Percomorpharia

White bass Morone chrysops, from the US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Belongs within: Acanthomorphata.
Contains: Gerreidae, Labridae, Uranoscopiformes, Centrarchiformes, Serraniformes, Pempheridae, Epigonidae, Pentacerotidae, Ephippiformes, Spariformes, Malacanthidae, Pomacanthidae, Haemulidae, Caesionidae, Lutjanidae, Sillago, Emmelichthyidae, Lobotidae, Sciaenidae, Leiognathidae, Chaetodontidae, Acanthuriformes, Tetraodontiformes, Lophiiformes, Priacanthidae, Cepolidae, Siganidae.

The Percomorpharia are a major clade of acanthomorph fishes united by molecular data (Betancur-R. et al. 2013).

Percomorpharia [Epigonoidei] B-RB13
    |  i. s.: Dinopercidae B-RB13
    |           |--Centrarchops chapini SC07
    |           `--Dinoperca petersi SC07
    |         Rhenanoperca minuta Gaudant & Micklich 1990 M09
    |--+--Gerreidae ND13
    |  `--Labriformes [Labroidea, Labroidei] B-RB13
    |       |  i. s.: Pseudosphaerodon antiquus Casier 1966 P93
    |       |--Labridae ND13
    |       |--Tortonesia [Tortonesidae] P93
    |       |    `--T. esilis Sorbini 1983 P93
    |       `--Odacidae B-RB13
    |            |--Odax cyanomelas CC98
    |            |--Olistherops R13
    |            `--Coridodax R13
    `--+--+--Uranoscopiformes ND13
       |  `--Centrogenys [Centrogeniidae] ND13
       |       `--C. vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) M58 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--+--Centrarchiformes ND13
          |  `--+--Serraniformes ND13
          |     `--+--+--+--Percophidae ND13
          |        |  |  |    |--Acanthaphritis ND13 [incl. Pteropsaron R13]
          |        |  |  |    |    `--A. unoorum ND13
          |        |  |  |    `--Hemerocoetinarum apertus (Schwarzhans 1980) P93
          |        |  |  `--Creediidae [Limnichthyidae] ND13
          |        |  |       |--Limnichthys ND13
          |        |  |       |--Chalixodytes chameleontoculus LM13
          |        |  |       |--Creedia clathrisquamis Ogilby 1898 R13
          |        |  |       `--Schizochirus R13
          |        |  `--Pempheriformes B-RB13
          |        |       |--Pempheridae ND13
          |        |       `--Glaucosoma [Glaucosomatidae, Glaucosomidae] ND13
          |        |            |--G. buergeri Richardson 1845 (see below for synonymy) M01
          |        |            |--G. hebraicum ND13
          |        |            |--G. magnificum (Ogilby 1915) M01
          |        |            `--G. scapulare Ramsay 1881 M01
          |        `--+--+--Howella Ogilby 1899 ND13, P93 [Howellidae]
          |           |  |    |--H. brodiei (Ogilby 1899) LD09
          |           |  |    |--H. parina LM13
          |           |  |    `--H. zina ND13
          |           |  `--+--Epigonidae B-RB13
          |           |     |--Ostracoberyx [Ostracoberycidae] ND13
          |           |     |    |--O. dorygenys ND13
          |           |     |    `--O. pattersoni Nolf 1988 P93
          |           |     `--Acropomatidae ND13
          |           |          |--Neoscombrops pacificus LM13
          |           |          `--Acropoma ND13
          |           |               |--A. antiqua Schwarzhans 1985 P93
          |           |               |--A. japonica ND13
          |           |               `--A. lepidotus (Agassiz 18330 P93
          |           `--+--+--Pentacerotidae ND13
          |              |  `--Banjos [Banjosidae] ND13
          |              |       `--B. banjos ND13
          |              `--+--Malakichthys ND13
          |                 |    |--M. elegans ND13
          |                 |    |--M. griseus SC07
          |                 |    `--M. wakiyae I00
          |                 |--+--Avitolabrax denticulatus Takai 1942 P93
          |                 |  `--Lateolabrax Bleeker 1857 LD09, P93 [Lateolabracidae B-RB13]
          |                 |       `--L. japonicus (Cuvier 1828) LD09
          |                 `--Polyprionidae ND13
          |                      |--Stereolepis Ayres 1859 ND13, P93
          |                      |    |--S. doederleini I00
          |                      |    `--S. gigas ND13
          |                      `--Polyprion Oken 1817 P93
          |                           |--P. americanus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) K-M02b
          |                           `--P. oxygeneios SC07
          `--+--Moronidae ND13
             |    |--Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus 1758) LD09
             |    |--Palaeoperca proxima Nicklich 1985 P93
             |    `--Morone ND13 [incl. Roccus K-M02a]
             |         |  i. s.: M. americana (Gmelin 1789) K-M02a [incl. Labrax mucronatus P61]
             |         |         M. eschmeyeri Nolf & Lapierre 1979 P93
             |         |         M. vogdtii (Bogatshov 1942) P93
             |         |--M. saxatilis (Walbaum 1792) ND13, K-M02a [=Roccus saxatilis K-M02a]
             |         `--+--M. chrysops ND13
             |            `--M. mississippiensis ND13
             `--+--Ephippiformes ND13
                `--+--+--+--Spariformes ND13
                   |  |  `--+--Malacanthidae ND13
                   |  |     `--+--Pomacanthidae ND13
                   |  |        `--+--Haemulidae ND13
                   |  |           `--+--Caesionidae ND13
                   |  |              `--Lutjanidae ND13
                   |  `--+--+--Sillago ND13
                   |     |  `--Emmelichthyidae ND13
                   |     `--Callanthiidae ND13
                   |          |--Grammatonotus ND13
                   |          |    |--G. macrophthalmus I00
                   |          |    `--G. surugaensis ND13
                   |          `--Callanthias Lowe 1839 S61
                   |               |--C. ruber (Rafinesque 1810) [incl. *C. paradiseus Lowe 1839] S61
                   |               |--C. allporti Gunther 1876 S61
                   |               `--C. legras Smith 1947 S61
                   `--+--+--+--Lobotidae ND13
                      |  |  `--Sciaenidae ND13
                      |  `--+--+--Leiognathidae ND13
                      |     |  `--Chaetodontidae ND13
                      |     `--Monodactylidae ND13
                      |          |--Schuettea scalaripinnis Steindachner 1866 K01
                      |          |--Pasaichthys pleuronectiformis Blot 1969 P93
                      |          |--Psettopsis subarcuatus (de Blainville 1818) P93
                      |          |--Monodactylus ND13
                      |          |    |--M. argenteus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Chaetodon argenteus, Psettus argenteus] M58
                      |          |    |--M. kottelati Pethiyagoda 1991 K01
                      |          |    `--M. sebae ND13
                      |          `--Bramichthys R13
                      `--+--Acanthuriformes ND13
                         `--+--+--+--Tetraodontiformes ND13
                            |  |  `--Lophiiformes ND13
                            |  `--Caproidae [Caproidei] ND13
                            |       |--Capros aper (Linnaeus 1758) LD09
                            |       `--Antigonia ND13
                            |            |--A. capros Lowe 1843 MK-M02
                            |            |--A. combatia MK-M02
                            |            |--A. rubescens ND13
                            |            `--A. veronensis Sorbini 1983 P93
                            `--+--+--Priacanthidae ND13
                               |  `--Cepolidae ND13
                               `--+--Siganidae ND13
                                  `--Scatophagidae ND13
                                       |--Scatophagus P93
                                       |    |--S. argus (Linné 1766) [=Chaetodon argus] M58
                                       |    `--S. frontalis Agassiz 1835 P93
                                       `--Selenotoca ND13
                                            |--S. multifasciata (Richardson 1846) LD09 (see below for synonymy)
                                            `--S. papuensis Fraser-Brunner 1938 M58

