Vanellus

Masked lapwings Vanellus miles novaehollandiae, copyright Arthur Chapman.

Belongs within: Charadriidae.

Vanellus, the lapwings, is a cosmopolitan genus of relatively large plovers found in inland habitats, many of which possess colourful wattles on the face and/or sharp-pointed bony spurs on the bend of the wing.

<==Vanellus Brisson 1760 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |--V. spinosus BKB15 [=Hoplopterus spinosus RN72b]
    `--+--V. indicus BKB15 [=Lobivanellus indicus RN72a; incl. Parra goensis CC10, *L. goensis CC10]
       |    |--V. i. indicus SU93
       |    `--V. i. atronuchalis SU93
       `--+--V. chilensis BKB15
          `--+--V. resplendens BKB15
             `--+--*V. vanellus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                `--V. miles (Boddaert 1783) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                     |--V. m. miles CC10
                     `--V. m. novaehollandiae Stephens in Shaw 1819 (see below for synonymy) CC10

Vanellus Brisson 1760 CC10 [incl. Hoplopterus Bonaparte 1831 B94, Hoploxypterus Bonaparte 1856 B94, Lobibyx Heine 1890 CC10, Lobivanellus Gray 1841 CC10, Sarciophorus Gray 1841 B94; Hoploxypterinae, Lobibyxinae, Lobivanellinae, Sarciophorinae]

Vanellus miles (Boddaert 1783) JT12, CC10 [=Tringa miles CC10, Lobibyx miles WS48, Lobivanellus miles R87; incl. Lobiv. personatus R87]

Vanellus miles novaehollandiae Stephens in Shaw 1819 [=Lobibyx novaehollandiae; incl. Tringa lobata Latham 1802 non Linnaeus 1758, *Lobibyx lobata, Lobivanellus lobatus] CC10

*Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Tringa vanellus CC10; incl. V. cristatus Wolf & Meyer 1805 CC10, Vanallus (l. c.) cristatus, Vanellus aristatus (l. c.) CC10]

Vanellus incertae sedis:
  V. albiceps JT12
  V. armatus JT12 [=Hoplopterus armatus A61]
  V. cayanus JT12 [=Hoplopterus cayanus SS66]
  V. coronatus JT12
  V. crassirostris JT12
  V. duvaucelii JT12
  V. gregarius JT12
  V. leucurus JT12
  V. lugubris JT12
  V. macropterus SU93
  V. malarbaricus JT12
  V. melanocephalus (Rüppell 1845) JT12, S05 [=Lobivanellus melanocephalus S05, Tylibyx melanocephalus S05]
  V. melanopterus (Cretzschmar 1829) JT12, S05 [=Charadrius melanopterus S05, Stephanibyx melanopterus S05]
  ‘Sarciophorus’ pectoralis N87
  V. senegallus JT12
  V. superciliosus JT12
  V. tectus JT12 [=Sarciophorus tectus RN72a]
  V. tricolor JT12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[N87] North, A. J. 1887. List of references to authentic descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1163–1174.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[RN72a] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972a. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[RN72b] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972b. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[SU93] Sonobe, K., & S. Usui (eds.) 1993. A Field Guide to the Waterbirds of Asia. Wild Bird Society of Japan: Tokyo.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Haematopus

Eurasian oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus, copyright Bjørn Christian Tørrissen.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.

Haematopus, the oystercatchers, are a cosmopolitan genus of primarily coastal birds that feed in loose flocks. Oystercatchers have black and white or all black plumage, a very long, straight reddish bill, a squat body and pinkish-red legs. The Eurasian oystercatcher H. ostralegus of Eurasia and northern Africa has a black head and neck, black upperparts and predominantly white underparts.

<==Haematopus Linnaeus 1758 [=Ostralega Brisson 1760; Haematopodidae, Haematopodinae, Ostralegidae] CC10
    |  i. s.: H. fuliginosus Gould 1845 [incl. H. unicolor bernieri Mathews 1912] WS48
    |           |--H. f. fuliginosus M03
    |           `--H. f. ophthalmicus M03
    |         H. longirostris (Vieillot 1817) CC10 [=H. ostralegus longirostris WS48; incl. H. picatus King 1826 CC10]
    |         H. meadewaldoi [=H. ostralegus meadewaldoi] CG99
    |         H. moquini JT12
    |         H. niger Pallas 1811 CC10
    |         H. sulcatus (Brodkorb 1955) U93
    |--+--*H. ostralegus Linnaeus 1758 CC10, JT12, CC10 [=*Ostralega ostralega CC10]
    |  `--+--H. chathamensis Hartert 1927 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |     `--+--H. finschi Martens 1897 JT12, CC10 [=H. ostralegus finschi CC10]
    |        `--H. unicolor Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--H. leucopodus JT12
       `--+--H. ater Vieillot & Oudart 1825 JT12, ME04
          `--+--H. bachmani JT12
             `--H. palliatus JT12

Haematopus chathamensis Hartert 1927 JT12, CC10 [=H. ostralegus chathamensis CC10, H. longirostris chathamensis CC10, H. unicolor chathamensis CC10]

Haematopus unicolor Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 JT12, CC10 [=H. niger unicolor CC10, H. ostralegus unicolor CC10; incl. H. niger Ellman 1861 non Pallas 1811 CC10, H. oceanicus Bonaparte 1856 CC10, H. reischeki Rothschild 1899 CC10, H. unicolor reischeki CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CG99] Carlton, J. T., J. B. Geller, M. L. Reaka-Kudla & E. A. Norse. 1999. Historical extinctions in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 315–338.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1–2): 1–17.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Sterna

Common tern Sterna hirundo, copyright Tony Hisgett.

Belongs within: Laridae.

Sterna is a cosmopolitan genus of terns here restricted to species closely related to the common tern S. hirundo, though it has historically been used to cover the majority of tern species. Members of this genus in the restricted sense are mostly pale grey above with reddish bill and legs, and often have a black cap.

