Sinum

White baby's-ear snail Sinum perspectivum, copyright James St John.

Belongs within: Naticidae.

Sinum is a genus of moon snails with an ear-shaped shell and reduced, horny operculum.

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell ear-shaped, with minute spire and very large aperture, externally with revolving striae, colour usually white, sometimes with a thin corneous epidermis. Operculum minute, horny, subspiral.

<==Sinum Röding 1798 (see below for synonymy) BR05
    |--*S. haliotoideum (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |--‘Sigaretus’ australis Dunker 1871 H09
    |--S. californicum Oldroyd 1917 O27
    |--S. debile Gould 1852 O27 [=Sigaretus debilis C64]
    |--‘Sigaretus’ eximius Reeve 1864 H09
    |--‘Sigaretus’ filicatus Mighels 1845 J49
    |--S. fornicatum A27
    |--S. grayi (Deshayes 1843) [incl. S. cortezi Burch & Burch 1964] BC01
    |--S. keratium Dall 1919 O27
    |--S. laevigatum C60
    |--S. maculatum (Say 1831) S11
    |--S. martini Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27
    |--S. neritoides [=Sigaretus neritoides] O27
    |--S. pazianum Dall 1919 O27
    |--S. perspectivum (Say 1831) S11
    |--‘Sigaretus’ planulatus H09
    |--S. sanctijohannis (Pilsbry & Lowe 1932) PP78
    `--‘Sigaretus’ subglobosus H86

Sinum Röding 1798 [=Sigaretus Lamarck 1799 [Adeloderma, Cryptocochlides, Schismatobranchia, Sigaretidae, Sigaretinae] BR05

*Sinum haliotoideum (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Helix haliotoidea BR17, *Sigaretus haliotoideus BR17, Velutina haliotoidea J64]

Sinum martini Finlay 1927 [=Sigaretus undulatus Martin 1885 nec Lischke 1872 nec Hutton 1885; incl. Natica (Ampullina) laevis Hutton 1885 non N. laevis Weerth 1884] F27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213-231.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

Polinices

Milk moonsnail Polinices lacteus, copyright Deb Devers.

Belongs within: Naticidae.

Polinices is a genus of mostly white moon snails found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. They possess a brown corneous operculum, a medium to thick parietal callus and a partially to completely filled umbilicus.

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell oval or suboval, solid, smooth, spire short, sharp; aperture semicircular, inner lip oblique, callous, callus extending into umbilicus. Operculum corneous. Colour usually white, sometimes coloured but not banded or spotted.

<==Polinices Montfort 1810 [Poliniceinae, Polinicina, Polynicidae] BR05
    |--P. hepaticus (Röding 1798) S11
    `--+--P. lacteus (Guilding 1833) S11
       `--P. uberinus (Orbigny 1842) S11

Polinices incertae sedis:
  *P. albus Montfort 1810 BR17 [=Natica alba H09]
  P. albumen (Linnaeus 1758) [=Nerita albumen] H09
  P. ambiguus Suter 1913 (n. d.) F27
  P. aurantium (Bolten 1798) [=Albula aurantium] H09
  P. bifasciata C64
  P. columnaris (Recluz 1850) [=Natica columnaris] H09
  P. conicus (Lamarck 1822) WG71 [=Natica conicus H09]
  P. didyma (Bolten 1798) [=Albula didyma] H09
  P. duplicatus (Say 1822) F77
  P. filosa (Reeve 1855) [=Natica filosa] H09
  P. flemingiana (Recluz 1843) [=Natica flemingiana] H09
  P. hacketti Marincovich 1975 BC01
  P. huttoni M49
  P. incei (Philippi 1851) WG71 [=Natica incei H09]
  P. intracrassus Finlay 1924 [=Natica callosa Hutton 1873 (preoc.)] F27
  P. limi Pilsbry 1931 [=P. rapulum limi] BC01
  P. mammilla (Linnaeus 1758) BW09 [=Nerita mamilla H09]
  P. melanostomus (Gmelin 1799) BW09 [=Natica melanostoma H09]
  P. melanostomoides (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) [=Natica melanostomoides] H09
  P. mellosus Hedley 1924 WG71
  P. nanus Moller 1842 O27
  P. nuxcastanea (Martyn 1786) [=Nerita nuxcastanea] H09
  P. otis [=Natica otis; incl. P. fusca] C64
  P. perspicua C64
  P. peselephanti (Link 1807) MG-H11
  P. plumbeus (Lamarck 1822) [=Natica plumbea] H09
  P. powisiana (Recluz 1844) BW09
  P. pseudoredemptus JB12
  P. pyriformis Recluz 1844 WG71
  P. simiae (Deshayes 1838) BW09
  P. sordidus Swainson 1821 WG71
  P. triseriata (Say 1826) W78
  P. uber [incl. Natica virginea] O27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F77] Franz, D. R. 1977. Size and age-specific predation by Lunatia heros (Say, 1822) on the surf clam Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817) off western Long Island, New York. Veliger 20 (2): 144–150.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[M49] Mason, B. 1949. The geology of Mandamus-Pahau district, north Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 403–428.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[W78] West, D. L. 1978. Reproductive biology of Colus stimpsoni (Prosobranchia: Buccinidae). I. Male genital system. Veliger 20 (3): 266–273.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 12 June 2021.

