
               |         `--Limnofregata M09
               |              |--L. azygosternon Olson 1977 M09
               |              `--L. hasegawai Olson & Matsuoka 2005 M09
               `--Pelecaniformes KF-V21
                    |--Threskiornithidae JM14
                    `--+--Ardeiformes U93
                       |   |--Ardeidae JM14
                       |   `--Xenerodiops [Xenerodiopidae] U93
                       |        `--X. mycter Rasmussen et al. 1987 M09
                       `--+--Pelecanidae KF-V21
                          `--+--Scopus Brisson 1760 KF-V21, B94 [Scopi, Scopidae, Scopoidea]
                             |    |--S. umbretta JT12
                             |    `--S. xenopus Olson 1984 B93
                             `--Balaenicipitidae [Balaenicipites, Balaenicipitiformes] KF-V21
                                  |--Goliathia andrewsi Lambrecht 1930 M09
                                  `--Balaeniceps Gould 1850 PB15, B94
                                       `--B. rex JT12

Colymboides Milne-Edwards 1867 [incl. Dyspetornis Oberholser 1905, Hydrornis Milne-Edwards 1867 non Blyth 1843] M02

Gavia Forster 1788 M02 [=Colymbus Linnaeus 1758 (nom. rej.) B94; incl. Eudytes Illiger 1811 B94, Mergus Brisson 1860 non Linnaeus 1758 B94, Urinator Lacépède 1799 B94]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[C02] Chatterjee, S. 2002. The morphology and systematics of Polarornis, a Cretaceous loon (Aves: Gaviidae) from Antarctica. In: Zhou, Z., & F. Zhang (eds) Proceedings of the 5^th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Beijing, 1–4 June 2000 pp. 125–155. Science Press: Beijing.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JM14] Jarvis, E. D., S. Mirarab, A. J. Aberer, B. Li, P. Houde, C. Li, S. Y. W. Ho, B. C. Faircloth, B. Nabholz, J. T. Howard, A. Suh, C. C. Weber, R. R. de Fonseca, J. Li, F. Zhang, H. Li, L. Zhou, N. Narula, L. Liu, G. Ganapathy, B. Boussau, M. S. Bayzid, V. Zavidovych, S. Subramanian, T. Gabaldón, S. Capella-Gutiérrez, J. Huerta-Cepas, B. Rekepalli, K. Munch, M. Schierup, B. Lindow, W. C. Warren, D. Ray, R. E. Green, M. W. Bruford, X. Zhan, A. Dixon, S. Li, N. Li, Y. Huang, E. P. Derryberry, M. F. Bertelsen, F. H. Sheldon, R. T. Brumfield, C. V. Mello, P. V. Lovell, M. Wirthlin, M. P. Cruz Schneider, F. Prosdocimi, J. A. Samaniego, A. M. Vargas Velazquez, A. Alfaro-Núñez, P. F. Campos, B. Petersen, T. Sitcheritz-Ponten, A. Pas, T. Bailey, P. Scofield, M. Bunce, D. M. Lambert, Q. Zhou, P. Perelman, A. C. Driskell, B. Shapiro, Z. Xiong, Y. Zeng, S. Liu, Z. Li, B. Liu, K. Wu, J. Xiao, X. Yinqi, Q. Zheng, Y. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Wang, L. Smeds, F. E. Rheindt, M. Braun, J. Fjeldså, L. Orlando, F. K. Barker, K. A. Jønsson, W. Johnson, K.-P. Koepfli, S. O'Brien, D. Haussler, O. A. Ryder, C. Rahbek, E. Willerslev, G. R. Graves, T. C. Glenn, J. McCormack, D. Burt, H. Ellegren, P. Alström, S. V. Edwards, A. Stamatakis, D. P. Mindell, J. Cracraft, E. L. Braun, T. Warnow, W. Jun, M. T. P. Gilbert & G. Zhang. 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 vol. 15. Corrodentia pt 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[KF-V21] Kuhl, H., C. Frankl-Vilches, A. Bakker, G. Mayr, G. Nikolaus, S. T. Boerno, S. Klages, B. Timmermann & M. Gahr. 2021. An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life. Molecular Biology and Evolution 38 (1): 108–127.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. Tertiary plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins (Spheniscidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43: 61–71.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[OF80] Olson, S. L., & A. Feduccia. 1980. Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 316: 1–73.

[PB15] Prum, R. O., J. S. Berv, A. Dornburg, D. J. Field, J. P. Townsend, E. M. Lemmon & A. R. Lemmon. 2015. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526: 569–573.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

Butorides

Green heron Butorides virescens, copyright Basar.

Belongs within: Ardeidae.

Butorides is a cosmopolitan genus of small herons with a dark bill, black cap, blackish back and wings, and yellow legs.

<==Butorides
    |--B. flavicollis N87
    |--B. scapularis SS66
    |--B. stagnatilis S13 [=B. striatus stagnatilis M03]
    |--B. striatus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Ardea striata] CS77
    |    |--B. s. striatus CS77
    |    |--B. s. amurensis (Schrenck 1860) CS77
    |    |--B. s. atricapillus (Afzelius 1805) CS77
    |    |--B. s. brevipes (Ehrenberg 1833) CS77
    |    |--B. s. cinereus Mayr 1943 WS48
    |    |--B. s. macrorhynchus M03
    |    |--B. s. patens E52
    |    |--B. s. rogersi Mathews 1911 WS48
    |    `--B. s. sundevalli HSS13
    `--B. virescens (Linnaeus 1758) CS77
         |--B. v. virescens S18
         |--B. v. hypernotius S18
         `--B. v. maculatus E52

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[E52] Eisenmann, E. 1952. Annotated list of birds of Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (5): 1–62.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[N87] North, A. J. 1887. List of references to authentic descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1163–1174.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pl. 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Palaeognathae

Reconstruction of Lithornis, copyright Sheatherius.

