Iodeae

Flowering twig of Iodes sp., copyright Leonardo L. Co.

Belongs within: Garryales.

The Iodeae have been recognised as a tribe within the pantropical flowering plant family Icacinaceae, though phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is paraphyletic with regard to the Phytocreneae and Sarcostigma (Kårehed 2001).

Synapomorphies (from Kårehed 2001, as unnamed clade): Leaves with prominent major veins present; flowers functionally unisexual; fruit a laterally compressed drupe; pollen with spines originating from the foot-layer; columellae more or less long and fine, often heterogeneous.

<==Iodeae
    |--Mappianthus K01
    `--+--+--+--Rhyticaryum K01
       |  |  `--+--Sarcostigma [Sarcostigmateae] K01
       |  |     `--Stachyanthus K01
       |  `--+--Hosiea K01
       |     `--+--Natsiatopsis K01
       |        `--Natsiatum K01
       `--+--+--Polyporandra K01
          |  `--Iodes K01
          |       |--I. africana K01
          |       |--I. cirrhosa K01
          |       `--I. ovalis K01
          `--Phytocreneae K01
               |--+--Miquelia K01
               |  `--Phytocrene K01
               `--+--Polycephalium K01
                  `--+--Chlamydocarya K01
                     `--Pyrenacantha K01
                          |--P. grandifolia K01
                          `--P. malvifolia K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K01] Kårehed, J. 2001. Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (12): 2259–2274.

Swertia

Many-stem swertia Swertia multicaulis, copyright Pema G. Bhutia.

Belongs within: Gentianoideae.

Swertia, the felworts, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs, most diverse in Asia and Africa.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs annual or perennial. Roots fibrous or woody; primary roots with few secondary rootlets or rhizomes short and with few fleshy adventitious rootlets. Stems absent, scapiform, or well developed, ascending or erect, terete, striate or angled, simple or branched. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, margin entire. Inflorescences cymose, usually grouped into simple or paniculate thyrses, rarely strictly dichotomous, sometimes reduced to single flowers and inflorescences racemelike or flowers solitary and terminal. Flowers 4- or 5-merous. Calyx and corolla rotate, lobed to base, tubes less than 3 mm. Nectaries 1 or 2 per corolla lobe, with fimbriate margin or represented by naked spotlike gland patches. Stamens inserted at base of corolla tube. Ovary 1-celled. Style short to elongate. Capsules 2-valved, few to many seeded. Seeds small.

Swertia
    |--S. acaulis O88
    |--S. alternifolia O88
    |--S. candelabrum O88
    |--S. ciliata O88
    |--S. cuneata O88
    |--S. dilatata O88
    |--S. hispidicalyx O88
    |--S. hookeri O88
    |--S. kingii O88
    |--S. multicaulis O88
    |--S. petiolata O88
    |--S. racemosa O88
    |--S. radiata RS99
    |--S. ramosa O88
    |--S. speciosa O88
    `--S. staintonii O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: An introductory note. In: Ohba, H. & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

Prostanthera

Pink-flowered variety of round-leaved mintbush Prostanthera rotundifolia, copyright Brian Walters.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

Prostanthera, mintbush, is a genus of often strongly-scented shrubs endemic to Australia.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Shrubs or undershrubs, mostly strongly scented, with opposite leaves which sometimes appear clustered; flowers usually solitary and axillary with two narrow bracteoles on peduncle. Calyx usually campanulate, two-lipped, about ten-nerved, the lips entire or the lower one slightly notched; corolla-tube short, dilated into a broad two-lipped limb, the upper lip erect, broadly two-lobed and more or less hooded, the lower lip spreading, three-lobed, the middle lobe larger and usually obtusely notched; stamens 4, in pairs; anthers two-celled, usually with two linear appendages penicillate at summit and attached to back of cells, the upper part of each appendage adnate to the cell, the lower part of one appendage often protruding like a short spur below the base of the cell, the other appendage remaining very short; style long and slender, often curved, the two terminal lobes sometimes minute; nutlets reticulate-rugose.

<==Prostanthera
    |  i. s.: P. althoferi G04
    |         P. grylloana G04
    |         P. lasianthos BR65
    |--P. sect. Euprostanthera R65
    |    |--P. baxteri BR65
    |    |    |--P. b. var. baxteri BR65
    |    |    |--P. b. var. crassifolia BR65
    |    |    `--P. b. var. sericea BR65
    |    |--P. behriana BR65
    |    |--P. eurybioides BR65
    |    |--P. nudula Black ex Robertson 1965 R65
    |    |--P. rotundifolia BR65
    |    |--P. spinosa BR65
    |    |--P. striatiflora BR65
    |    `--P. wilkieana BR65
    `--P. sect. Klanderia BR65
         |--P. aspalathoides Cunn 1836 [incl. P. coccinea Mueller 1856] BR65
         |--P. calycina BR65
         |--P. chlorantha BR65
         |--P. microphylla [=Cryphia microphylla] BR65
         `--P. serpyllifolia [=Cryphia serpyllifolia] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35-47.

[R65] Robertson, E. L. 1965. Diagnoses to new taxa. In Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae (Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson) pp. 946. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

Elsholtzieae

Northern horsebalm Collinsonia canadensis, copyright Michael Hough.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

The Elsholtzieae are a group of herbs and shrubs with an asymmetric floral disc and globose nutlets (Harley et al. 2004).

