Mimidae

Brown-backed mockingbirds Mimus dorsalis, copyright Ron Knight.

Belongs within: Muscicapoidea.

The Mimidae, mockingbirds and thrashers, are medium-sized thrush-like birds found in the New World. They have short wings, a long tail and long legs, and are usually dull in coloration (Internet Bird Collection).

<==Mimidae
    |--+--Melanotis JF06
    |  |    |--M. caerulescens JF06
    |  |    |--M. hypoleucus BKB15
    |  |    `--M. longicaudatus JT12
    |  `--+--Melanoptila glabirostris BKB15
    |     `--+--Dumetella carolinensis BKB15
    |        `--+--Ramphocinclus brachyurus JT12
    |           |    |--R. b. brachyurus FP64
    |           |    `--R. b. sanctaeluciae FP64
    |           `--+--Allenia fusca BKB15 [=Margarops fuscus JT12]
    |              |    |--A. f. fusca L03
    |              |    `--‘Margarops fuscus’ atlanticus Buden 1993 L03
    |              `--+--Margarops fuscatus JT12
    |                 `--Cinclocerthia Gray 1840 JT12, OF05 [incl. Orphanopsar Hachikusa 1953 OF05]
    |                      |--C. gutturalis (Lafresnaye 1843) OF05 (see below for synonymy)
    |                      |--C. macrorhyncha Sclater 1866 OF05
    |                      |--C. ruficauda Gould 1836 OF05
    |                      |    |--C. r. ruficauda OF05
    |                      |    `--C. r. tenebrosa Ridgway 1904 OF05 [incl. C. walteri Thayer 1925 L03]
    |                      `--C. tremula (Lafresnaye 1843) OF05 [=C. ruficauda tremula MS55]
    |                           |--C. t. tremula OF05
    |                           `--C. t. pavida Ridgway 1904 OF05
    `--+--Toxostoma Wagler 1831 JF06, B94 [Toxostomidae]
       |    |  i. s.: T. dorsale FP64
       |    |--+--+--T. bendirei JT12
       |    |  |  `--T. cinereum JT12
       |    |  `--+--T. redivivum JT12
       |    |     `--+--T. crissale JT12
       |    |        `--T. lecontei Lawrence 1851 JT12, L03
       |    `--+--T. ocellatum JT12
       |       `--+--T. curvirostre JT12
       |          |    |--T. c. curvirostre L03
       |          |    `--T. c. palmeri (Ridgway ex Coues 1872) [=Harporhynchus curvirostris var. palmeri] L03
       |          `--+--T. guttatum BKB15
       |             `--+--T. longirostre BKB15
       |                `--T. rufum BKB15
       `--+--Oreoscoptes montanus JF06
          `--Mimus Boie 1826 JF06, B94
               |  i. s.: M. leucospilos S66
               |--M. gundlachii BKB15
               `--+--+--+--M. macdonaldi BKB15
                  |  |  `--M. melanotis JT12
                  |  `--+--M. parvulus JT12
                  |     `--M. trifasciatus JT12
                  `--+--+--M. longicaudatus Tschudi 1844 BKB15, L03
                     |  |    |--M. l. longicaudatus [incl. M. nigriloris Lawrence 1871] L03
                     |  |    `--M. l. platensis Chapman 1924 L03
                     |  `--+--M. graysoni JT12
                     |     `--+--M. gilvus JT12
                     |        |    |--M. g. gilvus L03
                     |        |    |--M. g. antillarum Hellmayr & Seilern 1915 L03
                     |        |    |--M. g. melanopterus Lawrence 1849 L03
                     |        |    |--M. g. tobagensis Dalmas 1900 L03
                     |        |    `--M. g. tolimensis L81
                     |        `--M. polyglottos JT12
                     |             |--M. p. polyglottos L81
                     |             `--M. p. orpheus L81
                     `--+--+--M. patagonicus BKB15
                        |  `--M. thenca JT12
                        `--+--M. saturninus JT12
                           |    |--M. s. saturninus L03
                           |    `--M. s. arenaceus Chapman 1890 L03
                           `--+--M. dorsalis JT12
                              `--M. triurus JT12