Belongs within: Ornithurae.
Contains: Struthio, Apteryx, Aepyornithidae, Casuariiformes, Dinornithiformes, Tinamidae.

The Palaeognathae are a clade of birds found primarily on the southern continents, including the ratites and tinamous. Members of this clade are united by the lack of fusion between the maxillar process of the nasal bone and the maxillary bone, as well as the flat dorsal surface and presence of a pair of furrows on the ventral surface of the mandibular symphysis (Mayr 2009).

Palaeognathae (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--+--Struthio WD17
    |  |  `--Palaeotis Lambrecht 1928 H86, M02 [Palaeotididae M05]
    |  |       `--*P. weigelti Lambrecht 1928 (see below for synonymy) M02
    |  `--+--+--+--Apteryx PB15
    |     |  |  `--Aepyornithidae ML14
    |     |  `--+--Casuariiformes WD17
    |     |     `--+--Dinornithiformes WD17
    |     |        `--Tinamidae WD17
    |     `--Rheidae [Opisthodactylidae, Rheiformes] BKB15
    |          |  i. s.: Opisthodactylus patagonicus Ameghino 1891 AH03
    |          |         Heterorhea dabbeni Rovereto 1914 U93
    |          |--Diogenornis fragilis Alvarenga 1983 ML14, M09
    |          `--+--Pterocnemia pennata L81
    |             `--Rhea Brisson 1760 B94
    |                  |--R. americana JT12
    |                  `--R. pennata JT12
    `--Lithornithidae [Eoaves, Lithornithidae, Lithornithiformes] WD17
         |--Pseudocrypturus Houde 1988 M05
         |    `--P. cercanaxius Houde 1988 M09
         |--Pediorallus Harrison & Walker 1977 M05
         |    `--*P. barbarae Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
         |--Promusophaga Harrison & Walker 1977 M05
         |    `--*P. meini Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
         |--Fissuravis Mayr 2007 M07
         |    `--*F. weigelti Mayr 2007 M07
         `--Lithornis Owen 1840 M05
              |  i. s.: *L. vulturinus Owen 1840 [incl. Promusophaga magnifica Harrison & Walker 1977] M02
              |         L. celetius Houde 1988 M09
              |         L. hookeri (Harrison 1984) [=Pediorallus hookeri] M02
              |         L. nasi (Harrison 1984) M09 [=Pediorallus nasi M02]
              |--L. promiscuus Houde 1988 WD17, M09
              `--+--L. plebius Houde 1988 WD17, M07
                 `--Paracathartes Harrison 1979 WD17, M07
                      `--P. howardae (Harrison 1979) M09

Palaeognathae incertae sedis:
  Remiornis Lemoine 1881 M02 [Remiornithidae M05, Remiornithiformes]
    `--*R. heberti Lemoine 1881 M02
  Eleutherornithidae [Eleutherornithini] U93
    |--Eleutherornis Schaub 1940 M02
    |    `--*E. helveticus Schaub 1940 M02
    `--Proceriavis Harrison & Walker 1979 U93, M02
         `--*P. maritini Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
  Eremopezus Andrews 1904 ML14, RS01 [Eremopezidae, Eremopezithes]
    `--*E. eocaenus Andrews 1904 [incl. Stromeria fajumensis Lambrecht 1929, S. fayumensis] RS01
  Stromeria Lambrecht 1929 U93

Inorganic: Rhea americana minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Palaeognathae [Apteryges, Apterygimorphae, Brevipennes, Palaeognathiformes, Panpalaeognathae, Panratitae, Ratitae, Ratiti, Struthiones, Struthioni, Struthioniformes, Struthionimorphae, Struthionoidea, Timamomorphae]

*Palaeotis weigelti Lambrecht 1928 [incl. Paleogrus geiseltalensis Lambrecht 1935, Ornitocnemus geiseltalensis] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AH03] Alvarenga, H. M. F., & E. Höfling. 2003. Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 43 (4): 55–91.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[H86] Houde, P. 1986. Ostrich ancestors found in the Northern Hemisphere suggest new hypothesis of ratite origins. Nature 324: 563–565.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M07] Mayr, G. 2007. The birds from the Paleocene fissure filling of Walbeck (Germany). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 394-408.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[ML14] Mitchell, K. J., B. Llamas, J. Soubrier, N. J. Rawlence, T. H. Worthy, J. Wood, M. S. Y. Lee & A. Cooper. 2014. Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution. Science 344 (6186): 898–900.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[PB15] Prum, R. O., J. S. Berv, A. Dornburg, D. J. Field, J. P. Townsend, E. M. Lemmon & A. R. Lemmon. 2015. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526: 569–573.

[RS01] Rasmussen, D. T., E. L. Simons, F. Hertel & A. Judd. 2001. Hindlimb of a giant terrestrial bird from the Upper Eocene, Fayum, Egypt. Palaeontology 44 (2): 325–337.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WD17] Worthy, T. H., F. J. Degrange, W. D. Handley & M. S. Y. Lee. 2017. The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres). Royal Society Open Science 4: 170975.