Characters (from Harley et al. 2004): Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Stems often four-angled. Leaves opposite, usually petiolate. Inflorescence usually an often secund raceme-like thyrse or panicle of 1(-3)-flowered cymes in the axils of usually much reduced bracts, sometimes conspicuous, broad, imbricate, often venose, bracteoles usually absent. Calyx ± 10-lobed, five-nerved (3/2), often more or less actinomorphic at anthesis, usually accrescent in fruit and usually becoming more distinctly two-lipped, corolla ± 2-lipped, 4-5-lobed (1-2/3), lobes usually with short, scarcely spreading lobes, posterior lip 1-2-lobed, anterior lip 3-lobed, corolla-tube often short. Stamens 4 or 2 by reduction, often exserted, weakly didynamous, divergent, filaments glabrous, anthers 2-thecous, thecae parallel to divergent, separate or apically confluent. Style with two usually equal, subulate stigma-lobes. Disc asymmetrical with anterior lobe elongate. Nutlets usually globose, sometimes reduced to one by abortion, smooth, reticulate or foveolate, abscission-scar very small, often circular.

<==Elsholtzieae
    |--Elsholtzia O88
    |    |--E. densa O88
    |    |--E. eriostachya O88
    |    |--E. fruticosa O88
    |    `--E. strobilifera O88
    `--Collinsonia Linnaeus 1753 [incl. Keiskea Miquel 1865] HPR03
         |--*C. canadensis HPR03
         |--C. australis (Wu & Li) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea australis Wu & Li 1977] HPR03
         |--C. elsholtzioides (Merr.) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea elsholtzioides Merr. 1937] HPR03
         |--C. glandulosa (Wu) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea glandulosa Wu 1965] HPR03
         |--C. japonica (Miquel) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=*Keiskea japonica Miquel 1865] HPR03
         |--C. macrobracteata (Masam.) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea macrobracteata Masam. 1940] HPR03
         |--C. sinensis (Diels) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea sinensis Diels 1924] HPR03
         `--C. szechuanensis (Wu) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea szechuanensis Wu 1965] HPR03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Harley, R. M., S. Atkins, A. L. Budantsev, P. D. Cantino, B. J. Conn, R. Grayer, M. M. Harley, R. de Kok, T. Krestovskaja, R. Morales, A. J. Paton, O. Ryding & T. Upson. 2004. Labiatae. In: Kadereit, J. W. (ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. 7. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae, including Avicenniaceae) pp. 167-275. Springer.

[HPR03] Harley, R. M., A. J. Paton & O. Ryding. 2003. New synonymy and taxonomic changes in the Labiatae. Kew Bulletin 58: 485-489.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: An introductory note. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

Pedicularis

Pedicularis rhinanthoides ssp. labellata, from here.

Belongs within: Orobanchaceae.
Contains: Pedicularis section Phanerantha, Pedicularis section Nothosigmantha.

Pedicularis, louseworts, are a genus of hemiparasitic herbs with hooded flowers.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial or annual, rarely biennial, hemiparasitic. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, usually pinnatifid to 1- or 2-pinnatisect, rarely entire or dentate. Lower leaves usually long petiolate; upper leaves often more or less sessile. Inflorescences terminal or flowers axillary; bracts usually leaflike. Calyx tubular to campanulate, often more or less bilabiate, usually deeply cleft anteriorly, (2-)5-lobed. Corolla purple, red, yellow, or white, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) hooded, enclosing anthers, laterally compressed, rounded or truncate, or terminating in teeth or in a beak; lower lip 3-lobed, usually spreading, external to upper lip in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments glabrous or pubescent; anthers mucronate or not. Stigma capitate. Capsule moderately compressed or not, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, reticulate or costate.

