Impatiens

Busy Lizzie Impatiens walleriana, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Ericales.

Impatiens, busy Lizzies, is a genus of usually fleshy-stemmed plants found in Eurasia and North America that bear fleshy fruits that dehisce explosively when touched to scatter seeds.

Characters (from Flora of China): Annual or perennial herbs (rarely epiphytic or subshrubs). Stems usually succulent. Leaves simple. Flowers bisexual, protandrous, zygomorphic. Petals 5, free, lateral petals united in pairs. Stamens 5, alternating with petals, connate or nearly so into a ring surrounding ovary and stigma, falling off in one piece before stigma ripens; filaments short, flat with a scale-like appendage inside; anthers 2-celled, connivent, opening by a slit or pore. Gynoecium 4- or 5-carpellate, syncarpous; ovary superior, 4- or 5-loculed, each locule with 2 to many anatropous ovules; style 1, very short or more or less absent; stigmas 1–5. Fruit a 4- or 5-valved loculicidal fleshy capsule, usually dehiscing elastically. Seeds dispersed explosively from opening valves, without endosperm; testa smooth or tuberculate.

Impatiens [Balsaminaceae]
    |--I. balsamina C55a
    |--I. clavicornu VM03
    |--I. eubotrya H03
    |--I. fulva [incl. I. biflora] C55b
    |--I. griffithii P88
    |--I. modesta VM03
    |--I. noli-tangere C55a
    |--I. occultans O88
    |--I. oncidioides P88
    |--I. parviflora C55b
    |--I. platyphylla P88
    |--I. ridleyi P88
    |--I. sakeriana M04
    |--I. sarcantha P88
    |--I. steenisii H03
    |--I. sulcata O88
    |--I. tirunelvelica Viswanathan & Manikandan 2003 VM03
    |--I. walleriana PT01
    `--I. wallichii O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds. Science 304: 861–864.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[VM03] Viswanathan, M. B., & U. Manikandan. 2003. A new species of Balsaminaceae, Impatiens tirunelvelica, from peninsular India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 189–194.

Primula

Mountain cowslip Primula auricula, copyright Octopus.

Belongs within: Primulales.

Primula, the primroses, is a group of perennial herbs and subshrubs found primarily in northern temperate regions (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial, rhizomed, sometimes stoloned. Leaves basal or crowded on branches near ground, sessile. Inflorescence an umbel, one per scapose peduncle, terminal, subtended by bracts. Flower parts in fives; calyx tube angled; corolla funnel-shaped or salverform, lobes spreading or erect, entire or notched at tip; stamens included, filaments short, anthers oblong, obtuse; ovary superior. Fruit five-valved, elliptic to ovate. Seeds many, peltate, dotted.

<==Primula
    `--P. subg. Auriculastrum sect. Auricula PS98
         |  i. s.: P. × pubescens [P. auricula × P. hirsuta] PS98
         |         P. recubariensis Prosser & Scortegagna 1998 PS98
         |         P. × vallarsae Prosser & Scortegagna 1998 [P. auricula ssp. ciliata × P. recubariensis] PS98
         |--P. (subsect. Arthritica) spectabilis PS98
         |--P. subsect. Brevibracteatae PS98
         |    |--P. albenensis PS98
         |    |--P. carniolica PS98
         |    |--P. latifolia PS98
         |    `--P. marginata PS98
         |--P. subsect. Erythrodorsum PS98
         |    |--P. apennina PS98
         |    |--P. daonensis PS98
         |    |    |--P. d. var. daonensis PS98
         |    |    `--P. d. var. judicariae Widmer 1891 PS98
         |    |--P. hirsuta PS98
         |    |--P. pedemontana PS98
         |    `--P. villosa PS98
         |--P. (subsect. Euauricula) auricula PS98
         |    |--P. a. ssp. auricula PS98
         |    `--P. a. ssp. ciliata PS98
         `--P. (subsect. Rhopsidium) tyrolensis PS98

Primula incertae sedis:
  P. atrodentata O88
  P. aureata O88
    |--P. a. ssp. aureata O88
    `--P. a. ssp. fimbriata O88
  P. bellidifolia O88
  P. buryana O88
    |--P. b. var. buryana O88
    `--P. b. var. purpurea O88
  P. calderiana O88
    |--P. c. ssp. calderiana O88
    `--P. c. ssp. strumosa O88
  P. capitata O88
    |--P. c. ssp. capitata O88
    `--P. c. ssp. crispata O88
  P. caveana O88
  P. concinna O88
  P. cortusoides C55
  P. denticulata O88
  P. deuteronana O88
  P. dickieana O88
  P. didyma O88
  P. edgeworthii O88
  P. elatior D51
  P. farinosa T30 [incl. P. decipiens C55, P. scotica T30]
  P. floribunda D51
  P. gambeliana O88
  P. geraniifolia O88
  P. glabra O88
  P. glandulifera O88
  P. glomerata O88
  P. gracilipes O88
  P. hookeri O88
  P. involucrata O88
  P. japonica JK80
  P. juliae MH98
  P. kewensis D51
  P. macrophylla O88
    |--P. m. var. macrophylla O88
    `--P. m. var. moorcroftiana O88
  P. megalocarpa O88
  P. minutissima O88
  P. mistassinica A16
  P. muscoides O88
  P. obliqua O88
  P. poluninii O88
  P. primulina O88
  P. prolifera H03
  P. pulchra O88
  P. ramzanae O88
  P. reidii O88
    |--P. r. var. reidii O88
    `--P. r. var. williamsii O88
  P. reptans O88
  P. reticulata O88
  P. rotundifolia O88
  P. sapphirina O88
  P. sharmae O88
  P. sieboldii KIW98
  P. sikkimensis O88
  P. sinensis D37
  P. soldanelloides O88
  P. spathulifolia O88
  P. stirtoniana O88
  P. stricta T30
  P. stuartii O88
  P. suffrutescens H93
  P. tanneri O88
    |--P. t. ssp. tanneri O88
    `--P. t. ssp. nepalensis O88
  P. tenuiloba O88
  P. tibetica O88
  P. uniflora O88
  P. veitchiana NDA05
  P. veris PT01
  P. verticillata D51
  P. vulgaris D51
  P. walshii O88
  P. wigramiana O88
  P. wollastonii O88
  P. wulfeniana H09
    |--P. w. ssp. wulfeniana H09
    `--P. w. ssp. baumgarteniana H09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[KIW98] Kearns, C. A., D. W. Inouye & N. M. Waser. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 83–112.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[PS98] Prosser, F., & S. Scortegagna. 1998. Primula recubariensis, a new species of Primula sect. Auricula Duby endemic to the SE Prealps, Italy. Willdenowia 28: 27–46.