<==Sterna Linnaeus 1758 CC10
    |--+--S. forsteri JT12
    |  `--S. trudeaui JT12
    `--+--*S. hirundo Linnaeus 1758 CC10, BKB15, CC10
       |    |--S. h. hirundo CC10
       |    |--S. h. longipennis Nordmann 1835 CC10
       |    |--S. h. minussensis HR96
       |    `--S. h. tibetana Saunders 1876 CC10
       `--+--+--S. paradisaea Pontoppidan 1763 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |  `--+--S. hirundinacea Lesson 1831 JT12, P04
          |     `--S. vittata Gmelin 1789 JT12, CC10
          |          |--S. v. vittata CC10
          |          `--S. v. bethunei Travers 1896 (see below for synonymy) CC10
          `--+--S. sumatrana Raffles 1822 BKB15, CC10
             `--+--S. dougallii Montagu 1813 JT12, WS48
                |    |--S. d. dougallii WS48
                |    |--S. d. bangsi Mathews 1912 I92
                |    `--S. d. gracilis Gould 1845 WS48
                `--S. striata Gmelin 1789 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)

Sterna incertae sedis:
  S. acuticauda JT12
  S. anglica R87
  S. aurantia JT12
  S. balaenarum JT12
  S. bernsteini JT12 [=Thalasseus bernsteini SU93]
  S. douglasii S66
  S. fluviatilis Naum. 1819 M01
  S. fuliginosa Gmelin 1789 CC10
  S. galericulata S66
  S. grisea Horsfield 1821 [=Hydrochelidon leucoptera grisea] CC10
  S. lorata JT12
  S. melanauchen [=Onychoprion melanauchen] W66
  S. melanogaster [=S. melanogastra] S89
  S. panayensis S66
  S. parva Ellman 1861 (n. d.) CC10
  S. repressa JT12
  S. saundersi JT12
  S. seena S89
  S. virgata JT12
  S. vulgaris Ellman 1861 (n. d.) CC10

Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan 1763 JT12, CC10 [=S. paradisea (l. c.) CC10; incl. S. macrura Naumann 1819 CC10]

Sterna striata Gmelin 1789 JT12, CC10 [incl. S. albifrons Peale 1848 non Pallas in Vroeg 1764 CC10, S. atripes Ellman 1861 CC10, S. striata aucklandorna Mathews 1929 CC10, S. bethunei Buller 1896 non Travers 1896 CC10, S. striata bethunei CC10, S. striata christopheri Mathews 1912 CC10, S. frontalis Gray 1845 CC10, S. striata incerta Mathews 1912 CC10, S. melanorhyncha Gould 1848 non Sternula melanorhyncha Lesson 1847 CC10, S. striata melanorhyncha CC10, S. velox Gould 1843 non Cretzschmar 1827 CC10, S. striata yorki Mathews 1914 CC10]

Sterna vittata bethunei Travers 1896 [incl. S. vittata bollonsi Mathews & Iredale 1913, S. vittata macquariensis Falla 1937] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[HR96] Heather, B. D., & H. A. Robertson. 1996. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Viking: Auckland.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[P04] Palma, R. L. 2004. Designation of a lectotype for Docophorus atlanticus Kellogg, 1914 (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae). Tuhinga 15: 13–16.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX.—Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 369–438.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[SU93] Sonobe, K., & S. Usui (eds.) 1993. A Field Guide to the Waterbirds of Asia. Wild Bird Society of Japan: Tokyo.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537–556.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Spheniscidae

Reconstruction of Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, copyright A. C. Tatarinov.

Belongs within: Aequorlitornithes.
Contains: Spheniscinae.

The Spheniscidae, penguins, are a group of flightless, wing-propelled diving birds found primarily in cold waters of the Southern Hemisphere. As well as features related to their mode of swimming, members of the clade have marked supraorbital fossae on the skull for the salt glands (Mayr 2009).

Spheniscidae [Dypsicleidae, Sphenisciformes]
    |--Waimanu Jones, Ando & Fordyce in Slack et al. 2006 M09, CC10
    |    |--*W. manneringi Jones, Ando & Fordyce in Slack et al. 2006 CC10
    |    `--W. tuatahi Jones, Ando & Fordyce in Slack et al. 2006 CC10
    `--+--Delphinornis Wiman 1905 M09, S46
       |    |--*D. larsenii Wiman 1905 [=D. larseni] S46
       |    |--D. arctowskii Myrcha et al. 2002 M09
       |    `--D. gracilis Myrcha et al. 2002 M09
       `--+--Mesetaornis polaris Myrcha et al. 2002 M09
          |--Marambiornis exilis Myrcha et al. 2002 M09
          `--+--+--Eretiscus tonnii (Simpson 1981) M09
             |  `--Spheniscinae M09
             |--Palaeeudyptes Huxley 1859 M09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--*P. antarcticus Huxley 1859 S46
             |    |--P. gunnari (Wiman 1905) S72, A05 [=*Eosphaeniscus gunnari A05]
             |    |--P. klekowskii Myrcha et al. 1990 M09
             |    `--P. marplesi Brodkorb 1963 CC10
             `--Anthropornithinae S46
                  |--Pachydyptes Oliver 1930 S46
                  |    |--*P. ponderosus Oliver 1930 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                  |    `--P. simpsoni Jenkins 1974 U93
                  |--Arthrodytes Ameghino 1905 S46,
                  |    |--*A. grandis (Ameghino 1901) [=Paraptenodytes grandis] S72
                  |    `--A. andrewsi (Ameghino 1901) M09 [=Paraptenodytes andrewsi S72]
                  `--Anthropornis Wiman 1905 M09, S46
                       |--*A. nordenskjoeldi Wiman 1905 [=A. nordenskjoeldii] S46
                       `--A. grandis (Wiman 1905) M09