Centrogenys vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) M58 [=Scorpaena vaigiensis M58, Centrogenys (Myriodon) waigiensis M58; incl. Centropristes scorpaenoides Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829 M58, Gennadius stoliczae JR10, Sebastes stoliczae JR10]

Glaucosoma buergeri Richardson 1845 [incl. G. fauvelii Sauvage 1881, G. taeniatus Fowler 1934] M01

Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson 1846) LD09 [=Scatophagus multifasciatus M58; incl. Se. multifasciata aetatevarians G75, Sc. tetracanthus Fowler 1928 M58]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[CC98] Choat, J. H., & K. D. Clements. 1998. Vertebrate herbivores in marine and terrestrial environments: a nutritional ecology perspective. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 375–403.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[I00] Imamura, H. 2000. An alternative hypothesis on the phylogenetic position of the family Dactylopteridae (Pisces: Teleostei), with a proposed new classification. Ichthyological Research 47 (3): 203–222.

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[K-M02a] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Temperate basses. Family Moronidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 374–389. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02b] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Wreckfishes. Family Polyprionidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 389–391. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K01] Kottelat, M. 2001. Monodactylidae. Moonfishes. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) pp. 3216–3220. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[LM13] Lautredou, A.-C., H. Motomura, C. Gallut, C. Ozouf-Costaz, C. Cruaud, G. Lecointre & A. Dettai. 2013. New nuclear markers and exploration of the relationships among Serraniformes (Acanthomorpha, Teleostei): the importance of working at multiple scales. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67: 140–155.

[LD09] Li, B., A. Dettaï, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, M. Desoutter-Meniger & G. Lecointre. 2009. RNF213, a new nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50: 345–363.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M01] McKay, R. J. 2001. Glaucosomatidae. Pearl perches. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) pp. 3205–3209. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[MM09] Moore, J. A., & G. Klein-MacPhee. 2002. Boarfishes. Family Caproidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 310–311. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[ND13] Near, T. J., A. Dornburg, R. I. Eytan, B. P. Keck, W. L. Smith, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, S. A. Price, F. T. Burbrink, M. Friedman & P. C. Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (31): 12738–12743.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[P61] Price, E. W. 1961. North American monogenetic trematodes IX. The families Mazocraeidae and Plectanocotylidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 127–156.

[R13] Regan, C. T. 1913. The classification of the percoid fishes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, 12: 111–145.

[S61] Smith, J. L. B. 1961. Fishes of the family Anthiidae from the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Ichthyological Bulletin 21: 359–369.

[SC07] Smith, W. L., & M. T. Craig. 2007. Casting the percomorph net widely: the importance of broad taxonomic sampling in the search for the placement of serranid and percid fishes. Copeia 2007 (1): 35–55.

Clupeiformes

Chinese herring Ilisha elongata, copyright J. E. Randall.

Belongs within: Otomorpha.
Contains: Clupeidae, Stolephorus, Anchovia, Coilia, Thryssa.

The Clupeiformes, herring, anchovies and related taxa, are a cosmopolitan group of mostly marine fishes that usually bear silvery deciduous scales.