<==Pedicularis Linnaeus 1753 Y88
    |--P. group Allophyllum Li 1948 [incl. P. group Poeophyllum Li 1949] Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Pedicularis Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Carnosae Prain 1890 Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. bifida (Buchanan-Ham.) Pennell 1943 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Furfuraceae Prain 1891 Y88
    |    |         |--P. furfuracea Wallich ex Bentham 1835 Y88
    |    |         |--P. microcalyx Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |         `--P. pantlingii Prain 1889 [incl. P. furfuracea var. integrifolia Hooker 1884] Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Botryantha Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Rhinanthoises Prain 1890 Y88
    |    |         `--P. rhinanthoides Y88
    |    |              |--P. r. ssp. rhinanthoides Y88
    |    |              `--P. r. ssp. labellata (Jacquem.) Prain ex Pennell 1943 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Dolichomischus Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Corydaloides Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |    |--P. breviscaposa Yamazaki 1954 Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. cryptantha Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Regelianae Yamazaki in Hara et al. 1982 Y88
    |    |         `--P. (ser. *Regelianae) regeliana Prain 1889 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Lasioglossa Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Craspedotrichae Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |    |--P. anserantha Yamazaki 1963 [incl. P. ingentoides Yamazaki 1970] Y88
    |    |    |    |    |--P. a. var. anserantha Y88
    |    |    |    |    `--P. a. var. elevatogaleata (Yamazaki) Yamazaki 1988 [=P. elevatogaleata Yamazaki 1970] Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. clarkei Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Lachnoglossae Prain 1949 Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. lachnoglossa Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Trichoglossae Li 1949 Y88
    |    |         `--P. trichoglossa Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Leptochilus Yamazaki 1988 [=P. ser. Excelsae Maximowicz 1888] Y88
    |    |    `--P. (sect. *Leptochilus) excelsa Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Leptocladus Yamazaki 1988 [=P. ser. Muscicolae Maximowicz 1888] Y88
    |    |    |--P. (sect. *Leptocladus) muscicola Y88
    |    |    `--P. terrenoflora Yamazaki in Ohashi 1975 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Phanerantha Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Rhizophyllastrum (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Asplenifoliae Prain 1890 [incl. P. ser. Albiflorae Tsoong 1963] Y88
    |    |    |    |--P. albiflora (Hooker) Prain 1889 [=P. asplenifolia var. albiflora Hooker 1884] Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. sikkimensis Bonati ex Smith 1913 [incl. P. lamjungensis Yamazaki 1970] Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Filiculae Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |    |--P. trichodonta Yamazaki 1978 Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. wallichii Bunge ex Walpers 1844-1845 [incl. P. wallichoides Yamazaki 1971] Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Perpusillae Yamazaki 1986 Y88
    |    |         |--P. pseudoregeliana Tsoong 1955 Y88
    |    |         `--P. yalungensis Yamazaki 1986 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Rhizophyllum Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Flammeae Prain 1890 Y88
    |    |         |--P. muscoides Y88
    |    |         |    |--P. m. ssp. muscoides Y88
    |    |         |    `--P. m. ssp. himalayca Yamazaki 1986 Y88
    |    |         `--P. oederi Y88
    |    |              |--P. o. ssp. oederi Y88
    |    |              `--P. o. ssp. heteroglossa (Prain) Pennell 1943 [=P. oederi var. heteroglossa Prain 1889] Y88
    |    `--P. sect. Saccochilus Yamazaki 1988 [=P. ser. Megalanthae Prain 1890] Y88
    |         |--P. (sect. *Saccochilus) megalantha Don 1846 Y88
    |         |--P. cornigera Yamazaki 1980 Y88
    |         |--P. hoffmeisteri Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garke 1862 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |         `--P. pauciflora (Prain) Pennell 1943 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    `--P. group Cyclophyllum Li 1948 Y88
         |--P. sect. Astenocaulus (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 [=Grex Cyclocladus subgrex Astenocaulus Tsoong 1963] Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Flexuosae Prain 1890 Y88
         |    |    |--P. annapurnensis Yamazaki 1970 Y88
         |    |    |--P. flexuosa Hooker 1884 Y88
         |    |    |--P. oxyrhyncha Yamazaki 1986 Y88
         |    |    `--P. porrecta Wallich ex Bentham 1835 Y88
         |    `--P. ser. Pectinatae Prain 1891 Y88
         |         `--P. pectinata Y88
         |              |--P. p. ssp. pectinata Y88
         |              `--P. p. ssp. palans (Prain) Pennell 1943 [=P. pectinata var. palans Prain 1891] Y88
         |--P. sect. Brachystachys (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 [=Grex Dolichophyllum subgrex Brachystachys Tsoong 1963] Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Collatae Prain 1890 Y88
         |    |    `--P. collata Prain 1889 Y88
         |    `--P. ser. Ophiocephalae Prain 1890 Y88
         |         `--P. ophiocephala Maximowicz 1888 Y88
         |--P. sect. Cryptorhynchus Yamazaki 1988 (see below for synonymy) Y88
         |    |--P. (sect. *Cryptorhynchus) ludlowiana Y88
         |    `--P. tamurensis Yamazaki 1970 Y88
         |--P. sect. Elephanticeps Yamazaki 1988 [=P. ser. Integrifoliae Prain 1890] Y88
         |    `--P. (sect. *Elephanticeps) integrifolia Hooker 1884 Y88
         |--P. sect. Nothosigmantha Y88
         |--P. sect. Orthorrrhynchus (Prain) Yamazaki 1988 [=Orthorrhynchae B. Euorthorrhynchae Prain 1890] Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Debiles Prain 1890 Y88
         |    |    |--P. confertiflora Prain 1889 [incl. P. sectifolia Yamazaki 1982] Y88
         |    |    |--P. heydei Prain 1889 Y88
         |    |    |--P. paradoxa (Prain) Yamazaki 1986 [=P. instar var. paradoxa Prain 1889] Y88
         |    |    `--P. poluninii Tsoong 1955 Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Pseudo-asplenifoliae Prain 1891 [incl. P. ser. Pseudorostratae Limpricht 1924] Y88
         |    |    `--P. schizorrhyncha Prain 1889 Y88
         |    `--P. ser. Remotilobae Tsoong 1963 Y88
         |         `--P. odontoloma Yamazaki 1978 Y88
         |--P. sect. Orthosiphonia Li 1948 Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Denudatae Prain 1890 Y88
         |    |    `--P. denudata Hooker 1884 Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Gibberae Prain 1891 Y88
         |    |    `--P. gibbera Prain 1889 Y88
         |    `--P. ser. Molles Tsoong 1963 Y88
         |         `--P. mollis Wallich ex Bentham 1835 Y88
         `--P. sect. Sigmantha Li 1948 Y88
              `--P. ser. Verticillatae Maximowicz 1877 Y88
                   |--P. diffusa Prain 1893 Y88
                   |--P. kansuensis Maximowicz 1881 [incl. P. verticillata var. chinensis Maximowicz 1877] Y88
                   |--P. muguensis Yamazaki 1988 Y88
                   |--P. nana Fischer 1940 Y88
                   |--P. nodosa Pennell 1943 Y88
                   `--P. roylei Maximowicz 1881 Y88
                        |--P. r. var. roylei Y88
                        `--P. r. var. speciosa (Prain) Yamazaki 1988 (see below for synonymy) Y88