Spheniscidae incertae sedis:
  Duntroonornis Marples 1952 CC10
    `--*D. parvus Marples 1952 CC10
  Korora Marples 1952 CC10
    `--*K. oliveri Marples 1952 CC10
  Marplesornis Simpson 1972 CC10
    `--*M. novaezealandiae (Marples 1960) [=Palaeospheniscus novaezealandiae] CC10
  Tereingaornis Scarlett 1984 CC10
    `--*T. moisleyi Scarlett 1984 CC10
  Archaeospheniscus Marples 1952 [incl. Notodyptes Marples 1953] CC10
    |--*A. lowei Marples 1952 CC10
    |--A. lopdelli Marples 1952 CC10
    `--A. wimani (Marples 1953) [=*Notodyptes wimani] CC10
  Platydyptes Marples 1952 CC10
    |--*P. novaezealandiae (Oliver 1930) [=Pachydyptes novaezealandiae, Pa. novaezelandiae] CC10
    |--P. amiesi Marples 1952 CC10
    `--P. marplesi Simpson 1971 [=P. marplesigi] CC10
  Chubutodyptes Simpson 1970 S72
    `--*C. biloculata Simpson 1970 S72
  Neculus Ameghino 1905 (n. d.) S72
    `--*N. rothi Ameghino 1905 (n. d.) S72
  Palaeoapterodytes Ameghino 1905 (n. d.) [=Apterodytes Ameghino 1901 non Hermann 1783] S72
    `--*P. ictus (Ameghino 1901) (n. d.) [=*Apterodytes ictus] AH10
  Wimanornis seymourensis S72
  Anthropodyptes gilli S72
  Orthopteryx Wiman 1905 S46
    `--*O. gigas Wiman 1905 S46
  Pachypteryx Wiman 1905 S46
    `--*P. grandis Wiman 1905 S46
  Ichthyopteryx Wiman 1905 (n. d.) [=Ichtyopteryx] S46
    `--*I. gracilis Wiman 1905 [=*Ichtyopteryx gracilis] S46
  Catarractes Brisson 1760 (n. d.) CC10
  Penguinus Brünnich 1771 (n. d.) CC10
  Madrynornis mirandus Acosta Hospitaleche, Tambussi et al. 2007 AH10
  Paraptenodytes Ameghino 1891 S72 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*P. antarcticus (Moreno & Mercerat 1891) (see below for synonymy) S72
    |--P. brodkorbi Simpson 1972 S72
    `--P. robustus (Ameghino 1895) M09 (see below for synonymy)
  Palaeospheniscus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 S72 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*P. patagonicus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 (see below for synonymy) S72
    |--P. bergi Moreno & Mercerat 1891 (see below for synonymy) S72
    |--P. biloculata (Simpson 1970) AH10
    |--P. gracilis Ameghino 1899 (see below for synonymy) S72
    `--P. wimani (Ameghino 1905) [=*Perispheniscus wimani] S72
  Crossvallia unienwillia Tambussi et al. 2005 M09
  Tonniornis M09
    |--T. mesetaensis Tambussi et al. 2006 M09
    `--T. minimum Tambussi et al. 2006 M09
  Perudyptes devriesi Clarke et al. 2007 M09
  Icadyptes salsi Clarke et al. 2007 M09

*Pachydyptes ponderosus Oliver 1930 [=Anthropornis ponderosa, A. ponderosus, Pachydyptes ponderosa] CC10

Palaeeudyptes Huxley 1859 M09, CC10 [incl. Eosphaeniscus Wiman 1905 CC10, Eospheniscus S46; Palaeeudyptinae S46]

Palaeospheniscus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 S72 [incl. Paraspheniscus Ameghino 1905 S72, Perispheniscus Ameghino 1905 S72, Pseudospheniscus Ameghino 1905 S72; Palaeospheniscinae S46]

Palaeospheniscus bergi Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [=Pal. bergii, *Paraspheniscus bergi; incl. Pseudospheniscus concavus Ameghino 1905, Ps. convexus Ameghino 1905, *Ps. interplanus Ameghino 1905, Ps. planus Ameghino 1905, Palaeospheniscus planus Ameghino 1905, Pal. rothi Ameghino 1905] S72

Palaeospheniscus gracilis Ameghino 1899 [incl. Pal. medianus Ameghino 1905, Pal. nereius Ameghino 1901, Paraspheniscus nereius] S72

*Palaeospheniscus patagonicus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 [incl. P. affinis Ameghino 1905, P. intermedius Ameghino 1905, P. interruptus Ameghino 1905, P. menzbieri Moreno & Mercerat 1891] S72

Paraptenodytes Ameghino 1891 S72 [incl. Isotremornis Ameghino 1905 S72, Metancylornis Ameghino 1905 S72, Treleudytes Ameghino 1905 S72; Paraptenodytinae S46]

*Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Moreno & Mercerat 1891) [=Palaeospheniscus antarcticus; incl. *Isotremornis nordenskjoeldi Ameghino 1905] S72

Paraptenodytes robustus (Ameghino 1895) M09 [=Palaeospheniscus robustus S72, Perispheniscus robustus S72; incl. *Treleudytes crassa Ameghino 1905 S72, T. crassus S72, Paraptenodytes curtus Ameghino 1901 S72, *Metancylornis curtus S72]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AH10] Acosta Hospitaleche, C. 2010. Taxonomic status of Apterodytes ictus Ameghino, 1901 (Aves; Sphenisciformes) from the Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 255 (3): 371–375.

[A05] Ameghino, F. 1905. Enumeración de los Impennes fósiles de Patagonia y de la Isla Seymour. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 97–167, pls 1–8.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica, 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[S46] Simpson, G. G. 1946. Fossil penguins. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 87 (1): 1–99.

[S72] Simpson, G. G. 1972. Conspectus of Patagonian fossil penguins. American Museum Novitates 2488: 1–37.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

Scolopacidae

Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola, photographed by Ingvar Torsson.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.
Contains: Numenius, Limosa, Calidris, Tringa, Gallinago.

The Scolopacidae is a clade of wading birds including the woodcocks, snipes, sandpipers and related taxa. Most scolopacids tend to have relatively long, slender bills, and are most often coloured (at least in the non-breeding season) in variegated browns or greys. The majority of scolopacids are associated with coastal or other damp habitats but the woodcocks Scolopax are woodland birds, as are the New Zealand snipes of the genus Coenocorypha. Members of the genera Scolopax, Coenocorypha and Gallinago are all relatively stocky, shorter-legged forms with long, straight bills. The jack snipe Lymnocryptes minima of Asia is a smaller, shorter-billed species. The phalaropes of the genus Phalaropus have historically been treated as a separate family but are nested within the Scolopacidae by phylogenetic analysis (Jetz et al. 2012). Phalaropes have toes with extended lateral membranes and feed while spinning on the surface of the water to stir up small aquatic invertebrates. The turnstones of the genus Arenaria are relatively small, stocky shore birds with a comparatively short, slightly upturned bill that is used for turning over stones and other coastal debris when foraging.