Characters (from Bond 1996): Scales cycloid, usually silvery, deciduous, often modified into posteriorly directed scutes along mid-line of belly; fins with soft rays, pelvics abdominal; part of sensory canal system extending over opercle and subopercle; gas bladder extended forward in two branches that enter the skell and terminate in small vesicles within ossified bullae, forming otophysic connection with utriculus of ear; caudal fin with urostyle composed of centrum of terminal vertebrae and first uroneural, first hypural separated from urostyle.

<==Clupeiformes [Clupei]
    |  i. s.: Spratticeps W79
    |--Denticipitidae [Denticipitoidei] B-RB13
    |    |--Denticeps clupeoides B96
    |    `--Palaeodenticeps tanganikae Greenwood 1960 P93
    `--Clupeoidei B-RB13
         |  i. s.: Sundasalanx B96 [Sundasalangidae B-RB13]
         |         Dussumieriidae [Dussumieriinae] B-RB13
         |           |--Dussumieria M58
         |           |    |--D. acuta Valenciennes 1847 (see below for synonymy) MWN99b
         |           |    `--D. elopsoides Bleeker 1849 [incl. D. productissima Chabanaud 1933] MWN99b
         |           `--Spratelloides M58
         |                |--S. delicatulus (Bennett 1832) MWN99b (see below for synonymy)
         |                |--S. gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) (see below for synonymy) MWN99b
         |                |--S. japonicus (Houttuyn 1782) [=Atherina japonica] M58
         |                |--S. lewisi Wongratana 1983 MWN99b
         |                `--S. robustus Ogilby 1897 MWN99b
         |--Clupeoidea P93
         |    |--Clupeidae B-RB13
         |    `--Chirocentrus [Chirocentridae, Chirocentroidei] P93
         |         |--C. dorab (Forsskål 1775) MNW99 [=Clupea dorab M58; incl. Ch. hypselosoma Bleeker 1852 MNW99]
         |         |--C. exilis Stinton 1977 P93
         |         `--C. nudus Swainson 1839 MNW99
         |--Pristigasteridae [Pellonidae, Pristigasteroidea] P93
         |    |--Raconda russeliana Gray 1831 (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |    |--Ramnogaster MWN99a
         |    |--Pellona ditchela Valenciennes 1847 (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |    |--Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux 1964 P93
         |    |--Pristigaster G66
         |    |    |--P. argenteus G66
         |    |    `--P. macrops G66
         |    |--Opisthopterus MWN99a
         |    |    |--O. tardoore (Cuvier 1829) (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |    |    `--O. valenciennesi Bleeker 1872 MWN99a
         |    `--Ilisha MWN99a
         |         |--I. africana EA03
         |         |--I. elongata (Bennett 1830) (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |         |--I. filigera (Valenciennes 1847) [incl. Pellona xanthopterus Bleeker 1851, I. xanthopterus] MWN99a
         |         |--I. hoevenii JR10
         |         |--I. kampeni (Weber & de Beaufort 1913) [incl. I. whiteheadi Seshagiri Rao 1974] MWN99a
         |         |--I. lunula Kailola 1986 MWN99a
         |         |--I. macrogaster Bleeker 1866 [=Pellona macrogaster] MWN99a
         |         |--I. megaloptera (Swainson 1839) [incl. Pellona dussumieri Valenciennes 1847] MWN99a
         |         |--I. melastoma (Bloch & Schneider 1801) (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |         |--I. pristigastroides (Bleeker 1852) (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |         |--I. sirishai Seshagiri Rao 1975 MWN99a
         |         `--I. striatula Wongratana 1983 MWN99a
         `--Engraulidae [Coiliidae, Engrauloidea] P93
              |--Thrissocles purava (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822) [=Clupea purava; incl. Engraulis samam Thiollière 1857] M58
              |--Stolephorus M58
              |--Anchovia JR10
              |--Lycothrissa crocodilus (Bleeker 1851) WMN99
              |--Papuengraulis micropinna Munro 1964 WMN99
              |--Coilia WMN99
              |--Thryssa WMN99
              |--Anchoa M02a
              |    |--A. delicatissima AS09
              |    |--A. hepsetus (Linnaeus 1758) M02a
              |    |--A. mitchilli (Valenciennes 1848) M02a
              |    `--A. nitida Schwarzhans 1980 P93
              |--Setipinna M58
              |    |--S. breviceps (Cantor 1849) (see below for synonymy) WMN99
              |    |--S. melanochir (Bleeker 1849) WMN99
              |    |--S. paxtoni Wongratana 1987 WMN99
              |    |--S. taty (Valenciennes 1848) [=Engraulis taty] M58
              |    `--S. tenuifilis (Valenciennes 1848) (see below for synonymy) WMN99
              |--Encrasicholina WMN99
              |    |--E. devisi (Whitley 1940) WMN99 [=Amentum devisi M58, Stolephorus devisi WMN99]
              |    |--E. heteroloba (Rüppell 1837) WMN99 (see below for synonymy)
              |    |--E. oligobranchus (Wongratana 1983) [=Stolephorus oligobranchus] WMN99
              |    |--E. punctifer (Fowler 1938) [=Stolephorus punctifer; incl. S. buccaneeri Strasburg 1960] WMN99
              |    `--E. purpurea (Fowler 1900) WMN99 [=Anchovia purpurea M58, Stolephorus purpureus WMN99]
              `--Engraulis M02a
                   |--E. australis (White 1790) (see below for synonymy) WMN99
                   |--E. capensis JB05
                   |--E. clupeoides F16
                   |--E. encrasicholus CH97
                   |--E. eurystole M02a
                   |--E. japonicus Temminck & Schlegel 1846 [incl. Stolephorus celebicus Hardenberg 1933] WMN99
                   |--E. mordax CH97
                   |--E. mysticetus G66
                   |--E. ringens CH97
                   `--E. tethensis Grande & Nelson 1985 P93

Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes 1847 [incl. Etrumeus albulina Fowler 1934, D. hasselti Bleeker 1851] MWN99b

Encrasicholina heteroloba (Rüppell 1835) WMN99, M58 [=Engraulis heterolobus M58, Anchoviella heteroloba M58, Stolephorus heterolobus WMN99; incl. S. pseudoheterolobus Hardenberg 1933 WMN99]

Engraulis australis (White 1790) [incl. E. antarcticus Castelnau 1872, E. encrasicholus var. antipodum Günther 1868, E. australis antipodum, E. australis fraseri Blackburn 1950] WMN99

Ilisha elongata (Bennett 1830) [=Pellona elongata; incl. I. abnormis Richardson 1846, I. affinis (Gray 1830)] MWN99a

Ilisha melastoma (Bloch & Schneider 1801) [incl. Pellona brachysoma Bleeker 1852, Pe. ditchoa Valenciennes 1847, Ilisha indica (Swainson 1839), Platygaster indica, Clupanodon motius Hamilton 1822] MWN99a

Ilisha pristigastroides (Bleeker 1852) [incl. Pellona amblyuropterus Bleeker 1852, Ilisha amblyuroptera] MWN99a

Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier 1829) [incl. Pristigaster elongata Swainson 1838, P. indicus Swainson 1839, Opisthopterus macrognathus Bleeker 1866, P. tartoor Valenciennes 1847, O. tartoor, O. tartur Zugmayer 1913] MWN99a

Pellona ditchela Valenciennes 1847 [incl. P. hoevenii Bleeker 1852, P. natalensis Gilchrist & Thompson 1908] MWN99a

Raconda russeliana Gray 1831 [incl. Apterygia hamiltoni Valenciennes 1847, A. ramcarata Gray 1835] MWN99a

Setipinna breviceps (Cantor 1849) [=Heterothrissa breviceps; incl. Engraulis pfeifferi Bleeker 1852] WMN99

Setipinna tenuifilis (Valenciennes 1848) [incl. S. gilberti Jordan & Starks 1905, S. godavari Babu Rao 1962, S. lighti Wu 1929, S. papuensis Munro 1964] WMN99

Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett 1832) MWN99b [=Clupea delicatula M58, Stolephorus delicatulus M58; incl. Alosa alburnus Kner & Steindachner 1867 MWN99b, Clupea macassariensis Bleeker 1849 MWN99b]

Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) [incl. Clupea argyrotaeniata Bleeker 1849, C. (Leptogaster) argyrotaenia, Spratelloides atrofasciatus Schultz 1943] MWN99b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS09] Alfaro, M. E., F. Santini, C. Brock, H. Alamillo, A. Dornburg, D. L. Rabosky, G. Carnevale & L. J. Harmon. 2009. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (32): 13410–13414.

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[EA03] Écoutin, J.-M., & J.-J. Albaret. 2003. Relation longueur-poids pour 52 espèces de poissons des estuaires et lagunes de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Cybium 27 (1): 3–9.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.

[G66] Günther, A. 1866. Memoir on the fishes of the states of Central America collected by Messrs. Salvin and Godman and Capt. Dow. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 600–604.

[JB05] Johnston, S. J., & D. S. Butterworth. 2005. Evolution of operational management procedures for the South African west coast rock lobster (Jasus lalandii) fishery. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39 (3): 687–702.

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[M02] Munroe, T. A. 2002. Anchovies. Family Engraulidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 105–111. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[MNW99] Munroe, T. A., M. S. Nizinski & T. Wongratana. 1999. Chirocentridae. Wolf-herrings. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1771–1774. FAO: Rome.

[MWN99a] Munroe, T. A., T. Wongratana & M. S. Nizinski. 1999a. Pristigasteridae. Ilishas, pellonas. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1754–1770. FAO: Rome.

[MWN99b] Munroe, T. A., T. Wongratana & M. S. Nizinski. 1999b. Clupeidae. Herrings (also, sardines, shads, sprats, pilchards, and menhadens). In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1775–1821. FAO: Rome.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W79] Wiley, E. O. 1979. An annotated Linnean hierarchy, with comments on natural taxa and competing systems. Systematic Zoology 28 (3): 308–337.

[WMN99] Wongratana, T., T. A. Munroe & M. S. Nizinski. 1999. Engraulidae. Anchovies. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1698–1753. FAO: Rome.

Otomorpha

Diplomystus dentatus, copyright Yinan Chen.

Belongs within: Osteoglossocephalai.
Contains: Alepocephaliformes, Ostariophysi, Clupeiformes.

The Otomorpha are a clade of ray-finned fishes primarily supported by molecular data, members of which commonly have silvery areas associated with the swim bladder.