Dinornithiformes

Reconstruction of heavy-footed moa Pachyornis elephantopus, copyright Paul Martinson.

Belongs within: Palaeognathae.

The Dinornithiformes, moas, are a group of moderately to extremely large flightless birds known from New Zealand (an historical record of a species from Australia was based on a specimen of mislabelled provenance) that became extinct following human colonisation of the region.

Characters (from Worthy & Holdaway 2002): Skull with small orbits, large olfactory cavities, broad across occipital region. Basitemporal platform with prominent basipterygoid processes. Basiparasphenoidal rostrum long, with triangular expansions extending laterally beneath antorbital plate. Maxilla usually with large dorsal inflation enclosing cavity (maxillary antrum). Beak short, may be pointed or rounded, curved down at tip. 21–23 cervical, six dorsal, 18 sacral, and eleven caudal vertebrae, no pygostyle. Pelvis broad at and posterior to acetabulum. Wing entirely absent, pectoral girdle represented only by vestigial scapulocoracoid bone without glenoid facet. Sternum with well-developed lateral processes. Femur with concave articular surface for antitrochanter on pelvis, tibiotarsus with osseous bridge over tendinal groove, tarsometatarsus with two hypotarsal ridges.

<==Dinornithiformes [Anomalopterygidae, Anomalopteryginae, Dinornithes, Dinornithoidea, Emeidae]
    |--Megalapteryx Haast 1886 BH05, CC10 [incl. Palaeocasuarius Rothschild 1907 CC10]
    |    |--M. didinus (Owen 1883) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |    `--M. benhami Archey 1941 BKB15, CC10
    `--+--Dinornis Owen 1843 BH05, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--*D. novaezealandiae Owen 1843 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |    `--D. robustus Owen 1846 (see below for synonymy) CC10
       `--+--Anomalopteryx Reichenbach 1853 ML14, CC10 [=Anomalornis Hutton 1897; incl. Graya Bonaparte 1856]
          |    `--*A. didiformis (Owen 1843) (see below for synonymy) CC10
          `--+--Pachyornis Lydekker 1891 ML14, CC10 [incl. Mauiornis Oliver 1949 WH02, Pounamua Oliver 1949 WH02]
             |    |--P. geranoides (Owen 1848) ML14, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |    `--+--*P. elephantopus (Owen 1856) CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |       `--P. australis Oliver 1949 BKB15, CC10
             `--Emeinae CC10
                  |--Emeus Reichenbach 1853 BH05, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    `--*E. crassus (Owen 1846) (see below for synonymy) CC10
                  `--Euryapteryx Haast 1874 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                       |--*E. gravis (Owen 1870) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                       `--E. curtus (Owen 1846) (see below for synonymy) CC10

*Anomalopteryx didiformis (Owen 1843) [=Dinornis didiformis, *Anomalornis didiformis; incl. Anomalopteryx antiqua Hutton 1893, Anomalopteryx antiquus Hutton 1892, Dinornis dromaeoides Owen 1844, Anomalopteryx dromaeoides, *Graya dromaeoides, D. dromioides Owen 1846, D. (Palapteryx) dromioides, Anomalopteryx fortis Hutton 1893, Anomalornis gracilis Hutton 1897, Dinornis oweni Haast 1886, Anomalornis owenii, Pachyornis owenii, Dinornis parvus Owen 1883, Anomalopteryx parva, Anomalopteryx parvus] CC10

Dinornis Owen 1843 BH05, CC10 [=Megalornis Owen 1843 non Gray 1841 CC10; incl. Moa Reichenbach 1853 CC10, Movia Reichenbach 1853 CC10, Owenia Gray 1855 CC10, Palapteryx Owen 1846 CC10, Tylopteryx Hutton 1891 CC10; Dinornithidae]

*Dinornis novaezealandiae Owen 1843 CC10 [=D. novaezelandiae CC10, *Megalornis novaezealandiae CC10; incl. D. excelsus Hutton 1891 CC10, D. firmus Hutton 1891 CC10, D. gazella Oliver 1949 CC10, D. giganteus Owen 1843 CC10, *Moa gigantea CC10, D. gigas Owen 1846 CC10, D. gracilis Owen 1854 CC10, *Tylopteryx gracilis CC10, D. hercules Oliver 1949 CC10, D. ingens Owen 1844 CC10, *Movia ingens CC10, *Palapteryx ingens CC10, D. struthioides Lydekker 1891 CC10, D. struthoides Owen 1844 CC10, *Owenia struthoides CC10, Tylopteryx struthoides WH02]

Dinornis robustus Owen 1846 [=D. ingens var. robustus, Palapteryx robustus; incl. D. altus Owen 1879, D. maximus Haast 1869, Palapteryx plenus Hutton 1891, D. potens Hutton 1891, D. strenuus Hutton 1893, D. torosus Hutton 1891, D. validus Hutton 1891] CC10

Emeus Reichenbach 1852 BH05, CC10 [incl. Meionornis Haast 1874 CC10, Mesopteryx Hutton 1891 CC10, Syornis Reichenbach 1853 CC10]

*Emeus crassus (Owen 1846) [=Dinornis crassus, Euryapteryx crassa, Eu. crassus, Syornis crassus; incl. Dinornis casuarinus Owen 1846, Anomalopteryx casuarina, Cela casuarinus, Emeus casuarinus, *Meionornis casuarinus, Mesopteryx casuarina, *Syornis casuarinus, Dinornis huttoni Owen 1879, Emeus huttonii, Megalapteryx huttoni, *Mesopteryx huttoni, Dinornis rheides Owen 1870, Cela rheides] CC10