[T30] Taylor, G. 1930. Scottish plants growing in their native habitats. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 30–31.

Polemoniaceae

Spreading Jacob's ladder Polemonium reptans, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Ericales.
Contains: Phlox, Navarretia, Gilia, Linanthus, Eriastrum.

The Polemoniaceae are a group of mostly herbaceous, often strong-smelling plants native to Eurasia and the Americas. The Cobaeoideae of the tropical Americas are mostly mesic vines (more rarely small trees or herbs) bearing large flowers.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annuals, perennials, shrubs, or vines. Leaves simple or compound, cauline (or most in basal rosette), alternate or opposite; stipules absent. Inflorescences are cymes, heads, or flowers solitary. Flower with calyx generally five-ribbed, ribs often connected by translucent membranes that are generally torn by growing fruit; corolla generally five-lobed, radial or bilateral, salverform to bell-shaped, throat often well defined; stamens generally 5, epipetalous, attached at same or different levels, filaments of same or different lengths, pollen white, yellow, blue, or red; ovary superior, chambers generally 3, style 1, stigmas generally 3. Fruit a capsule. Seeds 1–many, gelatinous or not when wet.

<==Polemoniaceae
    |--Acanthogilia [Acanthogilioideae] T00
    |--Cobaeoideae T00
    |    |--Bonplandia T00
    |    |--Cantua T00
    |    `--Cobaea T00
    `--Polemonium D37 [Polemonioideae T00]
         |--P. acutiflorum CS77
         |--P. californicum H93
         |--P. carneum H93
         |--P. chartaceum H93
         |--P. elegans H93
         |--P. eximium H93
         |--P. micranthum H93
         |--P. occidentale [incl. P. caeruleum ssp. amygdalinum] H93
         |--P. pulcherrimum H93
         |    |--P. p. var. pulcherrimum H93
         |    `--P. p. var. pilosum H93
         `--P. reptans D37

Polemoniaceae incertae sedis:
  Phlox BR65
  Navarretia H93
  Gilia MD82
  Ipomopsis WMS97
    |--I. aggregata WMS97
    |    |--I. a. ssp. aggregata WMS97
    |    |--I. a. ssp. bridgesii H93
    |    `--I. a. ssp. formosissima WMS97
    |--I. arizonica [=I. aggregata ssp. arizonica] H93
    |--I. congesta H93
    |    |--I. c. ssp. congesta H93
    |    |--I. c. ssp. montana H93
    |    `--I. c. ssp. palmifrons H93
    |--I. depressa H93
    |--I. effusa H93
    |--I. macrosiphon WMS97
    |--I. polycladon H93
    |--I. tenuifolia [=Loeselia tenuifolia] H93
    `--I. tenuituba WMS97
         |--I. t. ssp. tenuituba WMS97
         `--I. t. ssp. latiloba WMS97
  Collomia C06
    |--C. coccinea C06
    |--C. diversifolia H93
    |--C. gracilis D03
    |--C. grandiflora C55b
    |--C. heterophylla H93
    |--C. larsenii [=C. debilis var. larsenii] H93
    |--C. linearis H93
    |--C. tinctoria H93
    `--C. tracyi H93
  Linanthus H93
  Allophyllum H93
    |--A. divaricatum H93
    |--A. gilioides H93
    |    |--A. g. ssp. gilioides H93
    |    `--A. g. ssp. violaceum H93
    |--A. glutinosum H93
    `--A. integrifolium H93
  Eriastrum H93
  Gymnosteris H93
    |--G. nudicaulis H93
    `--G. parvula H93
  Langloisia setosissima H93
    |--L. s. ssp. setosissima H93
    `--L. s. ssp. punctata H93
  Leptodactylon H93
    |--L. californicum (see below for synonymy) H93
    |--L. jaegeri H93
    `--L. pungens [incl. L. pungens ssp. hallii, L. pungens ssp. hookeri, L. pungens ssp. pulchriflorum] H93
  Loeseliastrum H93
    |--L. matthewsii [=Langloisia matthewsii] H93
    `--L. schottii [=Langloisia schottii] H93

Leptodactylon californicum [incl. L. californicum ssp. brevitrichomum, L. californicum ssp. glandulosum, L. californicum ssp. leptotrichomum, L. californicum ssp. tomentosum] H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[MD82] Mishler, B. D., & M. J. Donoghue. 1982. Species concepts: a case for pluralism. Systematic Zoology 31 (4): 491–503.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WMS97] Wolf, P. G., R. A. Murray & S. D. Sipes. 1997. Species-independent, geographical structuring of chloroplast DNA haplotypes in a montane herb Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae). Molecular Ecology 6: 283–291.

Last updated: 31 December 2021.

Myrsine

Cape myrtle Myrsine africana, copyright A. Barra.

Belongs within: Primulales.

Myrsine is a widespread genus of trees and shrubs with simple leathery leaves; flowers and fruits often do not develop until after leaves are shed and so appear naked on the branches (Allan 1961).