See also: Name the bug #8: Prosobonia cancellata.

<==Scolopacidae [Numeniini, Scolopacea, Scolopacinae, Scolopacoidea, Tringidae, Tringinae]
    |--+--Numenius JT12
    |  `--Bartramia Lesson 1831 non Hedw. 1801 (ICBN) JT12, CC10 [Bartramiini]
    |       `--B. longicauda (Bechstein 1811) [=Tringa longicauda; incl. *B. laticauda] CC10
    `--+--Limosa JT12
       `--+--+--Calidris JT12
          |  `--Arenaria Brisson 1760 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |       |--*A. interpres (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |       |    |--A. i. interpres CC10
          |       |    `--A. i. morinella (Linnaeus 1766) CC10
          |       `--A. melanocephala JT12
          `--+--+--Actitis Illiger 1811 BKB15, CC10
             |  |    |--*A. hypoleucos (Linnaeus 1758) [=Tringa hypoleucos, A. hypoleucus] CC10
             |  |    |--A. balcanica Boev 1998 M02
             |  |    `--A. macularius JT12
             |  `--+--Tringa BKB15
             |     `--+--Xenus Kaup 1829 BKB15, CC10 [incl. Terekia Bonaparte 1838 CC10]
             |        |    `--*X. cinereus (Güldenstaedt 1774) (see below for synonymy) CC10
             |        `--Phalaropus Brisson 1760 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |             |  i. s.: P. eleonorae Kurochkin 1985 U93
             |             |--P. tricolor (Vieillot 1819) BKB15, CC10 [=*Steganopus tricolor CC10]
             |             `--+--*P. fulicarius (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |                `--P. lobatus (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             `--+--Lymnocryptes Kaup 1829 BKB15, M02 [Lymnocryptinae]
                |    `--L. minimus (Brünnich 1764) [=Scolopax minima] M02
                `--+--Limnodromus Wied 1833 BKB15, CC10 [Limnodrominae]
                   |    |--L. griseus [incl. Scolopax novaeboracensis, *Limnodromus novaeboracensis] CC10
                   |    |--L. scolopaceus JT12
                   |    `--L. semipalmatus (Blyth 1848) [=Macrorhamphus semipalmatus] CC10
                   `--+--+--Gallinago JT12
                      |  `--Coenocorypha Gray 1855 BKB15, CC10
                      |       |--*C. aucklandica (Gray 1845) [=Gallinago aucklandica, Scolopax auclandica] CC10
                      |       |    |--C. a. aucklandica (see below for synonymy) CC10
                      |       |    `--C. a. meinertzhagenae Rothschild 1927 CC10
                      |       |--C. barrierensis Oliver 1955 [=C. aucklandica barrierensis] CC10
                      |       |--C. chathamica (Forbes 1893) [=Gallinago chathamica] CC10
                      |       |--C. huegeli (Tristram 1893) [=Gallinago huegeli, C. aucklandica huegeli] CC10
                      |       |--C. iredalei Rothschild 1921 [=C. aucklandica iredalei] CC10
                      |       `--C. pusilla (Buller 1869) [=Gallinago pusilla, C. aucklandica pusilla] CC10
                      `--Scolopax Linnaeus 1758 JT12, M02
                           |--S. aegocephala Linnaeus L58
                           |--S. alba Linnaeus 1758 L58
                           |--S. anthonyi SWK87
                           |--S. baranensis Jánossy 1979 M02
                           |--S. bukidnonensis JT12
                           |--S. carmesinae Seguí 1999 M02
                           |--S. celebensis JT12
                           |--S. fedoa Linnaeus 1758 L58
                           |--S. fusca Linnaeus 1758 L58
                           |--S. minor JT12
                           |--S. mira Hartert 1916 I92
                           |--S. rochussenii JT12
                           |--S. rosenbergii JT12
                           |--S. rubra Linnaeus 1758 L58
                           |--S. rusticola Linnaeus 1758 [incl. S. rusticola magnus Potapova 1990] M02
                           |--S. saturata JT12
                           `--S. totanus Linnaeus 1758 L58

Scolopacidae incertae sedis:
  Tryngites rufescens SS66a
  Philohela minor A61
  Rhyacophilus solitarius SS66a
  Actiturus bartramius SS66b
  Elorius Milne-Edwards 1868 M02
    `--*E. paludicola Milne-Edwards 1868 M02
  Prosobonia Bonaparte 1850 [Prosoboniini] B94
    |--P. cancellata JT12
    |--P. ellisi HSS13
    `--P. leucoptera HSS13
  Macrorhamphus griseus S18
  Helodromas solitarius S18

Arenaria Brisson 1760 JT12, CC10 [=Cinclus Gray 1841 non Borkhausen 1797 CC10, Morinella Mayer & Wolf 1810 CC10, Strepsilas Illiger 1811 CC10; Arenariinae, Cinclinae, Morinellinae, Strepsilinae]

*Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 [=Tringa interpres CC10, *Cinclus interpres CC10, *Strepsilas interpres CC10, *Morinella collaris Meyer & Wolf 1810 CC10, S. collaris CC10; incl. Charadrius cinclus Pallas 1811 CC10, Arenaria interpres cinclus CC10, A. interpres nova Mathews 1917 WS48, Tringa oahuensis Bloxham in Byron 1826 CC10, Morinella interpres oahuensis CC10]

Coenocorypha aucklandica aucklandica (Gray 1845) [incl. Scolopax holmesii Peale 1848, Gallinago tristrami Rothschild 1893, Coenocorypha aucklandica tristrami] CC10

Phalaropus Brisson 1760 BKB15, CC10 [=Crymophilus Vieillot 1816 CC10, Phalaridopus Olphe-Galliard 1888 B94; incl. Lobipes Cuvier 1817 CC10, Steganopus Vieillot 1819 CC10; Lobipodinae, Phalaridopodidae, Phalaropodidae, Phalaropodinae]

*Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Tringa fulicaria CC10, *Crymophilus fulicarius CC10]

Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CC10 [=Tringa tobata CC10, Lobipes lobatus CC10, T. lobata CC10; incl. T. hyperborea CC10, *Lobipes hyperboreus CC10]

*Xenus cinereus (Güldenstaedt 1774) [=Scolopax cinerea, Terekia cinerea, Tringa cinerea; incl. Totanus javanicus Horsfield 1821, *Terekia javanica, Scolopax terek Latham 1790, Tringa terek] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[SS66a] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866a. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[SS66b] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866b. On some additions to the catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 566–567.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 10 August 2019.

