Hylurgops

Hylurgops rugipennis pinifex, photographed by Tom Murray.

Belongs within: Hylesininae.

Hylurgops is a Holarctic genus of monogamous bark beetles breeding in phloem tissues of Pinaceae (Wood 1986).

Characters (from Wood 1986): Pronotum usually constricted anteriorly, usually about equal numbers of small and large punctures intermixed on disc; striae 10 obsolete behind level of posterior coxae, only striae 9 continuing caudad; third tarsal segments broad, bilobed.

<==Hylurgops LeConte 1876 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |--H. rugipennis W86
    |    |--H. r. rugipennis W86
    |    `--*H. r. pinifex [=Hylastes pinifex] W86
    |--H. dubius [=*Myelophilites dubius] W86
    |--H. electrinus [=*Hylesinites electrinus] W86
    |--H. glabratus JKW03
    |--‘*Hylescierites’ granulatus Schedl 1947 W86
    |--H. palliatus JKW03
    |--H. planirostris Wood & Bright 1992 D09
    `--H. schellwieni [=*Hylastites schellwieni] W86

Hylurgops LeConte 1876 [incl. Hylastites Hagedorn 1907, Hylescierites Schedl 1947, Hylesinites Germar 1813, Myelophilites Hagedorn 1907] W86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D09] Davis, S. R. 2009. Morphology of Baridinae and related groups (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). ZooKeys 10: 1-136.

[JKW03] Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714-727.

[W86] Wood, S. L. 1986. A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 10: 1-126.

Phloeotribus

Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, photographed by P. Falatico.

Belongs within: Hylesininae.

Phloeotribus is a genus of monogamous, phloeophagous bark beetles found in the Holarctic, South America and Australia (Wood 1986).

Characters (from Wood 1986): Frons sexually dimorphic, male variously impressed, female flat to convex; eye entire; funicle five-segmented, club almost non-existent to strongly asymmetrical, deeply divided into three movable sublammelate segmentes, ventral or lateral margin of each antennal club segment often weakly to profoundly extended into a sublamellate process; lateral margins of pronotum rounded; procoxae contiguous; lateral margin of protibia with several socketed teeth, none strongly projecting beyond others (one exception); metatergum fused to its postnotum.

<==Phloeotribus Latreille 1796 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |--P. scarabaeoides [=Scolytus scarabaeoides; incl. Hylesinus oleae, *Phloeotribus oleae] W86
    |--P. brevicollis [=Bostrichus brevicollis; incl. *Comesiella sicula] W86
    |--P. caucasicus W86
    |--P. championi [=*Eulytocerus championi] W86
    |--P. crenatus [=*Elzearius crenatus] W86
    |--P. nubilus [=*Neophloeotribus nubilus] W86
    |--P. perfoliatus [=*Phloeophthorus perfoliatus] W86
    |--P. pilula W86
    |--P. puberulus [=*Dryotomus puberulus, *Dryotomicus puberulus] W86
    |--P. rhododactylus W86
    |--P. setulosus W86
    `--P. spinulosus [=Phloeophthorus spinulosus, *Phthorophloeus spinulosus] W86

Phloeotribus Latreille 1796 [=Phloiotribus; incl. Comesiella Del Guercio 1925, Dryotomicus Wood 1962, Dryotomus Chapuis 1869, Elzearius Guillebeau 1893, Eulytocerus Blandford 1897, Neophloeotribus Eggers 1943, Phloeophthorus Wollaston 1854, Phthorophloeus Rey 1883] W86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[W86] Wood, S. L. 1986. A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 10: 1-126.

Hylesininae

Hylesinopsis dubius, from Beaver 2010.

Belongs within: Phytophaga.
Contains: Phloeotribus, Hylurgops.

The Hylesininae were recognised as one of the two subfamilies of the bark beetles by Wood (1986), though he considered them probably paraphyletic to the Scolytinae.

Characters (from Wood 1986): Each basal margin of elytra procurved and armed by a series of marginal crenulations (or less commonly by a continuous elevated costa in some Bothrosternini, Diamerini, Polygraphini), usually with a scutellar emargination between them; scutellum usually small and rounded or depressed, absent in some groups; pronotum weakly if at all declivous on anterior half, usually unarmed by crenulations sometimes present on anterolateral areas; head usually visible from above, somewhat wider; protibia usually wider; scales or deeply divided setae a common feature.