Mimidae incertae sedis:
  Myiadestes genibarbis MS55
    |--M. g. genibarbis MS55
    `--M. g. sibilans MS55
  Mimocichla MS55
    |--M. plumbea MS55
    |    |--M. p. plumbea MS55
    |    `--M. p. coryi MS55
    `--M. rubripes MS55
         |--M. r. rubripes MS55
         `--M. r. eremita MS55
  Nesomimus trifasciatus L03
    |--N. t. trifasciatus L03
    |--N. t. barringtoni Rothschild 1898 [=N. carringtoni, N. parvulus barringtoni] L03
    |--N. t. bauri Ridgway 1894 [=N. parvulus bauri] L03
    |--N. t. hulli Rothschild 1898 [=N. parvulus hulli] L03
    |--N. t. melanotis (Gould 1837) [incl. N. adamsi Ridgway 1894] L03
    |--N. t. personatus Ridgway 1890 [=N. parvulus personatus; incl. N. bindloei Ridgway 1894] L03
    `--N. t. parvulus (Gould 1837) [incl. N. affinis Rothschild 1898] L03

Cinclocerthia gutturalis (Lafresnaye 1843) OF05 [=Ramphocinclus gutturalis OF05, C. ruficauda gutturalis MS55; incl. Necropsar leguati Forbes 1898 OF05, *Orphanopsar leguati OF05]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3–4): 241–265.

[OF05] Olson, S. L., R. C. Fleischer, C. T. Fisher & E. Bermingham. 2005. Expunging the 'Mascarene starling' Necropsar leguati: archives, morphology and molecules topple a myth. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 125 (1): 31–42.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. On the birds in the vicinity of Lima, Peru. With notes on their habits, by Prof. W. Nation, of Lima, C. M. Z. S. (Part I.) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 96–100.

Cercotrichas

Seychelles magpie-robins Copsychus sechellarum, copyright Martin Harvey.

Belongs within: Muscicapidae.

Cercotrichas, the scrub robins, is a genus of insectivorous birds found in Africa and southern Eurasia. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the genus is possibly paraphyletic with regard to the shamas of the genus Copsychus (Burleigh et al. 2015).

<==Cercotrichas Boie 1831 BKB15, B94 [incl. Erythropygia Smith 1836 B94; Cercotrichadinae, Erythropygiinae]
    |  i. s.: ‘Erythropygia’ signata JT12
    |--+--C. coryphaeus BKB15 [=Erythropygia coryphaeus JT12]
    |  `--+--C. quadrivirgata BKB15 [=Erythropygia quadrivirgata JT12]
    |     `--+--C. barbata BKB15 [=Erythropygia barbata JT12]
    |        `--C. leucosticta BKB15 [=Erythropygia leucosticta JT12]
    `--+--+--Trichixos pyrropygus JT12
       |  `--Copsychus Wagler 1827 JT12, B94 [Copsychinae]
       |       |  i. s.: C. pica S66
       |       |--C. pyrropygus BKB15
       |       `--+--C. luzoniensis BKB15
       |          `--+--+--C. cebuensis JT12 [=C. niger cebuensis USDI77]
       |             |  `--C. niger JT12
       |             `--+--C. malabaricus JT12
       |                |    |--C. m. malabaricus L81
       |                |    `--C. m. indicus L81
       |                `--C. stricklandii JT12
       `--+--+--Saxicoloides Lesson 1832 JT12, B94 [incl. Thamnobia Swainson 1832 B94; Thamnobiinae]
          |  |    `--S. fulicatus JT12 [=Copsychus fulicatus BKB15]
          |  `--+--‘Copsychus’ albospecularis JT12
          |     `--+--‘Copsychus’ sechellarum JT12
          |        `--+--‘Copsychus’ saularis JT12 [=Gracula saularis W66]
          |           `--‘Cyornis’ hainanus JT12
          `--+--C. paena BKB15 [=Erythropygia paena JT12]
             `--+--+--C. galactotes BKB15 [=Erythropygia galactotes JT12]
                |  `--C. podobe BKB15
                `--+--C. hartlaubi BKB15 [=Erythropygia hartlaubi JT12]
                   `--C. leucophrys BKB15 [=Erythropygia leucophrys JT12]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537–556.

Troglodytes

Northern house wren Troglodytes aedon, photographed by Blair Wainman.

Belongs within: Troglodytidae.
Contains: Troglodytes troglodytes.

