Suinamorpha

Collared peccary Dicotyles tajacu, photographed by Colin Burnett.

Belongs within: Artiodactyla.
Contains: Listriodontinae, Suinae, Sanitheriinae, Hyotherium.

The Suinamorpha unites the pigs (Suidae) and the peccaries (Tayassuidae). Members of this clade have an elongate, mobile, cartilaginous snout with a flattened terminal area around the nostrils (Cooke & Wilkinson 1978). In the modern fauna, the Suidae are native to the Old World while the Tayassuidae are restricted to the New World, but the fossil record indicates that Tayassuidae were previously present in the Old World from the Oligocene to Pliocene. Modern peccaries are generally sociable animals, though the chacoan peccary Catagonus wagneri forms only small groups of up to ten individuals. The white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari, in contrast, can form herds of over 100 individuals.

Suinamorpha [Doliochoerinae, Suina, Suoidea]
    |  i. s.: Kenyasus namaquensis P02
    |         Eocenchoerus MJ11
    |--Suidae CW78
    |    |  i. s.: Nguruwe kijivium MJ11, P02
    |    |--Xenohyus venitor BLB05
    |    `--+--+--Listriodontinae CW78
    |       |  `--Suinae CW78
    |       `--+--Sanitheriinae CW78
    |          |--Hyotheriinae CW78
    |          |    |--Hyotherium CW78
    |          |    |--Chleuastochoerus stehlini CW78, DW04
    |          |    |--Propalaeochoerus Stehlin 1899 CW78
    |          |    |    `--*P. leptodon Stehlin 1899 CW78
    |          |    `--Palaeochoerus Pomel 1846 BLB05, CW78
    |          `--Tetraconodontinae CW78
    |               |--Tetraconodon Falconer 1868 CW78
    |               |--Conohyus Pilgrim 1926 CW78
    |               |--Sivachoerus Pilgrim 1926 CW78
    |               `--Nyanzachoerus Leakey 1958 CW78
    |                    |  i. s.: ‘Sivachoerus’ giganteus Tobien 1936 CW78
    |                    |--N. devauxi (Arambourg 1968) [=Propotamochoerus devauxi] CW78
    |                    `--+--+--N. syrticus (Leonardi 1952) (n. d.) [=Sivachoerus syrticus] CW78
    |                       |  `--N. tulotos Cooke & Ewer 1972 CW78
    |                       `--+--+--*N. kanamensis Leakey 1958 CW78
    |                          |  `--N. pattersoni Cooke & Ewer 1972 CW78
    |                          `--+--N. jaegeri Coppens 1971 [incl. N. plicatus Cooke & Ewer 1972] CW78
    |                             `--Notochoerus Broom 1925 [incl. Gerontochoerus Leakey 1943] CW78
    |                                  |--N. euilus (Hopwood 1926) [=Hylochoerus euilus, Gerontochoerus euilus] CW78
    |                                  `--+--*N. capensis Broom 1925 CW78
    |                                     `--N. scotti (Leakey 1943) [=*Gerontochoerus scotti] CW78
    `--Tayassuidae [Dicotylidae] JJ84
         |  i. s.: Platygonus condoni W69
         |         Desmathyus W69
         |         Hesperhys W69
         |         Prosthennops niobrarensis W69
         |         Mylohyus W69
         |           |--M. fossilis [=Dicotyles fossilis; incl. D. lenis] W69
         |           `--M. pennsylvanicus GD61
         |         Pecarichoerus CW78
         |           |--P. africanus Hendey 1976 CW78
         |           `--P. orientalis CW78
         |         Dyseohyus Stock 1937 W69
         |           |--*D. fricki Stock 1937 W69
         |           `--D. stirtoni Woodburne 1969 W69
         |--Cynorca Cope 1867 MJ11, W69
         |    |--*C. proterva Cope 1867 [=Squalodon protervus] W69
         |    |--C. hesperia (Marsh 1871) [=Dicotyles hesperius, Chaenohyus hesperius, Tayassu hesperius] W69
         |    |--C. occidentale Woodburne 1969 W69
         |    `--C. sociale (Marsh 1875) (see below for synonymy) W69
         |--Doliochoerus quercyi BLB05
         `--+--Catagonus Ameghino 1904 BLB05, N10
            |    `--C. wagneri (Rusconi 1930) [=Platygonus carlesi wagneri] N10
            `--+--Tayassu Fischer 1814 N10
               |    `--T. pecari Link 1795 W69
               |        |--T. p. pecari G69
               |        `--T. p. ringens G69
               `--Dicotyles Cuvier 1817 N10 [=Pecari Reichenbach 1835 BLB05, N10]
                    |--D. labiatus C77
                    |--D. tajacu (Linnaeus 1758) W69 (see below for synonymy)
                    |    |--D. t. tajacu MB86
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ angulatus MB86
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ crassus G69
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ humeralis G69
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ nelsoni G69
                    |    `--‘Tayassu tajacu’ sonoriensis (Mearns 1897) MB86
                    `--D. traunmulleri W69