Euryapteryx Haast 1874 [incl. Cela Reichenbach 1853 non Moehring 1758, Celeus Bonaparte 1856 non Boie 1831, Zelornis Oliver 1949] CC10

Euryapteryx curtus (Owen 1846) [=Dinornis curtus, Anomalopteryx curta, A. curtus, *Cela curtus, *Celeus curtus; incl. Euryapteryx exilis Hutton 1897, *Zelornis exilis, E. tane Oliver 1949] CC10

*Euryapteryx gravis (Owen 1870) CC10 [=Dinornis gravis CC10; incl. Emeus boothi Rothschild 1907 CC10, Euryapteryx boothi WH02, Eu. compacta Hutton 1893 CC10, Emeus gravipes Lydekker 1891 CC10, Eu. gravipes CC10, Emeus haasti Rothschild 1907 CC10, Zelornis haasti CC10, Euryapteryx kuranui Oliver 1930 CC10, Emeus parkeri Rothschild 1907 CC10, Euryapteryx pygmaeus Hutton 1891 CC10, Pachyornis pygmaeus CC10]

Megalapteryx didinus (Owen 1883) [=Dinornis didinus, Anomalopteryx didina, Meionornis didinus, Mesopteryx didina, Mes. didinus; incl. Palaeocasuarius elegans Rothschild 1907, *P. haasti Rothschild 1907, Megalapteryx hamiltoni Rothschild 1907, *M. hectori Haast 1886, M. tenuipes Lydekker 1891, Palaeocasuarius velox Rothschild 1907] CC10

*Pachyornis elephantopus (Owen 1856) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Dinornis elephantopus CC10, Euryapteryx elephantopus CC10; incl. D. elephantopus var. major Hutton 1875 CC10, Pachyornis immanis Lydekker 1891 CC10, Euryapteryx immanis CC10, Pachyornis inhabilis Hutton 1893 CC10, Dinornis elephantopus var. major Hutton 1875 CC10, Pachyornis (Pounamua) murihiku Oliver 1949 WH02, Euryapteryx ponderosus Hutton 1891 CC10, E. ponderosa CC10, Dinornis queenslandiae De Vis 1884 CC10, Dromiceius queenslandiae CC10, Pachyornis queenslandiae CC10, Pachyornis rothschildi Lydekker 1892 CC10, Pachyornis valgus Hutton 1893 CC10]

Pachyornis geranoides (Owen 1848) ML14, CC10 [=Palapteryx geranoides CC10, Anomalopteryx geranoides CC10, Cela geranoides CC10, Dinornis geranoides CC10, Euryapteryx geranoides CC10, Dinornis expunctus Archey 1927 CC10; incl. Pachyornis mappini Archey 1941 BKB15, CC10, Pac. (Mauiornis) mappini CC10, Pac. (*M.) septentrionalis Oliver 1949 CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH05] Baker, A. J., L. J. Huynen, O. Haddrath, C. D. Millar & D. M. Lambert. 2005. Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: the giant moas of New Zealand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 102 (23): 8257–8262.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[ML14] Mitchell, K. J., B. Llamas, J. Soubrier, N. J. Rawlence, T. H. Worthy, J. Wood, M. S. Y. Lee & A. Cooper. 2014. Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution. Science 344 (6186): 898–900.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Neognathae

Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin, copyright Francesco Veronesi.

Belongs within: Ornithurae.
Contains: Pelagornithidae, Galloanseres, Mirandornithes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Columbaves, Telluraves, Phaethontiformes, Aequornithia.

The Neognathae are one of the primary clades of living birds, excluding only the ratites and tinamous. Members of the clade are characterised by an intrapterygoidal joint allowing greater mobility of the palate, as well as by a conjoint auditory tube and caudally closed ilioischiadic foramina in the pelvis (Mayr 2009). Within the Neognathae, most recent studies agree on a basal division between the galloanserines (gamefowl and waterfowl) and remaining species in the clade Neoaves. Basal relationships within the Neoaves remain highly contentious, with many large-scale analyses differing significantly in their results; some authors have even suggested that the base of Neoaves may be an insoluble hard polytomy. Particularly contentious has been the position of the hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin, a medium-sized folivorous bird found in the Amazon basin. The Neotropical sunbittern Eurypyga helias and the New Caledonian kagu Rhynochetos jubatus together form another isolated clade that may be related to the tropicbirds of the Phaethontidae.