Troglodytes is a genus of small wrens, mostly found in cooler habitats. They are brown in colouration and relatively unpatterned.

<==Troglodytes Vieillot 1807 M02 [incl. Anorthura Rennie 1831 B94, Nannus Billberg 1828 B94; Anorthuridae]
    |  i. s.: T. cobbi N10
    |         T. furvus SS66
    |         T. gracilis Brunner 1958 M02
    |         ‘Nannus’ hiemalis CM07
    |         T. monticola JT12
    |         T. sissonii JT12
    |         T. tanneri JT12
    |--+--T. troglodytes JT12
    |  `--Cistothorus JT12
    |       |--C. apolinari Chapman 1914 L03
    |       |--C. brevis FP64
    |       |--C. meridae Hellmayr 1907 [=C. platensis meridae] L03
    |       |--C. palustris L03
    |       |    |--C. p. palustris L03
    |       |    `--C. p. marianae Scott 1888 L03
    |       `--C. platensis L03
    |            |--C. p. platensis L03
    |            |--C. p. aequatorialis Lawrence 1871 L03
    |            |--C. p. alticola Salvin & Goodman 1883 [incl. C. p. caracasensis Chapman 1921] L03
    |            |--C. p. falklandicus Chapman 1934 L03
    |            |--C. p. jalapensis Dickerman 1975 L03
    |            |--C. p. tucumanus Hartert in Hartert & Venturi 1909 L03
    |            `--C. p. warneri Dickerman 1975 L03
    `--+--+--T. brunneicollis JF06
       |  `--+--*T. aedon L03, JT12
       |     |    |--T. a. aedon L03
       |     |    |--T. a. albicans Berlepsch & Taczanowski 1884 (see below for synonymy) L03
       |     |    |--T. a. atopus Oberholser 1904 [=T. musculus atopus] L03
       |     |    |--T. a. carabayae Chapman & Griscom 1924 [=T. musculus carabayae] L03
       |     |    |--T. a. inquietus Lawrence ex Baird 1864 [=T. musculus inquietus] L03
       |     |    |--T. a. intermedius Cabanis 1860 [incl. T. musculus oreopolus Chapman & Griscom 1924] L03
       |     |    |--T. a. parkmanii Audubon 1839 [incl. T. a. marianae Scott 1885] L03
       |     |    `--T. a. tobagensis Lawrence 1888 L03
       |     `--T. musculus Naumann 1823 JF06, L03
       |          |--T. m. musculus (see below for synonymy) L03
       |          |--T. m. grenadensis MS55
       |          |--T. m. guadeloupensis MS55 [=T. aedon guadeloupensis USDI77]
       |          `--T. m. mesoleucus MS55 [=T. aedon mesoleucus USDI77]
       `--+--T. solstitialis JT12
          |    |--T. s. solstitialis L03
          |    `--T. s. solitarius Todd 1912 [incl. T. s. pallidipectus Chapman 1912] L03
          `--+--+--Thryorchilus browni JT12
             |  `--T. rufociliatus JT12
             |       |--T. r. rufociliatus FS55
             |       `--T. r. nannoides FS55
             `--+--T. ochraceus JT12
                |    |--T. o. ochraceus L03
                |    `--T. o. ligea Bangs 1908 [incl. T. o. remotus Griscom 1924] L03
                `--T. rufulus JT12
                     |--T. r. rufulus L03
                     `--T. r. duidae Chapman 1929 L03

Troglodytes aedon albicans Berlepsch & Taczanowski 1884 [incl. T. musculus chapmani Stone 1918, T. musculus clarus, T. musculus neglectus Chapman 1917 non T. neglectus Brooke 1872] L03

Troglodytes musculus musculus Naumann 1831 [incl. Thryothorus platensis Wied 1831, Th. wiedi Berlepsch 1873, Tr. musculus wiedi] L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones (R. Pinto-da-Rocha, G. Machado & G. Giribet, eds) pp. 339-373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3-4): 241-265.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

Ficedula

Male collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis, photographed by Jiri Bohdal.

Belongs within: Muscicapidae.

Ficedula is a genus of flycatchers found in Eurasia and Africa. Species of Ficedula have a generalised appearance; some are strongly sexually dimorphic, with strikingly coloured males contrasting with drab females.