Otomorpha [Ostarioclupeomorpha, Otocephala] B-RB13
    |--+--Alepocephaliformes B-RB13
    |  `--Ostariophysi B-RB13
    `--Clupeomorpha B96
         |--Clupeiformes B-RB13
         `--Ellimmichthyidae [Ellimmichthyiformes, Paraclupeidae] B96
              |--Paraclupea chetungensis Du 1950 P93
              |--Ellimmichthys G88
              |    |--E. goodi (Eastman 1912) [=Diplomystus goodi] P93
              |    `--E. longicostatus (Cope 1886) P93 [=Diplomystus longicostatus G88]
              `--Diplomystus Cope 1877 G88, O96
                   |--D. dentatus Cope 1877 P93
                   |--D. kokuraensis Uyeno 1979 P93
                   |--D. notacanthus [=Clupea notacanthus] O96
                   |--D. novaehollandiae [=Meletta novaehollandiae, Hyperlophus novaehollandiae] O96
                   |--D. primotinus Uyeno 1979 P93
                   |--D. shengliensis Zhang et al. 1985 P93
                   `--D. spratellides O96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[O96] Ogilby, J. D. 1896. On a Galaxias from Mount Kosciusko. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (1): 62–73.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

Cypriniformes

Chinese algae eater Gyrinocheilus aymonieri, copyright Garthhh.

Belongs within: Ostariophysi.
Contains: Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Catostomidae, Puntius, Labeo, Cyprininae, Gobioninae, Acheilognathinae, Leuciscinae, Barbinae.

The Cypriniformes are a cosmopolitan group of freshwater fishes that lack teeth in the front of the mouth.

Characters (from Bond 1996): Mouth teeth absent; lower pharyngeal bones sickle-shaped, with teeth that usually bite upwards against a cartilaginous pad borne on posterior extension of basioccipital bone; dorsal fin present, adipose fin usually absent; kinethmoid bone present between mesethmoid and ascending processes of premaxillaries; orbitosphenoid, parietals, symplectics and subopercular present; third and fourth vertebrae of Weberian apparatus not fused; prominent intermuscular bones often present.

Cypriniformes [Cypriniphysi, Cyprinoidei]
    |--Cobitoidea HM01
    |    |  i. s.: Balitoridae B96
    |    |--Cobitidae HM01
    |    `--+--Catostomidae HM01
    |       `--Gyrinocheilus [Gyrinocheilidae] HM01
    |            `--G. aymonieri HM01
    `--Cyprinidae HM01
         |  i. s.: Ericymba buccata SBW95
         |         Hybopsis (Hybopsis) amblops SBW95
         |         Notemigonus crysoleucas SBW95
         |         Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Clinostomus SBW95
         |           |--C. elongatus SBW95
         |           `--C. funduloides SBW95
         |         Exoglossum SBW95
         |           |--E. laurae SBW95
         |           `--E. maxillingua SBW95
         |         Hybognathus SBW95
         |           |--H. amarus B96
         |           |--H. argyritus B96
         |           |--H. nuchalis SBW95
         |           `--H. regius B96
         |         Macrhybopsis SBW95
         |           |--M. aestivalis SBW95
         |           `--M. storeriana SBW95
         |         Margariscus margarita SBW95
         |           |--M. m. margarita SBW95
         |           `--M. m. nachtriebi SBW95
         |         Semotilus SBW95
         |           |--S. atromaculatus SBW95
         |           |--S. bullaris F16
         |           |--S. corporalis SBW95
         |           `--S. lumbee SBW95
         |         Iranocypris Bruun & Kaiser 1943 TP86
         |           `--I. typhlops Bruun & Kaiser 1943 TP86
         |         Typhlogarra Trewavas 1955 TP86
         |           `--T. widdowsoni Trewavas 1955 TP86
         |         Caecocypris Banister & Bunni 1980 TP86
         |           `--C. basimi Banister & Bunni 1980 TP86
         |         Phreatichthys Vinciguerra 1924 TP86
         |           `--P. andruzzii Vinciguerra 1924 TP86
         |         Puntius AJ02
         |         Caecobarbus Boulenger 1921 TP86
         |           `--C. geertsi Boulenger 1921 TP86
         |         Barbopsis di Caporiacco 1926 TP86
         |           `--B. devecchii di Caporiacco 1926 (see below for synonymy) TP86
         |         Garra Hamilton 1822 TP86
         |           |--G. barreimiae Fowler & Steinitz 1956 TP86
         |           `--G. kalakadensis AJ02
         |         Labeo B96
         |         Tor AJ02
         |           |--T. khudree AJ02
         |           |--T. putitora RM72
         |           `--T. tor PP07
         |         Catlocarpio siamensis B96
         |         Diptychus dipogon B96
         |         Squalius cephalus B96
         |         Tinca SE08
         |           |--T. tinca (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |           `--T. vulgaris O97
         |         Aulopyge B96
         |         Discognathichthys B96
         |         Aphyocypris chinensis Günther 1868 I92
         |         Hemigrammocypris rasborella Fowler 1910 I92
         |         Pseudorasbora SE08
         |           |--P. parva (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) SE08
         |           `--P. pumila Miyadi 1930 I92
         |         Epalzeorhynchus kalopterus (Bleeker 1850) [=Barbus kalopterus] K55
         |         Hypselobarbus AJ02
         |           |--H. curmuca AJ02
         |           |--H. dobsoni AJ02
         |           |--H. dubius AJ02
         |           `--H. kolus AJ02
         |         Mylocheilus S92
         |           |--M. caurinus S92
         |           `--M. robustus S92
         |         Acrocheilus S92
         |           |--A. alutaceus S92
         |           `--A. latus S92
         |         Aspius aspius (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel 1843) SE08
         |         Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch 1782) CA00, SE08
         |         Chalcalburnus chalcoides (Güldenstädt 1772) SE08
         |         Vimba vimba (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Pelecus cultratus (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Chondrostoma F05
         |           |  i. s.: C. almacai Coelho, Mesquita & Collares-Pereira 2005 F05
         |           |         C. nasus (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |           |--C. lusitanicum Collares-Pereira 1980 RA05
         |           `--+--C. arcasii (Steindachner 1866) [=Rutilus arcasii] RA05
         |              |--C. occidentale Robalo, Almada et al. 2005 RA05
         |              `--C. oligolepis Robalo, Doadrio et al. 2005 (see below for synonymy) RA05
         |         Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson 1845) SE08
         |         Schizothorax pelzami CA00
         |         Varhostichthys G88
         |         Barbodes JR10
         |           |--B. baoulan B50
         |           |--B. binotatus B50
         |           |--B. clemensi B50
         |           |--B. hemictenus Jordan & Richardson 1908 JR10
         |           |--B. manalak B50
         |           |--B. palawanensis (Boulenger 1895) [=Barbus palawanensis] JR10
         |           |--B. quinquemaculatus JR10
         |           `--B. tumba B50
         |         Nematabramis JR10
         |           |--N. alestes [=Mearnsiella alestes] JR10
         |           `--N. everetti Boulenger 1895 JR10
         |         Dangila JR10
         |           |--D. cyanopareia [=Cyrene cyanopareia] JR10
         |           `--D. philippinia [=Cyrene philippinia] JR10
         |         Parabarbus AS09
         |         Stypodon signifer D81
         |         Lepidomeda D81
         |           |--L. altivelis D81
         |           `--L. mollispinis D81
         |                |--L. m. mollispinis D81
         |                `--L. m. pratensis D81
         |         Paraphoxinus B50
         |         Mandibularia resinus B50
         |--Cyprininae B96
         |--Gobioninae B96
         |--Acheilognathinae B96
         |--Leuciscinae B96
         `--Barbinae TP86