<==Hylesininae
    |--Phloeotribini [Phloeotribidae, Phthorophloeides] W86
    |    |--Phloeotribus W86
    |    `--Aricerus Blandford 1894 [incl. Hylesinosoma Lea 1910] W86
    |         |--*A. chapuisi W86
    |         `--A. eichhoffi [incl. Hylesinus fici, *Hylesinosoma fici] W86
    |--Phrixosoma Blandford 1897 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |    |--*P. rude W86
    |    |--P. magna W86
    |    |--P. psaltes [=*Bothryperus psaltes] W86
    |    |--P. quadrioculatum [=*Neohylesinus quadrioculatus] W86
    |    `--P. striatum [=*Sphaerosinus striatus] W86
    |--Hyorrhynchini [Hyorrhynchinae, Sueinae] W86
    |    |--Sueus Murayama 1951 [incl. Neohyorrhynchus Schedl 1962] W86
    |    |    `--S. niisimai [=Hyorrhynchus niisimai, *Neohyorrhynchus niisimai; incl. *Sueus sphaerotrypoides] W86
    |    |--Hyorrhynchus Blandford 1894 W86
    |    |    `--*H. lewisi W86
    |    `--Pseudohyorrhynchus Murayama 1950 W86
    |         `--*P. wadai W86
    |--Hylastini W86
    |    |--Hylurgops W86
    |    |--Scierus LeConte 1876 W86
    |    |    `--*S. annectens W86
    |    `--Hylastes Erichson 1836 W86
    |         |--*H. ater [=Bostrichus ater] W86
    |         |--H. brunneus RW02
    |         |--H. cunicularius RW02
    |         `--H. nigrinus W86
    |--Bothrosternini [Bothrosterni] W86
    |    |--Pagiocerus Eichhoff 1868 W86
    |    |    `--P. frontalis [=Bostrichus frontalis; incl. *Pagiocerus rimosus] W86
    |    |--Sternobothrus Eggers 1943 W86
    |    |    `--*S. cancellatus [=Bothrosternus cancellatus] W86
    |    |--Bothrosternus Eichhoff 1868 W86
    |    |    |--*B. truncatus W86
    |    |    `--B. foveatus W86
    |    |--Eupagiocerus Blandford 1896 [incl. Nemopagiocerus Schedl 1962] W86
    |    |    |--*E. dentipes W86
    |    |    `--E. ater [incl. E. nevermanni, *Nemopagiocerus nevermanni] W86
    |    `--Cnesinus LeConte 1868 [incl. Nemophilus Chapuis 1869] W86
    |         |--*C. strigicollis [incl. *Nemophilus strigillatus] W86
    |         |--C. annectens W86
    |         |--C. blackmani W86
    |         |--C. costulatus W86
    |         |--C. cubensis W86
    |         |--C. panamensis W86
    |         |--C. robai W86
    |         `--C. setulosus W86
    |--Diamerini [Diameridae, Sphaerotrypini, Strombophorini] W86
    |    |--Strombophorus Hagedorn 1909 W86
    |    |    `--*S. crenatus W86
    |    |--Pseudodiamerus Eggers 1933 W86
    |    |    `--*P. straitus W86
    |    |--Pernophorus Strohmeyer 1910 [=Acanthophorus Strohmeyer 1910 (preoc.)] W86
    |    |    `--*P. brevicollis [=*Acanthophorus brevicollis] W86
    |    |--Bothrosternoides Schedl 1969 W86
    |    |    `--*B. malayensis W86
    |    |--Sphaerotrypes Blandford 1894 [incl. Parasphaerotrypes Murayama 1958] W86
    |    |    |--*S. pila W86
    |    |    |--S. controversae [=*Parasphaerotrypes controversae] W86
    |    |    `--S. globosus W86
    |    |--Diamerus Erichson 1836 [incl. Acanthurus Eichhoff 1886, Lissoclastus Schaufuss 1905] W86
    |    |    |--*D. hispidus [=Hylesinus hispidus] W86
    |    |    |--D. curvifer [=Hylesinus curvifer; incl. *Acanthurus spinipennis] W86
    |    |    |--D. impar W86
    |    |    `--D. pimelioides [=*Lissoclastus pimelioides] W86
    |    `--Acacacis Lea 1910 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |         |--*A. abundans W86