Euspira

Pale northern moon snail Euspira pallida, copyright Kwansei Shell Database.

Belongs within: Naticidae.

Euspira is a genus of moon snails found living in cooler waters.

<==Euspira Agassiz 1838 [Euspiridae, Euspirinae] BR05
    |--‘Natica’ labellata Lamarck 1804 [incl. N. glaucinoides Sowerby 1812, *Euspira glaucinoides] S98
    |--E. acosmita (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) acosmitus] O27
    |--E. algida (Gould 1848) [=Natica algida, Polinices (Euspira) algida] O27
    |--E. barrierensis (Marwick 1924) [=Uber (Euspira) barrierensis] F27a
    |--E. canonica (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) canonicus] O27
    |--E. caurina (Gould 1847) [=Natica caurina, Polinices (Euspira) caurinus] O27
    |--E. draconis (Dall 1903) [=Polinices (Euspira) draconis] O27
    |--E. edgari Finlay 1927 [=N. levis Smith 1896 non N. laevis Weerth 1884] F27b
    |--E. eyrensis Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |--E. gronlandica (Beck in Moller 1842) [=Polinices (Euspira) gronlandicus] O27
    |--E. monterona (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) monteronus] O27
    |--E. pallida (Broderip & Sowerby 1829) [=Polinices (Euspira) pallida] O27
    |--E. pila (Pilsbury 1911) V89
    |--E. plicispira (Kuroda 1961) MG-H11
    |--E. politiana (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) politianus] O27
    `--E. selwyniana (Wilckens 1922) [=Natica selwyniana, Lunatia selwyniana; incl. N. ingrata Wilckens 1922] S98

Euspira eyrensis Finlay 1927 [=Natica variabilis Moore 1870 non Reeve 1855; incl. N. lineata Etheridge 1872 non Bolten 1798] F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt. III. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[V89] Vermeij, G. J. 1989. Habitat and form of Crepidula grandis in Japan, with comments on habitat specialization in calyptraeid gastropods. Nautilus 103 (3): 89–91.

Natica

Natica canrena, copyright Laura Milano.

Belongs within: Naticidae.

Natica is a genus of predatory gastropods found in warm seas around the world, feeding on other molluscs. Members of the subgenus Cryptonatica are cold-water species found in the Arctic Ocean. Fossils have been assigned to Natica from the earliest Triassic but these assignments might be considered unlikely (Nützel & Erwin 2002).

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell oval globular, porcellanous, solid, generally smooth, covered by fine transparent epidermis that is generally not very persistent; umbilicated, or umbilicus more or less filled with callus; aperture semilunar, vertical, outer lip simple. Operculum large, semilunar, paucispiral, corneous or calcareous.

<==Natica Scopoli 1777 BR05
    |--N. (Natica) O27
    |    |--*N. (N.) vitellus (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Nerita vitellus BR17, Polinices vitellus H09]
    |    |--N. (N.) canrena (Linnaeus 1758) O27, L58 [=Nerita canrena G20]
    |    `--N. (N.) scethra Dall 1908 PP78
    `--N. (Cryptonatica Dall 1892) O27
         |--N. (C.) affinis Gmelin 1792 O27 (see below for synonymy)
         |--N. (C.) aleutica Dall 1919 O27
         |--N. (C.) clausa Broderip & Sowerby 1829 O27 [incl. N. beverlii Leach ms C64]
         |--‘Cryptonatica’ coosensis Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27b
         |--N. (C.) janthostoma Deshayes 1841 O27
         |--N. (C.) russa Gould 1859 O27
         `--N. (C.) salimba Dall 1919 O27