Inorganic: Tayassu albirostris minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87
           Tayassu tayacu minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Cynorca sociale (Marsh 1875) [=Thinohyus socialis, T. (Bothrolabis) socialis, Palaeochoerus socialis, Perchoerus socialis] W69

Dicotyles tajacu (Linnaeus 1758) W69 [=Sus tajacu W69, Pecari tajacu N10, Tayassu tajacu N10; incl. D. torquatus Cuvier 1817 W69]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BLB05] Boisserie, J.-R., F. Lihoreau & M. Brunet. 2005. The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 102 (5): 1537–1541.

[CW78] Cooke, H. B. S., & A. F. Wilkinson. 1978. Suidae and Tayassuidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 435–482. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[GD61] Guilday, J. E. & J. K. Doutt. 1961. The collared lemming (Dicrostonyx) from the Pennsylvania Pleistocene. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 249–250.

[JJ84] Janis, C., & P. J. Jarman. 1984. The hoofed mammals. In: Macdonald, D., (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 28–39. Torstar Books: New York.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[P02] Pickford, M. 2002. Early Miocene grassland ecosystem at Bukwa, Mount Elgon, Uganda. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 213–219.

[W69] Woodburne, M. O. 1969. Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of Cynorca and Dyseohyus (Tayassuidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (2): 271–356.

Odocoileini

White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus goudotii, photographed by Petruss.

Belongs within: Cervidae.

The Odocoileini includes the endemic New World genera of deer, together with the reindeer Rangifer tarandus. Monophyly of the group is supported by molecular data, and by the presence of a vomerine septum dividing the choana into two chambers (Gilbert et al. 2006). The brockets Mazama and pudus Pudu are small deer with the antlers as simple spikes only; the remaining genera have the antlers branched. The reindeer or caribou Rangifer tarandus is found in boreal regions of both Eurasia and North America; it is the only deer species in which both males and females grow antlers. The genus Odocoileus, found over a large part of both North and South America, includes the mule deer O. hemionus and the white-tailed deer O. virginianus. Mature male mule deer have dichotomously branching antlers whereas white-tailed deer have tines branching vertically from a curved main beam.