Pedicularis incertae sedis:
  P. aspleniifolia C55b
  P. capitata C55a
  P. euphrasioides C55a
  P. flammea C55a
  P. foliosa OP01
  P. hirsuta C55a
  P. jacquini C55a
  P. langsdorffii C55a
  P. lapponica C55a
  P. palustris C55a
  P. recutita C55a
  P. rostrata C55a
  P. sceptrum-carolinum RS99
  P. sudetica C55a
  P. versicolor C55a
  P. verticillata C55a

Pedicularis sect. Cryptorhynchus Yamazaki 1988 non Cryptorhynchus Illiger 1807 (ICZN) [=P. ser. Ludlowianae Tsoong 1954] Y88

Pedicularis sect. Rhizophyllastrum (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 [=Grex Rhizophyllum subgrex Rhizophyllastrum Tsoong 1963] Y88

Pedicularis bifida (Buchanan-Ham.) Pennell 1943 [=Rhinanthus bifidus Buchanan-Ham. ex Don 1825; incl. P. carnosa Wallich 1831] Y88

Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garke 1862 [=P. megalantha var. hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Sealy 1939] Y88

Pedicularis pauciflora (Prain) Pennell 1943 [=P. megalantha var. pauciflora Prain ex Maximowicz 1888; incl. P. megalochila ssp. longituba Yamazaki 1980] Y88

Pedicularis rhinanthoides ssp. labellata (Jacquem.) Prain ex Pennell 1943 [=P. labellata Jacquem. 1835, P. rhinanthoides var. labellata (Jacquem.) Prain 1889; incl. P. rhinanthoides var. tibetica Bonati 1913 non P. anas var. tibetica Bonati 1907, P. rhinanthoides ssp. tibetica (Bonati) Tsoong 1963] Y88

Pedicularis roylei var. speciosa (Prain) Yamazaki 1988 [=P. roylei subvar. speciosa Prain 1891; incl. P. roylei ssp. megalantha Tsoong 1963 non P. megalantha Don 1825, P. rupicoloides Yamazaki 1954, P. saipalensis Yamazaki 1970] Y88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[OP01] Olmstead, R. G., C. W. dePamphilis, A. D. Wolfe, N. D. Young, W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348-361.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.

[Y88] Yamazaki, T. 1988. A revision of the genus Pedicularis in Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 91-161.

Pedicularis section Phanerantha

Pedicularis longiflora ssp. tubiformis, copyright M. Dvorský.

Belongs within: Pedicularis.

The section Phanerantha of the genus Pedicularis includes species with inflorescences in robust racemes bearing many large dense flowers, in which the lower lip of the corolla is large, broad and distinctly three-lobed, the middle lobe being broadly orbicular or obcordate (Yamazaki 1988).

<==Pedicularis sect. Phanerantha Li 1949
    |--P. ser. Macranthae Prain 1890
    |    |--P. klotzschii Hurusawa 1948 [incl. P. ochroleuca Duthie ex Maximowicz 1888 non Schloss ex Reichenbach 1755]
    |    |--P. macrantha Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garke 1862
    |    `--P. scullyana Prain ex Maximowicz 1888
    |--P. ser. Longiflorae Prain 1890
    |    |--P. hookeriana Wallich ex Bentham 1835 [incl. P. himalaica Klotzsch ex Klotzsch & Garke 1862]
    |    |--P. longiflora
    |    |    |--P. l. ssp. longiflora
    |    |    `--P. l. ssp. tubiformis (Klotzsch) Pennell 1943 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--P. siphonantha Don 1825 [incl. P. tsoongii Yamazaki 1971]
    `--P. ser. Robustae Prain 1890
         |--P. elwesii Hooker 1884
         `--P. nepalensis Prain 1889

Pedicularis longiflora ssp. tubiformis (Klotzsch) Pennell 1943 [=P. tubiformis Klotzsch ex Klotzsch & Garke 1864, P. longiflora var. tubiformis (Klotzsch) Tsoong 1955]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Yamazaki, T. 1988. A revision of the genus Pedicularis in Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 91-161.

Pedicularis section Nothosigmantha

Pedicularis gracilis, copyright Plant.Hunter.

Belongs within: Pedicularis.

The section Nothosigmantha of the genus Pedicularis contains species in which the galea is at least shortly beaked, and the leaves most commonly (3-)4-verticillate, rarely opposite (Yamazaki 1988).