    |         |--A. borneensis [=*Pseudoacacacis borneensis] W86
    |         |--A. granulicollis [=*Neodiamerus granulicollis] W86
    |         `--A. trahax [=*Trogloditica trahax] W86
    |--Hypoborini [Hypoborinae] W86
    |    |--Hypoborus Erichson 1836 W86
    |    |    `--*H. fici W86
    |    |--Zygophloeus Schedl 1958 W86
    |    |    `--*Z. australis W86
    |    |--Glochiphorus Strohmeyer 1910 W86
    |    |    `--*G. globosus W86
    |    |--Cryphyophthorus Schedl 1953 W86
    |    |    `--*C. eggersi W86
    |    |--Dacryostactus Schaufuss 1905 W86
    |    |    `--*D. kolbei W86
    |    |--Styracoptinus Wood 1962 [=Styracopterus Blandford 1896 (preoc.); incl. Afrotrypetus Bright 1981] W86
    |    |    |--*S. murex [=*Styracopterus murex] W86
    |    |    `--S. euphorbiae [=*Afrotrypetus euphorbiae] W86
    |    |--Chaetophloeus LeConte 1876 [=Pseudocryphalus Swaine 1917 non Ferrari 1869, Renocis Casey 1886] W86
    |    |    |--*C. hystrix [=Hylesinus hystrix] W86
    |    |    `--C. heterodoxus [=*Renocis heterodoxus; incl. *Pseudocryphalus brittaini] W86
    |    `--Liparthrum Wollaston 1854 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |         |--*L. bituberculatum W86
    |         |--L. albosetum W86
    |         |--L. arizonicum W86
    |         |--L. brincki [=*Dacryophthorus brincki] W86
    |         |--L. palaquium [=*Phloeochilus palaquius] W86
    |         |--L. palauense [=*Phloeotrypetus palauensis] W86
    |         `--L. squamosum [=*Erineosinus squamosus] W86
    |--Polygraphini [Carphoboridae, Polygraphidae] W86
    |    |--Serrastus Nunberg 1969 W86
    |    |    `--S. similis [=Chortastus similis; incl. *Serrastus ivoriensis] W86
    |    |--Carphobius Blackman 1943 W86
    |    |    `--*C. arizonicus W86
    |    |--Phloeographus Wood 1984 W86
    |    |    `--*P. mamibiae W86
    |    |--Cardroctonus Schedl 1966 W86
    |    |    `--*C. orientalis W86
    |    |--Bothinodroctonus Schedl 1969 W86
    |    |    `--*B. bicinctus W86
    |    |--Carphoborites Schedl 1947 [=Charphoborites (l. c.)] W86
    |    |    |--C. keilbacki Schedl 1947 W86
    |    |    `--C. posticus Schedl 1947 W86
    |    |--Chortastus Schaufuss 1905 [incl. Afrochramesus Schedl 1971] W86
    |    |    |--*C. camerunus W86
    |    |    `--‘*Afrochramesus’ baguenai W86
    |    |--Carphoborus Eichhoff 1864 [incl. Estenoborus Reitter 1913] W86
    |    |    |--*C. minimus [=Hylesinus minimus] W86
    |    |    |--C. perrisi [=Hylesinus perrisi; *Estenoborus perrisi] W86
    |    |    `--C. pinicolens W86
    |    `--Polygraphus Erichson 1836 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |         |--P. poligraphus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) W86
    |         |--P. camerunus [=*Ozophagus camerunus] W86
    |         |--P. grandiclava [=*Pseudopolygraphus grandiclava] W86
    |         |--P. quadrioculatus [=*Spongotarsus quadrioculatus] W86
    |         `--P. rufipennis [=Apate (*Lepisomus) rufipennis] W86
    |--Hylesinini [Alniphagini, Dactylipalpi, Hylastinides, Hylesinen, Phloeobori, Phloeotrupides] W86
    |    |--Hylastinus Bedel 1888 W86
    |    |    `--*H. obscurus [=Ips obscurus] W86
    |    |--Kissophagus Chapuis 1869 W86
    |    |    `--*K. hederae [=Hylesinus hederae] W86