Natica incertae sedis:
  N. acinonyx Marche-Marchad 1957 BC01
  N. alapapilionis (Bolten 1798) H09 [=Cochlis alapapilionis H09; incl. N. zonaria C64]
  N. alderi D56
  N. alveata Conrad 1855 C64
  N. ambigua Morris & Lycett 1854 F27b
  N. arata Morris & Lycett 1854 F27b
  N. araucana [incl. N. australis d’Orbigny 1842 non Bosc 1801] F27b
  N. areolata Recluz 1844 H09
  N. australis Bosc 1801 F27b
  N. bacca A27
  N. bonplandi Valenciennes 1833 C64
  N. borealis N79
  N. bougei Sowerby 1908 BW09
  N. brunneolinea McLean 1970 BC01
  N. buriasensis Recluz 1844 H09
  N. cadorica G31
  N. callosa Cristofori & Jan 1832 F27b
  N. callosior F27b
  N. catena N79
  N. cayennensis Recluz 1850 [incl. N. hayesae Usticke 1959] BC01
  N. chinensis Lamarck 1822 H09
  N. colliei Recluz 1844 H09
  N. comelicana G31
  N. cunninghamensis Harris 1897 [=N. (Neverita) varians Tate 1893 (preoc.)] F27b
  N. deidosa Reeve 1855 H09
  N. denticulifera Marwick 1924 F27a
  N. dixoni Fernandes & Rolán 1992 BC01
  N. elenae [incl. N. excavata, N. haneti] C64
  N. floridana C60
  N. gaultieriana (Recluz 1844) BD12
  N. geniculata Conrad 1855 C64
  N. gibbosa Lea 1833 C64
  N. groenlandica C60
  N. guesti Harasewych & Jensen 1984 BC01
  N. guillemini PP64
  N. hamiltoni H86
  N. harrisensis A27
  N. haydeni Cossmann 1899 [=N. ambigua Meek & Hayden 1855 non Morris & Lycett 1854] F27b
  N. helicoides Barnes in Gray 1825 [=N. patula Sby. 1824 (preoc.)] C64
  N. helvacea Lamarck 1822 H09
  N. heros C64
  N. incerta Smith 1906 F27b
  N. islandica [=Nerita islandica] J64
  N. japovata Finlay 1927 [=N. ovata Sowerby 1914 nec Klipstein 1843 nec Hutton 1873] F27b
  N. koatensis Krumbeck 1924 NE02
  N. laevis Weerth 1884 F27b
  N. ‘laevis’ Kaunhowen 1898 nec Weerth 1884 nec N. (Ampullina) laevis Hutton 1885 nec N. levis Smith 1896 F27b
  N. limpida Smith 1884 H09
  N. lineata (Bolten 1798) F27b [=Cochlis lineatus H09]
  N. marocana G79 [=Nerita marocana G79; incl. Na. maroccana var. californica C64, Na. lurida C64]
  N. migratoria (Powell 1927) HS01
  N. montagui PP64
  N. moquiniana C64
  N. multipunctata [incl. N. multipunctata var. consors Wood 1848] F27b
  N. neozelanica H86
  N. neritina G31
  N. ocoyana Conrad 1855 C64
  N. oetites Conrad 1833 C64
  N. oolithica Auerbach 1871 NE02
  N. ovata Klipstein 1843 F27b
  N. percostata (Schauroth 1859) NE02
  N. phytelephas Reeve 1855 MG-H11
  N. planispira Phillips 1836 F27b
  N. polita Q72
  N. pusilla HC79
  N. pusiuncula G31
  N. raynoldiana Recluz 1844 H09
  N. robillardi Sowerby 1843 BW09
  N. ryalli Fernandes & Rolán 1992 BC01
  N. sagrayana Orbigny 1850 S11
  N. sanctaehelenae M01
  N. semicostata Lepsius 1878 NE02
  N. semilunata C64
  N. severa Gould 1859 C64
  N. seychellium Watson 1886 H09
  N. sigillata McLean 1970 BC01
  N. solida Blainville 1825 WG71
  N. sordida N79
  N. souleyetiana C64
  N. stellata (Martyn 1786) [=Nerita stellata] H09
  N. subcostata Ten.-Woods 1878 H09
  N. subinfundibulum [incl. N. subinfundibulum var. crassa Tate 1893] F27b
  N. suppleta Finlay 1927 [=N. incerta Harmer 1919 non Smith 1906] F27b
  N. suturalis H86
  N. taslei C64
  N. traillii M01
  N. turtoni PP64
  N. uber Valenciennces 1833 C64
  N. unifasciata [=N. maroccana var. unifasciata] C64
  N. variabilis Reeve 1855 F27b
  N. vixumbilicata Q72
  N. wintlei [incl. N. wintlei var. hamiltonensis Tenison-Woods 1878] F71