<==Pedicularis sect. Nothosigmantha (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 [=Grex Sigmantha subgrex Nothosigmantha Tsoong 1963] Y88
    |--P. ser. Cheilanthifoliae Maximowicz 1888 Y88
    |    |--P. anas Y88
    |    |    |--P. a. ssp. anas Y88
    |    |    `--P. a. ssp. nepalensis (Yamazaki) Yamazaki 1986 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |    `--P. globifera Hooker 1884  Y88
    `--P. ser. Graciles Maximowicz 1877 [incl. P. ser. Alopecuroides Li 1948, P. ser. Brevifoliae Prain 1890] Y88
         |--P. brevifolia Don 1825 Y88
         |--P. chamissonoides Yamazaki 1970 Y88
         |--P. gracilis Wallich ex Bentham 1835 (see below for synonymy) Y88
         |--P. instar Prain ex Maximowicz 1888 Y88
         `--P. pennelliana Tsoong 1955 (see below for synonymy) Y88

Pedicularis anas ssp. nepalensis (Yamazaki) Yamazaki 1986 [=P. cheilanthifolia ssp. nepalensis Yamazaki 1982; incl. P. anas var. tibetica Bonati 1907] Y88

Pedicularis gracilis Wallich ex Bentham 1835 [incl. P. brunoniana Wallich 1829 (n. n.), P. gracilis ssp. stricta (Prain) Tsoong 1963] Y88

Pedicularis pennelliana Tsoong 1955 [incl. P. gracilis var. macrocarpa Prain 1891, P. gracilis ssp. macrocarpa (Prain) Tsoong 1955, P. gracilis f. prostrata Prain 1891] Y88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[Y88] Yamazaki, T. 1988. A revision of the genus Pedicularis in Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 91-161.

Goodenia section Eugoodenia

Hop goodenia Goodenia ovata, copyright Friends of Baluk Willam Nature Conservation Reserve.

Belongs within: Goodeniaceae.

The section Eugoodenia of the genus Goodenia is characterised by having the ovules few or many in number, and imbricate in two rows in each cell (Black & Robertson 1965).

<==Goodenia sect. Eugoodenia
    |--G. subsect. Bracteolatae BR65
    |    |--G. affinis [incl. G. geniculata var. eriophylla] BR65
    |    |--G. amplexans BR65
    |    |    |--G. a. var. amplexans BR65
    |    |    `--G. a. var. angustifolia BR65
    |    |--G. geniculata BR65
    |    |--G. hirsuta BR65
    |    |--G. lanata BR65
    |    |--G. ovata BR65
    |    |--G. primulacea [=G. geniculata var. primulacea] BR65
    |    |--G. robusta [=G. geniculata var. robusta] BR65
    |    |--G. rotundifolia BR65
    |    |--G. strophiolata BR65
    |    |--G. unilobata Black 1927 BR65
    |    |--G. varia BR65
    |    `--G. vernicosa Black 1919 BR65
    |--G. subsect. Ebracteolatae BR65
    |    |--G. albiflora [=G. grandiflora var. albiflora] BR65
    |    |--G. anfracta BR65
    |    |--G. argentea BR65
    |    |--G. calcarata BR65
    |    |--G. cycloptera BR65
    |    |--G. glauca BR65
    |    |--G. grandiflora BR65
    |    |    |--G. g. var. grandiflora BR65
    |    |    |--G. g. var. chambersii BR65
    |    |    `--G. g. var. nicholsonii BR65
    |    |--G. havilandii BR65
    |    |    |--G. h. var. havilandii BR65
    |    |    `--G. h. var. pauperata BR65
    |    |--G. heterochila BR65
    |    |--G. heteromera BR65
    |    |    |--G. h. var. heteromera BR65
    |    |    `--G. h. var. deminuta BR65
    |    |--G. lunata BR65
    |    |--G. mitchellii BR65
    |    |--G. pinnatifida BR65
    |    |--G. pusilliflora BR65
    |    `--G. subintegra Mueller 1888 [incl. G. glauca var. sericea Bentham 1869] BR65
    `--G. (subsect. Racemosae) ramelii BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

Cremanthodium

Cremanthodium reniforme, copyright Ulrika Johansson.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.

Cremanthodium is a genus of perennial herbs known from China and the Himalayas.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes short, with rosette leaves, very rarely without rosette leaves. Roots fleshy, numerous. Stem arising from outer axil of rosette leaves, solitary, or 2- or 3-crowded, usually scapelike. Leaves all or many crowded and basal, petiolate; petiolar base broadly sheathed; leaf blade palmately, pinnately, or parallel veined. Stem leaves alternate, bracteal, with or without sheath. Capitula solitary or many in raceme, nodding; leaflike bracts linear, rarely broadly ovate or elliptic. Involucre hemispheric, rarely broadly campanulate, base rounded; phyllaries in 2 rows, imbricate, outer phyllaries narrow; inner phyllaries broad, often margin membranous, or phyllaries in one row, equal in size, base united; all phyllaries outside glabrous or hairy, apex ciliate. Receptacle flat, without scales. Outer florets female, radiate or rarely narrowly tubular; lamina well developed, diverse, usually several times as long as involucre, rarely absent. Central florets tubular, bisexual; limb five-lobed. Anthers basally obtuse. Style branches compressed, apex obtuse or triangular, papillose-hairy. Achenes glabrous, ribbed. Pappus of denticulate hairs as long as or shorter than tubular corolla, rarely absent.