Cypriniformes incertae sedis:
  Adiposia B96
  Leptobotia curta (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) I92
  Opsariichthys uncirostris NE12
  Zacco SL86
    |--Z. platypus T90
    `--Z. temmincki T90
  Botia K55 [Botiidae B-RB13]
    |--B. horae B93
    |--B. hymenophysa (Bleeker 1852) [=Cobitis hymenophysa] K55
    |--B. macracantha (Bleeker 1852) [=Cobitis macracanthus] K55
    `--B. striatus RM72
  Barbuccidae B-RB13
  Ellopostomatidae B-RB13
  Psilorhynchidae B-RB13
  Serpenticobitidae B-RB13
  Vaillantellidae B-RB13

Barbopsis devecchii di Caporiacco 1926 [incl. Eilichthys microphthalmus Pellegrin 1929, B. stefaninii Gianferrari 1930] TP86

Chondrostoma oligolepis Robalo, Doadrio et al. 2005 [=Rutilus macrolepidotus Steindachner 1866 non Leuciscus macrolepidotus Ayres 1854, C. macrolepidotum] RA05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS09] Alfaro, M. E., F. Santini, C. Brock, H. Alamillo, A. Dornburg, D. L. Rabosky, G. Carnevale & L. J. Harmon. 2009. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (32): 13410–13414.

[AJ02] Arunachalam, M., & J. A. Johnson. 2002. A new species of Puntius Hamilton (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 474–480.

[B93] Beresford, W. A. 1993. Cranial skeletal tissues: diversity and evolutionary trends. In: Hanken, J., & B. K. Hall (eds) 1993. The Skull vol. 2. Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity pp. 69–130. The University of Chicago Press.

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.

[CA00] Coad, B. W., & A. Abdoli. 2000. Systematics of an isolated population of tooth-carp from northern Iran (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontidae). Zoology in the Middle East 21: 87–102.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. Fishes from eastern Canada. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 515–519.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[HM01] Harris, P. M., & R. L. Mayden. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of major clades of Catostomidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) as inferred from mitochondrial SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20 (2): 225–237.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[K55] Klausewitz, W. 1955. See- und Süßwasserfische von Sumatra und Java. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (5–6): 309–323.

[NE12] Near, T. J., R. I. Eytan, A. Dornburg, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, M. P. Davis, P. C. Wainwright, M. Friedman & W. L. Smith. 2012. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (34): 13698–13703.

[O97] Ogilby, J. D. 1897. On some Australian Eleotrinae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (4): 725–757.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[RM72] Rajagopal, K. V., & V. Muddanna. 1972. Two unique methods of fishing for cobitids in the Tungabhadra River. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 429–432.

[RA05] Robalo, J. I., V. C. Almada, C. Sousa Santos, M. I. Moreira & I. Doadrio. 2005. New species of the genus Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 (Actynopterigii, Cyprinidae) from western Portugal. Graellsia 61 (1): 19–29.

[SL86] Schaefer, S. A., & G. V. Lauder. 1986. Historical transformation of functional design: evolutionary morphology of feeding mechanisms in loricarioid catfishes. Systematic Zoology 35 (4): 489–508.

[SE08] Sevcsik, A., & T. Erös. 2008. A revised catalogue of freshwater fishes of Hungary and the neighbouring countries in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Pisces). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 331–383.

[S92] Smith, G. R. 1992. Introgression in fishes: significance for paleontology, cladistics, and evolutionary rates. Systematic Biology 41 (1): 41–57.

[SBW95] Stauffer, J. R., Jr, J. M. Boltz & L. R. White. 1995. The fishes of West Virginia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 146: 1–389.

[T90] Taguchi, S. 1990. Nihon no Sakana. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[TP86] Thinès, G., & G. Proudlove. 1986. Pisces. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 709–733. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Clupeidae

Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, copyright David J. Stang.

