Dipsacales

Laurestine Viburnum tinus, copyright Retama.

Belongs within: Campanulidae.
Contains: Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacaceae, Valerianaceae.

The Dipsacales are a clade of plants usually with opposite, gland-toothed leaves and flowers borne in cymose inflorescences. Members of the family Adoxaceae have fruit which are drupes, and include the elder Sambucus nigra whose fruit are used for flavouring drinks and other culinary purposes.

Characters (from mobot.org): Route I secoiridoids present; vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates; petiole bundles arcuate; colleters absent; buds perulate; leaves opposite, margins gland-toothed, bases more or less confluent; inflorescence with terminal flowers, branches cymose; pollen grains tricellular; gynoecium with three connate carpels, at least partly inferior; ovules apotropous; fruit indehiscent, wall with fibrous layers perpendicular to each other and thick walled sclereids, containing crystals, calyx persistent; testa vascularized, exotestal cells enlarged, cuboid/rectangular, variously thickened and lignified, seed coat 1-21 μm across; endosperm without haustoria, cells thin-walled, not differentiated.

Dipsacales
    |  i. s.: Morinaceae T00
    |           |--Acanthocalyx T00
    |           |--Cryptothladia T00
    |           `--Morina T00
    |                |--M. longifolia O88
    |                |--M. nepalensis O88
    |                `--M. polyphylla O88
    |--+--Caprifoliaceae K03
    |  `--+--+--Dipsacaceae K03
    |     |  `--Valerianaceae K03
    |     `--Linnaeaceae K03
    |          |--Linnaea borealis C55
    |          |    |--L. b. var. borealis H93
    |          |    `--L. b. var. longiflora H93
    |          `--Abelia K03
    |               |--A. grandiflora K03
    |               `--A. triflora K03
    `--Adoxaceae [Viburnaceae] K03
         |--Viburnum K03 [Opuloideae T00, Viburnoideae]
         |    |--V. acerifolium K03
         |    |--V. awabuki MH98
         |    |--V. ellipticum H93
         |    |--V. erubescens D07
         |    |--V. mullaha O88
         |    |    |--V. m. var. mullaha O88
         |    |    `--V. m. var. glabrescens O88
         |    |--V. opulus K03
         |    |--V. sargentii K03
         |    |--V. taitoense CP02
         |    `--V. tinus BR65
         `--Adoxoideae T00
              |--Adoxa moschatellina N77
              `--Sambucus T00
                   |--S. canadensis K03
                   |--S. cerulea B14
                   |--S. ebulus R-CT01
                   |--S. gaudichaudiana BR65
                   |--S. melanocarpa H93
                   |--S. mexicanus RJ11
                   |--S. nigra BR65
                   |--S. racemosa K03
                   |    |--S. r. var. racemosa H93
                   |    `--S. r. var. microbotrys H93
                   `--S. sieboldiana LO98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[N77] Niedbała, W. 1977. Badania biocenotyczne nad mechowcami (Acari, Oribatei) Masywu Ślęży. Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polską Zachodnią, Seria C—Zoologia 30: 47–73.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Last updated: 15 November 2018.

Valerianaceae

Common valerian Valeriana officinalis, photographed by Peter Wakeham.

Belongs within: Dipsacales.

The Valerianaceae, valerians, is a family of herbaceous plants found in most parts of the world. Significant members include garden valerian Valeriana officinalis and corn salad Valerianella locusta. Valerianella locusta is a small annual plant with dark green, spatulate leaves that are eaten as a salad green.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves. Flowers more or less irregular, bisexual or unisexual; calyx and corolla inserted at summit of receptacle; calyx inconspicuous in flower, becoming toothed or developing into plumose pappus; corolla funnel-shaped, five-lobed, sometimes spurred at base; one to three stamens, inserted in corolla-tube; ovary inferior, adnate to receptacle, with three cells of which only one contains a pendulous anatropous ovule; style filiform with one to three stigmas; fruit dry, indehiscent, seed-like, crowned by persistent calyx, with one fertile cella and one exalbuminous seed; embryo straight, with superior radicle.

<==Valerianaceae [Valerianeae]
    |--Triplostegia [Triplostegioideae] T00
    |--Stangea YY22
    |--Phuodendron YY22
    |--Belonanthus YY22
    |--Nardostachys grandiflora O88
    |--Fedia BR65
    |    |--F. cornucopiae BR65
    |    `--F. olitoria C55b
    |--Centranthus BR65
    |    |--C. calcitrapae PT98
    |    |--C. macrosiphon Y98
    |    `--C. ruber BR65
    |--Plectritis H93
    |    |--P. brachystemon (see below for synonymy) H93
    |    |--P. ciliosa H93
    |    |    |--P. c. ssp. ciliosa [=P. californica var. ciliosa; incl. P. macroptera] H93
    |    |    `--P. c. ssp. insignis (see below for synonymy) H93
    |    |--P. congesta H93
    |    `--P. macrocera (see below for synonymy) H93
    |--Valerianella GR98
    |    |--V. carinata C55b
    |    |--V. coronata PT98
    |    |--V. discoidea BR65
    |    |--V. eriocarpa BR65
    |    |--V. lasiocarpa GR98
    |    |--V. locusta [incl. V. olitoria] H93
    |    |--V. obtusiloba PT98
    |    |--V. truncata BR65
    |    `--V. vesicaria PT98
    `--Valeriana [Valerianoideae] B14
         |--V. barbulata O88
         |--V. californica [=V. capitata ssp. californica] H93
         |--V. carnosa D03
         |--V. fauriei K03
         |--V. foncki D03
         |--V. hardwickii O88
         |--V. lapathifolia D03
         |--V. occidentalis H93
         |--V. officinalis K03
         |--V. pubicarpa H93
         |--V. pyrenaica C55b
         |--V. saliunea C55a
         |--V. saxatilis PS98
         |--V. scandens J87
         |--V. sitchensis H93
         |    |--V. s. ssp. sitchensis H93
         |    `--V. s. ssp. scouleri H93
         |--V. tuberosa B14
         `--V. virescens D03

Plectritis brachystemon [incl. P. anomala, P. aphanoptera, P. anomala var. gibbosa, P. magna, P. congesta var. major, P. magna var. nitida] H93

Plectritis ciliosa ssp. insignis [incl. P. ciliosa var. davyana, P. macroptera var. patelliformis, P. californica var. rubens] H93

Plectritis macrocera [incl. P. macrocera var. collina, P. eichleriana, P. macrocera var. grayi, P. jepsonii, P. macrocera var. mamillata] H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PS98] Prosser, F., & S. Scortegagna. 1998. Primula recubariensis, a new species of Primula sect. Auricula Duby endemic to the SE Prealps, Italy. Willdenowia 28: 27–46.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 15 November 2018.