‘Cryptonatica’ coosensis Finlay 1927 [=Natica consors Dall 1909 non N. multipunctata var. consors Wood 1848] F27b

Natica (Cryptonatica) affinis Gmelin 1792 O27 [=Nerita affinis N79; incl. Na. consolidata J64, Na. glaucina J64, Na. septentrionalis J64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HC79] Huff, J. A., & S. P. Cobb. 1979. Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 5 (4): 1–101.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M01] Melville, J. C. 1901. A few further remarks upon the Erythrean molluscan fauna, with descriptions of seven species from Aden, in the collection of Commander E. R. Shopland, R.I.M. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 550–556.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[NE02] Nützel, A., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Battenizyga, a new Early Triassic gastropod genus with a discussion of the caenogastropod evolution at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (1): 21–27.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 12 June 2021.

Naticidae

Naticarius alapapilionis, photographed by Neville Coleman.

Belongs within: Hypsogastropoda.
Contains: Uber, Euspira, Polinices, Natica, Sinum.

The Naticidae, moon shells, are carnivorous intertidal marine gastropods. Their name comes from the globular shiny shell of most species though members of the Sininae have flattened, ear-shaped shells. In life, the shell is covered or nearly covered by the expanded foot and the animal moves just below the surface of the sand in which it lives, leaving a visible trail. Moon shells are predators of other molluscs, using their radula (assisted by acid secretions) to bore a neat hole through the shell of their prey. Historically, the subfamilies Naticinae and Polinicinae have been distinguished by whether the operculum is calcareous or horny, respectively, but recent phylogenetic studies have not supported this distinction. The New Zealand genus Globisinum lacks an operculum and the animal has a greatly enlarged spongy foot that cannot be completely retracted.

<==Naticidae [Anoperculatae, Aspidophora, Naticacea, Naticina, Naticoidea, Sinidae]
    |--Globisinum Marwick 1924 [Globisininae] BR05
    |    |--*G. drewi (Murdoch 1899) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--G. crassiliratum Finlay 1926 F27a
    |    |--G. elegans A27
    |    |--G. miocaenicum A27
    |    |--G. pritchardi (Cossmann 1907) [=Natica pritchardi, N. arata Tate 1893 non Morris & Lycett 1854] F27b
    |    `--G. undulatum [=Ampullina undulata] F27a
    `--Naticinae [Polinicinae] BR05
         |  i. s.: Euspira BR05
         |         Choristes Carpenter in Dawson 1872 BR05, ICZN03 [Choristacea, Choristeidae]
         |           |--*C. elegans Carpenter 1872 BR17
         |           `--C. coani Marincovich 1975 BC01
         |         Mammilla Schumacher 1817 [Mammillinae] BR05
         |           |--*M. fasciata Schumacher 1817 BR17
         |           |--M. mammata (Roeding 1781) [=Albula mammata] P61
         |           |--M. opaca Recluz 1851 WG71
         |           |--M. sebae Souleyet 1844 WG71
         |           `--M. simiae Deshayes 1838 WG71
         |--Polinices S11
         `--+--+--‘Natica’ livida Pfeiffer 1840 S11
            |  |    |--N. l. livida BC01
            |  |    `--N. l. oceani Usticke 1959 BC01
            |  `--+--‘Natica’ marochiensis (Gmelin 1791) S11
            |     `--+--Stigmaulax sulcatus (Born 1778) S11
            |        `--Naticarius Duméril 1806 S11, WG71
            |             |--N. alapapilionis Röding 1798 WG71
            |             |--N. canrenus (Linné 1758) S11
            |             |--N. cayenensis Récluz 1850 S11
            |             |--N. oncus Röding 1798 [incl. N. chinensis Lamarck 1822] WG71
            |             |--N. oteroi Fernandes & Rolán 1990 BC01
            |             `--N. vittatus BC01
            |                  |--N. v. vittatus BC01
            |                  `--N. v. corimbensis Fernandes & Rolán 1990 BC01
            `--+--Natica S11
               `--+--+--Naticina Gray 1847 BR17 [=Eunaticina Fischer 1885 S11, BR05; Eunaticini, Eunaticinini]
                  |  |    |--*N. papilla (Gmelin 1791) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
                  |  |    `--‘Eunaticina’ oldroydii Dall 1897 O27
                  |  `--Sininae BD12
                  |       |--Cryptostomus Blainville 1818 [Cryptostomidae] BR05
                  |       `--Sinum S11
                  `--+--‘Polinices’ lewisii (Gould 1847) S11 [=P. (Euspira) lewisii O27]
                     `--+--Conuber sordidus (Swainson 1821) S11
                        `--Neverita Risso 1826 S11, BR05 [Neveritina, Neveritinae]
                             |--*N. josephinia Risso 1826 BR17
                             |--N. duplicata (Say 1822) S11 [=Polinices duplicata M63]
                             |--N. glauca C64
                             |--N. lamonae Marincovich 1975 BC01
                             |--N. patula C64
                             `--N. recluziana (Deshayes 1841) [=Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus] O27
                                  |--N. r. recluziana O27
                                  |--N. r. alta (Dall 1909) [=Polinices recluzianus alta] O27
                                  `--N. r. imperforata (Stearns 1909) [=Polinices recluzianus imperforata] O27