Neognathae [Amblypterae, Ciconii, Insessores, Odontoanserae, Pullastrae] HK08
    |--+--Pelagornithidae M11
    |  `--Galloanseres PB15
    `--Neoaves (see below for synonymy) HK08
         |  i. s.: Protopelicanus Reichenbach 1852 M05, M02
         |           `--*P. cuvieri Reichenbach 1852 M02
         |         Onychopteryx [Onychopterygidae] M09
         |           `--O. simpsoni Cracraft 1971 M09
         |--+--Juncitarsus Olson & Feduccia 1980 M05, M02 [Juncitarsinae]
         |  |    |--*J. gracillimus Olson & Feduccia 1980 M02
         |  |    `--J. merkeli Peters 1987 M02
         |  |--Mirandornithes KF-V21
         |  `--Palaelodidae [Palaeolontidae] M09
         |       |--Adelalopus hoogbutseliensis Mayr & Smith 2002 M09
         |       |--Palaelodus Milne-Edwards 1863 BV-R98 [=Paloelodus (l. c.) M02; incl. Probalearica Lambrecht 1933 M02]
         |       |    |--*P. ambiguus Milne-Edwards 1869 BV-R98 (see below for synonymy)
         |       |    |--P. crassipes Milne-Edwards 1863 BV-R98, M02
         |       |    |--P. gracilipes Milne-Edwards 1863 BV-R98, M02 (see below for synonymy)
         |       |    |--P. pledgei Baird & Vickers-Rich 1998 BV-R98
         |       |    `--P. wilsoni Baird & Vickers-Rich 1998 BV-R98
         |       `--Megapaloelodus Miller 1944 M02
         |            |--*M. connectens Miller 1944 M02
         |            |--M. goliath (Milne-Edwards 1868) BV-R98, M02 (see below for synonymy)
         |            `--M. opsigonus Brodkorb 1961 U93
         `--+--+--+--Gruiformes KF-V21
            |  |  `--Charadriiformes KF-V15
            |  `--+--+--Caprimulgiformes KF-V15
            |     |  `--Opisthocomidae [Opisthocomi, Opisthocomiformes] KF-V15
            |     |       |--Hoazinoides magdalenae Miller 1953 U93
            |     |       |--Hoazinavis lacustris JM14
            |     |       `--Opisthocomus Illiger 1811 PB15, B94
            |     |            `--O. hoazin (Müller 1776) ME04
            |     `--Columbaves KF-V15
            `--+--Telluraves KF-V15
               `--+--Phaethontimorphae JM14
                  |    |--Phaethontiformes KF-V15
                  |    `--Eurypygiformes [Eurypygae] JM14
                  |         |--Rhynochetos Verreaux & des Murs 1860 (see below for synonymy) L98
                  |         |    |--R. jubatus L98
                  |         |    `--R. orarius Balouet & Olson 1989 U93
                  |         `--Eurypyga Illiger 1811 [Eurypygidae, Eurypygides] L98
                  |              `--E. helias JM14
                  |                   |--E. h. helias RN72
                  |                   |--E. h. major RN72
                  |                   `--E. h. meridionalis RN72
                  `--Aequornithia KF-V21

Inorganic: Opisthocomidus opisthocomidus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Megapaloelodus goliath (Milne-Edwards 1868) BV-R98, M02 [=Palaelodus goliath M02, Paloelodus (l. c.) goliath M02]

Neoaves [Aequorlitornithes, Anomalogonates, Charadriimorphae, Ciconiae, Ciconiiformes, Ciconiimorphae, Ciconioidea, Coccyges, Columbea, Coronaves, Cuculimorphae, Cursorimorphae, Dendrornithes, Eurypygoidea, Gaviae, Gavii, Gaviomorphae, Grallae, Impennes, Incessores, Inopinaves, Longipennes, Metaves, Oxypterae, Paludicolae, Passerea, Passeres, Pelecani, Picae, Plethornithes, Psittacimorphae, Pygopodes, Pygopodotubinares, Ralliformes, Simplicirostres, Terrestrornithes, Turniciformes] HK08

*Palaelodus ambiguus Milne-Edwards 1869 BV-R98 [incl. Grus miocenicus Grigorescu & Kessler 1977 M02, G. problematica Milne-Edwards 1871 M02, *Probalearica problematica M02]

Palaelodus gracilipes Milne-Edwards 1863 BV-R98, M02 [incl. incl. Paloelodus (l. c.) minutus Milne-Edwards 1868 BV-R98, M02]

Rhynochetos Verreaux & des Murs 1860 [Rhynocheti, Rhynochetidae, Rhynochetides, Rhynochetoidea] L98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BV-R98] Baird, R. F., & P. Vickers-Rich. 1998. Palaelodus (Aves: Palaelodidae) from the Middle to Late Cainozoic of Australia. Alcheringa 22 (2): 135–151.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763–1768.

[JM14] Jarvis, E. D., S. Mirarab, A. J. Aberer, B. Li, P. Houde, C. Li, S. Y. W. Ho, B. C. Faircloth, B. Nabholz, J. T. Howard, A. Suh, C. C. Weber, R. R. de Fonseca, J. Li, F. Zhang, H. Li, L. Zhou, N. Narula, L. Liu, G. Ganapathy, B. Boussau, M. S. Bayzid, V. Zavidovych, S. Subramanian, T. Gabaldón, S. Capella-Gutiérrez, J. Huerta-Cepas, B. Rekepalli, K. Munch, M. Schierup, B. Lindow, W. C. Warren, D. Ray, R. E. Green, M. W. Bruford, X. Zhan, A. Dixon, S. Li, N. Li, Y. Huang, E. P. Derryberry, M. F. Bertelsen, F. H. Sheldon, R. T. Brumfield, C. V. Mello, P. V. Lovell, M. Wirthlin, M. P. Cruz Schneider, F. Prosdocimi, J. A. Samaniego, A. M. Vargas Velazquez, A. Alfaro-Núñez, P. F. Campos, B. Petersen, T. Sitcheritz-Ponten, A. Pas, T. Bailey, P. Scofield, M. Bunce, D. M. Lambert, Q. Zhou, P. Perelman, A. C. Driskell, B. Shapiro, Z. Xiong, Y. Zeng, S. Liu, Z. Li, B. Liu, K. Wu, J. Xiao, X. Yinqi, Q. Zheng, Y. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Wang, L. Smeds, F. E. Rheindt, M. Braun, J. Fjeldså, L. Orlando, F. K. Barker, K. A. Jønsson, W. Johnson, K.-P. Koepfli, S. O'Brien, D. Haussler, O. A. Ryder, C. Rahbek, E. Willerslev, G. R. Graves, T. C. Glenn, J. McCormack, D. Burt, H. Ellegren, P. Alström, S. V. Edwards, A. Stamatakis, D. P. Mindell, J. Cracraft, E. L. Braun, T. Warnow, W. Jun, M. T. P. Gilbert & G. Zhang. 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331.