<==Ficedula Brisson 1760 [Ficedulinae] M02
    |  i. s.: F. basilanica JT12
    |         F. cyanomelana M03
    |         F. henrici JT12
    |         F. solitaris JT12
    |         F. speculigera JF06
    |--+--F. narcissina JT12
    |  `--F. zanthopygia JT12
    `--+--+--+--F. strophiata JT12 [=Muscicapa strophiata JF06]
       |  |  `--+--F. hodgsonii JT12
       |  |     `--F. mugimaki JT12
       |  `--+--F. hyperythra JT12
       |     `--+--+--F. crypta JT12
       |        |  `--‘Monticola’ rufocinereus (Rüppell 1837) JT12, S05 (see below for synonymy)
       |        `--+--+--F. dumetoria JT12
       |           |  `--F. platenae JT12
       |           `--+--F. harterti JT12
       |              `--F. timorensis JT12
       `--+--+--+--Muscicapella hodgsoni JT12
          |  |  `--+--F. bonthaina JT12
          |  |     `--F. buruensis JT12
          |  `--+--F. sapphira JT12
          |     `--+--F. superciliaris JT12
          |        `--+--F. rufigula JT12
          |           `--F. westermanni JT12
          `--+--F. tricolor JT12
             `--+--+--F. semitorquata JT12
                |  `--+--F. albicollis JT12
                |     `--F. hypoleuca (Pallas 1764) JT12, M02 [=Motacilla hypoleuca M02]
                `--+--F. subrubra JT12
                   `--+--F. albicilla JT12 [=F. parva albicilla VP89]
                      `--F. parva JT12

‘Monticola’ rufocinereus (Rüppell 1837) JT12, S05 [=Saxicola rufocinerea S05, S. semicinerea ms S05]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

Certhioidea

Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europaea, photographed by Paweł Kuźniar.

Belongs within: Muscicapoidea.
Contains: Troglodytidae.

The Certhioidea is a clade of passerine birds supported by molecular analyses, uniting the families Certhiidae, Sittidae and Troglodytidae. Certhioids are small, mostly dull-coloured birds that generally feed by gleaning insects off vegetation, though Sittidae also eat seeds.

<==Certhioidea
    |--+--+--Troglodytidae BB05
    |  |  `--Palaeoscinis [Palaeoscinidae] FP64
    |  |       `--P. turdirostris FP64
    |  `--Polioptilinae B94
    |       |--Ramphocaenus Vieillot 1819 [Ramphocaeninae] B94
    |       |--Microbates A61
    |       `--Polioptila Sclater 1855 BC04, B94
    |            |  i. s.: P. buffoni SS66
    |            |         P. leucogastra SS66
    |            |         P. plumbea [incl. Culicivora atricapilla] B94
    |            |--*P. caerulea (Linné 1766) B94, JF06, B94 [=Motacilla caerulea B94]
    |            `--+--P. albiloris JF06
    |               `--+--P. nigriceps JF06
    |                  `--+--P. californica JF06
    |                     `--P. melanura JF06
    `--+--Certhiidae BB05
       |    |--Salpornis Gray 1847 [Salpornithinae] B94
       |    |    `--S. spilonotus A61
       |    `--Certhia Linnaeus 1758 [Certhiinae] M02
       |         |--C. americana FP64
       |         |--C. brachydactyla HK02
       |         `--C. familiaris Linnaeus 1758 M02
       `--Sittidae BB05
            |--Tichodroma Illiger 1811 [Tichodromidae, Tichodrominae] B94
            |    `--T. muraria FP64
            `--Sitta Linnaeus 1758 [Sittinae] M02
                 |  i. s.: S. magna Ramsay 1876 S89
                 |         S. neglecta Walden 1870 S89
                 |         S. senogalliensis Portis 1887 M02
                 |--+--S. europaea Linnaeus 1758 JF06, M02
                 |  `--+--S. carolinensis JF06
                 |     `--S. himalayensis JF06
                 `--+--S. frontalis JF06
                    `--+--S. pygmaea JF06
                       `--+--+--S. krueperi JF06
                          |  `--S. ledanti JF06
                          `--+--S. canadensis JF06
                             `--+--S. villosa JF06
                                `--S. whiteheadi JF06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[BC04] Barker, F. K., A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein & J. Cracraft. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (30): 11040-11045.