    |    |--Pteleobius Bedel 1888 W86
    |    |    `--*P. vittatus [=Bostrichus vittatus] W86
    |    |--Cryptocurus Schedl 1957 [incl. Hyloperus Browne 1970] W86
    |    |    `--*C. spinipennis [incl. *Hyloperus bicornis]
    |    |--Neopteleobius Nobuchi 1971 W86
    |    |    `--*N. scutulatus [=Hylesinus scutulatus] W86
    |    |--Phloeoborus Erichson 1836 [incl. Phloeotrupes Erichson 1836] W86
    |    |    |--*P. rudis W86
    |    |    `--P. grandis [=*Phloeotrupes grandis] W86
    |    |--Dactylipalpus Chapuis 1869 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |    |    |--D. transversus [=*Dactylopselaphus transversus] W86
    |    |    `--D. cicatricosus [=*Ethadopselaphus cicatricosus] W86
    |    |--Alniphagus Swaine 1918 [incl. Hylastinoides Spessivitzev 1919] W86
    |    |    |--*A. aspericollis [=Hylesinus aspericollis] W86
    |    |    `--A. alni [=Hylastes alni, *Hylastinoides alni] W86
    |    |--Rhopalopselion Hagedorn 1909 [incl. Hapalogenius Hagedorn 1912] W86
    |    |    |--*R. bituberculatum W86
    |    |    `--R. globosus [=*Hapalogenius globosus] W86
    |    |--Ficicis Lea 1910 [incl. Ficiphagus Murayama 1958] W86
    |    |    |--*F. varians W86
    |    |    `--‘Hylesinus’ porcatus [incl. *Ficiphagus goliathoides] W86
    |    |--Hylesinus Fabricius 1801 [incl. Leperisinus Reitter 1913] W86
    |    |    |--*H. crenatus W86
    |    |    |--H. antipodius W86
    |    |    `--H. varius [=Bostrichus varius; incl. B. fraxini, *Leperisinus fraxini] W86
    |    `--Hylesinopsis Eggers 1920 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |         |--*H. dubius W86
    |         |--H. africanus [=*Pseudophloeotribus africanus] W86
    |         |--H. baphiae [=*Glochicopterus baphiae] W86
    |         |--H. brinckei [=Metahylesinus brinckei, *Hapalophloeus brinckei] W86
    |         |--H. endroedyi [=*Hemihylesinus endroedyi] W86
    |         |--H. joveri [=*Trypographus joveri] W86
    |         |--H. planicollis [=*Chilodendron planicolle] W86
    |         `--H. togonus [=*Pseudohylesinus togonus, *Metahylesinus togonus] W86
    |--Phloeosinini [Phloeosinides] W86
    |    |--Dendrosinus Chapuis 1869 W86
    |    |    `--*D. globosus [=Hyulesinus globosus] W86
    |    |--Hyleops Schedl 1938 W86
    |    |    `--*H. glabratus W86
    |    |--Pseudochramesus Blackman 1939 W86
    |    |    `--*P. acuteclavatus [=Chramesus acuteclavatus] W86
    |    |--Phloeosinopsoides Schedl 1964 [=Phloeosinopsis Schedl 1964 non Schedl 1936] W86
    |    |    `--*P. triseriatus [=*Phloeosinopsis triseriatus] W86
    |    |--Phloeocranus Schedl 1942 [incl. Diamerides Browne 1949] W86
    |    |    `--*P. bruchoides [incl. *Diamerides litseae] W86
    |    |--Phloeoditica Schedl 1962 W86
    |    |    `--*P. curta [=Kissophagus curtus] W86
    |    |--Carphotoreus Wood 1973 W86
    |    |    `--*C. alni [=Chaetophloeus alni] W86
    |    |--Catenophorus Nunberg 1956 W86
    |    |    `--*C. congonus W86
    |    |--Phloeosinites Hagedorn 1907 W86
    |    |    `--*P. rehi W86
    |    |--Cladoctonus Strohmeyer 1911 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |    |    |--*C. affinis W86
    |    |    |--C. banosus [=*Hoplites banosus, *Hoplitontus banosus] W86
    |    |    `--C. interruptus [=Hoplites interruptus; incl. *Hoplitophthorus sentosus] W86