<==Cremanthodium
    |--C. arnicoides O88
    |--C. cuculliferum O88
    |--C. decaisnei O88
    |--C. ellisii O88
    |--C. hookeri O88
    |--C. nanum O88
    |--C. nepalense O88
    |--C. oblongatum O88
    |--C. pinnatifidum O88
    |--C. purpureifolium O88
    |--C. reniforme O88
    `--C. retusum O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

Stachys

Marsh hedge nettle Stachys palustris, copyright Peter M. Dziuk.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

Stachys is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs and shrubs with hairy leaves, some of which are cultivated for their ornamental foliage.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Hairy herbs; flowers in false-whorls, in axils of reduced floral leaves, forming terminal leafy spikes. Calyx campanulate, about ten-ribeed, with cylindrical tube and five pointed subequal teeth; corolla with cylindrical tube, upper lip erect and hooded, lower lip spreading, three-lobed; stamens 4, in pairs, parallel, the lower pair longer; anthers glabrous, anther-cells divaricate, opening by a common slit; nutlets obovoid.

<==Stachys
    |--S. annua C55b
    |--S. arvensis BR65
    |--S. aspera C55b
    |--S. chonotica D03
    |--S. cretica Linnaeus 1753 PL04
    |--S. dinteri CV06
    |--S. germanica H91
    |--S. melissaefolia O88
    |--S. olympica [incl. S. lanata] BR65
    |--S. palustris C55a
    `--S. recta H91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175-189.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8—Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 1-34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255-260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: An introductory note. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209-223.

Bupleurum

Thoroughwax Bupleurum rotundifolium, copyright Nancy J. Ondra.

Belongs within: Apiaceae.

Bupleurum is a genus of mostly perennial herbs found primarily in the northern temperate zone.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial, rarely annual, glabrous. Rootstock usually short, woody. Stem alternate or dichotomously branched, green or glaucous, base with or without fibrous remnant sheaths. Leaves entire, petioles sheathing; blade membranous, herbaceous or coriaceous, usually with parallel venation, base usually tapering into petiole. Cauline leaves often sessile, clasping, auriculate or perfoliate. Inflorescence loose, umbels compound, terminal and lateral; bracts several, conspicuous, often similar to uppermost leaves; rays few to many; bracteoles several, conspicuous. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, greenish-yellow, tinged purple or purple, oblong to orbicular, apex narrowly inflexed. Stylopodium conic, low-conic or discoid; styles short, often reflexed. Fruit oblong to ovoid-oblong or ellipsoid, slightly laterally compressed, mericarps subpentagonal (rarely rounded) in cross section; ribs 5, filiform, prominent or obscure; vittae 1–3(–6) in each furrow, 2–6(–8) on commissure, sometimes obscure. Seed face plane. Carpophore 2-cleft to base.

<==Bupleurum
    |--B. candolii O88
    |--B. falcatum ssp. falcatum O88
    |    |--B. f. ssp. f. var. falcatum O88
    |    `--B. f. ssp. f. var. gracillimum O88
    |--B. gracile PT98
    |--B. graminifolium C55a
    |--B. longicaule O88
    |--B. praealtum H91
    |--B. rigidum R-RR-GM-S98
    |--B. rotundifolium C55b
    |--B. salicifolium P02
    `--B. trichopodum Boissier & Spruner 1884 PL04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255-260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: An introductory note. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95-116.

[P02] Perry, R. N. 2002. Hatching. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 147-169. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209-223.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335-351.

Ligustrum

Japanese privet Ligustrum japonicum, photographed by Jack Scheper.

Belongs within: Lamiales.

Ligustrum, the privets, is a genus of shrubs and small trees native to the Old World, though various species have become more widely distributed as a result of being cultivated for hedges.

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs or small trees, deciduous or evergreen. Leaves opposite, simple, short petiolate; leaf blade entire. Inflorescences terminal panicles of cymes, rarely lateral. Flowers bisexual, sessile or pedicellate. Calyx campanulate, truncate or 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla white, rotate, funnelform, or salverform, 4-lobed; lobes ca. as long as or shorter than corolla tube, valvate in bud. Stamens 2, inserted at mouth of corolla tube, included or exserted; anthers yellow or sometimes purple, oblong. Ovules 2 in each locule, pendulous. Style shorter than stamens; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a berrylike drupe with membranous or papery endocarp, rarely drupaceous or loculicidal. Seeds 1-4; endosperm fleshy; radicle short, upward.

<==Ligustrum
    |--L. arboreum MM96
    |--L. confusum SN88
    |--L. indicum SN88
    |--L. japonicum OP01
    |--L. lucidum H06
    |--L. nepalense SN88
    |--L. obtusifolium [incl. L. ibota] LO98
    |--L. ovalifolium H06
    |--L. sinense H06
    `--L. vulgare OP01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201-222.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263-276.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[OP01] Olmstead, R. G., C. W. dePamphilis, A. D. Wolfe, N. D. Young, W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348-361.

[SN88] Suzuki, M., & S. Noshiro. 1988. Wood structure of Himalayan plants. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 341-379.

Cinchonoideae

Bush pentas Rondeletia leucophylla, from here.