Characters (from Allan 1961). Flowers 4–5-merous, perfect to unisexual, usually in cymose fascicles, sometimes solitary. Sepals free or connate towards base; petals free or partly connate. Staminal filaments obsolete to evident, free or more or less adnate to petals; anthers dorsifixed. Style obsolete to evident; stigma capitate. Ovary superior; fruit a one-seeded globose drupe; fruits often not maturing until year after flowering. Calyx and style long-persistent.

<==Myrsine Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--*M. africana A61 [incl. M. retusa C55b]
    |--M. acrantha J87
    |--M. australis (Rich.) Allan 1947 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. chathamica Muell. 1864 [=Rapanea chathamica (Muell.) Oliver 1951, Suttonia chathamica (Muell.) Mez 1902] A61
    |--M. coriacea JS87
    |--M. coxii Cockayne 1902 [=Rapanea coxii (Cockayne) Oliver 1951, Suttonia coxii Cockayne 1903] A61
    |--M. dependens C55a
    |--M. divaricata Cunn. 1839 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. kermadecensis Cheesem. 1892 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. kimberleyensis LK14
    |--M. magnoliifolia J87
    |--M. montana Hooker 1864 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. nubicola J87
    |--M. nummularia Hooker 1864 [=Suttonia nummularia Hooker 1854, Rapanea nummularia (Hooker) Oliver 1951] A61
    |--M. oliveri Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. rapanea C55a
    |--M. salicina Heward ex Hooker 1864 [=Suttonia salicina Hooker 1844, Rapanea salicina (Hooker) Mez 1902] A61
    |--M. semiserrata D07
    `--M. variabilis H87

Myrsine australis (Rich.) Allan 1947 A61 [=Suttonia australis Rich. 1832 A61, Rapanea australis (Rich.) Oliver 1951 A61; incl. M. richardiana Endl. 1836 A61, M. urvillei DC. 1834 A61, Rapanea urvillei C06]

Myrsine divaricata Cunn. 1839 A61 [=Rapanea divaricata (Cunn.) Oliver 1951 A61, Suttonia divaricata (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1844 A61; incl. M. pendula Colenso 1889 C06]

Myrsine kermadecensis Cheesem. 1892 [=Rapanea kermadecensis (Cheesem.) Mez 1902, Suttonia kermadecensis Cheesem. 1925] A61

Myrsine montana Hooker 1864 [=Suttonia divaricata var. montana Hooker 1854, Rapanea montana (Hooker) Oliver 1951; incl. Myrsine neo-zealandensis Colenso 1890, Suttonia novo-zelandensis (Colenso) Mez 1902] A61

Myrsine oliveri Allan 1961 [=Suttonia dentata Oliver 1948 non M. dentata Spreng. 1828, Rapanea dentata Oliver 1951] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JS87] Judd, W. S., & J. D. Skean Jr. 1987. Three new angiosperms from Parc National Pic Macaya, Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 137–150.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

Richeeae

Neinei Dracophyllum recurvum, copyright Krzysztof Golik.

Belongs within: Styphelioideae.

The Richeeae are an Australasian group of shrubs and small trees characterised by parallel-veined leaves which leave an annular scar on the stem when shed (Kron et al. 2002).

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Small trees with unbranched stems or much-branched shrubs. Leaves alternate, glabrous, with a few blunt teeth; leaf base sheathing the stem and falling with the leaf to leave annular scars; the veins parallel, having both adaxial and abaxial fiber caps that extend as a flange to contact each epidermis or the lignified hypodermis; nodes multilacunar. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes or panicles; bracts persistent or deciduous; bracteoles 2, deciduous. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx lobes ciliate, persistent; corolla sympetalous, cylindrical, the lobes either fused to form a calyptra that splits transversely and falls at anthesis to leave a persistent basal ring, or lobes free and the corolla tube sometimes constricted at the throat. Stamens 5, free, or epipetalous, if free the filaments short, straight; anthers monothecal, lacking appendages. Pollen in tetrads. Ovary 5-locular, with axile placentation, several ovules in each cell; stigma small, capitate; style impressed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.