Naticidae incertae sedis:
  Mamillaria Swainson 1840 WG71
    `--M. powisiana Recluz 1844 WG71
  Notocochlis Powell 1933 WG71
    |--*N. migratoria (Powell 1927) [=Cochlis migratoria] P61
    |--N. gualteriana (Recluz 1844) BW09
    `--N. sagittata Menke 1843 WG71
  Sigaretotrema Sacco 1890 WG71
    `--S. umbilicata Quoy & Gaimard 1833 WG71
  Ectosinum Iredale 1931 WG71
    `--E. zonale Quoy & Gaimard 1833 WG71
  Uber F27a
  Amauropsella F27a
  Lunatia F27b
    |--L. approximata (Etheridge & Bell in Harmer 1919) (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |--L. gilva ZLK11
    |--L. heros (Say 1822) S11
    |--L. lewisii Gld. 1847 (see below for synonymy) C64
    |--L. pallida C64 [=Natica pallida C64; incl. N. lactea J64]
    |--L. pallidoides C64
    |--L. pila GAS03
    `--L. septentrionalis C64
  Amauropsis Morch 1857 O27
    |--*A. islandica (Gmelin 1791) S11
    |--A. andersoni (Strebel 1906) S11
    |--A. canaliculata [=Natica canaliculata] O27
    |--A. notoleptos Stilwell et al. 2004 SH12
    `--A. purpurea Dall 1871 O27
  Carinacca Marwick 1924 F27a
    |--*C. waihaoensis [=Ampullina waihaoensis] F27a
    |--C. allani [=Natica allani] A27
    `--C. haasti [=Natica haasti] A27
  Bulbus Brown 1839 [incl. Acrybia Adams & Adams 1853] O27
    |--*B. flavus [=Natica flava] O27
    `--B. fragilis (Leach 1819) O27
         |--B. f. fragilis O27
         `--B. f. apertus Lovèn in Middendorff 1851 O27 [=Acrybia aperta C64, Lunatia aperta C64]
  Magnatica Marwick 1924 F27a
    |--M. (Magnatica) F27b
    |    |--*M. (M.) planispira (Suter 1917) (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |    `--M. (M.) approximata (Suter 1917) (see below for synonymy) F27b
    `--M. (Spelaenacca Finlay 1926) F27a
         `--M. (*S.) altior Finlay 1926 F27a
  Friginatica Hedley 1916 P61 [incl. Sulconacca Marwick 1924 F27a]
    |--*F. beddomei (Johnston 1884) F27a [=Natica beddomei P61]
    |--F. aldingensis (Tate 1893) DK08
    |--F. conjuncta (Dell 1953) P61
    |--F. pisum Hedley 1916 F27a
    |--F. polita Ten.-Woods 1875 F27a
    |--F. prisca A27
    |--F. suturalis (Hutton 1877) [=Lunatia suturalis] F27a
    `--F. vaughani [=*Sulconacca vaughani] F27a
  Cochlis Bolten 1798 P27
    |--*C. albula P27
    |--C. notocenica [=Natica notocenica] F27a
    |--C. praeconsors [=Natica praeconsors] F27a
    `--C. socius Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27b
  Tanea Marwick 1931 P61
    `--*T. zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) P61 [=Natica zelandica P61, Cochlis zelandica F27a]
  Propesinum umbilicatum M54
  Euspirocrommium Sacco 1890 DK08
    |--E. effusa (Tate 1893) DK08
    `--E. levesquei DK08
  Proxiuber Powell 1933 P61
    |--*P. australe (Hutton 1878) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--P. hulmei Powell 1954 P61
  Uberella Finlay 1928 P61
    |--*U. vitrea (Hutton 1873) [=Natica vitrea] P61
    |--U. alacris Dell 1956 P61
    |--U. amphialis (Watson 1881) P61
    |--U. barrierensis (Marwick 1924) P61
    `--U. denticulifera (Marwick 1924) P61
  Falsilunatia Powell 1951 P61
    |--*F. soluta P61 [=Natica (Lunatia) soluta P61, C64]
    |--F. apora Watson 1881 P61
    |--F. pisum (Hedley 1916) P61
    |--F. powelli Dell 1956 P61
    `--F. subperforata Dell 1956 P61
  Crommium JB12
  Euspirella Petuch & Drolshagen 2009 P12
    `--E. permeliae Petuch & Drolshagen 2009 P12
  Poliniciella Petuch 1988 P12
    `--P. marylandica Petuch 1988 P12