Turnicidae

Small buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus adult and chick, photographed by Udayan Rao Pawar.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.

The Turnicidae, buttonquails, are a group of plump-bodied terrestrial birds found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Buttonquails closely resemble true quails but are not closely related and differ in the absence of a hind toe. They are divided between two genera with the quail-plover Ortyxelos meiffrenii of northern tropical Africa having proportionately longer wings than species of the genus Turnix.

<==Turnicidae [Hemipodiidae, Ortygidae, Turnices, Turnicinae]
    |--Ortyxelos Vieillot 1825 [Ortyxelidae] L98
    |    `--O. meiffrenii JT12
    `--Turnix Bonnaterre 1791 L98 [incl. Hemipodius Temminck 1815 B94, Ortygis Illiger 1811 B94]
         |  i. s.: ‘Hemipodius’ andalusicus S66
         |         T. castanotus (Gould 1839) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
         |         T. everetti JT12
         |         T. maculosus (Temminck 1815) JT12, WS48 [=Hemipodius maculosus WS48]
         |           |--T. m. maculosiu WS48
         |           `--T. m. pseustes Mathews 1912 WS48
         |         T. melanogaster JT12
         |         T. nigricollis JT12
         |         T. ocellatus JT12
         |         T. olivii JT12
         |         T. velox (Gould 1841) (see below for synonymy) WS48
         |         T. worcesteri JT12
         |--+--T. suscitator JT12
         |  `--T. tanki JT12
         `--+--T. sylvaticus BKB15
            |    |--T. s. sylvaticus RN72
            |    `--T. s. lepurana RN72
            `--+--T. pyrrhothorax (Gould 1841) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
               `--+--T. hottentottus BKB15
                  `--T. varius (Latham 1802) BKB15, CC10 [=Perdix varia CC10, T. varia CC10]
                       |--T. v. varius [incl. T. varia stirlingi Mathews 1912] WS48
                       |--T. v. novaecaledoniae S13
                       `--T. v. scintillans (Gould 1845) [=Hemipodius scintillans] WS48

Turnix castanotus (Gould 1839) JT12, WS48 [=Hemipodius castanotus WS48; incl. T. castanota magnifica Mathews 1912 WS48]

Turnix pyrrhothorax (Gould 1841) BKB15, WS48 [=Hemipodius pyrrhothorax WS48; incl. T. pyrrhothorax berneyi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Turnix velox (Gould 1841) [=Hemipodius velox; incl. T. velox picturata Mathews 1912, T. velox vinotincta Mathews 1912] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Report on birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa, by Capt. G. E. Bulger, C. M. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 21–23.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 15 August 2019.

Oceanitinae

Wilson's storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus, photographed by J. J. Harrison.

Belongs within: Procellariiformes.

The Oceanitinae includes the southern storm petrels, small seabirds mostly found in the Southern Hemisphere that differ from the similar northern storm petrels of the Hydrobatinae in their nearly square tails. They feed by 'walking' along the surface of the water, picking small animals from the surface. Wilson's storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus is the only species whose range extends into the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the Northern Atlantic.

<==Oceanitinae CC10
    |  i. s.: Nesofregetta fuliginosa MPR02, JT12
    |--Oceanites Keyserling & Blasius 1840 JT12, CC10 [incl. Pealeornis Mathews 1932 CC10, Procellata Bianchi 1913 CC10]
    |    |--O. oceanicus (Kuhl 1820) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |    |    |--O. o. oceanicus (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |    |    `--O. o. exasperatus Mathews 1912 CC10
    |    |--O. gracilis JT12
    |    |--O. maorianus (Mathews 1932) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--O. zaloscarthmus Olson 1985 B93
    `--+--Fregetta Bonaparte 1855 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--F. grallaria (Vieillot 1818) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |    |    |--F. g. grallaria (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |    |    |--*F. g. leucogaster (Gould 1844) [=Thalassidroma leucogaster] CC10
       |    |    |--F. g. segethi (Philippi & Landbeck 1860) CC10
       |    |    `--F. g. titan Murphy 1928 CC10
       |    `--F. tropica (Gould 1844) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       `--+--Garrodia Forbes 1881 JT12, CC10
          |    `--*G. nereis (Gould 1841) (see below for synonymy) CC10
          `--Pelagodroma Reichenbach 1853 JT12, CC10
               |--*P. marina (Latham 1790) (see below for synonymy) CC10
               |    |--P. m. marina CC10
               |    |--P. m. dulciae Mathews 1912 [incl. P. marina howei Mathews 1912] CC10
               |    |--P. m. eadesi Bourne 1953 CC10
               |    |--P. m. hypoleuca Moquin-Tandon 1841 CC10
               |    `--P. m. maoriana Mathews 1912 [incl. Procellaria passerina Mathews 1912, Pe. marina passerina] CC10
               `--P. albiclunis Murphy & Irving 1951 [=P. marina albiclunis] CC10

Fregetta Bonaparte 1855 JT12, CC10 [incl. Cymodroma Ridgway 1884 CC10, Fregandria Mathews 1938 CC10, Fregettornis Mathews 1912 CC10, Fregodroma Mathews 1937 CC10, Fregolla Mathews 1937 CC10, Pealea Ridgway 1886 CC10]