[BB05] Beresford, P., F. K. Barker, P. G. Ryan & T. M. Crowe. 2005. African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): Molecular systematics of several evolutionary ‘enigmas’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences 272: 849-858.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HK02] Helbig, A. J., A. G. Knox, D. T. Parkin, G. Sangster & M. Collinson. 2002. Guidelines for assigning species rank. Ibis 144: 518-525.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

Troglodytes troglodytes

Wrens Troglodytes troglodytes, photographed by Sonja Kübelbeck.

Belongs within: Troglodytidae.

The wren or winter wren Troglodytes troglodytes is found throughout the Holarctic, and is the only species of Troglodytidae found in Eurasia.

<==Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus 1758) M02 [=Motacilla troglodytes L03, *Nannus troglodytes L03]
    |--T. t. troglodytes L03
    |--T. t. islandicus Hartert 1907 L03
    |--T. t. juniperi Hartert 1922 L03
    |--T. t. kabylorum Hartert 1910 L03
    |--T. t. mosukei Momiyama 1923 I92
    |--T. t. neglectus Brooke 1872 L03
    |--T. t. ogawae Hartert 1910 L03
    |--T. t. orii Yamashina 1939 I92
    |--T. t. pacificus Rea 1986 [incl. T. t. muiri Rea 1986] L03
    |--T. t. szetchuanus Hartert 1910 L03
    `--T. t. taivanus Hartert 1910 L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

Troglodytidae

Falklands sedge wren Cistothorus platensis falklandicus, photographed by Laurent Demongin.

Belongs within: Certhioidea.
Contains: Troglodytes, Campylorhynchus, Thryothorus.

The Troglodytidae are the wrens, small insectivorous passerine birds with stout legs, short rounded wings, and slender, sharp, usually down-curved bills (Austin 1961). Wrens are mostly found in North and South America, with only a single living species extending its range into Eurasia.

<==Troglodytidae
    |  i. s.: Ferminia cerverai FP64
    |         Heleodytes minor MS55
    |           |--H. m. minor MS55
    |           `--H. m. bicolor MS55
    |         Uropsila leucogastra (Gould 1837) L03
    |           |--U. l. leucogastra [incl. Nannorchilus leucogaster grisescens Griscom 1928] L03
    |           `--U. l. brachyura (Lawrence 1887) [=Troglodytes brachyurus] L03
    |--+--Odontorchilus JF06
    |  |    |--O. branickii L03
    |  |    |    |--O. b. branickii L03
    |  |    |    `--O. b. minor (Hartert 1900) [=Odontorhynchus branickii minor] L03
    |  |    `--O. cinereus JF06
    |  `--+--+--Catherpes mexicanus JF06
    |     |  `--Hylorchilus sumichrasti JF06
    |     `--+--Microcerculus JF06
    |        |    |--M. albigularis Sclater 1858 [=Pheugopedius albigularis] S66
    |        |    |--M. bambla L03 [=Cyphorhinus (Microcerculus) bambla S66]
    |        |    |    |--M. b. bambla L03