<==Richeeae KJ02
    |--Richea [Richeoideae] SN08
    |    |--R. dracophylla KJ02
    |    |--R. pandanifolia SN08
    |    `--R. scoparia SN08
    |--Sphenotoma KJ02
    |    |--*S. squarrosum C06 [=Dracophyllum squarrosum Br. 1810 C06, A61]
    |    |--S. capitatum GK00
    |    |--S. dracophylloides KJ02
    |    `--S. gracile GK00
    `--Dracophyllum KJ02
         |  i. s.: D. milliganii KJ02
         |         D. sayeri C16
         |         D. secundum M87
         |--D. subg. Dracophyllum A61
         |    |--D. fiordense Oliver 1929 A61
         |    |--D. latifolium Cunn. 1839 [incl. D. recurvatum Colenso 1889] A61
         |    |--D. matthewsii Carse 1926 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--D. menziesii Hooker 1854 A61
         |    |--D. pyramidale Oliver 1952 [incl. D. recurvatum Oliver 1929 non Colenso 1889] A61
         |    |--D. strictum Hooker 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--D. townsonii Cheesem. 1906 A61
         |    `--D. traversii Hooker 1867 A61
         |--D. (subg. Cordophyllum) involucratum H03
         `--D. subg. Oreothamnus A61
              |--D. acerosum Bergg. 1877 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |--D. adamsii Petrie 1924 A61
              |--D. arboreum Cockayne 1902 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |--D. × arcuatum Oliver 1929 [D. filifolium × D. recurvum] A61
              |--D. × densiflorum Oliver 1929 [D. lessonianum × D. sinclairii] A61
              |--D. densum Oliver 1952 A61
              |--D. × erectum Oliver 1929 [D. prostratum ×D. uniflorum] A61
              |--D. filifolium Hooker 1854 A61 (see below for synonymy)
              |--D. × insulare Oliver 1929 [D. longifolium × D. scoparium] A61
              |--D. kirkii Bergg. 1880 [incl. D. uniflorum Bergg. 1877 non Hooker 1864] A61
              |--D. lessonianum Rich. 1832 A61 [=D. urvilleanum var. lessonianum C06; incl. D. robustum Hooker 1844 A61]
              |--D. longifolium (Forster & Forster) Br. 1810 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |    |--D. l. var. longifolium A61
              |    `--D. l. var. cockayneanum (Du Rietz) Oliver 1952 [=D. cockayneanum Du Rietz 1930] A61
              |--D. × marginatum Oliver 1929 [D. lessonianum × D. subulatum] A61
              |--D. minimum H03
              |--D. muscoides Hooker 1864 A61
              |--D. oliveri Du Rietz 1930 A61
              |--D. paludosum Cockayne 1902 (see bleow for synonymy) A61
              |--D. palustre Cockayne ex Oliver 1929 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |--D. patens Oliver 1929 A61
              |--D. pearsonii Kirk 1885 A61
              |--D. politum (Cheeseman) Cockayne 1909 [=D. rosmarinifolium var. politum Cheeseman 1906] A61
              |--D. pronum Oliver 1929 A61
              |--D. prostratum Kirk 1881 A61
              |--D. pubescens Cheeseman 1906 A61
              |--D. recurvum Hooker 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |--D. rosmarinifolium (Forster) Br. 1810 [=Epacris rosmarinifolia Forster 1786] A61
              |--D. × saxicolum Oliver 1929 [D. kirkii × D. pronum] A61
              |--D. scoparium Hooker 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |--D. sinclairii Cheesem. 1906 [incl. D. squarrosum Hooker 1844 non Br. 1810] A61
              |--D. subulatum Hooker 1844 [incl. D. angustifolium Colenso 1896] A61
              |--D. trimorphum Oliver 1952 A61
              |--D. uniflorum Hooker 1864 A61
              |    |--D. u. var. uniflorum A61
              |    `--D. u. var. frondosum Simpson 1952 A61
              |--D. urvilleanum Rich. 1832 A61
              |--D. × varium Oliver 1929 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |--D. viride Oliver 1929 A61
              `--D. × vulcanicum Oliver 1929 [D. filifolium × D. subulatum] A61

Dracophyllum acerosum Bergg. 1877 [incl. D. uniflorum var. acicularifolium Cheesem. 1906, D. acicularifolium Cockayne 1915, D. peninsulare Oliver 1929] A61

Dracophyllum arboreum Cockayne 1902 [incl. D. latifolium var. ciliolatum Hooker 1867, D. scoparium var. major Cheeseman 1906, D. scoparium Muell. 1864 non Hooker 1844] A61

Dracophyllum filifolium Hooker 1854 A61 [=D. urvilleanum var. filifolium C06; incl. D. filifolium var. centrale Oliver 1952 A61, D. collinum Oliver 1929 A61, D. filifolium var. collinum (Oliver) Oliver 1952 A61, D. heterophyllum Colenso 1896 A61, D. pungens Colenso 1896 A61, D. setifolium Stchegl. 1859 A61, D. virgatum Colenso 1896 A61]

Dracophyllum longifolium (Forster & Forster) Br. 1810 [=Epacris longifolia Forster & Forster 1776; incl. E. frondosa Gaertn. 1788, Dracophyllum lyallii Hooker 1854, D. longifolium var. pluviale Oliver 1952, D. longifolium var. retortum Homb. & Jacq. 1853, D. longifolium var. septentrionale Oliver 1952] A61

Dracophyllum matthewsii Carse 1926 [=D. latifolium var. matthewsii Carse 1916; incl. D. latifolium Cheesem. 1914 non Cunn. 1839] A61

Dracophyllum paludosum Cockayne 1902 [=D. scoparium var. paludosum Cockayne 1925; incl. D. rosmarinifolium Buchan. 1875 non Epacris rosmarinifolia Forster 1786] A61

Dracophyllum palustre Cockayne ex Oliver 1929 [incl. D. uniflorum var. virgatum Cheeseman 1906, D. virgatum (Cheeseman) Cockayne 1912 non Colenso 1896] A61

Dracophyllum recurvum Hooker 1844 [incl. D. brachycladum Colenso 1899, D. brachyphyllum Colenso 1896, D. rubrum Colenso 1888, D. tenuicaulis Colenso 1890] A61

Dracophyllum scoparium Hooker 1844 [=D. urvilleanum var. scoparium Hooker 1867; incl. D. subantarcticum Cockayne 1921 (n. n.)] A61

Dracophyllum strictum Hooker 1844 [incl. D. affine Hooker 1844, D. featonianum Colenso 1890, D. imbricatum Colenso 1893] A61

Dracophyllum × varium Oliver 1929 [D. longifolium × D. recurvum; incl. D. urvilleanum var. montanum Cheeseman 1906] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[SN08] Schmidt, E. R., & T. R. New. 2008. The Psocoptera (Insecta) of Tasmania, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 65: 71–152.

Rhodoreae

Alpenrose Rhododendron ferrugineum, copyright Ghislain118.

Belongs within: Ericaceae.

The Rhodoreae are a group of shrubs and small trees bearing more or less zygomorphic flowers, often with spots or blotches on the petals (Kron et al. 2002).

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Shrubs or small trees. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, alternate, non-ericoid, entire to serrulate-ciliate, convolute or revolute in bud. Leaf epidermal cells not lignified. Indumentum very variable, sometimes glandular, peltate, or highly branched. Inflorescence terminal or rarely axillary, usually corymbose or umbellate; bracts present, usually as perulae (except Therorhodion where bracts are green), bracteoles paired, usually more or less basal; calyx articulated with pedicel or not. Flowers usually 4- or 5-merous, slightly zygomorphic, but occasionally secondarily actinomorphic. Calyx lobes variably developed, persistent or deciduous; corolla usually sympetalous, variously shaped, often with spots or blotches, the lobes usually moderate to large; stamens 5–15, included or exserted, the filaments straight to curved, unicellular-pubescent or smooth; anthers smooth, lacking spurs, dehiscing by terminal pores to elongate slits. Pollen with viscin threads. Ovary 3–14-locular, with axile placentation, superior; style impressed or not; stigma truncate or expanded. Fruit an ovoid to cylindric septicidal capsule; seeds with testa cells usually elongated; embryo with 2 cotyledons.