Fregetta grallaria (Vieillot 1818) [=Procellaria grallaria, *Cymodroma grallaria, *Fregettornis grallarius, Procellaria (Pelagodroma) grallaria; incl. Procellaria aquerea Kuhl 1820, Fregettornis grallaria aquerea, Fregettornis guttata Mathews 1933] CC10

Fregetta grallaria grallaria (Vieillot 1818) [incl. Fregettornis alisteri Mathews 1915, Fregetta leucogaster deceptis Mathews 1932, Fregodroma deceptis, Cymodroma howensis Mathews 1928, Fregettornis innominatus Mathews 1915, Fregettornis grallaria innominatus, Fregettornis insularis Mathews 1915, Cymodroma grallaria insularis, Fregettornis royanus Mathews 1914, C. royana, Fregettornis grallaria royana (l. c.)] CC10

Fregetta tropica (Gould 1844) [=Thalassidroma tropica, Cymodroma tropica, *Fregodroma tropica, Oceanitis (l. c.) tropica; incl. Fregetta tropica australis Mathews 1914, Fregetta tropica australia (l. c.), Fregodroma tropica australis, Fregetta leucothysanus Mathews 1937, Fregodroma deceptis leucothysanus, Thalassidroma lineata Peale 1848, Cymodroma lineata, Fregetta lineata, *Pealea lineata, Procellaria (Oceanites) lineata, Thalassidroma melanogaster Gould 1844, Cymodroma melanogaster, Fregetta tropica melanogaster, Fregetta melanogastra, Fregodroma tropica melanogaster, Oceanites melanogastra, Thalassidroma melanogastra, Procellaria (Pelagodroma) melanogaster, Pr. melanogastra, Fregetta melanoleuca Salvadori 1908, *Fregandria melanoleuca, Fregetta tropica melanoleuca, Fregettornis melanoleuca, *Fregolla melanoleuca, Fregetta tubulata Mathews 1912] CC10

*Garrodia nereis (Gould 1841) [=Thalassidroma nereis, Oceanites nereis, Procellaria nereis; incl. O. nereis chubbi Mathews 1912, Garrodia nereis chubbi, O. nereis couesi Mathews 1912, Procellaria longipes Mathews 1912, P. saltatrix Mathews 1912] CC10

Oceanites maorianus (Mathews 1932) JT12, CC10 [=Cymodroma maoriana CC10, Oceanites oceanicus maorianus CC10, *Pealeornis maoriana CC10]

Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl 1820) [=Procellaria oceanica, O. wilsoni oceanica, *Procellata oceanica, Thalassidroma oceanica; incl. Procellaria wilsoni Bonaparte 1824, *Oceanites wilsoni, Thalassidroma wilsoni] CC10

Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus (Kuhl 1820) [incl. O. oceanicus chilensis Mathews 1934, O. oceanicus magellanicus Roberts 1940, O. oceanicus parvus Falla 1937, O. oceanicus wollastoni Murphy 1936] CC10

*Pelagodroma marina (Latham 1790) [=Procellaria marina, Oceanites marinus, Thalassidroma marina; incl. Pr. aequorea Gray 1844, Pr. fregata Gmelin 1789 non Linnaeus 1766, Pr. (Pelagodroma) fregata, Thalassidroma fregata, T. fregetta, Procellaria fregatta Kuhl 1820] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[MPR02] Mayr, G., D. S. Peters & S. Rietschel. 2002. Petrel-like birds with a peculiar foot morphology from the Oligocene of Germany and Belgium (Aves: Procellariiformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 667–676.

Last updated: 5 July 2019.

Charadriidae

Lesser sand plover Cirrepidesmus mongolus, copyright JJ Harrison.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.
Contains: Charadrius, Vanellus.

The Charadriidae, plovers, are a group of relatively plump shorebirds with bills shorter than their heads and slightly swollen at the tip. Charadriids have historically been divided between the typical plovers of the Charadriinae and the generally larger, more inland-dwelling lapwings of the Vanellinae. However, recent phylogenetic analyses do not support monophyly of the Charadriinae (or indeed of the genus Charadrius). Instead, the lapwings are placed as sister to a clade including a number of species usually included within Charadrius, together with the red-kneed dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus of Australasia and the wrybill Anarhynchus frontalis of New Zealand. The latter is notable as the only bird species with its bill curved to one side (the right). The tawny-throated dotterel Oreopholus ruficollis, a fairly upright plover with a reddish throat and a black-streaked back which breeds in uplands of South America, may represent the sister taxon to all other living charadriids.