Belongs within: Rubiaceae.
Contains: Naucleeae.

The Cinchonoideae as recognised here is a clade primarily supported by molecular analyses. Members of the clade have imbricate aestivation, are mostly woody, and many contain complex indole alkaloids (Bremer et al. 1999).

<==Cinchonoideae [Antirrheoideae]
    |  i. s.: Hillia [Hillioideae] T00
    |           |--H. parasitica J87
    |           |--H. triflora BM00
    |           `--H. valeris BM00
    |         Deppea grandiflora BM00, BJ99
    |         Steenisia BM00
    |--Cinchona RB01
    |    |--C. pubescens RB01
    |    `--C. succirubra B96
    `--+--+--+--Naucleeae RB01
       |  |  `--Hymenodictyoneae RB01
       |  |       |--Paracorynanthe antakarana RB01
       |  |       `--Hymenodictyon RB01
       |  |            |--H. decaryi RB01
       |  |            |--H. flaccidum RB01
       |  |            |--H. floribundum RB01
       |  |            `--H. parvifolium RB01
       |  `--+--Strumpfia maritima BJ99
       |     |--Catesbaea [Catesbaeeae] B96
       |     |    |--C. ekmaniana J87
       |     |    `--C. spinosa BJ99
       |     `--Chiococceae B96
       |          |  i. s.: Hintonia latiflora B96
       |          |--+--Chiococca alba BJ99
       |          |  `--Erithalis fruticosa BJ99
       |          `--Exostema RB01
       |               |--E. caribaeum BJ99
       |               |--E. lineatum RB01
       |               `--E. picardae J87
       `--+--Rondeletieae B96
          |    |--Rogiera suffrutescens B96, BJ99
          |    `--Rondeletia RB01
          |         |--R. carnea J87
          |         |--R. christii [incl. R. selleana] J87
          |         |--R. domatiata J87
          |         |--R. formonia J87
          |         |--R. leucophylla RB01
          |         `--R. odorata BJ99
          `--+--Hamelieae B96
             |    |--Hoffmannia B96
             |    |    |--H. ghiesbreghtii B96
             |    |    `--H. refulgens B96
             |    `--Hamelia B96
             |         |--H. cuprea BM00
             |         |--H. papillosa BM00
             |         |--H. patens J87
             |         `--H. ventricosa J87
             `--Guettardeae B96
                  |--Antirhea B96
                  |    |--A. lucida BJ99
                  |    `--A. obtusifolia SWK87
                  `--Guettarda B96
                       |--G. ovalifolia J87
                       |--G. pungens J87
                       |--G. speciosa P88
                       |--G. torbeciana J87
                       `--G. uruquensis BJ99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Bremer, B. 1996. Combined and separate analyses of morphological and molecular data in the plant family Rubiaceae. Cladistics 12: 21-40.

[BJ99] Bremer, B., R. K. Jansen, B. Oxelman, M. Backlund, H. Lantz & K.-J. Kim. 1999. More characters or more taxa for a robust phylogeny – case study from the coffee family (Rubiaceae). Systematic Biology 48 (3): 413-435.

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43-72.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RB01] Razafimandimbison, S. G., & B. Bremer. 2001. Tribal delimitation of Naucleeae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae): inference from molecular and morphological data. Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 515-538.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441-647.

Datura

Angel's trumpet Datura metel, from here.

Belongs within: Solanales.

Datura, the thorn apples or jimson weeds, is a genus of mostly herbaceous plants with spiny fruits. Some species are agriculturally significant due to their high toxicity to livestock.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Mostly robust annuals; hairs, when present, simple not stellate; leaves alternate, petiolate, the uppermost in pairs; flowers solitary, interpetiolar. Calyx tubular, five-angled and acutely five-toothed, circumsciss a little above base after flowering; corolla funnel-shaped, tube long, limb folded in bud, very shortly five-lobed, each lobe ending in a slender point; stamens enclosed, with linear anters opening lengthwise; ovary two-celled; capsule large, prickly, four-celled by secondary dissepiments, opening septifragally at summit by four valves, subtended by stiff persistent base of calyx; seeds reniform, compressed, thickened on margin, usually somewhat wrinkled.

<==Datura
    |--D. arborea [=Brugmansia arborea] BR65
    |--D. discolor D51
    |--D. fastuosa BR65
    |--D. ferox H06
    |--D. innoxia H06
    |--D. leichardtii BR65
    |--D. metel BR65
    |--D. meteloides D37
    |--D. quercifolia D51
    |--D. stramonium BR65
    |--D. suaveolens J87
    `--D. tatula [=D. stramonium var. tatula] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species, 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201-222.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

Cestrum

Night-blooming jessamine Cestrum nocturnum, from here.

Belongs within: Solanales.

Cestrum is a genus of trees and shrubs found in North and South America.

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs or trees, glabrous or pubescent with simple or branched hairs. Leaves solitary, simple, petiolate, entire. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose or paniculate, sometimes clustered in leaf axils, often bracteate or bracteolate. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx campanulate or tubular. Corolla long tubular; tube sometimes expanded or contracted around anthers, sometimes pubescent abaxially; limb lobed, usually spreading. Stamens inserted at various levels in corolla tube; filaments sometimes pubescent or appendaged at or below point of insertion; anthers dehiscing longitudinally; disc mostly evident. Ovary 2-locular; ovules few to several, rarely to 20. Style slender; stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely exserted. Fruit a berry, mostly white or blackish, globose, ovoid, or oblong, often juicy. Seeds 1 or several, oblong; embryo straight or slightly curved; cotyledons ovate, oblong and much wider than radicle, or cylindric.