    |    |--Olonthogaster Motschulsky 1866 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |    |    |--*O. nitidicollis [=*Holonthogaster nitidicollis] W86
    |    |    |--O. asper [=*Hyledius asper] W86
    |    |    |--O. spinifer [=Phloeosinus spinifer; incl. *Phloeosinopsis armatus] W86
    |    |    `--O. sumatranus [=*Hylurgulus sumatranus] W86
    |    |--Phloeosinus Chapuis 1869 W86
    |    |    |--*P. thujae [=Hylesinus thujae] W86
    |    |    |--P. bicolor W86
    |    |    |--P. cristatus W86
    |    |    |--P. cupressi B88
    |    |    `--P. punctatus W86
    |    `--Chramesus LeConte 1868 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |         |--*C. hickoriae W86
    |         |--C. annectans [=*Prochramesus annectans] W86
    |         |--C. incomptus W86
    |         |--C. quadridens W86
    |         |--C. rotundatus [incl. Dendrosinus bonnairei, *Thaumasinulus bonnairei] W86
    |         `--C. tuberculatus [=*Rhopalopleurus tuberculatus] W86
    `--Tomicini [Dendroctonides, Hylurgini, Xylechinides] W86
         |--Xylechinites Hagedorn 1907 W86
         |    `--*X. anceps Hagedorn 1907 W86
         |--Hylurgus Latreille 1807 W86
         |    `--*H. ligniperda [=Hylesinus ligniperda] W86
         |--Pachycotes Sharp 1877 W86
         |    `--P. peregrinus [=Hylesinus peregrinus; incl. *P. ventralis] W86
         |--Sinophloeus Brèthes 1922 W86
         |    `--*S. porteri W86
         |--Xylechinosomus Schedl 1963 W86
         |    `--*X. taunayi [=Xylechinus taunayi] W86
         |--Dendrotrupes Broun 1881 W86
         |    `--D. vestitus [incl. *D. costiceps] W86
         |--Hylurgopinus Swaine 1918 W86
         |    `--*H. rufipes [=Hylastes rufipes] W86
         |--Pseudoxylechinus Wood & Huang 1986 W86
         |    `--*P. uniformis W86
         |--Hylurgonotus Schedl 1951 W86
         |    |--H. tuberculatus [=Hylurgus tuberculatus; incl. *Hylurgonotus brunneus] W86
         |    `--H. antipodius W86
         |--Chaetoptelius Fuchs in Reitter 1913 (see below for synonymy) W86
         |    |--*C. vestitus [=Hylesinus vestitus, *Chaetophorus vestitus] W86
         |    `--C. mundulus [=*Homarus mundulus, *Acrantus mundulus] W86
         |--Pseudohylesinus Swaine 1917 W86
         |    |--P. sericeus [=Hylurgus sericeus; incl. *P. grandis] W86
         |    `--P. nebulosus W86
         |--Hylurdrectonus Schedl 1938 [incl. Xylogopinus Schedl 1972] W86
         |    |--*H. piniarius W86
         |    `--H. corticinus [incl. *Xylogopinus araucariae, H. araucariae] W86
         |--Tomicus Latreille 1802-1803 (see below for synonymy) W86
         |    |--*T. piniperda (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) W86
         |    |--T. minor JKW03
         |    `--T. puellus W86
         |--Dendroctonus Erichson 1836 W86
         |    |--*D. micans [=Bostrichus micans] W86
         |    |--D. frontalis A-B91
         |    |--D. pseudotsugae RW02
         |    `--D. valens RW02
         `--Xylechinus Chapuis 1869 (see below for synonymy) W86
              |--*X. pilosus [=Hylesinus (Dendroctonus) pilosus] W86
              |--X. australis [=*Xylechinops australis] W86
              |--X. chiliensis [=*Squamasinulus chiliensis] W86
              |--X. gummensis [=*Pruniphagus gummensis] W86
              `--X. montanus W86