    |        |    |    `--M. b. caurensis Berlepsch & Hartert 1902 L03
    |        |    |--M. luscinia Salvin 1866 S66
    |        |    |--M. marginatus Sclater 1855 S66
    |        |    |    |--M. m. marginatus L03
    |        |    |    |--M. m. antioquensis Chapman 1915 [=M. squamulatus antioquensis] L03
    |        |    |    `--M. m. occidentalis Hellmayr 1906 L03
    |        |    |--M. philomela Salvin 1861 [=Cyphorhinus philomela] S66
    |        |    `--M. ustulatus L03
    |        |         |--M. u. ustulatus L03
    |        |         `--M. u. duidae Chapman 1929 L03
    |        `--Salpinctes obsoletus JF06
    |             |--S. o. obsoletus FS55
    |             `--S. o. guttatus FS55
    `--+--+--Troglodytes JF06
       |  |--Thryorchilus browni JF06
       |  `--Cistothorus JF06
       |       |--C. apolinari Chapman 1914 L03
       |       |--C. brevis FP64
       |       |--C. meridae Hellmayr 1907 [=C. platensis meridae] L03
       |       |--C. palustris L03
       |       |    |--C. p. palustris L03
       |       |    `--C. p. marianae Scott 1888 L03
       |       `--C. platensis L03
       |            |--C. p. platensis L03
       |            |--C. p. aequatorialis Lawrence 1871 L03
       |            |--C. p. alticola Salvin & Goodman 1883 [incl. C. p. caracasensis Chapman 1921] L03
       |            |--C. p. falklandicus Chapman 1934 L03
       |            |--C. p. jalapensis Dickerman 1975 L03
       |            |--C. p. tucumanus Hartert in Hartert & Venturi 1909 L03
       |            `--C. p. warneri Dickerman 1975 L03
       `--+--+--Campylorhynchus JF06
          |  `--+--Thryomanes bewickii JF06
          |     |    |--T. b. bewickii L03
          |     |    |--T. b. brevicauda MS55
          |     |    `--T. b. pulichi (Phillips 1986) [=Troglodytes bewickii pulichi] L03
          |     `--‘Thryothorus’ ludovicianus JF06
          |          |--T. l. ludovicianus L03
          |          `--T. l. lomitensis Sennett 1890 L03
          `--+--Henicorhina JF06 [incl. Heterorhina Baird 1864-1866 L03]
             |    |--H. hilaris Berlepsch & Taczanowski 1884 L03
             |    |--H. leucophrys (Tschudi 1844) L03
             |    |    |--H. l. leucophrys [incl. H. l. berlepschi Ridgway 1903] L03
             |    |    |--H. l. brunneiceps Chapman 1914 L03
             |    |    |--H. l. castanea Ridgway 1903 (see below for synonymy) L03
             |    |    `--H. l. venezuelensis Hellmayr 1903 L03
             |    |--H. leucoptera Fitzpatrick, Terborgh & Willard 1977 L03
             |    `--H. leucosticta L03
             |         |--H. l. leucosticta L03
             |         |--H. l. albilateralis Chapman 1917 [=Henicorhina prostheleuca albilateralis] L03
             |         `--H. l. smithei Dickerman 1973 L03
             `--Thryothorus JF06