Belongs within: Clupeiformes.
Contains: Anodontostomatini, Alosa (Alosa), Sardinella, Clupea.

The Clupeidae, herrings, are a group of mostly small fishes that are most diverse in coastal marine waters with some species entering fresh water.

Characters (from Munroe et al. 1999): Typically fusiform fishes, oval in cross-section, and sometimes strongly compressed; complete series of scutes along abdomen (pelvic scute always present); mouth terminal, usually with two supramaxillae, and small or minute jaw teeth. No spiny rays in dorsal fin; single dorsal fin, which is short and near midpoint of body. Pectoral fins set low on body; pelvic fins just anterior to, below, or just posterior to dorsal-fin base; anal fin short (usually less than 28 soft rays) with origin well posterior to vertical through base of posteriormost dorsal-fin ray; caudal fin always deeply forked. Scales cycloid, adherent and of moderate size (about 35 to 68 in lateral series). Eyelids usually with vertical opening in middle. Lateral line absent. Scales without posterior striations. Colour typically blue-green on back and silvery on flanks; with variable darker markings including spot behind gill cover, spots along flanks, spot at dorsal-fin origin, and dark pigmentation on part of dorsal, pectoral, anal, and caudal fins.

<==Clupeidae
    |--Pellonulinae MWN99
    |    |--Pellonula leonensis EA03
    |    |--Clupeichthys MWN99
    |    |--Hyperlophus MWN99
    |    |    |--H. translucidus McCulloch 1917 MWN99
    |    |    `--H. vittatus (Castelnau 1875) MWN99
    |    `--Corica MWN99
    |         |--C. laciniata Fowler 1935 MWN99
    |         `--C. soborna Hamilton-Buchanan 1822 MWN99
    |--Dorosomatinae [Dorosomidae] MWN99
    |    |--Anodontostomatini NR73
    |    |--Clupanodontini [Clupanodontidae] NR73
    |    |    |--Konosirus Jordan & Snyder 1900 [=Nealosa Herre & Myers 1931] NR73
    |    |    |    `--*K. punctatus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) NR73, MWN99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--Clupanodon Lacepède 1803 [=Thrissa Rafinesque 1815; Clupanodontidae, Clupanodontini] NR73
    |    |         |--*C. thrissa (Linnaeus 1758) NR73 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         |--C. oglina (Lesueur 1818) [=Megalops oglina] NR73
    |    |         `--C. pseudohispanicus F16
    |    `--Dorosoma Rafinesque 1820 [Dorosomatini] NR73
    |         |--D. (Dorosoma) NR73
    |         |    |--D. (D.) cepedianum (Lesueur 1818) [=Megalops cepediana; incl. *D. notata Rafinesque 1820] NR73
    |         |    |--D. (D.) anale Meek 1904 NR73
    |         |    |--D. (D.) chavesi Meek 1907 NR73
    |         |    `--D. (D.) smithi Hubbs & Miller 1941 NR73
    |         `--D. (Signalosa Evermann & Kendall 1898) NR73
    |              `--D. (S.) petenense (Günther 1866) (see below for synonymy) NR73
    |--Alosinae MWN99
    |    |--Hilsa kelee (Cuvier 1829) MWN99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Tenualosa MWN99
    |    |    |--T. ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822) MWN99 [=Hilsa ilisha B96]
    |    |    |--T. macrura (Bleeker 1852) [=Alausa macrurus, Hilsa macrura, Macrura macrura] MWN99
    |    |    |--T. reevesii (Richardson 1846) (see below for synonymy) MWN99
    |    |    |--T. thibaudeaui (Durand 1940) MWN99
    |    |    `--T. toli (Valenciennes 1847) [=Hilsa toli; incl. Alausa ctenolepis Bleeker 1852] MWN99
    |    `--Alosa [incl. Caspialosa] FWA06
    |         |  i. s.: A. alabamae B96
    |         |         A. finta P61
    |         |         ‘Caspialosa’ kessleri P61
    |         |           |--C. k. kessleri P61
    |         |           `--C. k. volgensis P61
    |         |         A. pontica (Eichwald 1838) SE08
    |         |--A. (Alosa) FWA06
    |         `--A. (Pomolobus) FWA06
    |              |--A. (P.) aestivalis (Mitchill 1814) FWA06, M02
    |              |--A. (P.) chrysochloris FWA06
    |              |--A. (P.) mediocris (Mitchill 1814) FWA06, M02
    |              `--A. (P.) pseudoharengus (Wilson 1811) FWA06, M02
    `--Clupeinae MWN99
         |--Sardinella MWN99
         |--Clupea L58
         |--Escualosa MWN99
         |    |--E. elongata Wongratana 1983 MWN99
         |    `--E. thoracata (Valenciennes 1847) MWN99 (see below for synonymy)
         |--Amblygaster MWN99
         |    |--A. clupeoides Bleeker 1849 [=Sardinella clupeoides] MWN99
         |    |--A. leiogaster (Valenciennes 1847) (see below for synonymy) MWN99
         |    |--A. perforatum JR10
         |    `--A. sirm (Walbaum 1792) MWN99 (see below for synonymy)
         |--Sardinops MWN99
         |    |--S. caerulea CH97
         |    |--S. melanostictus IM04
         |    |--S. neopilchardus (Steindachner 1879) MWN99
         |    |--S. ocellata W81
         |    `--S. sagax B96
         `--Herklotsichthys MWN99
              |--H. blackburni (Whitley 1948) MWN99
              |--H. castelnaui (Ogilby 1897) MWN99
              |--H. collettei Wongratana 1987 MWN99
              |--H. dispilonotus (Bleeker 1852) [=Harengula dispilonotus] MWN99
              |--H. gotoi Wongratana 1983 MWN99
              |--H. koningsbergeri (Weber & de Beaufort 1912) [incl. Harengula maccullochi Whitley 1931] MWN99
              |--H. lippa (Whitley 1931) MWN99
              |--H. punctatus MWN99
              `--H. quadrimaculatus (Rüppell 1837) MWN99