<==Charadriidae [Charadriadae]
    |  i. s.: Dolichopterus Milne-Edwards 1868 FP64, M02 [=Dolicopterus Aymard 1856 (n. n.) M02]
    |           `--*D. viator Nilne-Edwards 1868 [=Dolicopterus viator Aymard 1856 (n. n.)] M02
    |         Oxyechus vociferus S18
    |         Jiliniornis huadianensis Hou & Ericson 2002 M09
    |--Oreopholus ruficollis BKB15
    `--+--+--+--Phegornis mitchellii BKB15
       |  |  `--‘Charadrius’ modestus JT12
       |  `--+--Eudromias JT12
       |     |    |--E. australis N87
       |     |    `--E. morinellus (Linnaeus 1758) M02 [=Charadrius morinellus BKB15]
       |     `--+--‘Charadrius’ dubius BKB15
       |        |    |--C. d. dubius VP89
       |        |    `--C. d. curonicus VP89
       |        `--+--Charadrius JT12
       |           `--+--Thinornis Gray 1845 BKB15, CC10
       |              |    `--T. novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |              `--+--‘Thinornis’ cucullatus BKB15
       |                 |--‘Thinornis’ rubricollis JT12 [=Charadrius rubricollis M03]
       |                 `--Elseyornis Mathews 1914 JT12, CC10 [=Elseya Mathews 1913 non Gray 1867 CC10]
       |                      `--*E. melanops (Vieillot 1818) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       `--+--Vanellinae RN72
          |    |--Vanellus BKB15
          |    |--Chettusia gregaria RN72
          |    |--Zonifer tricolor (Vieillot 1818) RN72, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
          |    `--Belonopterus chilensis RN72
          |         |--B. c. chilensis RN72
          |         `--B. c. cayennensis RN72
          `--+--Erythrogonys Gould 1838 JT12, CC10
             |    `--*E. cinctus Gould 1838 CC10 [incl. E. cinctus mixtus Mathews 1912 WS48]
             `--+--Peltohyas Sharpe 1896 BKB15, B94 [Peltohyatinae]
                |    `--P. australis (Gould 1840) WS48 [=Eudromius australis WS48, Charadrius australis JT12]
                |         |--P. a. australis WS48
                |         `--P. a. whitlocki (Mathews 1912) [=Charadrius australis whitlocki] WS48
                `--+--+--Ochthodromus Reichenbach 1852 CC10
                   |  |    `--*O. wilsonia CC10 [=Charadrius wilsonia BKB15]
                   |  `--+--‘Charadrius’ veredus Gould 1848 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                   |     `--+--Pagoa Mathews 1913 CC10
                   |        |    `--P. leschenaultii (Lesson in Levrault 1826) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                   |        `--Cirrepidesmus Bonaparte 1856 CC10
                   |             `--C. mongolus (Pallas 1776) CC10 [=Charadrius mongolus JT12]
                   |                  |--C. m. mongolus CC10
                   |                  |--‘Charadrius’ m. atrifrons (see below for synonymy) CC10
                   |                  |--‘Charadrius’ m. pamirensis Richmond 1896 CC10
                   |                  |--‘Charadrius’ m. schaeferi de Schaunesee 1938 CC10
                   |                  `--‘Charadrius’ m. stegmanni Portenko 1939 CC10
                   `--+--Anarhynchus Quoy & Gaimard 1830 BKB15, CC10 [Anarhynchinae]
                      |     `--*A. frontalis Quoy & Gaimard 1830 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                      `--+--+--‘Charadrius’ collaris Vieillot 1818 BKB15, ME04 [=Aegialitis collaris SS66]
                         |  `--+--‘Charadrius’ alticola JT12
                         |     `--‘Charadrius’ falklandicus JT12
                         `--+--‘Charadrius’ montanus BKB15
                            `--+--+--‘Charadrius’ ruficapillus Temminck 1821 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                               |  `--Nesoceryx Mathews 1920 CC10
                               |       `--*N. bicinctus (Jardine & Selby 1827) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                               |            |--C. b. bicinctus (see below for synonymy) CC10
                               |            `--C. b. exilis Falla 1978 CC10
                               `--+--‘Charadrius’ alexandrinus Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, WS48
                                  |    |--C. a. alexandrinus M03
                                  |    `--C. a. dealbatus M03
                                  `--Leucopolius Bonaparte 1856 CC10
                                       `--*L. marginatus CC10 [=Charadrius marginatus JT12]

*Anarhynchus frontalis Quoy & Gaimard 1830 [=Charadrius frontalis, Haematopus frontalis, Thinornis frontalis; incl. Anarhynchus albifrons Schlegel 1857] CC10

‘Charadrius’ bicinctus bicinctus (Jardine & Selby 1827) [incl. C. bicinctus incertus Mathews 1912, Nesoceryx bicinctus incertus] CC10

‘Charadrius’ mongolus atrifrons [incl. Ch. cirrhepidesmus, *Cirrepidesmus cirrhepidesmus] CC10

‘Charadrius’ ruficapillus Temminck 1821 JT12, CC10 [=Aegialitis ruficapilla CC10, Aegiatilis (l. c.) ruficapilla CC10, Charadrius alexandrinus ruficapillus CC10, Leucopolius ruficapillus CC10; incl. C. ruficapillus tormenti Mathews 1912 WS48, L. ruficapillus tormenti CC10]

‘Charadrius’ veredus Gould 1848 BKB15, CC10 [=C. asiaticus veredus CC10, Eupoda asiatica vereda WS48, Eupodella vereda CC10]

*Elseyornis melanops (Vieillot 1818) [=Charadrius melanops; incl. C. melanops marngli Mathews 1912, C. nigrifrons Temminck & Laugier 1821, C. russatus Jerdon 1840, Elseyornis melanops russatus] CC10

*Nesoceryx bicinctus (Jardine & Selby 1827) CC10 [=Aegialitis bicincta CC10, Charadrius bicinctus JT12, Cirrepidesmus bicinctus CC10, Hiaticula bicincta CC10, Ochthodromus bicinctus CC10, Octhodromus (l. c.) bicinctus CC10]

Pagoa leschenaultii (Lesson in Levrault 1826) CC10 [=Charadrius leschenaultii JT12; incl. C. geoffroyi CC10, *Pagoa geoffroyi CC10, P. zanda Mathews 1916 WS48]

Thinornis novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) [=Charadrius novaeseelandiae, Hiaticula novaeseelandiae, Thinornis novaezealandiae, T. novaezelandiae; incl. Charadrius atricinctus Ellman 1861, C. dudoroa Wagler 1827, *Thinornis rossii Gray 1845, C. torquatula Forster in Wagler 1829] CC10

Zonifer tricolor (Vieillot 1818) RN72, WS48 [=Charadrius tricolor WS48; incl. Z. tricolor gwendolenae Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1–2): 1–17.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[N87] North, A. J. 1887. List of references to authentic descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1163–1174.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 15 August 2019.

Charadriiformes

Male (left) and female (right) greater painted snipe Rostratula benghalensis, photographed by Sharad Agrawal.

Belongs within: Aequorlitornithes.
Contains: Graculavidae, Burhinidae, Charadriidae, Recurvirostridae, Haematopus, Turnicidae, Glareolidae, Laridae, Stercorariidae, Alcidae, Scolopacidae, Jacanidae.

The Charadriiformes includes the wading birds and related species. Members of the Charadriiformes are united by the anatomy of the palate and syrinx. They have eleven or ten primaries, a tufted oil gland and a small aftershaft on the body feathers. The majority of Charadriiformes are coastal or otherwise associated with water, though there are notable exceptions. For instance, the seedsnipe of the Thinocoridae are superficially partridge-like herbivorous birds found in alpine and steppe regions of South America. The sheathbills of the genus Chionis are white, superficially dove-like birds found in the Antarctic region that are scavengers around seal and penguin colonies.