<==Rhodoreae
    |--Therorhodion camtschaticum KJ02
    `--+--Diplarche multiflora KJ02
       |--Tsusiophyllum KJ02
       |--Menziesia KJ02
       |    |--M. ciliicalyx KJ02
       |    |--M. ferruginea H93
       |    |--M. lasiophylla KJ02
       |    `--M. pilosa KJ02
       `--Rhododendron [incl. Rhodora] KJ02
            |--R. acuminatum P88
            |--R. afghanicum H03
            |--R. albiflorum KJ02
            |--R. alborugosum H03
            |--R. anagalliflorum H03
            |--R. anthopogon SN88
            |    |--R. a. var. anthopogon O88
            |    `--R. a. var. hypenanthum O88
            |--R. arboreum P05
            |    |--R. a. ssp. arboreum RR02
            |    |--R. a. ssp. cinnamomeum SN88
            |    `--R. a. ssp. nilagirieum RR02
            |--R. arfakianum H03
            |--R. atropurpureum H03
            |--R. baconii H03
            |--R. barbatum SN88
            |--R. borneensis H03
            |--R. brassii H03
            |--R. brookeanum H03
            |    |--R. b. var. brookeanum H03
            |    |--R. b. var. cockburnii H03
            |    |--R. b. var. gracile H03
            |    |--R. b. var. kinabaluense H03
            |    `--R. b. var. moultonii H03
            |--R. burttii H03
            |--R. buxifolium H03
            |--R. caespitosum H03
            |--R. caliginis H03
            |--R. calostrotum H03
            |--R. campanulatum SN88
            |    |--R. c. var. campanulatum SN88
            |    `--R. c. var. wallichii SN88
            |--R. canadense H03
            |--R. canescens KJ02
            |--R. capellae H03
            |--R. catawbiense D59
            |--R. christianae H03
            |--R. culminicolum H03
            |    |--R. c. var. culminicolum H03
            |    `--R. c. var. angiense H03
            |--R. cuneifolium H03
            |--R. cuspidellum H03
            |--R. dalhousiae SN88
            |--R. degronianum [incl. R. metternichii] LO98
            |--R. edgeworthii KJ02
            |--R. ericoides H03
            |--R. falconeri KJ02
            |--R. farrerae KJ02
            |--R. ferrugineum H03
            |--R. flavum G98
            |--R. floccigerum H03
            |--R. forrestii H03
            |--R. fulgens O88
            |--R. gracilentum KJ02
            |--R. grande KJ02
            |--R. groenlandicum KJ02
            |--R. heptaster H03
            |--R. herzogii H03
            |--R. hippophaeoides KJ02
            |--R. hirsutum H03
            |--R. hodgesonii SN88
            |--R. hongkongense KJ02
            |--R. hooglandii H03
            |--R. hypoleucum KJ02
            |--R. incommodum H03
            |--R. inconspicuum H03
            |--R. jasminiflorum H03
            |--R. javanicum H03
            |--R. kaempferi KJ02 [=R. obtusum var. kaempferi LO98]
            |--R. keiskei A80
            |--R. kiusianum KJ02
            |--R. lamrialianum H03
            |--R. lapponicum RJ11
            |--R. lateritium BBO02
            |--R. lepidotum SN88
            |    |--R. l. var. lepidotum O88
            |    |--R. l. var. elaeagnoides O88
            |    `--R. l. var. obovatum O88
            |--R. leucogigas H03
            |--R. lochiae H03
            |--R. longiflorum H03
            |--R. loranthiflorum H03
            |    |--R. l. var. loranthiflorum H03
            |    `--R. l. var. lakekamuensis H03
            |--R. lowndesii O88
            |--R. macgregoriae H03
            |--R. macrophyllum H93
            |--R. madulidii H03
            |--R. malayanum P88
            |--R. maximum KJ02
            |--R. meijeri H03
            |--R. minus KJ02
            |--R. molle KJ02
            |--R. moulmainense P88
            |--R. mucronatum MH98
            |--R. myrtifolium H09
            |--R. nieuwenhuisii H03
            |--R. nivale O88
            |--R. obtusum MH98
            |--R. occidentale H93
            |--R. oomurasaki MH98
            |--R. ovatum KJ02
            |--R. pendulum KJ02
            |--R. pentaphyllum LO98
            |    |--R. p. var. pentaphyllum LO98
            |    `--R. p. var. nikoense LO98
            |--R. periclymenoides KJ02
            |--R. ponticum G98
            |--R. primuliflorum H03
            |--R. prinophyllum G96
            |--R. pumilum O88
            |--R. quadrasiamum H03
            |--R. reticulatum BBO02
            |--R. retusum H03
            |--R. rex H03
            |--R. roseiflorum H03
            |--R. rousei H03
            |--R. rubineiflorum H03
            |--R. sanguineum H03
            |--R. sarcodes H03
            |--R. saxifragoides H03
            |--R. schlechteri H03
            |--R. semibarbatum KJ02
            |--R. setosum SN88
            |--R. simsii H03
            |--R. sleumeri H03
            |--R. stamineum KJ02
            |--R. stapfianum H03
            |--R. stenophyllum H03
            |--R. taxoides H03
            |--R. tomentosum KJ02
            |--R. triflorum SN88
            |--R. truncicolum H03
            |--R. tsusiophyllum KJ02
            |--R. tuhanensis H03
            |--R. vaccinioides P05
            |--R. vanvuurenii H03
            |--R. variolosum H03
            |--R. venator H03
            |--R. virgatum KJ02
            |--R. vitis-idaea H03
            |--R. wightii O88
            |--R. womersleyi H03
            |--R. yongii H03
            `--R. zoelleri H03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A80] Aoki, J. 1980. A revision of the oribatid mites of Japan. I. The families Phthiracaridae and Oribotritiidae. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University 6 (2): 1–89.