Clupeidae incertae sedis:
  Sprattus sprattus B96
  Palonia castelnaui B96
  Amazonsprattus scintilla B96
  Ethmalosa fimbriata EA03
  Ornategulum W79
  Horaclupea G88
  Opisthonema Gill 1862 M02, BR05
    `--O. oglinum (LeSueur 1818) M02
  Etrumeus M02
    |--E. teres (DeKay 1842) M02
    `--E. whiteheadi M02
  Clupeoides M58
    |--C. multispinis Hardenberg 1941 M58
    `--C. papuensis (Ramsay & Douglas-Ogilby 1886) [=Corica papuensis] M58
  Kowala venulosa (Weber & de Beaufort 1912) [=Clupeoides venulosus] M58
  Sardinia YT27
    |--S. neopilchardus Steindachner 1879 (see below for synonymy) YT27
    `--S. pilchardus BM03
  Brevoortia M02
    |--B. gunteri P61
    |--B. patronus M02
    |--B. smithi M02
    `--B. tyrannus (Latrobe 1802) M02
  Harengula YT27
    |--H. abbreviata G75
    |--H. antipoda (Hector 1872) (see below for synonymy) YT27
    |--H. humeralis F15
    |--H. koningsbergeri (Weber & de Beaufort 1912) [=Clupea (Harengula) koningsbergeri] M58
    |--H. macrolepis G75
    |--H. macrophthalmus F15
    |--H. ovalis (Bennett 1830) (see below for synonymy) M58
    `--H. schrammii (Bleeker 1849) [=Alausa schrammii] M58
  Sierrathrissa leonensis MWN99
  Thrattidion noctivagus MWN99
  Knightia vetusta Grande 1982 P93
  Limnothrissa B50
  Stolothrissa B50

Inorganic: Harengula zunsai minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Amblygaster leiogaster (Valenciennes 1847) [=Sardinella leiogaster; incl. Clupea okinawensis Kishinouye 1908] MWN99

Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum 1792) MWN99 [=Clupea sirm M58, Sardinella sirm MWN99; incl. Sardinops dakini Whitley 1937 MWN99, Sardinella leiogastroides Bleeker 1854 MWN99, C. pinguis Günther 1872 MWN99, Harengula pinguis M58]

*Clupanodon thrissa (Linnaeus 1758) NR73 [=Clupea thrissa M58, Dorosoma thrissa NR73, Konosirus thrissa JR10, Meletta thryssa NR73, *Thrissa thrissa NR73; incl. Clupanodon haihoensis Oshima 1926 MWN99, Chatoessus maculatus Richardson 1846 MWN99, Dorosoma maculatum NR73, D. maculatus NR73, Chatoessus osbeckii Valenciennes 1848 NR73, Clupanodon osbeckii NR73, Dorosoma osbeckii NR73, Clupea triza Linnaeus 1758 MWN99, Dorosoma triza NR73]

Dorosoma (Signalosa) petenense (Günther 1866) [=Meletta petenensis, Signalosa petenensis; incl. *S. atchafalayae Evermann & Kendall 1898] NR73

Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes 1847) MWN99 [incl. Clupea coval Cuvier 1829 M58, Kowala coval MWN99, C. huae Tirant 1883 MWN99, Meletta lile Valenciennes 1847 MWN99, C. macrolepis Steindachner 1879 MWN99]

Harengula antipoda (Hector 1872) [=Clupea spratus var. antipodum, Amblygaster antipodus, C. antipoda; incl. C. holodon Regan 1916] YT27

Harengula ovalis (Bennett 1830) [=Clupea ovalis; incl. C. kunzei Macleay 1880, Sardinella kunzei, C. moluccensis Günther 1880, C. (Harengula) moluccensis, Harengula punctata Whitley 1927, C. venenosa Meyer 1885] M58

Hilsa kelee (Cuvier 1829) MWN99 [=Macrura kelee MWN99; incl. Alosa brevis Bleeker 1848 MWN99, M. brevis M58, Clupea durbanensis Regan 1906 MWN99, M. durbanensis MWN99, Alausa kanagurta Bleeker 1852 MWN99, Hilsa kanagurta MWN99, Alosa malayana Bleeker 1866 MWN99, Clupea platygaster Günther 1868 MWN99]

*Konosirus punctatus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) NR73, MWN99 [=Chatoessus punctatus NR73, Clupanodon punctata NR73, Cl. punctatus NR73, Dorosoma punctatum NR73; incl. Ch. aquosus Richardson 1846 (n. o.) NR73]

Sardinia neopilchardus Steindachner 1879 [=Clupanodon neopilchardus, Clupea neopilchardus, Amblygaster neopilchardus] YT27

Tenualosa reevesii (Richardson 1846) [=Hilsa reevesii, Macrura reevesii; incl. Clupea sinensis Linnaeus 1758 (n. d.)] MWN99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[YT27] Young, M., & G. M. Thomson. 1927. Occurrence of pilchards and sprats in New Zealand seas. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 314–319.