Acacacis Lea 1910 [incl. Neodiamerus Schedl 1971, Pseudoacacacis Schedl 1963, Trogloditica Sampson 1922] W86

Chaetoptelius Fuchs in Reitter 1913 [=Chaetophorus Fuchs 1912; incl. Acrantus Broun 1882, Homarus Broun 1881 non Weber 1795] W86

Chramesus LeConte 1868 [incl. Prochramesus Wood 1956, Rhopalopleurus Chapuis 1869, Thaumasinulus Reitter 1913] W86

Cladoctonus Strohmeyer 1911 [incl. Hoplites Eggers 1923 nec Hübner 1816 nec Koch 1869 nec Neumayr 1875, Hoplitontus Wood 1961, Hoplitophthorus Wood 1961] W86

Dactylipalpus Chapuis 1869 [=Dactylopselaphus Gemminger & Harold 1872; incl. Ethadopselaphus Blandford 1896] W86

Hylesinopsis Eggers 1920 [incl. Chilodendron Schedl 1953, Glochicopterus Schedl 1954, Hapalophloeus Schedl 1966, Hemihylesinus Schedl 1967, Metahylesinus Eggers 1922, Pseudohylesinus Eggers 1919 non Swaine 1917, Pseudophloeotribus Eggers 1933, Trypographus Schedl 1950] W86

Liparthrum Wollaston 1854 [=Leiparthrum; incl. Dacryophthorus Schedl 1971, Erineosinus Blackman 1920, Phloeochilus Schedl 1953, Phloeotrypetus Wood 1960] W86

Olonthogaster Motschulsky 1866 [=Holonthogaster Gemminger & Harold 1872; incl. Hyledius Sampson 1921, Hylurgulus Eggers 1927, Phloeosinopsis Schedl 1936] W86

Phrixosoma Blandford 1897 [incl. Bothryperus Hagedorn 1909, Neohylesinus Eggers 1920, Sphaerosinus Eggers 1929; Phrixosomini] W86

Polygraphus Erichson 1836 [incl. Lepisomus Kirby 1837, Ozophagus Eggers 1919, Pseudopolygraphus Seitner 1911, Spongotarsus Hagedorn 1908, Urdugraphus Beeson 1941 (n. n.)] W86

Polygraphus poligraphus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Dermestes poligraphus; incl. Hylesinus pubescens, *Polygraphus pubescens] W86

Tomicus Latreille 1802-1803 [=Blastophagus Eichhoff 1864 non Gravenhorst 1827, Myelophilus Eichhoff 1878] W86

*Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus 1758) [=Dermestes piniperda, *Blastophagus piniperda, Hylesinus piniperda, *Myelophilus piniperda] W86

Xylechinus Chapuis 1869 [incl. Pruniphagus Murayama 1958, Squamasinulus Nunberg 1964, Xylechinops Browne 1973] W86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A-B91] Athias-Binche, F. 1991. Ecology and evolution of phoresy in mites. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 27-41. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Beaver, R. A. 2010. Taxonomic notes on the afrotropical genera Hapalogenius Hagedorn, Hylesinopsis Eggers, and Rhopalopselion Hagedorn (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae). ZooKeys 56: 157-170.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[JKW03] Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714-727.

[RW02] Reay, S. D., & P. J. Walsh. 2002. Relative attractiveness of some volatiles to the introduced pine bark beetles, Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). New Zealand Entomologist 25: 51-56.

[W86] Wood, S. L. 1986. A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 10: 1-126.

Scolytogenes

Scolytogenes jalapae, photographed by J. E. Mercado.

Belongs within: Scolytinae.

Scolytogenes is a genus of monogamous bark beetles that mostly bore in the stems of lianas (Wood 1986).

Characters (from Wood 1986): Male subequal in size to female, capable of flight. Antennal funicle four-segmented, club with sutures strongly to profoundly procurved, 1 marked on mesal half by a septum, remaining sutures marked by setae or obsolete (septum complete in several small New Guinea species); both basal and lateral margins of pronotum marked by a fine raised line, groove forming lateral line on pronotum rather weakly defined; posterior face of metatibia with a groove for reception of tarsus on lateral half; venter of abdomen weakly to very strongly ascending to meet apex of elytra, apex of elytra usually ascending also.

Scolytogenes Eichhoff 1878 (see below for synonymy) W86
    |--*S. darwini W86
    |--S. aspericollis [=*Lepicerus aspericollis, *Lepicerinus aspericollis] W86
    |--S. ater [=*Negritus ater] W86
    |--S. communis [=*Cryphalomorphus communis] W86
    |--S. jalapae [=Bostrichus jalapae, *Letznerella jalapae] W86
    |--S. knabi [=Ernoporides knabi, Cryphalomorphus knabi; incl. *E. floridensis] W86
    |--S. papuanus [=*Xylocryptus papuanus] W86
    |--S. parvus [=*Hypothenoides parvus] W86
    |--S. squamulosus [=*Cylindrotomicus squamulosus] W86
    `--S. usagaricus [=*Neocryphalus usagaricus] W86

Scolytogenes Eichhoff 1878 [incl. Cryphalomorphus Schaufuss 1890, Cylindrotomicus Eggers 1936, Ernoporides Hopkins 1915, Hypothenoides Hopkins 1915, Lepicerinus Hinton 1936, Lepicerus Eichhoff 1878, Letznerella Reitter 1913, Negritus Eggers 1923, Neocryphalus Eggers 1922, Xylocryptus Schedl 1975] W86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[W86] Wood, S. L. 1986. A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 10: 1-126.