Henicorhina leucophrys castanea Ridgway 1903 [=Heterorhina griseicollis Baird 1864-1866 non Merulaxis griseicollis Lafresnaye 1840] L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3-4): 241-265.

[S66] Salvin, O. 1866. Descriptions of eight new species of birds from Veragua. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 67-76.

Turdinae

Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus, photographed by Daniel Berganza.

Belongs within: Muscicapoidea.
Contains: Zoothera, Turdus.

The Turdinae contains the thrushes, medium-sized passerine birds with unscaled tarsi (Austin 1961). Most thrushes are fairly dull-coloured, but are often notable singers. Past authors have also included the chats, robins and related birds in the Turdinae, but those species are now regarded as more closely related to the Muscicapinae.

<==Turdinae
    |  i. s.: Kittacincla A61
    |           |--K. macroura [=Turdus macrourus] W66
    |           `--K. malabarica A61
    |         Phaeornis FP64
    |           |--P. obscurus USDI77
    |           |    |--P. o. obscurus USDI77
    |           |    |--P. o. myadestina USDI77
    |           |    `--P. o. rutha USDI77
    |           `--P. palmeri USDI77
    |--+--Myadestes Swainson 1838 JF06, B94 [Myadestinae]
    |  |    |--M. obscurus FS55
    |  |    |    |--M. o. obscurus FS55
    |  |    |    `--M. o. oberholseri FS55
    |  |    |--M. ralloides JF06
    |  |    |--M. townsendi JF06
    |  |    `--M. unicolor JF06
    |  `--+--Stizorhina JF06
    |     |    |--S. finschi [=Neocossyphus finschi] JF06
    |     |    `--S. fraseri [=Neocossyphus fraseri] JF06
    |     `--Neocossyphus Fischer & Reichenow 1884 JF06, B94 [Neocossyphinae]
    |          |--N. poensis JF06
    |          `--N. rufus JF06
    |--+--Grandala Hodgson 1843 JF06, B94 [Grandalinae]
    |  |    `--G. coelicolor JF06
    |  `--Sialia Swainson 1827 JF06, B94 [Sialiinae]
    |       |--S. mexicanus JF06
    |       `--+--S. currucoides JF06
    |          `--S. sialis JF06
    `--+--Zoothera JF06
       `--+--+--+--Psophocichla litsipsirupa JF06
          |  |  `--Turdus JF06
          |  `--+--‘Zoothera’ sibirica JF06 [=Turdus sibiricus T89]
          |     `--+--‘Zoothera’ erythronota JF06
          |        `--+--+--‘Zoothera’ cameronensis JF06
          |           |  `--‘Zoothera’ princei JF06
          |           `--+--‘Zoothera’ gurneyi JF06
          |              `--‘Zoothera’ piaggiae JF06
          `--+--+--Chlamydochaera jefferyi Sharpe 1887 JF06, L03
             |  `--Cochoa Hodgson 1836 JF06, B94 [Cochoaninae, Cochoinae]
             |       `--C. viridis JF06
             `--+--Ixoreus JF06
                |    |--I. naevius [=Zoothera naevia] JF06
                |    `--I. varius WM01
                `--+--+--Cichlopsis leucogenys JF06
                   |  `--Entomodestes JF06
                   |       |--E. coracinus JF06
                   |       `--E. leucotis JF06
                   `--+--+--Hylocichla JF06
                      |  |    |--*H. mustelina FP64 [=Catharus mustelinus JF06, Turdus mustelinus FP64]
                      |  |    `--H. ustulata G68
                      |  `--Ridgwayia pinicola [=Zoothera pinicola] JF06
                      `--Catharus JF06
                           |  i. s.: C. griseiceps Salvin 1866 S66
                           |         C. maculatus Sclater 1858 S66
                           |         C. melpomene (Cab. 1850) S66
                           |--+--C. aurantiirostris (Hartl. 1850) JF06, S66 [incl. C. immaculatus S66]
                           |  |    |--C. a. aurantiirostris FS55
                           |  |    `--C. a. bangsi FS55
                           |  |--C. dryas (Gould 1854) JF06, S66
                           |  |--C. fuscater (Lafr. 1845) JF06, S66
                           |  `--C. mexicanus JF06
                           `--+--C. ustulatus JF06
                              `--+--C. gracilirostris Salvin 1864 JF06, S66
                                 `--+--+--C. guttatus JF06 [=Hylocichla guttata FP64]
                                    |  `--C. occidentalis Sclater 1859 JF06, S66
                                    `--+--C. frantzii Cab. 1860 JF06, S66
                                       `--+--C. bicknelli JF06
                                          |--C. fuscescens JF06
                                          `--C. minimus JF06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G68] Grant, P. R. 1968. Bill size, body size, and the ecological adaptations of bird species to competitive situations on islands. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 319-333.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[S66] Salvin, O. 1866. Descriptions of eight new species of birds from Veragua. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 67-76.

[T89] Takeshita, N. 1989. Nihon no Yachoo. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants - republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537-556.

Muscicapoidea

White-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus, photographed by Jean Hupperetz.

Belongs within: Passerida.
Contains: Certhioidea, Mimidae, Sturninae, Turdinae, Muscicapinae.

The Muscicapoidea is a clade of passerine birds including the Old World flycatchers, thrushes, starlings and related species. Muscicapoids are speciose throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with Turdinae and Mimidae extending into South America.

See also: The tomb of the unknown honeyeater.