[BBO02] Begerow, D., R. Bauer & F. Oberwinkler. 2002. The Exobasidiales: an evolutionary hypothesis. Mycological Progress 1 (2): 187–199.

[D59] Darwin, C. 1859. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life 1^st ed. John Murray: London.

[G96] Gagné, R. J. 1996. A new species of Dasineura (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) infesting pinxterbloom azalea flowers in Maryland and Washington, D.C. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 228–232.

[G98] Gruber, J. 1998. Beiträge zur Systematik der Gattung Dicranolasma (Arachnida: Opiliones, Dicranolasmatidae). I. Dicranolasma thracium Staręga und verwandte Formen aus Südosteuropa und Südwestasien. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien. Serie B. Botanik und Zoologie 100: 489–537.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P05] Panda, S. 2005. Gaultheria brevistipes (C.Y. Wu & T.Z. Hsu) R.C. Fang (Ericaceae)—a new record for India from Talle Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 177–182.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RR02] Ramachandran, V. S., & S. P. Raj. 2002. A note on the additional host range for the genus Korthasella van Tiegh. family Loranthaceae, from Nilgiris, southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 560.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SN88] Suzuki, M., & S. Noshiro. 1988. Wood structure of Himalayan plants. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 341–379.

Ericeae

Winter heath Erica carnea, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Ericaceae.

The Ericeae are a group of trees and shrubs with ericoid leaves and flowers with gradually tapered styles and often a persistent corolla (Kron et al. 2002).

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Shrubs to trees. Leaves evergreen, 3- or 4(6)-whorled, rarely decussate or alternate, ericoid, revolute in bud. Leaf epidermal cells not lignified. Indumentum of unbranched or branched, glandular to non-glandular hairs. Inflorescence racemose to umbellate, at end of branch; bract always present, on the main axis or partially recaulescent to fully recaulescent forming the abaxial lobe of calyx; bracteoles lacking, solitary, or paired, usually fully recaulescent as the lateral lobes of calyx, rarely more than 2. Flowers usually 4-merous, actinomorphic. Calyx lobes 1–4(–5), or lacking, variable in size, persistent; corolla sympetalous, urceolate, cylindric, or campanulate, the lobes more or less small, usually persistent. Stamens (3–)8(–10), sometimes exserted, the filaments straight to S-shaped, distinct or connate, unicellular-pubescent or smooth; anthers variably roughened, with or without a pair of dorsal appendages, dehiscing by terminal pores. Pollen without viscin threads. Ovary (1–)4(–8)-locular, with axile placentation, superior; style gradually tapered or impressed; stigma truncate, capitate, peltate, cup-shaped, funnel-shaped, or strongly 4-lobed, considerably enlarged in wind pollinated species. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, indehiscent pod, or drupe; seeds with variable testa cells; embryo with 2 cotyledons.

<==Ericeae (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: Eleutherostemon S56
    |--Daboecia KJ02
    |    |--D. cantabrica KJ02
    |    `--D. polifolia [incl. Erica daboecia] C55a
    `--+--Calluna vulgaris KJ02
       `--Erica KJ02 [incl. Syndesmanthus H03, Thoracosperma H03]
            |--‘Philippia’ abyssinica H03
            |--E. arborea H03
            |--E. australis KJ02
            |--E. calcareophila H03
            |--E. carnea Linnaeus 1753 CD07
            |--E. cerinthoides H03
            |--E. cinerea R-RR-GM-S98
            |--E. coccinea H03
            |--E. lusitanica BS01
            |--E. manipuliflora Salisbury 1802 PL04
            |--E. mariae H03
            |--E. multiflora H03
            |--E. oblongiflora H03
            |--E. occulta H03
            |--E. petrophila H03
            |--E. ribisaria H03
            |--E. scoparia C55b
            |--E. sicula KJ02
            |--E. spiculifolia KJ02
            |--E. subdivaricata H03
            |--E. tetralix KJ02
            |--E. trichostigma H03
            |--E. urna-viridis H03
            `--E. viridiflora KJ02

Ericeae [Calluneae, Daboecieae, Eleutherostemoneae, Eleutherostemones, Eleutherostemoninae, Ericinae, Salaxideae, Salaxidinae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS01] Bannister, P., & G. L. Strong. 2001. The distribution and population structure of the temperate mistletoe Ileostylus micranthus in the Northern Cemetery, Dunedin, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 225–233.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: Molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335–351.

[S56] Smith, A. C. 1956. Studies of South American plants, XVI. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (4): 113–115.

Lecythidaceae

Fish poison tree Barringtonia asiatica, copyright Joel Abroad.

Belongs within: Ericales.

The Lecythidaceae are a pantropical group of flowering trees and shrubs with showy flowers. Members include the Old World tropical genus Barringtonia, of which the fish poison tree B. asiatica is grown as an ornamental shade tree while its seeds are used to prepare fish poison.

Characters (from Flora of China): Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Leaves alternate, usually crowded toward apices of branchlets, shortly petiolate; stipules usually absent; leaf blade simple. Flowers showy, borne in short, bracteate racemes or spikes, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, bisexual. Calyx with a campanulate tube adnate to ovary; lobes 4-6, thick. Petals 4-6, free, rarely absent. Stamens many, united at base into several whorls, often several sterile, either monadelphous and equally arranged around disk, or diadelphous in 2 unequal bundles, outermost staminodial; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Disk sometimes lobed. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, 2-6-loculed; ovules 1 to many per locule; placentation axile; style terminal, simple; stigma capitate. Fruit an indehiscent berry or operculate capsule, often crowned by persistent calyx lobes. Seed(s) 1 to many; endosperm absent.