Laboulbeniomycetes

Perithecia of Pyxidiophora, photographed by M. Blackwell.

Belongs within: Pezizomycotina.
Contains: Laboulbeniaceae.

The Laboulbeniomycetes are a group of minute fungi commonly ectoparasitic on insects. They are characterised by linear thalli composed of superposed cells, resulting from enlargement and subsequent cell division of a spore (Henk et al. 2003).

Laboulbeniomycetes [Pyxomycetalia]
    |  i. s.: Amphoromorpha HWB03
    |         Endosporella HWB03
    |         Coreomycetopsis oedipus HWB03
    |         Amphoropsis HWB03
    |         Myriopodophila HWB03
    |         Entomocosma HWB03
    |--+--Laboulbeniopsis termitarius Thaxter 1920 HWB03
    |  `--Pyxidiophoraceae [Pyxidiophorales] EB03
    |       |--Mycorhynchidium Malloch & Cain 1971 EB03, RS99
    |       |    `--*M. saccatum Malloch & Cain 1971 RS99
    |       |--Rhynchonectria von Höhnel 1902 (n. d.) [=Eleutherosphaera Grove 1907] RS99
    |       |    `--*R. longispora (Phillips & Plowr.) von Höhnel 1902 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |       |--Pyxidiophora Brefeld & Tavel 1891 RS99 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |    |--*P. nyctalidis Brefeld & Tavel 1891 RS99
    |       |    `--P. marchalii (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |       |--Copranophilus Spegazzini 1909 [incl. Ascolanthanus Cailleux 1967] RS99
    |       |    |--*C. spinuliformis Spegazzini 1909 RS99
    |       |    `--‘*Ascolanthanus’ trisporus Cailleux 1967 RS99
    |       `--Treleasia Spegazzini 1896 RS99
    |            |--*T. sacchari Spegazzini 1896 RS99
    |            `--T. musicola RS99
    `--Laboulbeniales EB03
         |--Herpomyces [Herpomycetaceae] EB03
         |--Laboulbeniaceae EB03
         |--Euceratomycetaceae EB03
         |    |--Cochliomyces EB03
         |    |--Colonomyces EB03
         |    |--Euceratomyces EB03
         |    |--Euzodiomyces EB03
         |    `--Pseudoecteinomyces EB03
         `--Ceratomycetaceae EB03
              |--Autoicomyces EB03
              |--Ceratomyces EB03
              |--Drepanomyces EB03
              |--Eusynaptomyces EB03
              |--Helodiomyces EB03
              |--Phurmomyces EB03
              |--Plectomyces EB03
              |--Rhynchophoromyces EB03
              |--Synaptomyces EB03
              |--Tettigomyces EB03
              |--Thaumasiomyces EB03
              `--Thripomyces EB03

Pyxidiophora RS99 [incl. Mycorhynchus Saccardo & Saccardo 1906 RS99, Rhynchomyces Saccardo 1885 non Willkomm 1866 RS99; anam. Thaxteriola HWB03]

Pyxidiophora marchalii [=*Rhynchomyces marchalii Saccardo in Marchal 1885, *Mycorhynchus marchalii (Saccardo) Mig. in Thomé 1922] RS99

*Rhynchonectria longispora (Phillips & Plowr.) von Höhnel 1902 (n. d.) [=Eleutheromyces longisporus, *Eleutherosphaera longispora (Phillips & Plowr.) Grove 1907] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

[HWB03] Henk, D. A., A. Weir & M. Blackwell. 2003. Laboulbeniopsis termitarius, an ectoparasite of termites newly recognized as a member of the Laboulbeniomycetes. Mycologia 95 (4): 561-564.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.

Calonectria

Fruiting bodies of Calonectria pyrochroa, photographed by Enrique Rubio Domínguez.

Belongs within: Hypocreales.

Calonectria is a genus of fungi growing saprobically or parasitically on plants, characterised by their distinctive ascomatal wall structure.