Charadriiformes [Charadriomorphae, Charadrioidea, Limicolae, Scolopacides, Turnices]
    |--Charadrii [Charadriides, Charadriinae] JT12
    |    |--+--Burhinidae JT12
    |    |  `--+--Pluvianellus Gray 1846 BKB15, B94 [Pluvianellidae, Pluvianellinae]
    |    |     |    `--P. socialis JT12
    |    |     `--Chionis Forster 1788 JT12, B94 [Chionidae, Chionidides]
    |    |          |--C. albus JT12
    |    |          `--C. minor JT12
    |    `--+--Pluvianus Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Pluvianinae]
    |       |    `--P. aegyptius (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. Charadrius melanocephalus Gmelin 1789] S05
    |       `--+--+--Charadriidae BKB15
    |          |  `--+--Ibidorhyncha Vigors 1830-1831 BKB15, B94 [Ibidorhynchidae, Ibidorhynchinae]
    |          |     |    `--I. struthersii JT12
    |          |     `--+--Recurvirostridae JT12
    |          |        `--Haematopus JT12
    |          `--+--‘Vanellus’ cinereus BKB15 [=Microsarcops cinereus T89]
    |             `--Pluvialis Brisson 1760 BKB15, CC10 [incl. Squatarola Cuvier 1816 CC10; Pluvialinae]
    |                  |--P. squatarola (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |                  `--+--P. dominica (Statius Müller 1776) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |                     `--+--P. apricaria (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |                        |    |--P. a. apricaria M03
    |                        |    `--P. a. altifrons M03
    |                        `--P. fulva (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--+--+--Turnicidae JT12
       |  |  `--Turnipacidae M05
       |  |       |--Cerestenia Mayr 2000 M05
       |  |       |    `--*C. pulchrapenna Mayr 2000 M02
       |  |       `--Turnipax Mayr 2000 M05
       |  |            |--*T. dissipata Mayr 2000 M02
       |  |            `--T. oechslerorum Mayr & Knopf 2007 M09
       |  `--Lari JT12
       |       |--+--Glareolidae BKB15
       |       |  `--Dromas Paykull 1805 BKB15, B94 [Ardeolidae, Dromadidae, Dromaides]
       |       |       `--D. ardeola JT12
       |       `--Larides [Laroidea] LZ07
       |            |--Laridae JT12
       |            `--+--Stercorariidae JT12
       |               `--Alcae FP64
       |                    |--Alcidae JT12
       |                    `--Mancalla [Mancallidae, Mancallinae] FP64
       |                         `--M. cedrosensis M04
       `--Scolopaci JT12
            |  i. s.: Paractitis bairdi Weigel 1963 M09
            |--Scolopacidae JT12
            `--+--+--Pedionomus Gould 1841 JT12, B94 [Pedionomae, Pedionomidae]
               |  |    `--P. torquatus JT12
               |  `--Thinocoridae [Thinocoroidea] JT12
               |       |--Attagis Geoffroy St.-Hilaire & Lesson 1830 [Attagidae] B94
               |       |    |--A. gayi JT12
               |       |    `--A. malouinus JT12
               |       `--Thinocorus Eschscholtz 1829 B94
               |            |--T. koepckeae Campbell 1979 U93
               |            |--T. orbignyianus JT12
               |            `--T. rumicivorus Eschscholtz 1829 U93
               `--Parrae LZ07
                    |--Jacanidae JT12
                    `--Rostratulidae [Rhynchaeidae] BKB15
                         |--Nycticryphes semicollaris BKB15
                         `--Rostratula Vieillot 1816 JT12, CC10 [incl. Rhynchaea Cuvier 1817 B94]
                              |--*R. benghalensis (Linnaeus 1758) [=Rallus benghalensis] CC10
                              |--R. australis (Gould 1838) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                              |--‘Rhynchaea’ capensis S66
                              |--R. minator Olson & Eller 1989 B93
                              |--R. pulia Mlíkovský 1999 M02
                              `--R. semicollaris JT12

Charadriiformes incertae sedis:
  Rhegminornis [Rhegminornithidae] FP64
    `--R. calobates FP64
  Villetus Harrison & Walker 1976 M05
    |--*V. grandis Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
    `--V. waltoni Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
  Stephanibyx coronatus RN72
  Lonchodytes [Lonchodytidae] OF80
    |--L. estesi Brodkorb 1963 U93
    `--L. pterygius Brodkorb 1963 U93
  Graculavidae U93

Pluvialis apricaria (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CC10 [=Charadrius apricarius CC10, incl. C. pluvialis Linnaeus 1766 CC10, *Pluvialis pluvialis CC10]

Pluvialis dominica (Statius Müller 1776) BKB15, CC10 [=Charadrius dominicus CC10, P. dominicanus (l. c.) CC10, P. dominicus CC10]

Pluvialis fulva (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 [=Charadrius fulvus CC10, Luvialis (l. c.) dominicus fulvus CC10, P. dominica fulva CC10, P. dominicus fulvus CC10; incl. C. virginianus Jardine & Selby 1830 CC10, C. virginicus Lichtenstein 1823 CC10, C. xanthocheilus Wagler 1827 CC10]

Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 [=Tringa squatarola CC10, Charadrius squatarola CC10, *Squatarola squatarola CC10; incl. Tringa helvetica Linnaeus 1766 CC10, S. helvetica CC10]

Rostratula australis (Gould 1838) JT12, CC10 [=Rhynchaea australis WS48, Ro. benghalensis australis WS48; incl. Ro. australis fitzroyi Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[LZ07] Livezey, B. C., & R. L. Zusi. 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (1): 1–95.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. Tertiary plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins (Spheniscidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43: 61–71.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[OF80] Olson, S. L., & A. Feduccia. 1980. Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 316: 1–73.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[T89] Takeshita, N. 1989. Nihon no Yachoo. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 15 August 2019.