<==Lecythidaceae [Lecythidineae]
    |--Foetidia [Foetidioideae] T00
    |--Asteranthos [Asteranthoideae, Scytopetaloideae] T00
    |--Lecythis DL99 [Lecythidoideae T00]
    |    `--L. ampla DL99
    |--Napoleonoideae T00
    |    |--Crateranthus T00
    |    `--Napoleonaea K01
    `--Barringtonioideae [Planchonioideae] T00
         |--Planchonia LK14
         |    |--P. careya LK14
         |    |--P. papuana C78
         |    `--P. rupestris LK14
         `--Barringtonia CW92
              |--B. acutangula LK14
              |--B. asiatica P88
              |--B. calyptrata CW92
              |--B. conoidea P88
              |--B. luzoniensis BMM99
              |--B. racemosa SB12
              |--B. speciosa YZ02
              `--B. yunnanensis BMM99

Lecythidaceae incertae sedis:
  Careya S02
    |--C. arborea S02
    `--C. australis B88
  Gustavia superba MM96
  Eschweilera Martius ex DC. 1828 S62
    `--E. odorata F11
  Couratari scottmorii C09
  Couroupita guianensis W09
  Barringtonioxylon deccanense Shallom 1960 CBH93
  Lecythidospermum CBH93
  Marginipollis concinnus CBH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[BMM99] Braun, U., J. Mouchacca & E. H. C. McKenzie. 1999. Cercosporoid hyphomycetes from New Caledonia and some other South Pacific islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 297–327.

[CW92] Cassis, G., & T. A. Weir. 1992. Rutelinae. In: Houston, W. W. K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 9. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea pp. 359–382. AGPS Press: Canberra.

[C09] Chaverri, L. G. 2009. Culicidae (mosquitos, zancudos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 369–388. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[C78] Clunie, N. M. U. 1978. The vegetation. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 1–11. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[DL99] Dyer, L. A., & D. K. Letourneau. 1999. Relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces in a tropical forest community. Oecologia 119: 265–274.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[K01] Kårehed, J. 2001. Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (12): 2259–2274.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[S02] Santharam, V. 2002. Fruit and nectar resources in a moist deciduous forest and their use by birds—a preliminary report. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 537–543.

[SB12] Smith, M. J., C. R. J. Boland, D. Maple & B. Tiernan. 2012. The Christmas Island blue-tailed skink (Cryptoblepharus egeriae): a survey protocol and an assessment of factors that relate to occupancy and detection. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 40–44.

[S62] Stone, B. C. 1962. Boerlagiodendron (Araliaceae) in eastern Melanesia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 25-32.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[W09] Woodley, N. E. 2009. Stratiomyidae (soldier flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 521–549. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[YZ02] Yahya, H. S. A., & A. A. Zarri. 2002. Status, ecology and behaviour of Narcondam hornbill (Aceros narcondami) in Narcondam Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 434–445.

Last updated: 6 May 2021.

Styphelieae

Coast beard-heath Cyathodes parviflora, copyright Stephen Bain.

Belongs within: Styphelioideae.

The Styphelieae are a group of ericaceous shrubs with fleshy fruits. In the Australasian genus Pentachondra, the fruits are divided into usually five separate pyrenes whereas fruits of most other genera are five-loculed with a bony endocarp. Cyathodes have flower pedicels bearing many, more or less persistent bracts and a corolla that is more or less glabrous on the upper surface whereas Leucopogon flowers have fewer, caducous bracts on the pedicel and a bearded upper surface on the corolla (Allan 1961). Styphelia bears flowers with anthers on long filaments that are well exserted from the corollar tube.

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, with leaf base narrow and one to several longitudinal veins having abaxial fiber cap that contacts abaxial epidermis. Flowers in terminal or reduced axillary racemes; bracts several grading upward in size, or one, mostly small and persistent, sometimes leaflike and caducous; bracteoles 2. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx lobes ciliate, persistent; corolla sympetalous, cylindrical, the lobes straight, spreading or recurved, mostly valvate in bud, occasionally imbricate. Stamens 5, epipetalous; anthers monothecal, with or without appendages. Pollen in monads, sometimes in tetrads or shed as reduced tetrads with one or more cells aborting. Ovary 2–11-locular, each with single ovule, placentation apical, style not impressed. Fruit drupaceous and brightly coloured, sometimes splitting to release endocarp, with sometimes splits into separate pyrenes.