[KF-V21] Kuhl, H., C. Frankl-Vilches, A. Bakker, G. Mayr, G. Nikolaus, S. T. Boerno, S. Klages, B. Timmermann & M. Gahr. 2021. An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life. Molecular Biology and Evolution 38 (1): 108–127.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M11] Mayr, G. 2011. Cenozoic mystery birds—on the phylogenetic affinities of the bony-toothed birds (Pelagornithidae). Zoologica Scripta 40: 448–467.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1–2): 1–17.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[PB15] Prum, R. O., J. S. Berv, A. Dornburg, D. J. Field, J. P. Townsend, E. M. Lemmon & A. R. Lemmon. 2015. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526: 569–573.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 29 January 2022.

Chalcophaps

Female (left) and male common emerald doves Chalcophaps indica, copyright Sham Edmond.

Belongs within: Treroninae.

Chalcophaps, the emerald doves, is a genus of stocky doves with brownish neck and underparts and bright green wings, found between southern and eastern Asia and northern and eastern Australia.

<==Chalcophaps Gould 1843 [incl. Monornis Hodgson in Gray 1844; Chalcophabinae] CC10
    |--C. indica (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. i. indica CC10
    |    |--C. i. longirostris Gould 1848 CC10
    |    |--C. i. natalis Lister 1888 CC10
    |    |--C. i. rogersi Mathews 1912 [=C. chrysochlora rogersi; incl. C. chrysochlora kempi Mathews 1912] CC10
    |    |--‘Chalcospilos’ i. timorensis T62
    |    `--C. i. yamashinai Hachisuka 1939 I92
    `--C. stephani J06
         |--C. s. stephani J06
         `--C. s. wallacei J06

Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 [=Columba indica CC10, Chalcospilos indica T62; incl. Columba chrysochlora Wagler 1827 CC10, *Chalcophaps indica chrysochlora CC10, *Monornis perpulchra CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

Gallicolumba

Luzon bleeding heart Gallicolumba luzonica, photographed by Kao-Tai.

Belongs within: Treroninae.

Gallicolumba, the bleeding hearts, is a genus of ground-dwelling doves found in insular south-east Asia and New Guinea, a number of species of which have a prominent red patch on the breast that inspires the vernacular name.

<==Gallicolumba Heck 1849 (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |--*G. luzonica CC10, JT12 [=Columba luzonica CC10, *Plegoenas luzonica CC10]
    |--G. canifrons JT12
    |--G. crinigera JT12 [=Peristera criniger CC10, *Pampusanna criniger CC10]
    |--G. cruenta CC10
    |--G. erythroptera JT12
    |    |--G. e. erythroptera HSS13
    |    `--G. e. pectoralis HSS13
    |--G. ferruginea HSS13
    |--G. hoedtii JT12
    |--G. keayi JT12
    |--G. kubaryi JT12
    |--G. menagei JT12
    |--G. norfolciensis (Latham 1802) [=Columba norfolciensis, Carpophaga norfolciensis] CC10
    |--G. platenae JT12
    |--G. rubescens JT12
    |--G. rufigula JT12
    |--G. salamonis HSS13
    |--G. sanctaecrucis JT12
    |--G. stairi JT12
    |--G. tristigmata JT12
    `--G. xanthonura JT12

Gallicolumba Heck 1849 [=Plegoenas Reichenbach 1851; incl. Pampusanna Pucheran in Dumont d’Urville 1853; Gallicolumbinae] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

Strisores

Little nightjar Caprimulgus parvulus, copyright Jairmoreirafotografia.

Belongs within: Neognathae.
Contains: Caprimulgus, Chordeiles, Nyctibiidae, Podargidae, Daedalornithes.

The Strisores is a clade of birds including the members of the commonly recognised orders 'Caprimulgiformes' and Apodiformes with the former now recognised as paraphyletic to the latter. Members of the clade are united by possession of a greatly elongated leg (crus longum) of the ulnar carpal bone (Mayr 2009). All members of the traditional Caprimulgiformes are crepuscular or nocturnal birds with wide beaks, a large gape, and soft cryptically-coloured plumage, that feed on the wing (most are insectivores; the oilbird Steatornis caripensis is frugivorous); Apodiformes have lost some of these characters, but still feed on the wing. Morphological support for the total group of Caprimulgiformes (including Apodiformes) is, however, uncertain.

Within the Strisores, the Caprimulgidae include the nightjars, a cosmopolitan group of nocturnal insectivorous birds. Nightjars are cryptically coloured in mottled brown. The family has historically been divided between subfamilies Caprimulginae and Chordeilinae based on the presence of strong rictal bristles around the mouth of the former, but this division has not been supported by recent phylogenetic analyses. Instead, the eared nightjars of the genus Eurostopodus represent the most basal members of the Caprimulgidae; these large Australasian nightjars lack rictal bristles and possess more or less developed ear tufts.