<==Cestrum [Browallioideae, Cestroideae]
    |--C. aurantiacum HH03
    |--C. auriculatum HH03
    |--C. bicolor J87
    |--C. brevifolium J87
    |--C. coelophlebium J87
    |--C. diurnum HH03
    |--C. dolichopus J87
    |--C. elegans HH03
    |--C. filipes J87
    |--C. hediundinum HH03
    |--C. inclusum J87
    |--C. kunthii HH03
    |--C. laevigatum H06
    |--C. lanatum HH03
    |--C. latifolium HH03
    |--C. laurifolium HH0
    |--C. lorentzianum HH03
    |--C. macrophyllum HH03
    |--C. mononeurum J87
    |--C. nitidum HH03
    |--C. nocturnum HH03
    |--C. parqui HH03
    |--C. parviflorum HH03
    |--C. picardae J87
    |--C. pubescens HH03
    |--C. schlechtendalii HH03
    |--C. strigilatum HH03
    `--C. violaceum J87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201-222.

[HH03] Hernández, J. R., & J. F. Hennen. 2003. Rust fungi causing galls, witches’ brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina. Mycologia 95 (4): 728-755.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

Aquifoliales

Holly Ilex aquifolium, photographed by Jan De Laet.

Belongs within: Gentianidae.

The Aquifoliales is a clade of flowering plants supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Kårehed 2001). They are mostly tropical, though one of their best-known members is the northern temperate holly Ilex aquifolium. Most members of the Aquifoliales are trees or shrubs, but Cardiopteris is a genus of twining vines. Members of the families Cardiopteridaceae (except Cardiopteris itself) and Stemonuraceae were previously placed in the Icacinaceae, but are now known to be only distantly related to that family. Most Cardiopteridaceae (except Citronella) have sympetalous flowers, while most Stemonuraceae (except Lasianthera) have free petals (Kårehed 2001).

<==Aquifoliales
    |--+--Phyllonoma [Phyllonomaceae] K01
    |  |    `--P. laticuspis K03
    |  `--+--Helwingia [Helwingiaceae] K01
    |     |    `--H. japonica K03
    |     `--Ilex [incl. Nemopanthus; Aquifoliaceae] K01
    |          |--I. aquifolium C55a
    |          |--I. blancheana Judd 1986 JS87
    |          |--I. canariensis KL98
    |          |--I. crenata Thunberg 1784 CD07
    |          |--I. cubana J87
    |          |--I. denticulata Wallich ex Wight 1850 MM02
    |          |--I. fuertesiana J87
    |          |--I. integra LO98
    |          |--I. macfadyenii J87
    |          |--I. nitida SWK87
    |          |--I. obcordata J87
    |          |--I. paraguariensis C55b
    |          |--I. peduculosa MH98
    |          |--I. rotunda MH98
    |          |--I. serrata B88
    |          |--I. sinensis B88
    |          `--I. wightiana RR02
    `--+--Cardiopteridaceae CD07
       |    |  i. s.: Peripterygium T00
       |    |--Citronella K01
       |    `--+--Cardiopteris K01
       |       |    |--C. moluccana K01
       |       |    |--C. polymorpha F71
       |       |    `--C. quinqueloba Hassk. 1855 CD07
       |       `--+--Dendrobangia K01
       |          `--+--Leptaulus [Leptaulaceae] K01
       |             `--+--Gonocaryum K01
       |                `--Metteniusa [Metteniusaceae, Metteniusales] K01
       `--Stemonuraceae [Stemonureae] CD07
            |--Lasianthera K01
            `--+--Irvingbaileya K01
               `--+--Gomphandra K01
                  `--+--Medusanthera K01
                     `--+--Discophora K01
                        `--+--+--Hartleya K01
                           |  `--+--Codiocarpus K01
                           |     `--Grisollea K01
                           `--+--Gastrolepis K01
                              `--+--Whitmorea K01
                                 `--+--Stemonurus ammui K01
                                    `--Cantleya K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[JS87] Judd, W. S., & J. D. Skean, Jr. 1987. Three new angiosperms from Parc National Pic Macaya, Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 137-150.

[K01] Kårehed, J. 2001. Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (12): 2259-2274.

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1-24.

[KL98] Kiffe, K., K. Lewejohann. 1998. Ein Neufund von Carex oedipostyla Duval-Jouve (Cyperaceae) auf Teneriffa, Kanarische Inseln. Willdenowia 28: 117-122.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263-276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180-190.

[MM02] Murugan, C., V. S. Manickam, M. M. Josephine & V. Sundaresan. 2002. Extended distribution of two rare and endangered taxa from Tirunelveli Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 545-546.

[RR02] Ramachandran, V. S., & S. P. Raj. 2002. A note on the additional host range for the genus Korthasella van Tiegh. family Loranthaceae, from Nilgiris, southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 560.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441-647.