<==Odocoileini [Mazaminae]
    |  i. s.: Pavlodaria GRH06
    |         Bretzia GRH06
    |         Eocoileus GRH06
    |         Epieuryceros GRH06
    |         ‘Cervus’ mangivorus Schrank 1819 (n. d.) H48
    |--+--Rangifer Smith in Griffith, Smith & Pidgeon 1827 GRH06 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    `--*R. tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |--R. group Cylindricornis Jacobi 1931 B61
    |  |         |    |--+--R. t. eogroenlandicus Degerbøl 1957 B61
    |  |         |    |  `--R. t. pearyi Allen 1902 B61
    |  |         |    |--+--R. t. guettardi (Desmarest 1822) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    |  `--+--R. t. tarandus (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    |     `--R. t. platyrhynchus (Vrolik 1829) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    `--+--R. t. granti Allen 1902 (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |       |--R. t. groenlandicus (Linnaeus 1767) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |       `--R. t. muscatinensis Leidy 1879 B61
    |  |         `--R. group Compressicornis Jacobi 1931 B61
    |  |              |--+--R. t. constantini Flerov 1934 B61
    |  |              |  `--R. t. fennicus Lonnberg 1909 (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |              `--+--R. t. caribou (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |                 |--R. t. dawsoni Seton-Thompson 1900 [=R. arcticus dawsoni, Tarandus rangifer dawsoni] B61
    |  |                 `--R. t. fricki Schultz & Howard 1935 B61
    |  `--+--Agalmoceros blicki FS15
    |     `--Morenelaphus FS15
    |          |--M. brachyceros FS15
    |          `--M. lujanensis FS15
    `--+--+--Pudu Gray 1852 FS15, GRH06
       |  |    |--P. mephistophiles IT07
       |  |    `--P. puda GRH06
       |  `--+--+--‘Mazama’ gouazoubira FS15
       |     |  `--‘Mazama’ nemorivaga FS15
       |     `--+--Blastocerus Gray 1850 FS15, GRH06
       |        |    `--B. dichotomus GRH06
       |        `--+--Ozotoceros Ameghino 1891 FS15, GRH06
       |           |    `--O. bezoarticus H48
       |           |         |--O. b. bezoarticus H48
       |           |         |--O. b. celer BP87
       |           |         `--O. b. leucogaster H48
       |           `--Hippocamelus Leuckart 1816 FS15, GRH06
       |                |--H. antisensis GRH06
       |                `--H. bisulcus IT07
       `--+--+--Sangamona fugitiva FS15
          |  `--+--Antifer Ameghino 1899 FS15, B61
          |     |    `--A. ultra FS15
          |     `--Mazama Rafinesque 1817 GRH06
          |          |  i. s.: M. permira N10
          |          |--+--M. chunyi Hershkovitz 1959 FS15, N10
          |          |  `--M. rufina FS15
          |          `--+--+--M. bororo FS15
          |             |  `--M. nana FS15
          |             `--+--M. bricenii FS15
          |                `--+--M. temama FS15 [=M. americana temama G69]
          |                   `--+--M. americana FS15
          |                      `--M. pandora FS15
          `--+--Paraceros fragilis FS15
             `--+--Navahoceros fricki FS15
                `--Odocoileus Rafinesque 1832 GRH06 (see below for synonymy)
                     |--*O. spelaeus H48
                     |--O. hemionus (Rafinesque 1817) [=Cervus hemionus] B75
                     |    |--O. h. hemionus MB86
                     |    |--O. h. cerrosensis BP87
                     |    |--O. h. columbianus GD93
                     |    |--O. h. crooki (Mearns 1897) MB86
                     |    `--O. h. sitkensis GD93
                     `--O. virginianus (Zimmerman 1780) [=*Dama virginiana] H48
                          |--O. v. virginianus H48
                          |--O. v. acapulcensis G69
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ cariacou (Boddaert 1784-1785) (see below for synonymy) H48
                          |--O. v. clavium BP87
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ consul Lönnberg 1922 H48
                          |--O. v. couesi (Coues & Yarrow 1875) MB86
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ curassavicus Hummelinck 1940 H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ goudotii Gay & Gervais 1846 [incl. D. columbicus] H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ gymnotis (see below for synonymy) H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ lasiotis Osgood 1914 H48
                          |--O. v. leucurus BP87
                          |--O. v. macrourus (Rafinesque 1817) [=Corvus (l. c. for Cervus) macrourus] B75
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ margaritae Osgood 1910 H48
                          |--O. v. miquihuananensis MB86
                          |--O. v. oaxacensis G69
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ peruviana Gray 1874 [incl. D. brachyceros, D. philippii] H48
                          |--O. v. thomasi G69
                          |--O. v. toltecus G69
                          `--‘Dama virginiana’ tropicalis Cabrera 1918 H48

Inorganic: Mazama americana minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

‘Dama virginiana’ cariacou (Boddaert 1784-1785) [=Capreolus cariacou, Cervus cariacou Kerr 1792; incl. Ce. campestris Cuvier 1817, Ce. spinosus Gay & Gervais 1846, Ce. sylvaticus Kerr 1792] H48