The Steatornithidae are represented in the modern fauna by a single species, the oilbird Steatornis caripensis of northern South America. This large bird, reddish-brown with white spots on the nape and wings, nest colonially in caves, using echolocation to find their way in the dark. The Fluvioviridavidae are wide-billed, fossil birds known from the Eocene of Europe and North America. The Archaeotrogonidae of the Oligocene of Europe were originally described as relatives of the trogons but later regarded as more similar to caprimulgids.

<==Strisores [Caprimulgi, Caprimulgimorphae, Cypselomorphae, Podarginae] PB15
    |--Caprimulgidae [Aereae, Caprimulgiformes, Caprimulginae, Glabrirostres, Setirostres, Terricolae] PB15
    |    |  i. s.: Lyncornis temminckii S55
    |    |         Nannochordeiles pusillus S55
    |    |           |--N. p. pusillus S55
    |    |           `--N. p. septentrionalis S55
    |    |         Semeiophorus Gould 1838 B94
    |    |           `--S. vexillarius MMJ03
    |    |         Scotornis Swainson 1837 [Scotornithinae] B94
    |    |           `--S. climacurus S55
    |    |                |--S. c. climacurus S55
    |    |                `--S. c. clarus S55
    |    |         Stenopsis S66a
    |    |           |--S. bifasciata S66b (see below for synonymy)
    |    |           |--S. cayanensis S66b [=Caprimulgus cayanensis S66a; incl. C. cayanus S66a, C. leopetes S66a]
    |    |           |    |--S. c. cayanensis S18
    |    |           |    `--S. c. albicauda S18
    |    |           |--S. langsdorfi Pelzeln in Sclater 1866 S66b
    |    |           |--S. platura Pelzeln in Sclater 1866 [=Caprimulgus platurus] S66b
    |    |           `--S. ruficervix Sclater 1866 S66a
    |    |         Macropsalis Sclater 1866 S66a
    |    |           |--M. forcipata JT12 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |           |--M. lyra [=Hydropsalis (Macropsalis) lyra] S66a
    |    |           |--M. segmentata Cassin 1849 [=Hydropsalis (Macropsalis) segmentata] S66a
    |    |           `--M. ypanemae von Pelzeln 1865 [=Hydropsalis (Macropsalis) ypanemae] S66a
    |    |         Antrostomus S66a
    |    |           |--A. cubanensis Lawrence 1860 S66b
    |    |           |--A. macromystax [=Caprimulgus macromystax] S66a
    |    |           |--A. maculicaudus [=Stenopsis maculicaudus] S66b
    |    |           |--A. nuttalli [=Caprimulgus nuttalli] S66a
    |    |           |--A. ocellatus (see below for synonymy) S66a
    |    |           |--A. ornatus Sclater 1866 S66b
    |    |           |--A. rutilus S66b
    |    |           `--A. sericeocaudatus S66b
    |    |         Ventivorus Mourer-Chauviré 1988 M09, M02
    |    |           `--*V. ragei Mourer-Chauviré 1988 M02
    |    |--‘Eurostopodus’ macrotis BKB15
    |    `--+--Eurostopodus Gould 1838 BKB15, B94 [Eurostopodidae]
    |       |    |  i. s.: E. albogularis R87
    |       |    |         E. archboldi JT12
    |       |    |         E. diabolicus FP64
    |       |    |         E. guttatus (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) [=Caprimulgus guttatus] WS48
    |       |    |         E. temminckii H03
    |       |    |--E. papuensis JT12
    |       |    `--+--E. argus JT12
    |       |       `--E. mystacalis JT12
    |       `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ enarratus BKB15
    |          `--+--+--+--Caprimulgus JT12
    |             |  |  `--Chordeiles BKB15
    |             |  `--+--Siphonorhis BKB15
    |             |     |    |--S. americana (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, L58 [=Caprimulgus americanus S66a]
    |             |     |    `--S. brewsteri JT12 [=S. americana brewsteri FP64]
    |             |     `--+--Nyctiphrynus JT12
    |             |        |    |--N. rosenbergi JT12
    |             |        |    `--+--N. mcleodii JT12
    |             |        |       `--+--N. ocellatus JT12
    |             |        |          `--N. yucatanicus JT12
    |             |        `--+--Phalaenoptilus nuttallii JT12
    |             |           `--+--+--‘Caprimulgus’ saturatus BKB15
    |             |              |  `--‘Caprimulgus’ vociferus JT12 [=Antrostomus vociferus S66a]
    |             |              `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ ridgwayi BKB15
    |             |                 `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ salvini BKB15
    |             |                    `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ carolinensis JT12 [=Antrostomus carolinensis S66a]
    |             |                       `--‘Caprimulgus’ rufus JT12 [=Antrostomus rufus S66a; incl. Ca. cortopao S66a]
    |             `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ sericocaudatus BKB15
    |                `--+--Lurocalis BKB15
    |                   |    |--L. rufiventris BKB15
    |                   |    `--+--L. nattereri BKB15 [=Caprimulgus nattereri S66a, Chordeiles nattereri S66a]
    |                   |       `--L. semitorquatus BKB15 (see below for synonymy)
    |                   `--+--Nyctiprogne JT12
    |                      |    |--N. leucopyga JT12
    |                      |    `--N. vielliardi JT12
    |                      `--+--+--‘Caprimulgus’ nigrescens JT12 (see below for synonymy)
    |                         |  `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ anthonyi JT12
    |                         |     `--Nyctidromus Gould 1838 JT12, B94 [Nyctidrominae]
    |                         |          `--N. albicollis (see below for synonymy) S66a
    |                         |               |--N. a. albicollis FS55
    |                         |               `--N. a. intercedens FS55
    |                         `--+--Uropsalis JT12
    |                            |    |--U. lyra JT12
    |                            |    `--U. segmentata JT12
    |                            `--+--+--‘Caprimulgus’ longirostris BKB15 (see below for synonymy)
    |                               |  `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ parvulus Gould 1837 BKB15, S66a (see below for synonymy)
    |                               |     `--‘Caprimulgus’ whitelyi BKB15
    |                               `--+--Eleothreptus BKB15
    |                                  |    |--E. anomalus (Gould 1837) JT12, S66a (see below for synonymy)
    |                                  |    `--E. candicans JT12 (see below for synonymy)
    |                                  `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ maculicaudus BKB15
    |                                     `--+--‘Caprimulgus’ cayennensis JT12
    |                                        `--Hydropsalis JT12
    |                                             |  i. s.: H. (Diplopsalis) S66a
    |                                             |           |--H. (D.) schomburgki S66a
    |                                             |           `--H. (D.) trifurcata [incl. H. climacocerca] S66a
    |                                             |--H. climacocerca BKB15
    |                                             `--+--H. brasiliana BKB15
    |                                                `--H. (Hydropsalis) S66a
    |                                                     |--H. (H.) furcifera [=Caprimulgus furcifer] S66a
    |                                                     |--H. (H.) pallescens von Pelzeln 1865 S66a
    |                                                     `--H. (H.) torquata BKB15, S66a (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--+--Nyctibiidae BKB15
       |  `--Steatornithidae [Steatornithes, Steatornithiformes, Steatornithinae] BKB15
       |       |--Prefica Olson 1987 M03, M02 [Preficinae]
       |       |    `--P. nivea Olson 1987 M03
       |       `--Steatornis Humboldt 1814 PB15, B94
       |            `--S. caripensis [incl. Caprimulgus steatornis] S66a
       `--+--+--Podargidae PB15
          |  `--Fluvioviridavidae M05b
          |       |--Fluvioviridavis Mayr & Daniels 2001 PB15, M05b
          |       |    `--F. platyrhamphus Mayr & Daniels 2001 M05b
          |       `--Eurofluvioviridavis Mayr 2005 M05b
          |            `--*E. robustipes Mayr 2005 M05b
          `--Daedalornithes PB15