Muscicapoidea
    |--Certhioidea JF06
    `--+--Bombycillidae BB05
       |    |  i. s.: Hypocolius Bonaparte 1850 B94 [Hypocoliinae L03]
       |    |           `--H. ampelinus Bonaparte 1851 [incl. H. ampelinus orientalis Koelz 1939] L03
       |    |--Bombycilla Vieillot 1807 FJO08, M02 [Bombycillinae]
       |    |    |--B. cedrorum FP64
       |    |    |--B. garrulus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Lanius garrulus] M02
       |    |    `--B. japonica T89
       |    `--+--Dulus Vieillot 1816 FJO08, B94 [Dulidae, Dulinae]
       |       |    `--D. dominicus FP64
       |       `--+--Ptilogonatinae L03
       |          |    |--Phainoptila melanoxantha Salvin 1877 FJO08, L03 [incl. P. m. minor Griscom 1924 L03]
       |          |    `--+--Phainopepla nitens FJO08
       |          |       `--Ptilogonys Swainson 1824 FJO08, B94
       |          |            `--P. cinereus BC04
       |          `--Mohoidae FJO08
       |               |--Moho Lesson 1831 FJO08
       |               |    |--M. apicalis FJO08
       |               |    |--M. bishopi FJO08
       |               |    |--M. braccatus FJO08
       |               |    `--M. nobilis FJO08
       |               `--Chaetoptila Gray 1869 FJO08
       |                    `--C. angustipluma FJO08
       `--+--Sturnidae BB05
          |    |  i. s.: Fregilupus OF05
          |    |           |--F. rodericanus FP64
          |    |           `--F. varius OF05
          |    |         Necropsar rodericanus OF05
          |    |--+--Mimidae JF06
          |    |  `--Sturninae JF06
          |    `--Buphagus Brisson 1760 JF06, B94 [Buphaginae]
          |         |--B. africanus A61
          |         `--B. erythrorhynchus FP64
          `--+--Cinclus Borkhausen 1797 BB05, B94 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |  i. s.: ‘Hydrobata’ marila L03
             |    |--+--*C. cinclus (Linnaeus 1758) B94, JF06, L03 [=*Hydrobata cinclus B94]
             |    |  |    |--C. c. cinclus (see below for synonymy) L03
             |    |  |    |--C. c. aquaticus Bechstein 1803 (see below for synonymy) L03
             |    |  |    |--C. c. hibernicus L03
             |    |  |    `--C. c. leucogaster Bonaparte 1850 [incl. C. bilkevitchi Zarudny 1902] L03
             |    |  `--C. pallasii JF06
             |    |       |--C. p. pallasii L03
             |    |       `--C. p. tenuirostris Bonaparte 1850 [incl. C. p. kargasiensis Koelz 1939] L03
             |    `--+--C. mexicanus JF06
             |       |    |--C. m. mexicanus L03
             |       |    `--C. m. anthonyi Griscom 1930 L03
             |       `--+--C. leucocephalus JF06
             |          `--C. schulzi JF06
             `--Muscicapidae [Turdidae] BB05
                  |  i. s.: Xenocopsychus ansorgei MS55
                  |         *Campicoloides bifasciatus (see below for synonymy) B93
                  |         Cercomela schlegelii B93
                  |           |--C. s. schlegelii B93
                  |           `--C. s. pollux (Hartlaub 1865) [=Saxicola pollux] B93
                  |         Pseudogerygone S13
                  |           |--P. fluvilateralis S13
                  |           |    |--P. f. fluvilateralis S13
                  |           |    `--P. f. lifuensis Sarasin 1913 S13
                  |           `--P. rouxi Sarasin 1913 S13
                  |--Turdinae BB05
                  `--Muscicapinae BB05

*Campicoloides bifasciatus [=Saxicola bifasciata, Oenanthe bifasciata; incl. S. spectabilis Hartlaub 1865] B93

Cinclus Borkhausen 1797 BB05, B94 [=Hydrobata Vieillot 1816 (nom. rej.) B94; incl. Accentor Bechstein 1802 B94, Aquatilis Montagu 1813 B94; Aquatilidae, Cinclidae]

Cinclus cinclus aquaticus Bechstein 1803 [incl. C. medius Brehm 1831, C. meridionalis Brehm 1856, C. peregrinus Brehm 1856, C. rupestris Brehm 1856] L03

*Cinclus cinclus cinclus (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. C. melanogaster Brehm 1822, C. cinclus sardus Hartert 1904, C. septentrionalis Brehm 1823] L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[BC04] Barker, F. K., A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein & J. Cracraft. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (30): 11040-11045.

[BB05] Beresford, P., F. K. Barker, P. G. Ryan & T. M. Crowe. 2005. African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): Molecular systematics of several evolutionary ‘enigmas’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences 272: 849-858.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327-349.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[FJO08] Fleischer, R. C., H. F. James & S. L. Olson. 2008. Convergent evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific honeyeaters from distant songbird ancestors. Current Biology 18: 1-5.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3-4): 241-265.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[OF05] Olson, S. L., R. C. Fleischer, C. T. Fisher & E. Bermingham. 2005. Expunging the 'Mascarene starling' Necropsar leguati: archives, morphology and molecules topple a myth. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 125 (1): 31-42.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1, Heft I (F. Sarasin & J. Roux, eds) pp. 1-78, pl. 1-3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[T89] Takeshita, N. 1989. Nihon no Yachoo. Kogakukan: Tokyo.