‘Dama virginiana’ gymnotis [incl. Cervus savannarum Cabanis in Schomburgk 1848, Mazama tumatumari, Dama wiegmanni] H48

Odocoileus Rafinesque 1832 GRH06 [=Odocoelus H48, Odontocoelus H48; incl. Dama Zimmermann 1780 non Frisch 1775 H48]

Rangifer Smith in Griffith, Smith & Pidgeon 1827 GRH06 [incl. Achlis Reichenbach 1845 B61, Procervus Blainville 1840 B61, Tarandus Billberg 1827 B61; Rangerinae, Rangiferinae, Rangiferini, Rangiferinidae]

*Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Cervus tarandus; incl. Tarandus borealis Ruppell 1842, T. lapponum Billberg 1827] B61

Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin 1788) [=Cervus tarandus caribou; incl. R. arcticus caboti Allen 1914, R. tarandus caboti, R. arcticus fortidens Hollister 1912, R. tarandus fortidens, Cervus hastalis Agassiz 1847, Tarandus rangifer keewatinensis Millais 1915, T. rangifer labradorensis Millais 1915, Rangifer mcguirei Figgins 1919, R. arcticus montanus Seton-Thompson 1899, R. tarandus montanus, Tarandus rangifer ogilvyensis Millais 1915, R. arcticus osborni Allen 1902, R. tarandus osborni, R. montanus selousi Barclay 1935, R. arcticus stonei Allen 1901, R. tarandus stonei, R. tarandus var. sylvestris Richardson 1829, R. caribou sylvestris, R. caribou terraenovae Bangs 1896, R. tarandus terraenovae] B61

Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lonnberg 1909 [incl. R. tarandus angustirostris Flerov 1932, Tarandus rangifer buskensis Millais 1915, T. rangifer chukchensis Millais 1915, Rangifer tarandus dichotomus Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus phylarchus Hollister 1912, R. tarandus setoni Flerov 1933, R. tarandus silvicola Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus transuralensis Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus valentinae Flerov 1933, Tarandus rangifer yakutskensis Millais 1915] B61

Rangifer tarandus granti Allen 1902 [=R. arcticus granti, Tarandus rangifer granti; incl. R. excelsifrons Hollister 1912] B61

Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus (Linnaeus 1767) [=Capra groenlandica, Cervus tarandus groenlandicus, Ce. gronlandicus; incl. Rangifer tarandus var. arctica Richardson 1829, R. tarandus arcticus] B61

Rangifer tarandus guettardi (Desmarest 1822) [=Cervus guettardi; incl. C. bucklandi Owen 1846, C. destrenii Serres 1835, C. tarandus diluvii Rutten 1909, Rangifer tarandus hibernicus Scharff 1918, C. leptocerus Eichwald 1835, C. leufroyi Serres 1835, C. martialis Gervais 1852, Tarandus priscus Sternberg 1828, C. priscus, C. rebulii Serres 1835, Tarandus schottini Sternberg 1828, C. tournalii Serres 1835] B61

Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus (Vrolik 1829) [=Cervus (Tarandus) platyrhynchus; incl. C. tarandus f. spetsbergensis Andersén 1863, Rangifer arcticus var. spitzbergensis, R. tarandus spetsbergensis] B61

*Rangifer tarandus tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) [=R. tarandus typicus Lydekker 1898; incl. Tarandus rangifer asiaticus Millais 1915, R. arcticus asiaticus, R. tarandus var. cilindricornis Camerano 1902, Tarandus rangifer lenensis Millais 1915, R. tarandus pearsoni Lydekker 1903, Cervus tarandus rangifer Gmelin 1788, Tarandus rangifer, C. sibiricus Schreber 1784, T. rangifer sibiricus] B61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B61] Banfield, A. W. F. 1961. A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 177: i–vi, 1–137.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[GD93] Garland, T., Jr, A. W. Dickerman, C. M. Janis & J. A. Jones. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Systematic Biology 42 (3): 265–292.

[GRH06] Gilbert, C., A. Ropiquet & A. Hassanin. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 101–117.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H48] Hershkovitz, P. 1948. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of the South American forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 41–45.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.