Strisores incertae sedis:
  Archaeotrogonidae M04
    |--Hassiavis Mayr 1998 M04
    |    `--*H. laticauda Mayr 1998 M02
    `--Archaeotrogon Milne-Edwards 1892 M02
         |--*A. venustus Milne-Edwards 1892 M02, M09
         |--A. cayluxensis (Lydekker 1891) [=Palaeortyx cayluxensis, Ludiortyx cayluxensis] M02
         |--A. hoffstetteri Mourer-Chauviré 1980 M09
         |--A. nocturnus Mlíkovský 2002 (see below for synonymy) M02
         `--A. zitteli Gaillard 1908 M09
  Microena Harrison & Walker 1977 M05a
    `--*M. goodwini Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
  Protocypselomorphus manfredkelleri Mayr 2005 M09

Antrostomus ocellatus [=Caprimulgus ocellatus; incl. C. brasilianus, C. brasiliensis, C. lunulatus Natt. in Sclater 1866 (n. n.)] S66a

Archaeotrogon nocturnus Mlíkovský 2002 [=A. cayluxensis Gaillard 1908 non Palaeortyx cayluxensis Lydekker 1891] M02

‘Caprimulgus’ longirostris BKB15 [=Antrostomus longirostris S66a, Stenopsis longirostris S66a]

‘Caprimulgus’ nigrescens JT12 [=Antrostomus nigrescens S66a, Stenopsis nigrescens S66a]

‘Caprimulgus’ parvulus Gould 1837 BKB15, S66a [=Antrostomus parvulus S66a; incl. C. mixtus S66a]

Eleothreptus anomalus (Gould 1837) JT12, S66a [=Amblypterus anomalus S66a, Heleothreptus anomalus S66a]

Eleothreptus candicans JT12 [=Caprimulgus candicans BKB15, Stenopsis candicans S66b; incl. C. leucurus S66b]

Hydropsalis (Hydropsalis) torquata BKB15, S66a [=Caprimulgus torquatus S66a; incl. H. azarae Wagl. 1883 S66a, Psalurus macropterus S66a, Caprimulgus psalurus S66a, Hydropsalis psalurus S66a]

Lurocalis semitorquatus BKB15 [=Caprimulgus semitorquatus S66a, Chordeiles semitorquatus S66a; incl. Podager gouldi S66a]

Macropsalis forcipata JT12 [=Caprimulgus forcipatus S66a, Hydropsalis (Macropsalis) forcipata S66a; incl. H. limbatus S66a, Caprimulgus megalurus Licht. in Sclater 1866 (n. n.) S66a]

Nyctidromus albicollis [=Caprimulgus albicollis; incl. N. affinis, N. americanus Cassin 1851, N. derbyanus, N. grallarius, Caprimulgus guianensis, N. guianensis] S66a

Stenopsis bifasciata S66b [=Caprimulgus bifasciatus S66a; incl. C. conterminus S66a, C. decussatus S66a]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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