Characters (from Rossman et al. 1999): Ascomata superficial, solitary or gregarious, often on a small, basal pad of pseudoparenchymatous tissue, without a byssal subiculum or well-developed stroma. Ascomata globose to ovoid, orange to scarlet or dark umber, rarely yellow, KOH+ dark red, yellow in lactic acid, ascomatal base darkened, scaly to warted. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, globose to angular cells extended to form scales or warts; inner region of hyaline, thin-walled, elongate cells. Asci clavate to long-clavate, apex usually simple, asci often evanescent at maturity. Ascospores ellipsoid to long-fusiform, 1- to multiseptate. Anamorph, where known, Cylindrocladium. Saprobic and pathogenic on dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, often fruiting on decaying leaves.

Calonectria [anam. Chionomyces Deighton & Pirozynski 1972] DP72
    |  i. s.: C. sect. Chiajaea Saccardo 1896 RS99
    |           |--C. hippocastani RS99
    |           `--‘Nectria’ venusta RS99
    |--C. pyrochroa (Desmazières) Saccardo 1878 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--C. arcuata DP72
    |--C. chorleyi Hansford 1946 (see below for synonymy) DP72
    |--C. ilicicola [anam. Cylindrocladium parasiticum; incl. Cy. crotalariae] RS99
    |--C. meliolae Hansford 1941 (see below for synonymy) DP72
    |--C. reteaudii [=Neonectria reteaudii Bugnic. 1939] RS99
    `--C. ugandae Hansford 1941 DP72

Calonectria chorleyi Hansford 1946 [anam. Chionomyces chorleyi (Hansford) Deighton & Pirozynski 1972 =Eriomycopsis chorleyi Hansford 1942] DP72

Calonectria meliolae Hansford 1941 [anam. *Chionomyces meliolicola (Ciferri) Deighton & Pirozynski 1972 =Monacrosporium meliolicola Ciferri 1938; incl. Eriomycopsis meliolae Hansford 1942, E. robusta Hansford 1942] DP72

Calonectria pyrochroa (Desmazières) Saccardo 1878 [=Nectria pyrochroa Desmazières 1856; incl. N. abnormis Henn. 1897, *Calonectria daldiniana De Not. 1867, Ophionectria puiggarii Spegazzini 1889; anam. Cylindrocladium ilicicola (Hawley) Boedijn & Reitsma 1950 =Candelospora ilicicola Hawley in Rea & Hawley 1912, Cy. ilicicolum (l. c.)] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1-110.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.

Oligosita

Female Oligosita, photographed by Max E. Badgley.
Belongs within: Trichogrammatidae.

Oligosita is a genus of minute wasps including egg parasitoids of Hemiptera.

Characters (from Girault 1918): Antenna seven-segmented, with funicle one-segmented; clava three-segmented, distinct, with true terminal spine. Fore wing with marginal vein long, straight and slender; stigmal vein subsessile; marginal cilia long; discal cilia sparse (or not dense), subnormal, no oblique line of cilia from stigmal vein. Ovipositor inserted at base of abdomen, which is conic-ovate.

Oligosita Haliday 1851 GM79 [Oligositini]
    |--O. aesopi Girault 1929 G29a
    |--O. americana Girault 1909 GM79
    |--O. clarimaculosa (Girault 1911) GM79
    |--O. comosipennis (Girault 1911) G18, GM79
    |--O. funiculata Girault 1929 G29a
    |--O. gutenbergi Girault 1929 G29a
    |--O. inermiclava Girault 1915 GM79
    |--O. marilandia Girault 1917 G17
    |--O. oophagus Girault 1916 GM79
    |--O. plebeia Perkins 1912 G18, GM79
    |--O. poincarei Girault 1913 GM79
    |--O. pullicorpus Girault 1915 GM79
    |--O. rustica Girault 1929 G29a
    |--O. sanguinea (Girault 1911) GM79
    |    |--O. s. sanguinea GM79
    |    `--O. s. claripes Girault 1916 GM79
    |--O. subfasciatipennis (Girault 1911) GM79
    |--O. thisbe Girault 1929 G29b
    `--O. xiphidii A71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Chalcidoidea nova Marilandensis. II. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 114-115).

[G18] Girault, A. A. 1918. North American Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 142-152).

[G29a] Girault, A. A. 1929a. North American Hymenoptera Mymaridae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 233-261).

[G29b] Girault, A. A. 1929b. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266-269).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.