Cochlis socius Finlay 1927 [=Natica consortis (l. c.) Finlay 1924 nec N. multipunctata var. consors Wood 1848 nec N. consors Dall 1909] F27b

*Globisinum drewi (Murdoch 1899) P61 [=Sigaretus drewi P61; incl. S. undulatus Hutton 1885 nec Lischke 1872 nec Martin 1885 F27b, Ampullina venusta F27a, Globisinum venustum P61, G. wollastoni Finlay 1927 P61, F27b]

Lunatia approximata (Etheridge & Bell in Harmer 1919) [=Natica (Lunatia) approximata non Turbo (Marmorostoma) approximata Suter 1917 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.)] F27b

Lunatia lewisii Gld. 1847 [=Natica lewisii; incl. N. herculaea Middendorff 1849, Lunatia herculaea, N. inezana] C64

Magnatica (Magnatica) approximata (Suter 1917) [=Turbo (Marmorostoma) approximata, Natica (Mag.) approximata] F27b

*Magnatica (Magnatica) planispira (Suter 1917) [=Polinices planispirus non Natica planispira Phillips 1836 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.), N. (Magnatica) suteri Marwick 1924] F27b

*Naticina papilla (Gmelin 1791) BR17 [=Nerita papilla BR17, *Eunaticina papilla BR17, Sigaretus papilla O27]

Proxiuber australe (Hutton 1878) P61 [=Lunatia australis P61, Cochlis australis F27b, Natica australis nec Bosc 1801 nec d’Orbigny 1842, N. maoria Finlay 1924 F27b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BD12] Bandel, K., & D. T. Dockery III. 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C542 (psf 20): 93–128.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.

[ICZN03] ICZN. 2003. Choristidae Verrill, 1882 (Mollusca, Gastropoda): spelling emended to Choristeidae, so removing the homonymy with Choristidae Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Insecta, Mecoptera). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60 (3): 224–225.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[M63] Merrill, A. S. 1963. Mollusks from a buoy off Georgia. Nautilus 77 (2): 68–70.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P12] Petuch, E. J. 2012. Miocene asteroid impacts: proposed effects on the biogeography and extinction patterns of eastern North American gastropods. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 967–981. Springer.

[P27] Powell, A. W. B. 1927. On a large Tonna and two other gasteropods of Australian origin. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 559–562.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[SH12] Stilwell, J. D., & E. Håkansson. 2012. Survival, but…! New tales of ‘dead clade walking’ from Austral and Boreal post-K–T assemblages. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 795–810. Springer.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

[ZLK11] Zou, S., Q. Li & L. Kong. 2011. Additional gene data and increased sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Neogastropoda, within the caenogastropod phylogenetic framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 425–435.

Last updated: 9 October 2021.