<==Styphelieae [Stenanthereae, Stypheliinae]
    |--Brachyloma daphnoides KJ02
    |--Coleanthera myrtoides KJ02, G04
    |--Conostephium pendulum KJ02, RL05
    |--Croninia KJ02
    |--Cyathopsis KJ02
    |--Decatoca KJ02
    |--Leptecophylla KJ02
    |--Lissanthe strigosa KJ02
    |--Planocarpa KJ02
    |--Trochocarpa thymifolia KJ02
    |--Pentachondra Br. 1810 KJ02, A61
    |    `--P. pumila (Forster & Forster) Br. 1810 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--Melichrus KJ02
    |    |--M. rotatus C08
    |    `--M. urceolatus [incl. M. erubescens, M. medius] B96
    |--Acrotriche KJ02
    |    |--A. aggregata KJ02
    |    |--A. hamptonii GMD11
    |    `--A. patula G04
    |--Monotoca KJ02
    |    |--M. elliptica MM09
    |    |--M. glauca KJ02
    |    |--M. leucantha G04
    |    |--M. oreophila B00
    |    `--M. scoparia KJ02
    |--Astroloma KJ02
    |    |--A. baxteri GK00
    |    |--A. cataphractum OS04
    |    |--A. ciliatum RL05
    |    |--A. humifusum B96
    |    |--A. microcalyx GK00
    |    |--A. pallidum GK00
    |    |--A. prostratum GK00
    |    |--A. serratifolium OS04
    |    |--A. styphelioides MM09
    |    `--A. xerophyllum H18
    |--Styphelia MK08
    |    |--S. abnormis H03
    |    |--S. esquamata M87
    |    |--S. laeta C08
    |    |    |--S. l. var. laeta B96
    |    |    |--S. l. var. angustifolia B96
    |    |    `--S. l. var. glabra Baker 1896 B96
    |    |--S. longiflora H87a
    |    |--S. nesophila H03
    |    |--S. pulchella G04
    |    |--S. suaveolens P88
    |    |--S. tameiameiae MK08
    |    |--S. tenuiflora GK00
    |    |--S. tubiflora KJ02
    |    `--S. viridis C08
    |--Cyathodes Labill. 1804 KJ02, A61
    |    |--C. colensoi Hooker 1864 [=Leucopogon colensoi Hooker 1854] A61
    |    |--C. dealbata W91
    |    |--C. empetrifolia Hooker 1854 [=Androstoma empetrifolia Hooker 1844] A61
    |    |--C. fasciculata (Forster) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--C. juniperina (Forster & Forster) Druce 1917 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. j. var. juniperina A61
    |    |    `--C. j. var. oxycedrus (Labill.) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--C. parviflora (Andr.) Allan 1961 [=Styphelia parviflora Andr. 1803, Leucopogon parviflorus Lindl. 1833] A61
    |    |--C. pumila Hooker 1867 A61
    |    `--C. robusta Hooker 1864 [incl. C. acerosa var. latifolia Hooker 1854] A61
    `--Leucopogon KJ02
         |--L. amplexicaulis H87b
         |--L. attenuatus NC91
         |--L. australis GK00
         |--L. biflorus H87b
         |--L. capitellatus RL05
         |--L. cinereus LK00
         |--L. collinus C08
         |--L. conostephioides RL05
         |--L. cuneifolius G04
         |--L. cymbiformis OS04
         |--L. dielsianus OS04
         |--L. elatior GK00
         |--L. ericoides H87a
         |--L. esquamatus H87b
         |--L. fimbriatus OS04
         |--L. florulentus OS04
         |--L. fraseri Cunn. 1839 KJ02, A61 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--L. f. var. fraseri A61
         |    `--L. f. var. muscosus Simpson 1945 [=Cyathodes fraseri var. muscosa (Simpson) Allan 1961] A61
         |--L. gibbosus GK00
         |--L. glabellus GK00
         |--L. gracillimus LK00
         |--L. hamulosus S95
         |--L. juniperinus WO88
         |--L. lanceolatus C08
         |--L. lasiophyllus GK00
         |--L. margarodes M65
         |--L. marginatus G04
         |--L. melaleucoides C08
         |--L. microphyllus C08
         |    |--L. m. var. microphyllus C08
         |    `--L. m. var. pilibundus C08
         |--L. muticus KJ02
         |--L. neo-anglicus C08
         |--L. oxycedrus GK00
         |--L. pendulus GK00
         |--L. pogonocalyx OS04
         |--L. polymorphus GK00
         |--L. propinquus GK00
         |--L. pulchellus RL05
         |--L. richei Br. 1810 ME70, A61 [=Styphelia richei Labill. 1804 A61]
         |--L. sprengelioides GK00
         |--L. sulcatus G04
         |--L. tamariscinus GK00
         |--L. unilateralis GK00
         |--L. verticillatus RL05
         `--L. virgatus N91

Cyathodes fasciculata (Forster) Allan 1961 [=Epacris fasciculata Forster 1786, Leucopogon fasciculatus Rich. 1832; incl. L. brevibarbis Stchegl. 1859, L. heterophyllus Colenso 1898] A61

Cyathodes juniperina (Forster & Forster) Druce 1917 [=Epacris juniperina Forster & Forster 1776; incl. Ardisia acerosa Gaertn. 1791, Cyathodes acerosa (Gaertn.) Br. 1810, C. articulata Col. 1896, Leucopogon forsteri Rich. 1832] A61

Cyathodes juniperina var. oxycedrus (Labill.) Allan 1961 [=Styphelia oxycedrus Labill. 1804, C. acerosa var. oxycedrus (Labill.) Cheesem. 1906, C. oxycedrus Br. 1810] A61

Leucopogon fraseri Cunn. 1839 KJ02, A61 [=Cyathodes fraseri (Cunn.) Allan 1961 A61, Styphelia fraseri Muell. 1867 A61; incl. Leucopogon bellignianus Raoul 1844 A61, Pentachondra mucronata Hook.f. 1849 C06, L. nesophilus DC. 1839 A61]

Pentachondra pumila (Forster & Forster) Br. 1810 [=Epacris pumila Forster & Forster 1776; incl. Trochocarpa novae-zelandiae Col. 1896, Pernettya polyphylla Col. 1899, Pentachondra rubra Col. 1896] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B96] Baker, R. T. 1896. On the botany of Rylstone and the Goulburn River districts. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (3): 427–466.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[GMD11] George, A. S., N. L. McKenzie & P. Doughty. 2011. A Biodiversity Survey of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia 2002–2007. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1).

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87a] Haviland, E. 1887a. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H87b] Haviland, E. 1887b. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[LK00] Lowrie, A., & K. F. Kenneally. 2000. Three new species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 293–302.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[MK08] Mockford, E. L., & P. D. Krushelnycky. 2008. New species and records of Liposcelis Motschulsky (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) from Hawaii with first description of the male of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel. Zootaxa 1766: 53–68.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species. Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[N91] Norris, K. R. 1991. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 68–108. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

[WO88] Wakabayashi, M., & H. Ohba. 1988. Cytotaxonomic study of the Himalayan Saxifraga. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 71–90.

[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317–330.

Last updated: 5 June 2022.